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4. oH$`mH$bm[ ma^ H$aZ{ g{ [hb{ `h oZpMV H$a b| oH$ g^r odmWu `h g_P| oH$ d{ `m H$aZ{ Om
ah{ h Ama `m|? odmoW`m| H$m{ Z [yN>Z{ H{$ ob`{ g_` X|$&
5. oH$`mH$bm[ H{$ XmamZ AmZ{ dmb{ g^modV IVam| `m g_`mAm| H$s [hb{ hr g_rjm H$a b| Ama
odmoW`m| H$m{ ]Vm`| oH$ H$m{B XwKQ>Zm KQ>Z{ H$s pWoV _| `m H$aZm h$&
6. (]mha oH$`{ OmZ{ dmb{ oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ ob`{) ]mha OmZ{ g{ [hb{, odmoW`m| H$m{ `h g_Pm`| oH$
]mha d{ `m H$a|J{, Ch| H$hm OmZm Mmoh`{ Ama H$hm Zht Ama Ch| H$] dm[g AmZm Mmoh`{$&
7. odmoW`m| H$m{ oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ [naUm_m| H$m{ A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$mAm| _| XO H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ H$h|$&
A`mg oOh| oH$`mH$bm[ H{$ XmamZ `m CgH{$ R>rH$ ]mX _| H$aZm h, oejH$-[wpVH$m _| ]Vm`{ J`{
h$& H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ Hw$N> ^mJ Ka [a [ya{ H$aZ{ h$&
8. odmoW`m| H$m{ Ohm VH$ g^d hm{, dVVm[ydH$ H$m` H$aZ{ X|, Bg g_` Am[ H$_Om{a odmoW`m|
[a `mZ X| `m CZ [a `mZ X| oOh| Am[H{$ m{gmhZ H$s Amd`H$Vm h$&
9. H$jm _| Hw$N> oZpMV H$m`H$_ aI| oOgg{ odmWr `h OmZ gH|$ oH$ CZg{ oH$g Vah H{$ H$m` oH$`{
OmZ{ H$s A[{jm h$&
10. CXmhaU H{$ ob`{, EH$ `dWm ]Zm`| oH$ oH$`mH$bm[ H{$ ]mX odmWu Cg WmZ H$s g\$mB H$a|J{$&
g\$mB H{$ ob`{ [`m g_` X|$& `h oZpMV H$a b| oH$ dhm [a EH$ Hy$S>{XmZ, [m|N>Z{ H$m H$[S>m, PmSy>
B`moX C[bY hm{$&
11. òX odmWu [yar H$jm H{$ [hb{ oH$`mH$bm[ [yU H$a b| Vm{ Ch| Hw$N> H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ X| Og{ H$m{B [wVH$
[T>Zm, oM ]ZmZm, g\$mB H$aZ{ _| ghm`Vm X{Zm, Om{ Chm|Z{ A^r-A^r oH$`m h CgH{$ ]ma{ _|
Hy$b H{$ ]mha

^_U(\$sS> oQ>[)
Z`{ eX
A`mg
H$odVm obIZm, ]mha I{bZm B`moX$&

12. Bg ]mV H$m gma-gj{[ XroO`{ oH$ oH$`mH$bm[ H{$ XmamZ `m Hw$N> oH$`m J`m VWm CgH{$ `m [naUm_
m hE$& òX g_` H$s g_`m h Vm{ `h oH$`mH$bm[ H{$ ]mX dmb{ [mR> _| oH$`m Om gH$Vm h$&
13. `hm [mR> _| oX`{ J`{ H$m{B Z [yN>m{ H$m ]hV _hd h$& hmbmoH$ `h g^d Zht h oH$ `{H$ odmWu
ha ]ma H$m{B Z [yN>{ hr, oH$Vw Bgg{ BVZm O$a hm{Jm oH$ df â _| ha odmWu H$m{ Hw$N> Zm| H{$
obE gm{MZ{ H$m Adga o_b gH{$Jm$&
]m| H$m{ òX gmb _| Xm{ ]ma ]mha Kw_mZ{ b{ Om`| Vm{ AN>m ah{Jm$& EH$ ]ma Vm{ BH$mB 3 H{$ [R>Z-[mR>Z H{$
XmamZ oOg_| d{ [mZr _| _mOyX gOrdm| H$m{ X{I| VWm Xygar ]ma BH$mB 4 H{$ gX^ _| H$of H{$ A``Z H{$ obE$&
òX g^d hm{ Vm{ BH$mB 1 _| amV H{$ Amg_mZ H$m oZarjU ^r H$am`m Om gH$Vm h$& Bg XmamZ H$m{B Ama ^r
oejH$ gmW _| hm{ Vm{ AN>m ah{Jm$& [mbH$m| `m ghm`H$m| H$m{ ^r gmW _| b{ gH$V{ h$& Bg ^_U H{$ [hb{ BgH$m
C{` g^r odmoW`m| H$m{, gmW hr ghm`H$m| H$m{ ^r ]Vm`m OmZm Mmoh`{$& \$sS> oQ>[ H$m Z_yZm [mR> 6 _| oX`m
J`m h$& ([> 202-203)
AmAm{, Hw$N> eX grI|
ha [mR> _| Hw$N> Z`{ eX oX`{ J`{ h$& `mZ ah{ oH$ BZ eXm| H{$ AW Am[MmnaH$ $[ g{ Z oX`{ Om`|$& odmWu
BZ eXm| H$m dm`m| _| `m{J H$aZm grI| Z oH$ CZH$s [na^mfm OmZ|$& Am[ BZ eXm| H$m WmZr` ]m{br _| AW
]VmH$a Ch| qhXr ^mfm _| `m{J H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$h gH$V{ h$&
A`mg H{$ obE odmoW`m| H$m{ dV $[ g{ H$m_ H$aZ{ H$s Amd`H$Vm h$& BgH{$ obE odmoW`m| H$m{ Hw$N>
[>rH$aU H$s O$aV hm{ gH$Vr h$& Hw$N> ^mfm g]Yr _XX H$s ^r O$aV hm{ gH$Vr h$& ]m| H$m{ o]Zm gm{M{
g_P{ `m_[Q> g{ ghr Cma CVmaZ{ H$s AmXV Z S>mb|$&
{jUm| [a AmYmnaV A`mg
1. a{ImH$Z H$m` (Zm_ ]VmAm{ Ama oM ]ZmAm{)
BgH{$ [rN>{ _yb C{` `h h oH$ ]{ MrOm| H$m{ oZH$Q> g{ X{I| VWm CZH{$ oM ]Zm`|$& (CXmhaU H{$ ob`{,
Amg_mZ Ama ]mXbm| H{$ oM, ]hV{ [mZr Ama ]T>V{ hE [mYm| H{$ oM)$& ]m| H{$ oM, AmXe oMm| H$s hy]h
10
ZH$b Z hm{ ]pH$ CZ oMm| _| CZH{$ gm{M Ed {jU H$s PbH$ hm{Zr MmohE$& BgH{$ ob`{ oM {jUm| H{$
gmW-gmW ]Zm`{ OmZ{ MmohE Z oH$ ]mX _|$& òX H$bm oejH$ a{ImH$Z _| gh`m{J H$aZ{ H{$ BNw>H$ hm| Vm{ {jU
Ama a{ImH$Z S>mBJ H{$ H$mbme _| ^r oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h$& ]m| H{$ gmW-gmW oejH$m| _| ^r `h gH$m{M ahVm h
oH$ d{ a{ImH$Z H$m` H$a ^r gH$V{ h `m Zht$& odmWu òX ]M[Z g{ hr H$m{oee Ed A`mg H$a| Vm{ CZH$m `h
S>a H$_ hm{ gH$Vm h$& Bg Vah S>mBJ gm{MZ{ VWm grIZ{ H$m EH$ AN>m gmYZ hm{ gH$Vm h$& a{ImH$Z H$jm
_| XoeV oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h; oejH$ mam BZ oMm| H$m{ ghr oH$`m `m ""gwYmam'' Zht OmZm MmohE$&
2. Z Ama MMm`| (oMH$a Z, H$jm _| MMm)
A`mg Z ]hYm [yd oH$`mH$bm[m| [a AmYmnaV hm{V{ h `m BZ nH$`mH$bm[m| H$m odVma hm{V{ h$& BZH$m
Cma X{Z{ H{$ ob`{ odmoW`m| H$m{ H$jm H{$ AXa Ama ]mha H{$ A[Z{ AZw^dm| H$m{ `mX H$aZm hm{Vm h Ama d` Hw$N>
VH$ H$aZm hm{Vm h$& MyoH$ [mR`-[wpVH$m _| ]hV H$_ OmZH$mar Xr hB h, AV: [mR`-[wpVH$m H$s OmZH$mar
[a AmYmnaV Z ]hV H$_ h$& Ohm Amd`H$ hm{ E{g{ Z oejH$ mam AmgmZr g{ ]Zm`{ Om gH$V{ h$&
A`mg g{ g]oYV `m`m oejH$m| H{$ ob`{ Xr JB h$& ò[ odmoW`m| H{$ H$B dmVodH$ Cma `hm CXYV
oH$`{ J`{ h, o\$a ^r odmoW`m| g{ o]Hw$b dhr Cma A[{ojV Zht h$& ]pH$ BZ A`mgm| _| g{ H$B Zm| H$m
H{$db EH$ AoVr` Cma Zht h$&
3. g_mZVm`| Ama o^Vm`| (`m g_mZ h, `m h o^fi, H$mZ h g]g{ AbJ)
oH$gr EH$ g_yh H$s MrOm| _| Am[g _| `m g_mZVm`| h VWm `m o^Vm`| h, Bg Vah H{$ A`mg dmVodH$
{jUm| H{$ XmamZ bJmVma oH$`{ OmZ{ Mmoh`{$& BgH{$ ob`{ ]marH$ Ama gQ>rH$ {jU VWm gm_m`rH$aU H$aZ{ H$s
j_Vm O$ar hm{Vr h$& oH$ht MrOm| _| [a[a g_mZVm T>yT>Zm H$m\$s hX VH$ EH$ A_yV oH$`m h Om{ CZ_|
AVa Ty>T> [mZ{ H$s VwbZm _| H$oR>Z hm{Vr h$& AV: E{g{ Zm| _| Ohm Xm{ MrOm| H{$ ]rM VwbZm H$aZr hm{, CZ_|
g_mZVm`| ]hwV [> hm{Zr Mmoh`{$&
H$mZ h g]g{ AbJ, H{$ A`mg _| òX H$m{B odmWu E{gm Cma X{Vm h Om{ oH$ ghr h b{oH$Z [wVH$ _|
oX`{ J`{ Cma g{ o^ h Vm{ Cg{ ^r ghr _mZm OmZm Mmoh`{$&
11
^mfm odH$mg g{ g]oYV A`mg

1. ]m{bm{ Ama obIm{, AmAm{, eXm| g{ I{b|
hbH$m-\w$bH$m odkmZ H$jm 3 _| odmoW`m| Z{ gab odMmam| H$m{ [hb{ _moIH$ o\$a oboIV $[ g{ `$
H$aZm grIm$& Ch| A[Z{ d` H{$ {jUm| Ama AZw^dm| H{$ AmYma [a obIZ{ H{$ ob`{ m{gmohV oH$`m J`m$& Bg
[a Om{a oX`m J`m `m|oH$ m`: odmoW`m| H$m{ Hw$N> Img erfH$m| [a hr b{I obIZ{ H$m{{ H$hm OmVm h$& Og{
Ch| Jm` [a b{I obIZm AmVm hm{Jm$& òX Ch| H|$MwE [a b{I obIZ{ H$m{ H$h|J{ Vm{ d{ Jm` dmbr ebr _| hr
obI|J{$& oH$gr H$ma AmJh H{$ gmW, E{g{ odmWr oOZH$s ^mfm [`m odH$ogV Zht hm{ [m`r h d{ ^r A[Z{
odMma `$ H$aZm grI|J{ Ama CZH$s ^mfm H$m odH$mg hm{Jm$&
Hw$N> gmbm| H{$ ]mX, odmoW`m| H{$ {jU gmW hr gmW CZH$s Ao^ò$ AoYH$ OoQ>b hm{Zr MmohE$&
H$jm 4 d 5 _| ^mfm odH$mg g{ g]oYV A`mgm| _| qMVZ, VH$ Ama dmXoddmX Cmam{ma AoYH$ gy_ h$&
ò[ [ya{ dm` _| Cma X{Zm EH$ AN>r AmXV h, H$^r-H$^r `h WH$mZ{ dmbr oH$`m h$& H$m`-[wpVH$m _|
oX`m J`m WmZ `h ]VmVm h oH$ H$hm EH$ eX `m EH$ dm`me _| oX`m J`m Cma [`m h$& AmAm{, eXm|
g{ I{b|, _| oX`{ J`{ A`mgm| H$m C{` eXH$m{f H$m odH$mg H$aZm h `m ^mfm H{$ gmW Hw$N> _Zm{aOZ H$aZm h$&
2. H$m{B Z [yN>m{, [yN>m{ Ama _mby_ H$am{
H$m{B Z [yN>m{ H$m{ gmb â oZò_V $[ g{ oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{$& Bg H$ma òX h_ ]m| H$m{ Z [yN>Z{ H$s
Ny>Q> X|J{ Vm{ d{ AZ{H$ Z [yN> gH|$J{$& BZ_| H$B Z E{g{ hm|J{ oOZH{$ Cma X{Zm gM_wM AmgmZ Zht hm{Jm$&
Zm| H{$ Z[{-Vwb{ Cma oX`{ Om`|, `h BgH$m C{` Zht h ]pH$ BZ Zm| H{$ mam ]{hVa {jU m oH$`{
Om`|, `h BgH$m _H$gX h$&
[yN>m{ Ama _mby_ H$am{, _| CZ MrOm| g{ g]oYV Z h oOZH{$ Cma ]{ A[Z{ _mVm-o[Vm `m ]S>m| g{
[yN>H$a _mby_ H$a gH$V{ h$&
Hw$N> Zm| H{$ Odm] Am[ `m Am[H{$ ghH$o_`m| mam oX`{ OmZ{ `m{` h$& òX Am[H$m{ bJVm hm{ oH$ H$m{B
Z H$oR>Z h Vm{ Am[ Cgg{ o_bVr-OwbVr pWoV`m| H{$ ]ma{ _| ^r gm{MZ{ H{$ ob`{ H$h gH$V{ h$& Og{ Am[
[yN> gH$V{ h oH$ E{gm Vw_Z{ Ama H$hm X{Im h? `m H$m{B E{gr ^r pWoV h Ohm `h Zht hm{Vm$& ]m| H$m{ `h
bJZm Mmoh`{ oH$ `{ dm^modH$ Z h VWm BZg{ grIZ{ _| _XX o_b{Jr$& g^r Zm| H{$ ghr Odm] VH$mb
12
o_b Om`|, `h O$ar Zht h$&

òX Am[H$m{ oH$gr gyMZm `m [>rH$aU H$s O$aV _hgyg hm{ Vm{ Am[ hm{_r ^m^m odkmZ oejm H{$
g{ [ `dhma H$a gH$V{ h$& ob\$m\{$ [a EH$ Va\$ "hm{_r ^m^m mWo_H$ odkmZ [mR>`H$_' O$a obI|$&
[na_mUm_H$ gm{M
1. _mby_ H$am{ Ama A` A`mg
hbH$m-\w$bH$m odkmZ H$jm 3 _| odmoW`m| Z{ KQ>V{ `m ]T>V{ H$_ _| g`mAm| H$m{ bJmZm, g`mAm| d amne`m|
H{$ Zm_ H$m AXmO bJmZm, AZm[MmnaH$ BH$mB`m| H$s ghm`Vm g{ gmYmaU Zm[Vmb H$aZm B`moX grIm$&
H$jm 4 _| _m[Z _| Hw$N> _mZH$ BH$mB`m| H$m `m{J H$a|J{ Og{ g|Q>r_rQ>a, _rQ>a, Jm_, oH$bm{Jm_, o_brbrQ>a
Ama brQ>a, Om{ oH$ JoUV H{$ [mR>`H$_ _| [hb{ hr ]Vm`{ Om MwH{$ h$&
H$jm 4 _| [na_mUm_H$ gm{M _| gmaoU`m|, MmQ>, Amb{I(Jm\$) Ama d{Z Ama{Im| H$m g_md{e h$& Amb{Ir`
oZ$[U H$m{ oM Amb{Im| mam g_Pm`m J`m oOg_| [mZr VWm Vm[_m[r H{$ Vam| H$m{ ]Vm`m J`m h$& d{Z
Ama{I R>m{g oH$`mH$bm[m| oOZ_| H$mJO H$s [oM`m| H$m{ N>mQ>Zm emo_b Wm, H$s ghm`Vm g{ ]Vm`{ J`{$&
`m Vw_
OmZV{ hm{?
H$hmoZ`m| Ama H$odVmAm| H$s Vah BZH$m C{` ^r odmoW`m| _| H$mVyhb OJmZm h$& BZ [a [arjm b{Z{ H$s
H$m{B O$aV Zht h$&
`m_[Q> H$m`
`m_[Q> ]hV _hd[yU h VWm H$^r-H$^r Vm{ h_ma{ Hy$bm| _| dhr EH$_m oejU ghm`H$ gm_Jr hm{Vm h$&
ha [mR> H{$ ]mX `m_[Q> H$m` H$m Z_yZm oX`m J`m h$& Bgg{ Am[H$m{ odf` H$s X`$[ g{ ]{hVa VwoV _|
_XX o_b{Jr$&
13
g_` H$m AZw_mZ

[mR>`H$_ `yZV_ eVm} [a H$m` H$aZm Mmoh`{: AmXe $[ _| `h H$jm H{$ 200 KQ>m| _| [yam hm{Zm Mmoh`{$&
h_ma{ X{e _| H$B odmb` ]hV hr Iam] [napWoV`m| _| H$m_ H$aV{ h Ama 200 KQ>m| H$s H$jm H$m g_` X{Zm
^r g^d Zht hm{Vm h$& gH$[ZmAm|, H$mebm| Ama oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ gX^ _|, H$jm 4 H$s [wVH$ H$jm 3 H$s
VwbZm _| AoYH$ _hdmH$mjr h$& (H$jm 3 H{$ ob`{ AZw_moZV g_` 164 H$mbme h O]oH$ H$jm 4 H{$ ob`{
`h 239 H$mbme h$&) [yam [mR>`H$_ EH$ enjH$ df _| gVm{fOZH$ $[ g{ [yam H$aZm g^d Zht hm{ gH{$Jm,
Bg ]mV H{$ ob`{ V`ma ah|$& H$B oH$`mH$bm[ Ama MMm`| AoYH$ g_` b{ gH$Vr h$& òX H$m{B oH$`mH$bm[ oX`{
J`{ g_` g{ AoYH$ g_` b{Vm h Vm{ Bg{ odkmZ XeZr `m odkmZ b] H{$ ^mJ H{$ $[ _| AmJ{ ^r Omar aIm
Om gH$Vm h$& [aVw òX odmWu oH$gr ode{f AoYJ_ AZw^d g{ bm^mpdV hm{ ah{ hm| Vm{ `h ]{hVa hm{Jm oH$
Cg [a AoYH$ g_` oX`m Om`{ Ama Hw$N> A` ^mJm| H$m{ H$mQ> oX`m Om`{ `m Bg{ odmoW`m| H$m{ Ka [a H$aZ{ H$m{
H$hm Om`{$&
14
H$m`-[wpVH$m H$m C[`m{J

H$m`-[wpVH$m H$m C{`
1. odmoW`m| H{$ ob`{
(H$) oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ ZVrOm| H$m{ obIZm
(I) A`mg _| oXE J`{ Zm| H$m{ hb H$aZm
2. oejH$m| H{$ obE
(H$) odmoW`m| H$s JoV H$m _y`mH$Z H$aZm
(I) odmoW`m| Ama CZH{$ _mVm-o[Vm H$m{ A[Zr am` g{ AdJV H$amZm
H$jm-3 H$s H$m`[wpVH$m H$s oV[wo>

H$jm-3 H$s H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ C[`m{J H{$ XmamZ Am`{ AZw^dm| H$m C[`m{J H$a Hw$N> [nadVZ oH$`{ J`{$& h_Z{
[m`m oH$ oejH$m| Ama odmoW`m| H$m{ H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ C[`m{J H$m C{` H$^r ^r [> Zht Wm$& Hw$N> Z{ gm{Mm
oH$ Xm{Zm| [wVH|$ g_mZ h og\$ H$m`-[wpVH$m _| Cma obIZ{ H{$ ob`{ Imbr WmZ h$& `h [yar Vah ghr Zht
h$& H$m`-[wpVH$m oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ [naUm_ XO H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ EH$ C[`m{Jr m$[ XmZ H$aVr h$& `h
odmoW`m| H$m{ `h gwPmd X{Vr h nH$ Ch| H$hm `mZ H{$oV H$aZm h, VmoH$H$ j_Vm H$m{ ]T>mZ{ H{$ ob`{ [yaH$
Z CR>mVr h Ama `h Ch| $H$Z{ Ama ha Z H$m Cma X{Z{ H{$ ob`{ odde H$aVr h$& Hw$N> [napWoV`m| _|
H$m`-[wpVH$m dhm h Ohm [yam oH$`mH$bm[ `m A`mg obIm J`m h Ama g^r Amd`H$ oM, MmQ> Ama
Amb{I ^r emo_b h$&
H$jm 4 H$s [mR>`-[wpVH$m Ama H$m`-[wpVH$m _| oX`{ J`{ [> gX^ odmoW`m| H$m{ Xm{Zm| [wVH$m| _|
ghg]Y Wmo[V H$aZ{ _| ghm`Vm XmZ H$a|J{$& H$jm 3 H$s [wVH$m| [a o_bZ{ dmbr oV[wo> H$m{ `mZ _|
aIV{ h`{, H$jm 4 _| [> H{$ AZwgma J{S> oX`{ J`{ h Ama BH$mB _y`mH$Z erQ> ^r gabrH$V H$s JB h$&
15
odmoW`m| H$m oboIV H$m`

odmoW`m| g{ AZ{H$ {jUm| Ama AZw_mZm| H$s A[{jm H$s J`r h$& H$jm _| ]mVMrV H$aH{$ Bg_| _XX H$aZr
Mmoh`{$& {jU, gm{M-odMma VWm Am[gr od_e H{$ ]mX H$m` oboIV $[ _| AmVm h$& ^mfm H{$ Xo>H$m{U
g{ Z VrZ Vah H{$ h$&
1. H$m{B oboIV H$m` Zht
Hw$N> oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ ob`{ ]hV H$_ `m Z H{$ ]am]a obIZ{ H$s O$aV h$& oS>OmBZ j_Vm H$m _y`mH$Z
`mXmVa AoboIV H$m` H{$ AmYma [a hr oH$`m OmVm h$& [yN>m{ Ama _mby_ H$am{, oXImAm{ Ama ]VmAm{ VWm
H$aH{$ ]VmAm{ A`mg [yUV: _moIH$ h$& [hb{ Xm{ _|, CZH$r gyMZm`| Ka [a m H$s Om gH$Vt h VWm H$jm
_| Ch| EH$ Xyga{ H$m{ ]Vm`m Om gH$Vm h$&
2. EH$ eX _| Cma
oH$`mH$bm[m| Ama oMH$a Zm| g{ g]oYV {jUm| [a AmYmnaV Zm| H{$ Cma EH$ eX _| hr A[{ojV h$&
Hw$N> WmZm| [a dm`me ^r oX`{ J`{ h$&
3. [yU dm`m| dmb{ Cma
]m{bm{ Ama obIm{, _| odmoW`m| H$m{ [ya{ dm` _| Odm] X{Zm h$& `m g_mZ h, `m h o^fi, _| dm`mem| _|
Odm] H$m\$s hm|J{$& H$m{B Z [yN>m{, _| odmoW`m| H$m{ EH$ Z ]ZmZm h$& Bg_| ]m| g{ oboIV Cma H$s
A[{jm Zht H$s J`r h$&
odmoW`m| H{$ oMmH$Z

Zm_ ]VmAm{ Ama oM ]ZmAm{ Ed A` a{ImH$Z g]Yr A`mgm| g{ {jU Ed oS>OmBZ j_Vm H$m _y`mH$Z
oH$`m OmVm h$& a{ImH$Z (S>mBJ) _| oH$gr dmVodH$ dVw `m pWoV H$m{ AmH$ma _| T>mb X{Z{ H$s j_Vm H$s
O$aV hm{Vr h$& odmWr Hw$N> hX VH$ Bg_| O$ar Ama H$_ O$ar ]mVm| _| AVa H$aZm grIV{ h$&
16
_y`mH$Z Ama am`
oQ>[Ur Ed
woQ> gwYma
_y`mH$Z l{oU`m
H$jm 4 H$s H$m`-[wpVH$m _| _y`mH$Z VWm oV[wo> H{$ VrZ ^mJ h$& W_ ^mJ _| odmWu H{$ oboIV H$m`
Ama a{ImH$Z [a oejH$ H$s oQ>[Ur Ama gwYma emo_b h$& Xygam ^mJ [>mZwgma J{qS>J h$& Vrga{ ^mJ _| ha
BH$mB H{$ ob`{ gmame _y`mH$Z erQ> h$&
H$m`-[woVH$m H{$ AXa hmoe`{ [a oQ>[oU`m| VWm woQ> gwYmam| H{$ obE OJh N>m{S>r J`r h$& odmWu H{$ H$m`
H$s JwUdmm Mmh{ Om{ hm{ b{oH$Z oejH$ H$s oQ>[Ur E{gr hm{Zr Mmoh`{ oH$ odmWu H$m{ Cgg{ m{gmhZ o_b{
VWm Cg{ gwYma h{Vw gbmh o_b{$&
`{H$ BH$mB H{$ ma^ _| _y`mH$Z erQ> _| 11 l{oU`m Xr JB h Om{ [mR>`H$_ H{$ C{`m| [a AmYmnaV h$&
[hbr N>h l{oU`m| _| AH$ X{Z{ h$& g^r 11 l{oU`m| _| oejH$ H$s oQ>[Ur H{$ ob`{ WmZ h$& H$jm 3 H{$ g_mZ
hr, ^mfm H$m{ AoYH$V_ _hd oX`m J`m h$& H$jm 4 H{$ [mR`H$_ H$s C gH$[Zm_H$ _mJ H$m{ X{IV{ h`{
"g_P' H$s l{Ur H$m{ ^r Om{S>m J`m h$&
l{oU`m ZrM{ g_Pm`r JB h:
1. Adbm{H$Z (A)
Bg_| H$jm Ama ]mhar oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ XmamZ ob`{ J`{ VWm MMm H{$ XmamZ ob`{ J`{ Adbm{H$Z gp_obV h$&
Adbm{H$Z j_Vm [mR`H$_ H{$ bJ^J ha oH$`mH$bm[ Ama A`mg _| OmZr Om gH$Vr h$& _y`mH$Z _| Bg
]mV [a Jma H$aZm Mmoh`{ oH$ d{ oH$VZ{ AN>{, oH$VZ{ ododY Ama oH$VZr `mXm g`m _| h$& odmoW`m| H$m{
Mmoh`{ oH$ d{ MrOm| H$m{ `m[H$ Vma [a X{I| VWm Ch| A[Z{ a{ImH$Z Ed oboIV H$m` _| oXIm`|$&
2. g_P (g)
dV_mZ _| Mb ah{ `m{Jm| [a am{H$ bJmV{ h`{, [mR`-[wpVH$m _| V`m| H$m{ `mX H$aZ{ `m Xm{hamZ{ [a AmYmnaV
Zm| H$m g_md{e Zht oH$`m J`m h$& ]pH$ AoYH$me Zm| H$m C{` g_P H$m _y`mH$Z H$aZm h$& EH$ AW
_| g_P H$m{, V`m| H{$ gmW, "kmZ H{$ oM' H{$ $[ _| g_Pm Om gH$Vm h, [aVw AoYH$ _hd[yU h CZH{$ ]rM
H$m g]Y$&
17
oQ>[Ur Ama gwYma

V^m| H{$ C[`m{J
H$m{ oXImZ{ dmb{
H$m` [ H$m EH$
Z_yZm$&([>mZwgma
AH$m| H$s `m`m H{$
ob`{ X{I| [> 19)
18
g_P H$m Xygam AW h "odb{fU', Om{ oH$ EH$ oH$`m h, `m "goH$` kmZ' h$& odb{fU H$m{ dJuH$aU,
VwbZm Ama Ag_mZVm, oZH$f, ""`m hm{Jm òX....'' B`moX dmb{ Zm| g{ OmZm Om gH$Vm h$& [mR`[wpVH$m H{$ Z h_| odmWu H{$ kmZ H$m pWa oM hr Zht X{V{ ]oH$ CZH$s odMma oH$`m [a ^r H$me
S>mbV{ h$&
Bg C{` H$s mo H{$ ob`{, oejH$ H$m{ odmoW`m| H$m{ Cma X{Z{ H$m Adga oX`{ o]Zm d` Cma Zht
X{Zm Mmoh`{$& òX oejH$ [hb{ hr Cma X{ X{V{ h Vm{ "g_P' H$m b` _oV AmYmnaV b`m| _| [nadoVV hm{
Om`{Jm Ama Bg [mR`H$_ H$m [yam C{` hr Z> hm{ Om`{Jm$&
3. _moIH$ (_m) Ed 4. oboIV ^mfm (ob)
CZ Zm| _| Ohm ^mfm H{$ odH$mg [a Om{a h, dhm Amem H$s J`r h oH$ CZH{$ Cma [yU dm`m| _| hm|$& eXH$m{f
H$m [arjU E{g{ Zm| mam oH$`m J`m h oOZH{$ Cma EH$ eX _| oX`{ OmV{ h$&
_moIH$ ^mfm H{$ _y`mH$Z _| odmWu H{$ Am_oddmg Ed [>Vm H$m{ `mZ _| aIm OmZm Mmoh`{$&
`h _hd[yU h oH$ ]m{bZ{ Ed obIZ{, Xm{Zm| H$m`m} _| Ao^ò$ [> hm{$& Adbm{H$Zm|| H{$ C{I _| odmoW`m|
mam ode{fU Ama oH$`m ode{fUm| H$m `m[H$ Vma [a `m{J hm{Zm Mmoh`{$&
5. oS>OmBZ H$meb (oS>)
oS>OmBZ H$meb H$m _y`mH$Z Bg ]mV [a hm{Zm Mmoh`{ oH$ odmWu oH$g Vah oH$`mH$bm[m| H$s `m{OZm ]ZmV{
h Ama Cg{ H$g{ AOm_ X{V{ h$& BgH{$ AVJV a{ImH$Z H$m`, dZ[oV`m| Ama OVwAm| gmW hr gmW C[H$aU
Ama AmOmam| H$m ]Y, oH$gr [XmW Ama BgH{$ C[`m{Jm| H{$ ]rM g]Y X{IZm, aMZm, Zm[Vmb Ama Amb{I
VWm MmQ> ]ZmZm emo_b h$&
6. [na_mUm_H$ gm{M ([)
hmbmoH$ ha BH$mB _| Zm[-Vmb, oJZZ{, gmaUr ]ZmZ{, Amb{IZ, d{Z Ama{I B`moX g{ g]oYV oH$`mH$bm[
h$& Cma H$s gQ>rH$Vm H$m _hd Vm{ h hr, b{oH$Z gmW hr [na_mUm_H$ Zm| H{$ ]ma{ _| qMVZ Ama Z
]ZmZ{ H$s dom ^r _hd[yU h$& Bg{ gJmZwgma ]T>mdm oX`m OmZm Mmoh`{$&
19
7. oH$`mH$bm[ _| Cgmh VWm 8. Y` Ed EH$mJVm

odmoW`m| _| Z`{ gdmbm| H$m{ hb H$aZ{ H{$ oV Cgmh hm{Z{ H{$ gmW-gmW CZ_| E{gr j_Vm ^r hm{Zr Mmoh`{
oOgg{ oH$ d{ Hw$N> g_` emV Ama EH$mJoMm hm{H$a CZ gdmbm| H$m{ hb H$a gH|$$&
9. dV qMVZ Ama 10. A` odmoW`m| g{ gh`m{J
h_ MmhV{ h oH$ odmoW`m| _| E{gr `m{`Vm odH$ogV hm{ oOgg{ d{ _mobH$ qMVZ H$a gH|$ Ama gmW hr gmW
A` odmoW`m| H{$ odMmam| H$m{ ^r `mZ _| aIV{ hE o_b-OwbH$a H$m_ H$a gH|$$&
11. JhH$m` H$m g[mXZ
Hw$N> oH$`mH$bm[ Ka [a oH$`{ OmZ{ h `m Hw$N> OmZH$mna`m Ka g{ m H$aZr h$& H$jm 4 _| Hw$N> H$m_ ]Vma
JhH$m` ^r oX`{ Om gH$V{ h$&
[> H{$ AZwgma
AH$ Ama AmgV
BH$mB _y`mH$Z
erQ>
x `{H$ [> H${ AXa H{$ hmoe`{ [a Cg [> H{$ AZw$[ _y`mH$Z l{oU`m| H$m C[g_w` oX`m J`m h$& Cg
[> [a odmWu H{$ H$m` H$m _y`mH$Z H$a| Ama `{H$ Xr J`r l{Ur H{$ ob`{ 0 g{ 4 VH$ J{S> X|$& dH$p[H$ $[
g{ Am[ Aja J{S> H$m ^r C[`m{J H$a gH$V{ h, E = 0, D = 1, C = 2, B = 3, A = 4 & Bg J{S> H$m{ Cg [R>
[a oX`{ J`{ l{Ur H{$ ]mg _| oboI`{$&
x BH$mB H$s g_mo H{$ ]mX `{H$ l{Ur H{$ ob`{ [yar BH$mB H$m AmgV _mZ kmV H$a|$& BH$mB _y`mH$Z erQ>
_| `h AH$ obI|$&
x`h g^d Zht h oH$ `{H$ [> [a `{H$ ]mg _| AH$ oX`{ Om`|$& CXmhaU H{$ ob`{, òX odmWu oH$gr
[> [a Xr JB MMm _| ^mJ Zht b{Vm h, V] Cg [> H{$ ob`{ _moIH$ ^mfm(]mVMrV) [a H$m{B AH$ X{Zm
g^d Zht hm{Jm$& Bg pWoV _| Cg odmWu H{$ ob`{ AmgV H$s JUZm C[bY AH$m| g{ H$s Om`{Jr$&
[hbr N>h l{oU`m| H{$ ob`{ AH$m| H$s JUZm [yar BH$mB H{$ ob`{ AmgV b{H$a H$s Om`{Jr, Ogm oH$ D$[a ]Vm`m
J`m h$& g^r 11 l{oU`m| _| oejH$m| H$s oQ>[oU`m| H{$ ob`{ WmZ h$& BH$mB _y`mH$Z erQ> H$m [ynaV Z_yZm
[> 21 [a oXIm`m J`m h$&
20
H$jm H{$ ob`{ J{S>m| H$m [yam g_w` oejH$ H$m{ Cg BH$mB H$m{ [T>mZ{ _| CgH$s ^mdH$mnaVm H$s _m[
XmZ H$aVm h$& Mmam| BH$mB`m| _| g^r l{oU`m| H{$ ob`{ nXE OmZ{ dmb{ J{S>m| H$m AmgV b{H$a df â H{$ ob`{ EH$
dmofH$ J{S> X{ gH$V{ h$& Bg [oV _|, ha BH$mB H$m{ g_mZ _hd oX`m J`m h, Mmh{ Cg_| oH$VZ{ ^r [mR> hm|,
`m Mmh{ ha BH$mB _| oOZ JwUm| [a _hd oX`m Om ahm h CZ_| oH$VZm ^r AVa `m| Z hm{$&
oejH$ oH$gr BH$mB _| `{H$ _y`mH$Z ]mg H{$ ob`{ A, B, C, D `m E J{S> X{ gH$V{ h Ama o\$a
`{H$ l{Ur H{$ ob`{ AmgV H$s JUZm H$a gH$V{ h$& AmgV H$s JUZm H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{, J{S> H{$ g_Vw` AH$m|(A
= 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1, E =0) H$m C[`m{J oH$`m Om gH$Vm h$&
CXmhaU H{$ obE, BH$mB 2 _| _mZm oH$ EH$ odmWu H$m{ ZrM{ oX`{ J`{ J{S> m hE hm{(`mZ ah{ oH$ oejH$ [wpVH$m _| oX`{ J`{ g^r oH$`mH$bm[m| Ama A`mgm| H$m{ emo_b Z H$a|)$& V] oejH$ Hw$b J{S>m| H$s oZZ H$ma
g{ JUZm H$a gH$Vm h:
A (Adbm{H$Z): (A+B+A+B+A+A+A+C+A+B+A+A+B)/13 = 46/13 = 3.5 = A
g (g_P): (B+C+A+B+A+B+C+A+B+B)/10 = 31/10 = B
_m (_moIH$): (A+B+A)/3 = 11/3 = 3.7 = A
ob (oboIV): (C+C+D+B+C+B+E+C+B+C)/10 = 20/10 = 2 = C
oS> (oS>OmBZ): (A+B+A+A+A)/5 = 19/5 = 3.8 = A
[ ([na_mUm_H$): (A+D)/2 = 5/2 = 2.5 = B
`h odoY oejH$ H$m{ `{H$ J{S> H{$ ob`{ AoV_ AH$ oZYmnaV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ Hw$N> bMrbm[Z XmZ H$aVr
h$&(dh H$Q>-Am\$ H$m{ g_m`m{oOV H$aH{$ dH$ [a J{S> X{ gH$Vr h oOgg{ H{$db Hw$N> odmoW`m| H$m{ ]hV AoYH$
`m ]hV H$_ J{S> o_b|) òX oejH$ H$m{ ^r H{$db EH$ J{S> X{Zm hm{ Vm{ dh g^r l{oU`m| H{$ ob`{ g^r J{S>m| H$m
AmgV b{ gH$Vr h$:
(46 + 31 + 11 + 20 + 19 + 5)/43 = 132/43 = 3.07 = B
òX odmb` H$m{ g`m _| AH$ X{Z{ hm| Vm{ `h oZZ H$ma oZH$mb gH$V{ h:
132 u 100
43
4
77 %
21
BH$mB 1
Amg_mZ Ama _mg_
[mR> 1
[mR> 2
gyaO, hdm, ]mXb Ama ]agmV

oXZ Ama amV H$m Amg_mZ
24
BH$mB 1 Amg_mZ Ama _mg_

$[a{Im
C{`
Amg_mZ Ama _mg_ g{ g]oYV KQ>ZmAm| H$m oZarjU H$aZm VWm XoZH$ AZw^dm| g{ BZH$m g]Y Wmo[V
H$aZm:
1.1 _mg_ H{$ gm_m` gyMH$m|(Og{ gyaO H$m H$me, ]mXb, Vm[_mZ, hdm, ]agmV Ed AmXVm) H$m{ OmZZm,
CZH$m oZarjU Ama dUZ H$aZm &
1.2 [ya{ gmb H{$ WmZr` _mg_ H$m XoZH$ b{ImOm{Im aIZm VWm _mg_ H{$ [nadVZm| H{$ ]ma{ _| AZw_mZ
H$aZm&
1.3 odo^Z G$VwAm| _| VWm oXZ H{$ AbJ-AbJ g_`m| [a Amg_mZ/_mg_ H$m oZarjU H$aZm Ed oMm|,
gmaUr Ama MmQ> _| AmH$S>m| H$m{ XO H$aZm, H$b{S>a H{$ C[`m{J H$m{ g_PZm$&
1.4 [ya{ oXZ H{$ Vm[_mZ _| [nadVZ H$m{ [hMmZZm VWm Vm[_mZ H$m{ oM Jm\$ H{$ $[ _| a{ImoH$V H$aZm &
1.5 dmV-gyMH$ H$m oZ_mU H$aZm VWm hdm H$s JoV H$m{ AVkmZ mam g_PZm &
1.6 ]agmV H$m{ g|Q>r_rQ>a _| _m[Zm VWm Bg{ oM Jm\$ [a XO H$aZm &
1.7 "AmVm' H$m AVkmZm_H$ Ao^m` g_PZm (AJbr BH$mB _| Ob MH$ Ama hdm _| Obdm[ H$s
C[pWoV g{ Bg{ Om{S>m J`m h &)
1.8 mH$oVH$$KQ>ZmAm| VWm gm_moOH$ oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ OnaE _mg_ H{$ dmofH$ MH$ g{ [naoMV hm{Zm &
1.9 gy`m}X` Ed gy`mV H$m oZarjU H$aZm; oXZ Ama amV H$s b]mB H$s JUZm _| BZ g_`m| H$m `m{J
H$aZm$&
1.10 `h X{IZm oH$ Jo_`m| _| gXu H{$ oXZm| H$s A[{jm oXZ ]S>{ hm{V{ h O]oH$ amV| N>m{Q>r hm{Vr h$&
1.11 [aN>mB`m| H{$ AmH$mam| H$m oZarjU H$aZm VWm [ya{ oXZ _| gyaO H$s am{eZr H{$ H$maU [aN>mB H$s b]mB
Ama oXem _| hE [nadVZ H$m{ _m[Zm &
25
1.12 Mm{X` Ama MmV H$m oZarjU H$aZm; M_m H$s H$bmAm| H$m oM ]ZmZm VWm WmZr` `mhmam|
g{ BZH$m g]Y Wmo[V H$aZm &
1.13 amV _| AmH$me H$m oZarjU H$aZm VWm Hw$N> EH$ Zjm| VWm, òX g^d hm{ Vm{, Jhm| H$m{ [hMmZZm$&
1.14 C[`wV g^r _| _m[Z, AmH$bZ d hmWm| g{ oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ H$m_m| Og{ H$mQ>Zm, Om{S>Zm, nZ_mU H$aZm
AmoX, H$mebm| H$m A`mg H$aZm &
Bg BH$mB _|
Z`m `m h?
`h BH$mB Amg_mZ Ama _mg_ H{$ oZarjUm| [a AmYmnaV h & ^maV Og{ D$UH$oQ>]Yr` X{em| _| Bg Vah H{$
oZarjU H$aZ{ _| EH$ g_`m `h AmVr h oH$ E{g{ X{em| _| oZòV H{$ _mg_ VWm oXZ H$s am{eZr _| \$H$ H$_
hm{Vm h$& hmbmnH$ gmb H{$ ghr g_`m| H$m{ MwZH$a _mg_ _| [nadVZm| H$m{ AmgmZr g{ X{Im Om gH$Vm h &
_mZgyZ H{$ VwaV [hb{ odmWu M_H$sbm Ed gm\$ Amg_mZ VWm COb{ ]mXb X{I gH$V{ h VWm _mZgyZ AmZ{
H{$ g_` [a Amg_mZ _|, Vm[_mZ _| VWm hdm H$s pWoV _| ]Xbmd H$m oZarjU H$a gH$V{ h &
odmWr Jr_ F$Vw, erV F$Vw Ed dfm F$Vw H{$ ]ma{ _| [hb{ H$s H$jmAm| _| [T> MwH{$ h & Bg BH$mB _|
F$VwAm| H$s A[{jm _mg_ H{$ oZarjU [a `mXm Om{a oX`m J`m h & XoZH$ oZarjUm| H{$ AmYma [a F$VwAm| H$m
AZw_mZ oH$`m J`m h & BgH{$ Abmdm N>wpQQ>`m|, `mhmam|, H$of H{$ H$m`, [{S>-[mKm| _| F$Vw g]Kr [nadVZm|,
F$Vw g]Yr \$bm| d gpO`m| VWm oXZ H{$ KQ>m| _| ]Xbmd H{$ AmYma [a ^r F$VwAm| H$m AZw_mZ oH$`m h &
H$jm 4 _| odmoW`m| H$m{ gm_m` OmZH$mar hm{ OmZr MmohE oH$ F$VwE df H{$ XmamZ EH$ MH$ _| A[Z{ H$m{
XwhamVr h$& F$VwAm| H{$ ]ma{ _| odVma[ydH$ OmZH$mar o_oS>b VWm g{H{$S>ar Hy$b _| Xr OmEJr$&
[mR> 2 _| {jUmYmnaV A``Z H$m Vm[` `h h oH$ gyaO,M_m VWm Vmam| H$m{ [dr H{$oV Xo> g{
X{Im OmVm h & H{$db [mR> 2 H{$ AV _| (`m Vw_ OmZV{ hm{ ?) gyaO-[dr-M_m [oV H$m Cb{I oH$`m
J`m h & amo _| AmH$me H$m oZarjU df H{$ E{g{ g_` _| H$aZm MohE O] _mg_ _| H$m{ham `m ]mXb Z hm{$&
Am_Vma [a _mZgyZ H{$ ]mX H$m g_` BgH{$ obE AN>m g_` hm{Vm h$&
Bg BH$mB H{$ oH$`mH$bm[m| _| _m[Z Ed gwoMU H$m{ AN>{ VarH{$ g{ g_Pm`m$ J`m h & Ohm$aMZm VWm
_m[Z/AmH$bZ ^mJ H$m\$s gab h dht gwoMU H$m` H$oR>Z hm{ gH$V{ h, ImgH$a gmb H{$ ew$ _|, O]
odmWu BZH$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ H{$ obE [`mV [na_mUm_H$ qMVZ H$meb odH$ogV Zht H$a MwH{$ hm{V{ h & Bg
26
pWoV _| AmH$S>m| H$m gH$bZ ew$ _| oH$`m Om gH$Vm h [aVw Hw$N> odb{fU H$m` df H{$ ]mX H{$ oXZm| _| oH$`m
OmVm h O] odmWu JoUV g{ [naoMV hm{ OmV{ h &
Bg BH$mB H{$ obE g]g{ _hd[yU oejU ghm`H$ gm_Jr H$b{S>a h & ]S>r VmarI H{$ ImZm| dmbm V`ma
H$b{S>a `m MmQ> [{[a [a ]S>{ AmH$ma H${ ]Zm`{ hE H$b{S>a H$m{ H$jm _| Q>mJm Om gH$Vm h & Nw>r H{$ oXZm|,
`mhmam| `m ga-g[mQ>{ H{$ oXZm| H$m{ H$b{S>a [a oMphV H$aZ{ g{ Amg_mZ Ama _mg_ H{$ oZarjU _| CgwH$Vm
]T>{ Jr VWm `h AW[yU ]Z{Jm &
g_`-gmaUr
H$m.- H$mbmem{ H$s g`m

[mR> - 2
[mR> - 1
H$m.31 - H$m.41
- oH ` mH$bm[
H$m.1
- H$hmZr
H$m.42 - H$m.47
- A`mg
H$m.2 - H$m.17
- oH ` mH$bm[
H$m.18 - H$m.30
- A`mg
JhH$m` `m oZarjUm| H$m{ Omar aIZm H$jm H{$ H$m`m~ H${ [yaH$ H{$ $[ _| Amd`H$ h &
Bg BH$mB H{$ obE dVwAm| Ed gyMZmAm| H$m{ EH$ H$aZm :[mR> - 1: Vm[_m[r, AI]ma g{ EH$ gmh H{$ _mg_ H$s OmZH$mar, a{oS>`m{{ `m Q>{brodOZ; Za_ [m{a dmbr
Q>hZr `m EH$ Va\$ a]a bJr [{pgb, gtH$ (Q>m), gmYmaU o[Z, H$mS> [{[a H$m Qw>H$S>m, Wmbr `m ]S>m H$Q>m{am,
]S>m bmpQ>H$ ]m{Vb, V{O H$Mr, bH$sa ItMZ{ H$s [Q>Q>r$&
[mR> - 2: Jr_ F$Vw VWm erV F$Vw _| EH$ gmh H{$ obE gy`m}X` Ama gy`mV H$m g_`; [aN>mB H$s b]mB
_m[Z{ H{$ obE _rQ>a H{$b; _moMg H$s Vrob`m; Wm{S>m-gm JmT> m Jm|X `m gmZm hAm Jrbm AmQ>m; EH$ _hrZ{ H{$
obE M_m H{$ AmH$ma H$m oZarjU; AJa g^d hm{ Vm{ EH$ _hrZ{ H$m Vmam| H$m Zem(Q>ma MmQ>) Om{ m`:
Q>ma EQ>bg, AI]ma `m [oH$m Og{ gmBg na[m{Q>a _| o_b gH$Vm h$&
[> g`m EH$ gX^ g{ Xyga{ H$m o_bmZ
Bg [yar oH$Vm] _|, TB [mR>`-[wpVH$m VWm WB H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ obE `m{J oH$`m J`m h &
27
[mR> 1
gyaO, hdm, ]mXb Ama ]agmV
H$hmZr (1 H$mbme, TB p. 3)
]agmV Am ahr h!
Oy
Z H$m V[Vm _hrZm Wm$& _wZr Ama MwZy ]aJX H{$ ZrM{ N>mh _| ]R>H$a H$H$S>r Im ah{ W{ & ""ha MrO
H$gr gyIr Ama Yyb-YH$S> g{ gZr oXImB X{ ahr h$& '' _wZr Z{ H$hm &
""hm'', MwZy Z{ Odm] oX`m$& ""`m Vw_Z{ Vmbm] H$m{ X{Im? Ja_r H{$ H$maU [mZr gyI J`m h Ama Vmbm]
H$s O_rZ \$Q> J`r h&''
"" _m H$hVr h oH$ A] oH$gr ^r oXZ _mZgyZ H$s hdm`| Am gH$Vr h & hdm`| A[Z{ gmW KZ{ H$mb{ ]mXb
bm`|Jr$& ]mXb Amg_mZ H$m{ T>H$ b|J{, Ama o\$a ]agmV ew$ hm{ OmEJr$& '' ""dmh ! V] Vm{ ]hV _Om
AmEJm ! '' MwZy Z{ Odm] oX`m, ""[hbr ]agmV _| h_| ^rJZ{ H$m _mH$m o_b{Jm$& ]agmV _| ]mXbm| H$s JaO
Ama M_H$ ^r hm{Jr$& ''
Ja_r MhAm{a
W_t [Vm| H$s ]mV|
Mbr V] AmYr !
oKam Amg_mZ
\$Q>mH$! gyIr [Vr [a
]yX| Am Q>[H$s !
_mZgyZ H$m AmJ_Z EH$ gwIX KQ>Zm h$& `h H$hmZr Cg H$odVm H$m{ ^md^yo_ XmZ H$aVr h Om{ Xm{ hm`Hy$
H{$ $[ _| h&
hm`Hy$ EH$ MobV Jw H$odVm H$m $[ h Om{ Om[mZ _| VrZ gm gmbm| g{ `m{J hm{Vm Am ahm
h & `h gm_m`V`m gh _mmAm| H$m hm{Vm h Om{ oH$ [mM, gmV VWm [mM _mmAm| H$s VrZ
[oV`m| _| od^V hm{Vm h$& Bg H$ma H{$ Hw$N> eX EH$ gOrd oMU VwV H$a gH$V{ h,
^md `m odMma H$m{ H$Q> H$a gH$V{ h Ama E{gr ]mVm| H$m{ `V H$a gH$V{ h oOh| eXm| mam
`V Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm$& hmBHy$ gm_m`V: H$oV g{, BgH$s oH$gr F$Vw g{ g]oYV hm{Vm
h & odmnW`m| H$m{ H$odVm H$s H$jm _| hmBHy$ g{ [naoMV H$am`m Om gH$Vm h & `h goj
28
hm{Vm h VWm Bg_| b`] eXm| H$s O$aV Zht hm{Vr h & `h CZ odmnW`m| H{$ obE CgmhdH$
hm{ gH$Vm h oOZH{$ [mg grn_V eXH$m{e h [aVw Om{ eXm| H$s doZ H$m AmZX b{V{ h & hmBHy$
H{$ Hw$N> CXmhaU odmoW`m| H$m{ d` H$m{oee H$aZ{ H{$ obE CgmohV H$a gH$V{ h & Hw$N> Om[mZr
H$od`m| mam hmBHy$ H{$ AJ{Or _| AZwdmX oH$`{ J`{ h & BZH$m ohXr AZwdmX oZZoboIV h :
^rfU ]agmV g{
`m _mCQ> \w$Or ]hH$a
H$sMS> âr Prb _| VXrb Zht hm{ OmEJm$&
-(]wgmZ1715-1783)
[wamZm Vmbm] $
Hy$X [S>m _|T>H$ H$ht $
N>[mH$ [mZr _|
-(_mgwAm{ ]{em{,1644-1694)
òX _mmE 5-7-5 m$[ _| Zht ^r hm| Vm{ ^r hmBHy$ H$s ebr Img hm{Jr$& `hm Hw$N> mWo_H$
H$jm H{$ odmoW`m| mam _N>br H$m{ Q>H$s _| X{IH$a obI{ JE hm`Hy$ oXE JE h &
AmoIa dm{ `m h ?
[am| dmbr Zrbr oPbo_b gr
Ahm ! EH$ [ar !
(emZm, C_ 10 df)
oH$`mH$bm[
_mg_ H$m hmb
[mZr H{$ AXa EH$ [Wa Wm

AMmZH$ dh Mbm J`m AXa
S>am`m oOgZ{ _wP{ , dh EH$ H$mbr _N>br Wr $&
($o]`m, C_ 9df)
(TB p. 4, WB p. 3)
1. _mg_ `m h? (1 H$mbme)
H$. oIS>H$s H{$ ]mha X{Im{ & A[Zr H$m`[wpVH$m _| [> 3 [a BZ Mmam| gdmbm| H{$ Odm] obIm{$&
(i) AmO Amg_mZ gm\$ h `m ]mXb N>m`{ hE h ?
(ii) AmO _mg_ Ja_ h `m R>S>m ?
(iii) hdm ]h ahr h `m H$s h ?
(iv) AmO ]agmVr oXZ h `m gyIm ?
BZ Mmam| gdmbm| H{$ Odm] g{ h_| AmO H{$ _mg_ H$m hmb [Vm MbVm h & H$b H$m _mg_ `m AmO Ogm hr
Wm, `m AbJ Wm ?
29
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
m`m{oJH$
gH{$V
[hb{ H{$ Hw$N> oH$`mH$bm[m| _| oZarjU H{$ gmW-gmW ^mfm H{$ odH$mg H$m{ b` oH$`m J`m h & _mg_ H$m gab
oddaU Hw$N> eXm| Ama _whmdam| Og{, ""Wm{S>r-gr hdm H{$ gmW Ja_r Ama YwYbm[Z; ]agmV Zht'' H{$ [naM`
_| _XX H$aVm h &
I. Bg H$hmZr H$m{ [yam H$am{$& Ohm H$ht ^r Vwh| `h U o_b{ dhm _mg_ H{$ ]ma{ _| obIm{$& Vwhmar H$hmZr
_| H$B Vah H{$ oddaU hm{ gH$V{ h Og{ Amg_mZ H$m aJ, ]mXbm| H$s AmH$oV, ]mXbm| H$m Kw_S>Zm, Ja_r `m R>S>
dJah$& Vw_ [{S>-[mYm| VWm OmZdam| [a _mg_ H{$ ^mdm| H{$ ]ma{ _| obI gH$V{ hm{$&
aoddma H$s gwhmZr gw]h Wr$..... U...... _wZr Ama MwZy Ka g{ ]mha oZH$b{$& Chm|Z{ X{Im........
U......... Chm|Z{ [VJ CS>mZ{ H$m oZM` oH$`m$& ......U ........AMmZH$......U .........
(o\$a AmJ{ `m hAm?)
Bg H$hmZr H$m{ H$hZ{ H{$ ]mX A[Zr H$m`[wpVH$m H{$ [> 3 [a BgH$m EH$ erfH$ obIm{$&
`hm _mg_ H{$ oddaU `mXm odVma g{ W{ `m|oH$ odmoW`m| Z{ oZarjUm| H$m{ o\$a g{ `mX oH$`m VWm A[Zr
gm{M H$m C[`m{J oH$`m & _wZr Ama MwZw H{$ [VJ$H{$ gmW I{b H$s H$hmZr ]ZmZ{ _| odmoW`m| Z{ ^moV-^moV
H{$ oMm| H$s EH$ lIbm Og{ Zrbm Amg_mZ, gyaO H$s am{eZr, oMoS>`m, Ja_r, [grZm, AMmZH$ hdm H$m emV
hm{Zm, hdm _| [{S>m| H$m ohbZm, Amg_mZ H$m AYH$ma_` hm{Zm, Jrbr o_>r H$s JY, ]agmV Ama o]Obr
H$S>H$Z{ H$s AmdmO, _|T>H$ Ama H|$MwE B`moX H$m `m{J oH$`m$& g^r odmoW`m| Z{ H$hmZr _| Cgmh[ydH$
`m{JXmZ oH$`m$& Bg_| obIZ{ H$s Amd`H$Vm Zht Wr &
2. _mg_ H$m H$b|S>a (2 H$mbme + gVV oZarjU; TB p. 4)
H$ar] Mma hV{ VH$ _mg_ H$m{ naH$mS> H$aZm [`m h & E{g{ _| O] oZarjU [hb{ _hrZ{ _| ew$ hm{Vm h Ama
Xyga{ _hrZ{ _| ^r Omar ahVm h Vm{ odmoW`m| H$m{ _mg_ H$m naH$mS> [hb{ _hrZ{ _| H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [>m| 4
VWm 5 [a H$aZm MmohE VWm AJb{ _hrZ{ [> 6 d 7 [a Omar aIZm MmohE &
H$. H$b|S>a H$s EH$ AmH$oV Vwhmar H$m`-[woVH$m H{$ [> 3-7 [a Xr hB h$& Cg_| Bg gmb Ama _hrZm| H{$
Zm_ obIm{$& _hrZ{ H$s VmarI| ImZm| _| obIm{$&
I. ha am{O _mg_ H$m{ X{Im{ Ama Cg{ H$b|S>a _| XO H$am{$& oH$gr oXZ òX H$m{B Img ]mV hB hm{ Vm{ Cg{ VmarI
dmb{ ImZ{ H{$ D$[a obIm{$&
30
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
^mJ A (H$b{S>a _| oXZmH$ obIZm) H$jm _| oH$`m J`m$Wm$& ^mJ Am (oZarjU Ama obIZm) odmoW`m| mam
d` oH$`m OmVm Wm & ma^ _| d{ ^yb OmV{ W{, `m bm[admhr g{ obIV{ W{$`m o\$a A[Z{ gmW H{$ odmWu g{
ZH$b H$a b{V{ W{$& _Z{ Mma odmoW`m| H$m{, Om{ d` oZarjUm| _| oZò_V W{, A[Zr [oV _| Xygam| H$m{ _aU
H$amZ{ H{$ obE oZ`wV oH$`m$& Og{-Og{ d{ oH$`mH$bm[m| 3 - 8 H$s Am{a ]T>{, CZH$m H$b{S>a g]Yr oZarjU
^r gwYaVm J`m &
ode{f KQ>ZmE odmoW`m| H$m{ Cg oXZ H$m{ ]{hVa VarH{$ g{ `mX aIZ{ _| ghm`H$ hB & `{ CZH$s oZOr
KQ>ZmE (Og{, ^mB H$m O_oXZ `m _{h_mZm| H$m AmJ_Z) `m Nw>o>`m/`mhma Og{, "dVVm oXdg' Ama
"ajm ]YZ' Ed Hy$b H$s H$m{B KQ>ZmE hm{Vr Wr$& bS>oH$`m, Bh| XO H$aZ{ _| bS>H$m| H$s A[{jm `mXm
oZò_V, `WmW Ama H$_] hm{Vr Wt$&
Z_yZm AZw^d oXIm`{ J`{ h:
31
3.Ja_ `m R>S>m (3 H$mbme; TB p. 4, WB p. 8)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$. Vm[_mZ h_ Vm[_m[r (W_m_rQ>a) g{ Zm[V{ h$& Bgg{ [Vm MbVm h oH$ H$m{B MrO oH$VZr Ja_ `m R>S>r
h$& EH$ Vm[_m[r bm{ Om{ Vwhma{ Amg[mg H$s hdm H$m Vm[_mZ Zm[ gH$Vm hm{$& `m oXZ â H{$ XmamZ
Vm[_mZ ]XbVm h?
b]mB H$m{ h_ _rQ>a _|, ^ma H$m{ oH$bm{Jm_ _| Ama g_` H$m{ g{H|$S> _| Zm[V{ h$& Vm[_mZ H$m{ h_ oH$g_|
Zm[V{ h?
AoYH$Va odmoW`m| Z{ oMoH$gH$s` Vm[_m[r (pboZH$b W_m_rQ>a) X{Im Wm$& Hw$N>
odmWu EH$ E{gm Vm[_m[r H$jm _| bmE$& _Z{ Ch| ]Vm`m oH$ Bgr H$ma H$m Vm[_m[r
([mR>`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 4 [a CXmhaU _| oXIm`m J`m h) h_ma{ Amg[mg H$s hdm H$m
Vm[_mZ _m[Z{ H{$ obE `m{J oH$`m OmVm h$& eara H{$ Vm[_mZ g{ VwbZm H$aZm ^r
C[`m{Jr Wm `m|oH$ Bgg{ odmoW`m| H$m{ EH$ gX^-o]Xw o_b OmVm h :
""H$m{B dVw h_ma{ eara H$s VwbZm _| Ja_ h `m RS>r h?''
EH$ gmYmaU Vm[_m[r EH$ N>m{Q>{ [Vb{ Xrdma H{$ ere{ H{$ ]],
gy_
Om{ oH$ EH$ _m{Q>r Xrdma H{$ ]X gy_ H{$eZbr g{ OwS>m hm{Vm h Ed
H{$eZbr
oOg_| aJrZ AH$m{hb `m [mam hm{Vm h, g{ ]Zm hm{Vm h & Vm[_mZ
_| [nadVZ H{$ H$maU Og{ hr ]] _| âm ` \$bVm `m ogHwS>Vm
h,BgH$m gVh Zbr _| CR>Vm `m oJaVm h &
aJrZ
oMoH$gH$s` Vm[_m[r H$m [_mZm eara H{$ dm^modH$ Vm[_mZ
AH$m{hb
H{$ BX-oJX EH$ N>m{Q>{ [amg _| EH$ Ae(oS>Jr) H{$ odo^Z ohgm| H$m{
XoeV H$aVm h & Bg Vm[_m[r _| EH$ ogHw$S>Z hm{Vr h Om{ [ma{ H$m{
dm[g oJaZ{ g{ am{H$Vm h O] Vm[_m[r H$m{ eara H{$ [e g{ AbJ H$a
oX`m OmVm h &
ere{
Vm[_mZ H$s _mZH$ BH$mB oS>Jr g{pg`g (0C) h$& Bg{ oS>Jr
H$m ]]
g|Q>rJ{S> H{$ Zm_ g{ ^r OmZm OmVm h$& oMoH$gH$s` Vm[_m[r _|
m`: oS>Jr \$ma{ZhmBQ> (0F) H$m `m{J hm{Vm h$&
32
oZZoboIV gy H$m `m{J H$a h_ Vm[_mZ H{$ EH$ [_mZ{ H$m{ Xyga{ _| [nadoVV H$a gH$V{ h:
C/5 = (F- 32)/9
am{O_am H{$ Hw$N> Vm[_mZ ZrM{ oX`{ J`{ h$&
0
0
C
F
]\$ H$m JbZmH$
0
32
Ob H$m dWZmH$
100
212
(Xyga{ Vm[_mZ - bJ^J)
VmOm Mm`
85
ZhmZ{ H$m Ja_ [mZr
45
EH$ Cby H{$ eara H$m Vm[_mZ
40
]wIma g{ [roS>V _mZd eara
39
gmYmaU _mZd eara
37
n\$O (erVH$ `) H{$ AXa
12
\$sOa H{$ AXa
-12
Z_H$ Ama ]\$ H$m o_lU
- 20
_mg_ H|$ [a dm`w H$m Vm[ _m[Z{ H{$ obE aI{ J`{ Vm[_m[r H$m{ EH$ ]X b{oH$Z AN>{ dmVm`Z
]g{ _| aIm OmVm h & Bg ]g{ H$m{ N>m`m _|, AmY>r g{ ]MmH$a aIV{ h & oXZ _| AoYH$V_
VWm `yZV_ Vm[_mZ H$m{ naH$mS> H$aZ{ H{$ obE ode{f [H$ma H${ Vm[_m[r `m{J _| bmE OmV{
h$& BZ Vm[_mZm| H$m{ g_mMma [ _| Ama a{oS>`m{ d Q>{brodOZ [a ]Vm`m oH$`m OmVm h &
MwZy Z{ oXZ _| AbJ-AbJ g_` [a Vm[_mZ H$m{ oS>Jr g{pg`g (0C) _| Zm[m h$& CgH{$ mam XO Vm[_mZ
ZrM{ oXE JE h$& A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m _| [> 9 [a oXE hE Vm[_m[r [a BZ _mZm| H$m{ aJ H$a oXImAm{$&
33
g_`
6:00 gw]h
9:00 gw]h
12:00 Xm{[ha
3:00 Vrga{ [ha
6:00 em_
9:00 amV
12:00 amV
3:00 ^m{a
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Vm[_mZ (0C)
80
120
200
240
210
180
150
110
AJa odmoW`m| H{$ [mg Vm[_m[r hm{ Vm{ H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 8 [a oX`{ J`{ g_`-Vm[_mZ gmaUr H$m{ âm
Om gH$Vm h & hmbmoH$ [ya{ oXZ H{$ Vm[_mZ b{Zm `mdhmnaH$ Zht h, Z_yZm S>mQ>m (Mwy H$m S>mQ>m) oX`m J`m
h &
odmWu BZ AmH$S>m| H$m{ H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 9 [a oX`{ J`{ oM Jm\$ [a a{ImoH$V H$aZ{ _| AmgmZr
_hgyg H$aV{ h & Hw$N> Z{ Vm{ Hw$N> odVV kmZm_H$ gdmbm| H$m Odm] oX`m Og{, ""oH$Z g_`m| [a Vm[_mZ
]T>V{ h? `m|? H$] hdm _| R>S>m[Z Am`m Wm? `m|? H$] Vm[_mZ g]g{ V{Or g{ oJam?''
I. a{oS>`m{ `m Q>rdr [a Xr OmZ{ dmbr _mg_ H$s OmZH$mar g{ `m AI]ma g{ EH$ hV{ H$m Vm[_mZ _mby_ H$am{$&
`mX aIm{, AI]mam| _| o[N>b{ oXZ H$m Vm[_mZ oX`m hAm hm{Vm h$&
AoYH$V_ Vm[_mZ Ama `yZV_ Vm[_mZ H$m _Vb] _mby_ H$am{$& A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 10 [a
VmarI Ama Cg oXZ H$m Vm[_mZ obIm{$& o\$a Vm[_mZm| H$m{ H$m`[wpVH$m H{$ [> 11 [a oXE Jm\$ _|
N>m`moH$V H$am{$&
am>r` g_mMma [ `m Hw$N> WmZr` g_mMma [ am{OmZm _mg_ H$s OmZH$mar X{V{ h & H$B odmoW`m| Z{ Hw$N>
oXZm| H$r H$VaZ{ H$mQ>H$a EH$ H$s Wt & hmbmoH$ H$moeV _mg_ H$s OmZH$mar ZOXrH$ H{$ eha H$s Wr, h_
bm{Jm| Z{ Cg{ Vm[_mZ, dfm, gy`m}X`/gy`mV VWm M_m H{$ oH$`mH$bm[ H{$ obE `m{J oH$`m &
34
Vm[_mZ H${ AmoeH$$ ^mJ odmoW`m| H$s g_`m H$m H$maU Wr `m|oH$ odmWr o^m| Ama Xe_bd AH$ [>oV
g{ [yar Vah dmoH$\$ Zht W{ & _Z{ Ch| oXIm`m oH$ Vm[_mZ H{$ ob`{ J`{ _mZm| H$m{ H$g{ ZOXrH$s [yU oS>Jr$ _|
]XbV{ h & Chm|Z{ BZ AH$m| H$m{ H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [{O 11 [a Jm\$ _| AoH$V oH$`m & Jm\$ H$ar]-H$ar] EH$
joVO a{Im H{$ $[ _| Wm Om{ `h XemVm h oH$ am{O H{$ AoYH$V_ Vm[_mZ _| ]Xbmd H$_ Wm & Hw$N> odmoW`m|
Z{ _mg_ H$s OmZH$mar a{oS>`m{ [a gwZr `m Q>{brodOZ _| X{Ir & Q>{brodOZ na[m{Q> Z{ odmoW`m| H$m{ ^maV H{$
_mZoM VWm ]S>{ eham| H{$ Vm[_mZ _| ]Xbmd g]oYV OmZH$mar hmogb H$aZ{ _| H$m\$s ghm`Vm H$s &
d{ 0C _| Vm[_mZ H$m{ X{IH$a `h ]VmZ{ _| gj_ W{ oH$ dh WmZ J_, hH$mJ_, R>S>m `m ]hV
R>S> m h$& ZB oXr _| OZdar H{$ AoYH$V_ VWm `yZV_ Vm[_mZm| H$m Z_yZm ZrM{ oX`m J`m
h & (Bgr g_`mVamb _| _w]B H{$ AoYH$V_ Ed `yZV_ Vm[_mZ H$_e:34 0C Ed 21 0C
W{) AJa odmWr AI]ma g{ Vm[_mZ g]Yr AmH$S>{ BH$Q>R>m H$aZ{ _| Ag\$b ahV{ h Vm{ `h
AmH$S>{ [> 11 H{$ Jm\$ H{$ obE `m{J oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h &
VmarI
AoYH$V_ Vm[_mZ (0C)
`yZV_ Vm[_mZ (0C)
01-01-1997
02-01-1997
03-01-1997
04-01-1997
05-01-1997
06-01-1997
07-01-1997
24
22
22
22
23
23
24
4. hdm ]h{ oH$g Am{a? (2 H$mbme; TB
p. 5)
6
6
6
5
5
7
6
odmoW`m|| Z{ hH$s ]hVr hB hdm H{$ ]ma{ _| A[Z{ AZw^dm| H$m dUZ oH$`m: (hH$s dm`w _|) [VJ CS>mZm
AmgmZ hm{Vm h, H$[S>{ OXr gyIV{ h, [dZM$s H$m` H$aVr h, Zmd| MbVr h ....(V{O hdm _|) gyImZ{ H{$
ob`{ aI{ J`{ H$[S>{ VWm AZmO CS> OmV{ h, [om`m Ama H$Mam CS>Z{ bJVm h, YybH$U Vwhmar AmIm| _| OmV{
h, XadmO{ AmdmO H{$ gmW ]X hm{V{ h, B`moX & `{ hdm H$s JoV H{$ JwUm_H$ [arjU h & Bg C_ _| odmoW`m|
35
H$m{ ""oH$gr dVw H$s JoV'' H{$ ]ma{ _| odnYdV $[ g{ g_PmZm g^d Zht h$& hdm H$s JoV OmZZm Cgg{ ^r
H$oR>Z h; BgH${ Abmdm, hdm H$s JoV H$m{ _m[Zm ^r H$oR>Z hm{Vm h & BgobE oH$`mH$bm[m| H$m{ hdm H$s "oXem'
[a H|$oV oH$`m J`m h Z oH$ "JoV' [a &
H$. EH$ gyIr [Vr H$m{ _gbH$a Qw>H$S>m| H$m{ D$[a H$s Am{a \|$H$m{$& X{Im{, `m hdm Ch| EH$ Am{a CS>m b{ OmVr
h$? `m Vw_ ]Vm gH$V{ hm{ oH$ hdm oH$g Am{a ]h ahr h$?
`h hdm H$s oXem ]VmZ{ H{$ obE g]g{ gab odoY h& h_ Bg odoY H$m{ "]' _| dmVgyMH$ H{$ [Im| mam hdm H$s
oXem OmMV{ g_` C[`m{Jr [mV{ h$&
I. EH$ dmV-gyMH$ ]ZmAm{ Ama CgH$s _XX g{ ]VmAm{ oH$ hdm oH$g Am{a ]h ahr h$(TB p. 6, WB
p. 12)$& Vwh| BZ MrOm| H$s O$aV hm{Jr_wbm`_ S>R>b H$s EH$ Q>hZr,
Vra H$s [yN>
Vra H$s Zm|H$
`m o\$a EH$ oga{ [a a]a bJr EH$ [{pgb
gtH$
2 g{._r. 3 g{._r.
_m{Q>{ H$mJO H$m EH$ N>m{Q>m Qw>H$S>m
_m{Q>{ H$mJO g{ Vra H$s `{ AmH$oV`m H$mQ> bm{$&
5g{._r.
`mZ ah{ oH$ Vra H$s [yN> CgH{$ oga g{ b]r
Ama MmS>r hm{$&
gtH$
gtH$ H{$ Xm{Zm| oga{ H$m{ Mram{ Ama Vra H$s AmH$oV`m|
H$m{ Mra{ hE ogam| _| \$gm Xm{$& A] Bg gtH$ H{$ ]rM
g{ EH$ o[Z S>mbH$a Q>hZr `m [|ogb H{$ a]a dmb{ oga{
_| YH{$bm{$& gtH$ Q>hZr `m [{pgb [a gVwobV hm{Zr
MmohE$&
Q>hZr
36
]g A] Vwhmam dmV-gyMH$ V`ma h$& Bg{ ]mha b{ OmAm{ Ama hdm

_| [H$S>m{$& Vra H$s Zm|H$
oH$g Am{a gH{$V H$a ahr
h, hdm H{$ AmZ{ H$s
oXem H$s Am{a `m hdm H{$ OmZ{ H$s oXem H$s Am{a?
`m `h [ya], [oM_, CVa, XojU `m o\$a oH$gr A` oXem
H$s Am{a _wh oH$E h? Vra H$s oXem _mby_ H$am{ Ama Cg{ A[Zr
H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 12 [a obIm{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
m`m{oJH$ gH{$V
odmoW`m| Z{ dmVgyMH$ H$m{ AmgmZr g{ ]Zm`m & Hw$N> odmoW`m| Z{, oOZH{$ [mg ghr VarH{$ H$s a]a bJr
[{pgb `m bH$S>r H$m Qw>H$S>m Zht W{, Xyga{ VarH{$ A[ZmE Og{, EH$ [{pgb `m H$[mg (oXemgyMH$) H{$ Zm|H$
[a a]a oM[H$mZm `m bH$S>r H{$ Qw>H$S>{ _| EH$ o[Z R>m{H$Zm & Wm{S>r gr oX$V dmVgyMH$ H$m{ gVwobV H$aZ{ _|
Am`r & EH$ Vra H$m AmH$ma Xyga{ g{ ^mar Wm BgobE gVwcZ o]Xw, Q>m H{$ H|$ q]Xw g{ Xya Wm & dmVgyMH$m| Z{
Ka g{ ]mha AN>r Vah H$m_ oH$`m-g^r hdm H$s oXem H$s Va\$ gH{$V H$a ah{ W{ & oXemAm| ([y0, [0,C0,
X0,) H$m dUZ AmJ{ oX`m J`m h &
dmVgyMH$ H{$ odo^ AmH$ma g^d h, b{oH$Z EH$ ogam h_{em Xyga{ oga{ g{ MmS>m (j{\$b _| ]S>m) hm{Zm
MmohE$& dmVd _| Vra H$m [yN>dmbm ^mJ MmS>m hm{Zm Oar h - N>m{Q>{ Vra H${ oga{ H{$ o]Zm ^r H$m_ Mbm`m Om
gH$Vm h & hH$s hdm _|, Vra H$m MmS>m ogam hdm H{$ AmZ{ H$s oXem g{ Xya hm{ OmVm h `h dmVgyMH$ H$m WmB
Kw_md hm{Vm h & Wm{S>{ g_` H{$ obE Vra H$m MmS>m ohgm hdm H$s oXem Xem gH$Vm h b{oH$Z `h pWoV
AWm`r hm{Vr h & Wm{S>r-gr hbMb g{ hdm BZ [Im| H$m{ A[Zr Wm`r pWoV _| S> mb X{Vr h &
hdm H$s oXem
ApWa
ApWa
pWa
37
odmoW`m|
H${ Cma
H$jm _| [wZ:h_Z{ hdm H$s oXem H{$ ]ma{ _| MMm H$s & _Z{ [m`m oH$ odmoW`m| _| oXemAm| H$s g_P$ H$m{ b{H$a
]hV `mXm ^_ Wm & d{ [ya], [pM_, Cma Ama XojU Og{ eXm| H$m{ o[N>b{ df A[Zr ^yJm{b H$s H$jm _|
grI MwH{$ W{ & o\$a ^r Hw$N> odmoW`m| Z{ AmJ{, [rN>{, ]m`| VWm XmohZ| H$m{ Mma oXemE ]Vm`m$& Hw$N> gm{MV{
W{ oH$ Cma h_{em h_ma{ AmJ{, XojU [rN>{, [ya] ]m`| VWm [pM_ XmohZ{ hm{Vm h & EH$ odmWr Z{ oddmg
H{$ gmW H$hm oH$ Cma D$[a h Ama XojU ZrM{ CgH{$ [am| H{$ ZOXrH$ h & gyaO [ya] _| CJVm h VWm [pM_
_| Sy>]Vm h `h [wZ:_aU H$aZ{ g{ [yd Wm{S>{ dmX-oddmX H$s O$aV hm{Vr h & Ch| `mX Wm oH$ Chm|Z{ gyaO
H$m{ Hy$b AmV{ g_` oH$Ya X{Im Wm Ama am{O gw]h H$jm _| gyaO H$s am{eZr oH$g oIS>H$s g{ AmVr h & EH$
]ma `{ oXemE oZpMV hm{ J`t o\$a d{ g_P [mE oH$ Vra [pM_ H$s Va\$ BoJV H$a ahm Wm: hdm [pM_ g{
[ya] H$s Va\$ ]h ahr Wr & _Z{ Ch| ]Vm`m oH$ hdm oOg oXem g{ Am ahr h Cg oXem H$m{ hdm H$s oXem
_mZV{ h$& [wadmB _Vb] hdm [ya] g{ ]h ahr h; XojU-[oM_ _mZgyZ hdmE ^maV H{$ XojU-[pM_
H$s Va\$ g{ ]hVr h B`moX & hdm _mg_ _| [nadVZ bm gH$Vr h Ama `h oZâ H$aVm h oH$ hdm oH$g oXem
g{ Am ahr h; CXmhaU H{$ obE, Cma _| oh_mb` g{ oZH$br R>S> r hdm ^maV H{$ Xyga{ ^mJm| _| "erV bha' bm
gH$Vr h$&
5. hdm g{ VaJ| ]ZVr h$(AmYm H$mbme ; TB p. 7, WB p. 12)
[mZr g{ âm EH$ ]S>m H$Q>m{am `m Wmbr bm{$& _mZ bm{, `h Vwhmam g_w h Am{a Vw_ hdm hm{$& [mZr [a Yra{Yra{ bJmVma \y$H$ _maV{ ahm{$&
[mZr [a EH$ N>m{Q>r [Vr aIH$a o\$a g{ \y$H$m{$& g_w _| \y$H$ H$a Vy\$mZ [Xm H$am{$&
`{ oH$`mH$bm[ g_yh _| oH$`m J`m Wm & gyI{ [mm| H{$ Abmdm odmoW`m| Z{ A[Z{ "gmJa' H{$ obE H$mJO H$s Zmd
^r ]ZmB &
6. Amg_mZ Ama ]mXb (2 H$mbme + JhH$m`)
BZ oH$`mH$bm[m| H$m{ Mma AbJ-AbJ oXZm| _| H$am{$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [R> 13 [a X{Im{):
38
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$. Amg_mZ _| ]mXb Ty> T>m{$& ]mXbm| H{$ ]ma{ _| Hw$N> eX obIm{$& Vw_ Bg Vah g{ CZH$m dUZ H$a gH$V{ hm{
Og{ ]mXbm| H{$ aJ, d{ N>m{Q>m oXImB X{V{ h `m ]S>m? CZH$s AmH$oV`m Ama d{ Amg_mZ H$m oH$VZm ohgm T>H{$
hE h$& ]mXb Vwh| Ogm oXImB X{V{ h, CZH$s AmH$oV`m| H{$ oM ]ZmAm{$& `m ]mXbm| H$s AmH$oV`m ]XbVr
ahVr h ?
I. Amg_mZ H$m aJ X{Im{$& `m `h ha g_` Zrbm oXImB X{Vm h? `m [yam Amg_mZ EH$ hr aJ H$m h? `m
ha oXZ Amg_mZ EH$ Ogm hr hm{Vm h? gw]h, Xm{[ha, em_ Ama amV H$m{ Amg_mZ H$m aJ oH$g Vah ]XbVm
h, CgH$m dUZ H$am{$&
Amg_mZ H$m oZarjU, dUZ Ama oMU H$aZm EH$ MwZmVr[yU oH$`mH$bm[ og hAm & ewAmVr H$jm
dmX-oddmX _| odmoW`m| Z{ oXZ H{$ Amg_mZ H$m{ Zrbm,g\{$X `m Zrbm Ama g\{$X Xm{Zm| ]Vm`m Wm & `h ghr
Wm, o[N>b{ Hw$N> oXZm| _| Amg_mZ g\{$X ]mXbm{ H$s _m{Q>r gVh VWm `mXm ^ya{ Ed g\{$X ahVm Am`m Wm &
oZMb{ gVh H{$ ]mXbm| H{$ H$maU odmWu d` [hMmZ [mZ{ _| Aj_ W{ oH$ D$Mr gVh [a ]mXb W{ Z oH$
AmH$me & Hw$ha{ `m YwE H$s dOh g{, o]Zm ]mXbm| H{$ ^r eham| _| Amg_mZ gm_m`V: g\{$X oXImB X{Vm h &
AmMÒZH$ $[ g{, "]mXbm{ H{$ aJ' H{ Odm] _| g\{$X H{$ gmW ^yam VWm H$mbm, Zrbm aJ ^r emo_b Wm &
_Z{ ]mX _| `h Odm] Xyga{ ]S>{ ]m| g{ ^r gwZm &
oMU H$m` ma^ _| Hw$N> _wpH$b Wm `m|oH$ Amg_mZ H$m X` Hw$N> OoQ>b Wm$& _Z{ odmoW`m| H$m{ EH$
odoe> oXem _| X{IZ{ Ama A[Z{ oM H{$ g]g{ D$[a obIZ{, Og{ [ya] obIZ{, H${ ob`{ H$hm &
CZ bm{Jm| H{$ ]mha oZarjU H{$ obE OmZ{ g{ [hb{, _Z{ `m_[> [a oZZoboIV ]mV| obIr :
oXem ([ya]/[pM_/Cma/XojU)
AmH$me H$m aJ
]mXbm| H$s g`m
AmH$ma (N>m{Q>m/]S>m)
]mXbm| H$m Z_yZm (Pattern), AmH$ma Ama aJ
]mXb Ky_ ah{ h `m pWa h &
oZarjU VWm oMU _| [hb{ oXZ Xm{ H$mbme bJ{ & ]mX H{$ oXZm| _| Bg{ JhH$m` H{$ [ _| oX`m J`m $&
39
odmoW`m| H{$ oMU VWm oddaU:

[ya]-AmH$me CObm Wm & VrZ ]S>{ ^ya{ ]mXb Ky_ ah{ W{ & ]mXbm| H{$ AmH$ma _| [nadVZ hm{ ahm
Wm & EH$ N>m{Q>m ]mXb Yra{-Yra{ Jm`] hm{ J`m &
[>V: [hb{ VrZ oMm| H$s Vah, AoV_ oM EH$ odmWu mam ]Zm`m J`m Om{ oH$ ]mXbm| H$s Va\$ Zht X{I ahm Wm$&
40
gm{Mm{, Oam gm{Mm{!

Vwhmar g_P g{ ]mXb oH$Z MrOm| g{ ]Z{ hm{V{ h?
]mXb oH$gH$s dOh g{ Amg_mZ _| Kw_S>V{ h?
odmoW`m||
H${ Cma
]mX _| Hw$N> Cmam| H$m{ X{Z{ g{ [yd `{ gdmb odmoW`m|| H$m{ gm{MZ{ VWm A[Zm AZw_mZ bJmZ{ H{$ obE ]ZmE JE
W{ & `hm d{ A[Z{ Cma X{Z{ H{$ obE dV W{, og\$ ""ghr'' Odm] `mX H$aZ{ H{$ ]Om` dmVd _| EH$ odmWu
Z{ am{MH$ Cma oX`m:
""_ gm{MVm h oH$ ]mXb gyIr ]agmV g{ ]Z{ h&''
`h odmWu A[Z{ VarH{$ g{ Ob MH$ H$m{ g_PZ{ _| g\$b hAm Wm: oH$ ]mXb dmp[V (gyI{) Ob g{ ]Z{
hm{V{ h Om{ ]agmV g{ AmV{ h &
Bg Vah H{$ gdmb ^_ [Xm H$a gH$V{ h, b{oH$Z `{ g^r Cma gm{MZ{ H{$ ob`{ {naV H$aV{ h & _Z{, H$jm
6 _| ^r [m`m oH$ odmWu ]mXbm| H$m{ gOrd _mZV{ h - CZH{$ ]hV g{ "gOrdm| H{$ _mZXS>' ]mXbm| [a bmJy hm{V{
W{ & _{ar H$jm _| odmoW`m|| Z{ gm{Mm oH$ YwAm D$[a OmH$a ]mXb ]ZVm h b{oH$Z d{ AmM`MoH$V W{ oH$ YwE
g{ ]Z{ ]mXbm| g{ ]agmV H$g{ hm{Vr h? Hw$N> ^_ Wm oH$ `m ]mXb H{$db Obdm[ g{ ]Z{ h Ama `m Obdm[
g\{$X `m aJhrZ hm{Vr h$& ([mR> 5, [> 177 _| MMm X{I|)
7. AmO oH$VZr ]mnae hB? (H$mbme + oZarjU Omar aIZm; TB p. 8, WB p. 14-16)
ewAmVr MMm H{$ XmamZ odmoW`m|| Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ ]agmV H$m [mZr Vmbm]m| `m Prbm| _| EH$oV hm{Vm h Ama
Bg H$ma O] `mXm ]agmV hm{Vr h Vm{ Vmbm] H$r Ob Va ]T> OmVm h$& Chm|Z{ [m`m oH$ Hw$N> Ob o_>r
_| nag OmVm h Ama ]mX _| o_>r H{$ OnaE Vmbm] _| dm[g Am OmVm h(`h ^yo_JV Ob H$s EH$ _hd[yU
gH$[Zm h oOgH$m ]mX _| [mR> 7 _| dUZ oH$`m J`m h) EH$ odmWu Z{ Vmbm] H${ Ob Va _| do H$m{ X{IZ{
H{$ obE EH$ bH$S>r S>mbZ{ H{$ ]ma{ _| gm{Mm & Chm|Z{ `h gwPmd ^r oX`m oH$ ]agmV H{$ Ob H$m{ EH$ ]mQ>r, S>_,
V{b H${ oQ>Z `m oJbmg _| EH$ H$aH{$ ]agmV H$m{ _m[ gH$V{ h$&
41
_Z{ odo^ Vah H{$ g^modV ]VZm| H$m{ `m_[>> [a ]Zm`m$& ndmoW`m|| Z{ A[Z{ _Z g{ `h _hgyg oH$`m oH$
grY{ IS>{ oH$Zmam| dmbm ]VZ C[`w$ hm{Vm h & "]{bZmH$ma' VWm "grYm IS>m' H$m _Vb] gm\$ Wm O]
odmoW`m|| Z{ AZ{H$ AmH$ma H{$ ]VZ bmE & _Z{ `hm oM ]ZmAm{ H{$ [hb{ Z (X{I| [> 57) H$r MMm H$s
Ama Bg_| ]hV ^_ [m`m & nH$`mH$bm[ H{$ ]mX h_Z{ [wZ: BZ gdmbm| [a MMm H$ar &
H$. bmpQ>H$ H$s EH$ ]S>r ]m{Vb bm{$& CgH$s JaXZ H$mQ>H$a ]m{Vb H{$
AXa CbQ>m H$aH{$ aIm{$& `h hm{ J`m Vwhmam dfm_m[r$&
òX ]m{Vb Z o_b{ Vm{ H$m{B oQ>Z `m Oma bm{$& Bg{ g_Vb OJh [a aIm{$&
BgH$m _wh D$[a H$s Am{a hm{ Ama Iwbm hm{$& ]aVZ H$s [|Xr _| [Wa H{$
Hw$N> Qw>H$S>{ Ama [mZr S>mbm{$& [mZr
Ohm VH$ hm{, dhm ey` H$m oZemZ
bJmAm{$&
]aVZm| H$m{ AbJ-AbJ OJhm|
Og{ N>V [a, `m o\$a oH$gr Iwb{
_XmZ _| aIm{$& ]aVZ H$m{ [Wa
`m BQ> g{ ghmam Xm{$& Bg ]mV H$m `mZ ah{ oH$ ]agmV H$m [mZr o]Zm
ey`
oH$gr H$mdQ> H{$ grY{ ]aVZ _| oJa{$& H$m`-[wpVH$m _| [> 14 [a
Va
VmarI Ama g_` XO H$am{$&
ha am{O ]aVZ _| [mZr H$m Va Zm[H$a X{Im{ oH$ dh [hb{ g{ oH$VZm
]T>m h$& Bg{ H$m`-[wpVH$m _| [> 14-15 [a VmobH$m Ama Jm\$ _| XO H$am{$& ]aVZ g{ [mZr nZH$mbH$a
ObVa H$m{ dm[g ey` [a aIm{$&
`m oH$gr oXZ [mZr H$m Va Zht ]Xbm?
`m oH$gr oXZ [mZr H$m Va KQ>m? AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ `m| KQ>m$&
`m ha Q>m{br H{$ ]aVZ _| [mZr H{$ Va _| hAm [nadVZ H$ar]-H$ar] ]am]a Wm?
42
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
m`m{oJH$ gH{$V
h_Z{ H$m{B [yU $[{U ]{bZmH$ma ]VZ Zht [m`m & Ohm oZMbm ^mJ _wS>m Wm, h_Z{ Cg_{ Hw$N> [Wa Ama
[mZr, EH$ o]Xw VH$ S> mbH$a Cg{ ey` gVh H{$ $[ _| oMoV oH$`m$& ^mar [Wa ^r ]VZ H$m{ `mXm
Wmo`d X{V{ h & CQ>{ H$s[ H{$ AmmH$ma dmbr bmpQ>H$ ]m{Vb, dm[Z g{ [mZr H$m{ aIZ{ H{$ obE C[`m{Jr Wr&
h_| bmpQ>H$ ]m{Vbm| H$m{ H$mQ>Z{ H{$ obE EH$ V{O Ymadmbr H$Mr H$s Amd`H$Vm Wr$&
h_Z{ BZ ]VZm| H$m{ [ya{ gmh H{$ obE ]mha aIm VWm am{O gw]h Va H$m{ OmMV{ ah{ & h_Z{ `h gwoZpMV
oH$`m oH$ ]agmV H$m [mZr Xrdma, [{S> `m _H$mZm| g{ Zht H$ ahm h &
oH$gr oH$gr> oXZ [mZr H{$ Va _| 4 g{_r. VH$ H$s do hB & odo^
g_yhm| mam EH$ oH$E JE Ob H$s _mm _| EH$ g|Q>r_rQ>a VH$ H$m AVa
Wm & ]agmV _m[Z{ dmbm [_mZ{ ^r, Om{ gmW _| aI{ W{, Ob H{$ Va _|
Wm{S>m AVa Xem`m & odmoW`m| Z{ gbmh Xr oH$ [mZr oN>Q>H$ ahm h `m
hdm H{$ H$maU AXa `m ]mha oJa ahm h & Hw$N> Z{ gm{Mm oH$ ]agmV g^r
OJhm| [a EH$ g_mZ Zht hB hm{Jr &
`{H$ oXZ ]VZ H{$ ey` Vb H$m{ [wZ: bmZ{ _| Wm{S>{ A`mg H$s O$aV hm{Vr h & _Z{ odmoW`m| g{ Amd`H$Vm
g{ AoYH$ Ob S>mbZ{ H{$ obE H$hm VWm o\$a ey` Vb VH$ [hMZ{ H{$ ob`{ Yra{-Yra{ Ob o_bmZ{ H$m{ H$hm$&
ey` Vb H{$ o_bmZ _| hB woQ> ^r _m[ _| Hw$N> woQ> C[ H$aVr h &
H$^r-H$^r oXZ H{$ g_` gyaO H$s am{eZr AoYH$ Wr & EH$ odmWr Z{ [yN>m oH$ `m h_ma{ OmM H$aZ{ g{
[yd Hw$N> Ob gyI gH$Vm h? E{gm `mXmVa MmS>{ `m Iwb{ ]VZm| _| hm{ gH$Vm Wm & _Z{ gwPmd oX`m oH$ h_
V{b H$s EH$ ]yX [mZr _| S>mb gH$V{ h & `m `h [mZr H$m{ dmp[V hm{Z{ g{ am{H{$Jm? `h EH$ Xygam `m{J Wm
oOg_| h_Z{ Xm{ EH$ g_mZ ]VZm| H$m{ Yy[ _| aIm & Xm{Zm| ]VZm| _| g_mZ _mm _| [mZr Wm O]oH$ EH$ _| V{b
43
H$s EH$ ]yX S>mb Xr JB Wr & V{b H$s ]yX Z{ o]IaH$a [mZr H$s$ gVh H$m{ T>H$ ob`m Wm & Xyga{ oXZ H{$db o]Zm
V{b dmb{ ]VZ _| [mZr H{$ Va _| H$_r [m`r J`r & gyImJV j{ _|, Ohm ]agmV H$_ hm{, `h EH$ AN>m
C[m` hm{ gH$Vm h oH$ EH$ [Vb{ ]VZ _| VWm EH$ ]S>{ H$s[ H$m C[`m{J H$a ]agmV H$m [mZr EH$ oH$`m OmE&
[mZr H{$ Va _| H$o_ do hm{Jr, b{oH$Z H$_-g{-H$_ odmoW`m| H$m{ Hw$N> _m[Z{ H$m Adga o_b{Jm &
8. Z_ Ama gyI{ oXZ (1 H$mbme; TB p. 9, WB p. 16)

H$^r-H$^r oH$gr oXZ Vwh| H$m\$s [grZm AmVm h$& Vwhma{ Jrb{ H$[S>{ H$m\$s X{a VH$ Jrb{ ahV{ h$& `{ Z_r
H{$ oXZ H$hbmV{ h$&
Xyga{ oXZm| _| Vwhmar dMm H$m\$s gyIr _mby_ [S>Vr h$& Jrb{ H$[S>{ OXr gyI OmV{ h$& `{ gyI{ oXZ H$hbmV{
h$&
AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ H$mZ-g{ oXZ H$m\$s Z_ h Ama H$mZ-g{ oXZ H$m\$s gyI{$& X{Im{, `m Vwhma{ Xm{V Vwhma{
AZw_mZ g{ gh_V h$&
Z_r g{ odmWr [naoMV Zht h Ama Z hr `h ]VmZm gab h& o\$a ^r, "Z_r' g{ [naoMV H$amZ{ H{$ obE gab
oZarjU C[`m{Jr hm{V{ h, hmbmoH$ Bg Vah H{$ oZU` ]hV oddgZr` Zht hm{V{ h & CXmhaU H{$ obE,
[grZm ]hZ{ Ama gyIZ{ H$s Xa, Z_r H{$ Abmdm, Vm[_mZ Ama hdm H r [napWoV`m| [a oZâ H$aVr h&
hmbmoH Z_r H$m{ AVkmZ mam g_PZm oZpMV hr EH$ g^modV amVm hm{ gH$Vm h& odmWr Z_ `m gyI{
_mg_ _| ]mbm| Ama H$[S>m| H$s pWoV _| AVa H$m{ X{I gH$V{ h & Z_r _m[Z{ H$m EH$ VarH$m ""]mbm| _| [mZr
H$s _mm _m[Z{ dmb{ `''(hygrometer) H$m C[`m{J H$aZm h oOg_| _Zw` H{$ qIM{ ]mb H$s b]mB _| do
H$m{ _m[m OmVm h(]mb [mZr gm{IVm h Ama CgH$s b]mB ]T> OmVr h&)
]mXb Ama ]agmV (TB p. 9 )

]mXb [mZr H$s _hrZ ]yXm| g{ ]Z{ hm{V{ h$& `{ hdm H{$ gmW MbV{ h$& O] ]mXb R>S>{ hm{V{ h Vm{ [mZr H$s ]yX|
Am[g _| o_bH$a ]S>r ]yX| ]ZmVr h$& `{ ]yX| dOZr hm{Vr h, BgobE ZrM{ oJaVr h$& Bg{ h_ ]agmV H$hV{
h$& H$^r-H$^r ]agmV H{$ gmW ]\$ H{$ Qw>H$S>{ oJaV{ h$& Bg{ Am{bmdo> H$hV{ h$&
H$m\$s R>S>{ X{em| _| OmS>{ H{$ oXZm| _| [mZr O_H$a B H{$ \$m`{ H$s Vah oJaVm h& Bg{ oh_[mV H$hV{ h$&
44
H$aUm{|
_| g]Y
[mR>`-[wpVH$m H$m `h IS> Hw$N> AmYma^yV OmZH$mna`m XmZ H$aVm h oOg{ odmWr ]mX _| hdm,[mZr Ama
^m{OZ g{ g]oYV, BH$mB`m| g{ Om{S> gH$V{ h & ZrM{ Xr JB Hw$N> AoVna$ OmZH$mna`m odmnW`m| mam [yN>{ JE
Hw$N> Zm| H{$ Cma X{Z{ _| C[`m{Jr hm{ gH$Vr h &
gyaO H$s J_u g{, YaVr H{$ gVh [a C[pWV Hw$N> [mZr Obdm[ _| ]Xb OmVm h & `h Ob
dm[ hdm H r J_u g{ D$[a CR>Vr h & Og{-Og{ `{ D$[a CR>Vr h, `{ R>S>r hm{Vr OmVr h VWm
hdm _| C[pWV N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ H$Um| Om{ Yyb, YwE `m Z_H$ H{$ hm{V{ h, [a O_Vr h Ama Ob H$s
N>m{Q>r-N>m{Q>r ]yXm| _| ]Xb OmVr h & OmS>{ H$s R>S> r amVm| _| [dr H$s gVh H{$ ZOXrH$ `{ O_md
hm{V{ h VWm h_ hH$m `m KZm H$m{ham X{IV{ h & AJa [dr H$s gVh g{ `mXm D$MmB [a
O_md hm{Vm h Vm{ h_| ]mXb oXImB X{V{ h & Am[ [hmS>m| [a MT>H$a ]mXbm| H{$ ]rM Q>hb gH$V{
h& `hm ]mXb Am[H{$ [mg g{ JwOa gH$V{ h Ama `{ H$m{ha{ H$s Vah oXImB X|J{ d AZw^yV hm{J{ &
N>m{Q>r-N>m{Q>r [mZr H$s ]yXm| g{ ]agmV H$s ]yX{ H$g{ ]ZVr h? Yyb H{$ H$U oOZ [a [mZr H$s ]yX|
]ZZm ew$ hm{Vr h, EH$ g|Q>r_rQ>a H{$ Hw$N> hOmad| ^mJ g{ b{H$a Hw$N> bmId| ^mJ VH$ N>m{Q>{ hm{V{
h & ]mXbm| H{$ AXa hdm H$m ]hmd BZ N>m{Qr> ]yXm| H$m{ oZ`V $[ g{ D$[a ZrM{ Ky_mVm ahVm h$&
Ky_Z{ H{$ H$_ _| `{ m`: Xygar ]yXm| g{ Q>H$amH$a Ama H$B ]ma g`w$ hm{H$a ]S>r hm{Vr ahVr h &
O] BZ ]yXm| H$m AmH$ma bJ^J EH$ o_br_rQ>a H{$ Xgd| ^mJ H{$ ]am]a hm{Vm h, `{ dfm H$s ]yX|
]ZH$a oJaZ{ bJVr h & gm_m`V`m dfm H$s EH$ ]yX H$m `mg Hw$N> o_br_rQ>a hm{Vm h O]oH$
Am{bm| H$m `mg Hw$N> g|Q>r_rQ>a hm{Vm h &
]mXb ZrM{ `m| Zht oJaV{? EH$ _`_-AmH$ma H{$ ]mXb H$m Hw$b ^ma gH$S>m|-hOmam| Q>Z hm{
gH$Vm h & [mZr hdm g{ H$ar] 800 JwZm gKZ hm{Vm h BgobE [mZr H$s ]yX| hdm _| H$^r Zht
Va gH$Vr h & dmVd _| ]yX| Jwd H{$ AYrZ oJaVr h b{oH$Z hdm H{$ oVam{Y H{$ H$maU BVZ{
Yr_{ oJaVr h oH$ d{ VaVr hB oXImB X{Vr h & `{ ]mXb H{$ AXa hdm H{$ ]hmd mam ^r YH{$br
OmVr h & ]S>r ]yX| ]hV H$_ _oXV hm{Vr h Ama BgobE `{ [dr [a oJaZ{ _| H$m_`m] hm{
OmVr h &
45
]mXb odo^ AmH$ma H{$ hm{V{ h Ama `h Bg [a oZâ H$aVm h oH$ `{ H$g{ ]Z{ h? \y$bJm{^r AmH$ma H{$
]S>{ ]mXb oOZH{$ AmYma g_Vb hm{V{ h (J>m H$hbmV{ h) D$[a H$s Am{a ]T>Vr hB J_ hdm H{$ ]hmd
H{$ mam H$_ D$MmB (2 oH$_r. VH$) [a ]ZV{ h & `{ ]mXb oZ`V $[ g{ AmH$ma ]XbV{ h & BgH$m H$maU
_O]yV hdm H$m ]hmd VWm [mZr H$s ]yXm| H$m oZò_V O_md Ama dm[rH$aU hm{Vm h Om{ BZ ]mXbm| H{$
AXa OmVm ahVm h & gVhr ]mXb(oOg{ \$bm hAm ]mXb H$hm OmVm h) odo^ D$MmB`m| [a J_ d
R>S>r hdm H{$ joVO o_lU g{ ]ZV{ h & [dV l{Ur H{$ D$[a g{ JwOaV{ hE d{ VaJ H{$ AmH$ma H${ oXIV{
h & H$m{_b `m H{$em|- Og{ ]mXb(]mbm|H{$ JwN>{ H$s AmH$oV H$m ]mXb, Cirrus) [dr g{ 8 oH$_r g{
AoYH$ H$s D$MmB [a ]ZV{ h Ama `{ `mXmVa ]\$ H{$ oH$Q>bm| mam ]ZV{ h&
I{Vr H{$ obE _mg_ H$m _hd
\$gb ]m{Z{ H{$ obE ]agmV O$ar h$& ]rOm| H$m{ CJZ{ H{$ obE [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$& \$gbm| H$m{ ]T>Z{ H{$
obE [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$&
b{oH$Z òX H$Q>mB H{$ g_` ]agmV hm{ Om` Vm{ \$gb ]a]mX hm{ gH$Vr h$& ]agmV g{ AZ Ama \$b H$m{
ZwH$gmZ hm{ gH$Vm h$& o_QQ>r Jrbr hm{Z{ g{ _yJ\$br gS> OmVr h$& H$[mg H$s \$ob`m Jrbr Ama JXr hm{
OmVr h$&
H$of H{$ ha [hby H{$ obE Mmh{ dm{ OwVmB hm{, \$gb H$s do hm{, \$gb H$s H$Q>mB `m AZmO H$m ^S>maU
hm{, _mg_ _hd[yU hm{Vm h & BZH$m{ ^modV H$aZ{ _| ]agmV EH$ _hd[yU H$maH$ hm{Vr h & X{eâ
_| _mZgyZr ]agmV H$s _mm Ama odVaU [ya{ H$of C[mX H$m{ ^modV H$aVr h Om{ AVV: h_mar [yar
AW`dWm H$m{ ^modV H$aVr h &
Cmar ^maV _|{ \$gbm| H{$ Xm{ _mg_ hm{V{ h, Iar\$(OwbmB g{ AQy]a-XojU-[pM_r _mZgyZ H$m
g_`) Ama a]r (AQy]a g{ _mM-_mZgyZ H{$ ]mX) & _mM Ama OyZ H{$ ]rM CJmE J`{ \$gbm| H$m{
"Om`X' H$hV{ h & X{e H{$ odo^ ^mJm| _| \$gb CJmZ{ H${ _mg_ n^ hm{V{ h & Iar\$ \$gbm| H{$
CXmhaU h, Mmdb, dma, ]mOam, _$m, _yJ\$br, amJr, H$[mg Ama eH$aH$X & Hw$N> a]r \$gb| h,
J{h, dma, MZm, OB Ama Om & a]r \$gb| _mZgyZ H{$ ]mX o_>r _| ]Mr Z_r [a oZâ H$aVr h, oOg{
qgMmB mam [yam oH$`m OmVm h &
46
odo^ j{m| _| `{H F$Vw _| _w` gyI{ `m ]mT> AmV{ h & AJa dn dmbr F$Vw _| _mZgyZ Hw$N>
gmh [hb{ Am OmVm h, Og{, OwbmB _|, V] \$gbm| H$m{ ZwH$gmZ hm{Vm h & ]\$sbr hdmE,
Om{ oH$ _` ^maV _| \$adar `m _mM _| `mXmVa AmVr h, ^r hmoZH$maH$ hm{Vr h & AJa
\y$bm| H{$ AmZ{ H{$ _mg_ _| ]mXb AmV{ h Vm{ H$sS>{ Ama ]r_mna`m ]T> OmVr h & AoYH$ g_` VH$
]hV J_ `m ]hV R>S> m, _mg_ ^r \$gbm| H$m{ Z> H$a X{Vm h &

_mg_
_mZgyZ
JaO
M_H$
Kw_S>Zm
g_ra
PPm
Vy\$mZ
A`mg (13 H$mbme + JhH$m`)

oZarjU
AmYmnaV A`mg
Zm_ ]VmAm{ Ama oM ]ZmAm{$(WB p. 16)

1. ]agmV
odmoW`m| mam
]ZmE JE oM:
Am{bm
oh_[mV
Hw$hmgm
Hw$ham
]mT>
gyIm
47
2.BYZwf H{$ aJ
odmoW`m| mam
]ZmE JE oM:
`{ oMU AoYH$meV: grY{ oZarjU H{$ ]Om` _aU H{$ AmYma [a ]ZmE JE W{ & Hw$N> odmWr
BYZwf H{$ aJm| H$m{ Om{ oH$ VIBGYOR mam oX`{ J`{ h, o[N>br H$jmAm| _| grI MwH{$ W{ & Hw$N> OmZV{
W{ oH$ BYZwf H{$ g^r aJm| H$m{ X{IZm _wpH$b h o\$a ^r d{ g^r gmV aJm| H$m{ A[Z{ oMm| _| oXImZm MmhV{
W{ & _wP{ Ch| _aU H$amZm Wm oH$ ]JZr aJ Mm[ H{$ AXa H$s Va\$ hm{Vm h &
48
oMH$a Z (WB
p. 20)
[hb{ H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 18-19 [a oX`{ J`{ MmQ> H$m{ [yam H$am{$& o\$a Z g`m 1 g{ 4 VH$ H{$ CVa Xm{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
_Z{ H$m`-[wnVH$m _| oX`{ J`{ MmQ> H$m ]S>m m$[ H$jm _| aIm: "df H{$ obE _mg_'& `h MmQ> odmoW`m||
mam [ya{ df â _{ar _XX g{ am{O â{ OmV{ W{ & ImZ{ H$m{ aJZ{ H$m m`: H$m{B EH$ ghr VarH$m Zht hm{Vm h O]
H$m{B ode{f oXZ J_/R>S>m `m ]hV AN>m _mg_ hm{Z{ [a Wm{S>r Agh_oV hm{Vr h& _mg_ [ya{ oXZ _| ]Xb ^r
gH$Vm h& n\$a ^r, [ya{ _hrZ{ H$m{ b{V{ hE, BZ oZH$fm~ _| `mXm AVa Zht hm{Vm h& AJa odmWr A[Z{
am{OmZm MmQ> H$m{ âZm ^yb OmV{ h Vm{ Ch| Bg H$jm H{$ MmQ> g{ ZH$b H$aZ{ H$m _mH$m o_bVm h (oH$gr dOh
g{ Bg gmb `h MmQ> oH$`mH$bm[ H$m{ ]ZmE aIZm H$oR>Z hm{ OmE Vm{ gdmbm| 1-3 H$m{ ]S>m| g{ [yN>H$a Cma oX`{
Om gH$V{ h &)
1. gmb H{$ oH$Z _hrZm| _| OmS>m [S>Vm h?
2. gmb H{$ oH$Z _hrZm| _| Ja_r hm{Vr h?
3. gmb H{$ oH$Z _hrZm| _| ]agmV hm{Vr h?
odmoW`m|| Z{ erV F$Vw Zd]a g{ \$adar, Jr_ F$Vw Ab g{ OyZ Ama AQy>]a VWm dfm F$Vw OyZ g{ AJV
H{$ _hrZm| H$m{ obIm & odo^ j{m| H{$ AZwgma Bg_| ]Xbmd hm{ gH$V{ h&
4. gmb H{$ oH$Z _hrZm| _| Vwhma{ Hy$b _| I{b `m o[H$oZH$ H$m Am`m{OZ hm{Vm h? `m|?
^maV H{$ AoYH$me ^mJm| _| Jr_ F$Vw ]hV J_ Ama erV F$Vw ]hV hr R>S>r hm{Vr h$& I{b, ^_U VWm
o[H$oZH$ gwIX `m gyI{ _mg_, gm_m`V`m Zd]a Ama oXg]a H{$ _hrZm| _| Am`m{oOV oH$`{ OmV{ h & j{m|
H{$ AZwgma g_` ]Xb gH$Vm h &
5. Hw$N> \$bm| Ama VaH$mna`m| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ h_| OmS>{ _| o_bVr h Ama d{ Hw$N> Om{ Ja_r _| o_bVr h$&
Z`r H$of VH$ZrH$m| VWm gajU C[m`m| H$s VH$ZrH$m| VWm AmdmJ_Z H$s CV gwodYmAm{ H{$ AodH$ma H{$
gmW, ImgH$a eham| _|, AZ{H$ \$b VWm gpO`m AoYH$me F$VwAm| _{ h_ [mV{ h &
49
n\$a, Hw$N> erV/Jr_ F$Vw C[mXm| H${ Zm_ oX`{ Om gH$V{ h, Og{,
erVF$Vw: JmOa, \y$bJm{^r, _Q>a, _ybr, [mbH$ Ama A` [m{Xma gpO`m, g{], Q>m]{ar
Jr_F$Vw: H$ (bmH$s), o^Sr>, g{_, Am_, H$Q>hb
dfm F$Vw: ear\$m (grVm\$b), A_X, gwaOZ{ H$s \$br
(Hw$N> oZpMV `mhma H{$ oXZm| _| ImE OmZ{ dmb{ _mg_r ^m{` [XmWm} H{$ obE Hw$N> $oMH$a Zm| H$m{ [mR> 8
([> 281) _| X{I|)
A
6. oH$g Vah H{$ oXZm| (Ja_, R>S>m, erV, ]agmV, dJah) _| Vw_ gyVr, Zm`bmZ, D$Z `m bmpQ>H$ $H{$
H$[S>{ [hZm{J{?
oXZ H{$ H$ma
[hZr Om gH$Z{ dmbr gm_Jr H${ H$ma $
g^r oXZ
H$[mg
R>S>m `m R>S>H$
ZmBbmZ Ama D$Z
]agmV
bmpQ>H$
7. H$_ Vm[_mZ [a BZ_| g{ `m-`m hm{Vm h?
_IZ o[KbVm h
3 Vwh| R>S>H$ bJVr h

Vwh| H$m\$s [grZm AmVm h
3 Zmna`b H$m V{b O_ OmVm h

Vw_ _hrZ H$[S>{ [hZV{ hm{
odmoW`m|| Z{ ^r erVH$mb H${ ]hV gma{ AZw^dm| H$m{ ]Vm`m oOg_| JmOa, a{dS>r, oVb H{$ bSSy> VWm _yJ\$br
ImZm emo_b W{ & Hw$N> Z{ Vm{ Zmna`b V{b Zht X{Im Wm b{oH$Z Xyga{ H{$e V{bm| H{$ ]ma{ _| OmZV{ W{ Om{ Zmna`b
V{b g{ ]Z{ h Ama OmS>{ _| O_ OmV{ h &
50
8. oH$gr ]hV Ja_ oXZ _| `m-`m hm{ gH$Vm h?

odmoW`m|| H{$ Cma : O_rZ J_ hm{ OmVr h, [mZr J_ hm{ OmVm h VWm dm[ _| ]Xb OmVm h, h_ gyVr H$[S>{
[hZV{ h `m ]hV H$_ H$[S>{ [hZV{ h, R>S>{ [mZr g{ ZhmV{ h, o\$O/_Q>H${ H$m [mZr [rV{ h & h_| `mg bJVr
h, h_| [grZm AmVm h, h_ erVb [{` [rV{ h, AmBH$s_ ImV{ h, AJa h_ o]Zm M[b H{$ ]mha OmV{ h Vm{
[a Ob OmV{ h, Yy[ g{ ^ya{ hm{ OmV{ h, AmX_r Hw$hbm OmVm h, gyaO b]{ g_` VH$ ahVm h, OXr CJVm
h Ama X{a g{ AV hm{Vm h, AmVm ]T> OmVr h....Chm|Z{ BZ ]mVm| _| g{ Hw$N> ]mV| A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$
Jr_ F$Vw MmQ> _| ^r obIt &([> 26)
9. oH$gr ]agmV H{$ oXZ `m-`m hm{ gH$Vm h?
[hb{ Z H$s Vah odmoW`m|| Z{ Xya-Xya VH$ gm{MH$a H$m[oZH$ Cma oX`{ &
10. ]agmV H{$ oXZ BZ_| g{ Vw_ `m-`m Zht H$am{J{?
ZXr _| VaZm
]mha I{bZm
[ew MamZm
ImZm [H$mZm
oMQ>R>r obIZm
T>{a gma{ H$[S>{ Ym{Zm
11. BZ_| g{ H$mZ-gr MrO| hdm MbZ{ dmb{ oXZ g]g{ ]oT>`m hm{Vr h?(oZemZ bJmAm{)
[mb dmbr Zmd MbVr h
ZoX`m g_w H$s Am{a ]hVr h
[dZMoH$`m MbVr h
H$[S>{ OXr gyIV{ h
oMoS>`m CS>Vr h
C[`w$ Xm{ Zm| H{$ ghr Cma X{Z{ H{$ odo^ VarH{$ h & Cma A` [napWoV`m| [a oZâ H$aVm h(O$aV|,
_mH{$, $oM, hdm H$s oXem, AmoX) & Bg Vah H{$ Z H{$db ]wo H$m{ OmMZ{ H{$ ]Om` gm{M Ama dmX-oddmX
H$m{ ^r m{gmohV H$aV{ h &
51
12. ]VmAm{, hdm oH$g-oH$g Vah h_ma{ obE C[`m{Jr h$&

[mb bJr hB Zmd, [dZM$s AmoX Cmam| H{$ Acmdm odmoW`m|| Z{ ]Vm`m oH$ hH$s hdm Ama ]agmV g{ â{
]mXbm| H{$ H$maU h_ R>S>H$ AZw^d H$aV{ h &
13. Vy\$mZ _| `m-`m ]mV| hm{ gH$Vr h$?
`h ]m{bm{ Ama obIm{ ([> 54) H{$ gmW oH$`m J`m Wm &
14. oH$g Vah H{$ _mg_ _| _Nw>Amam| H$m g_w _| OmZm IVaZmH$ h?
Vy\$mZ `m MH$dmV _|, ]hV V{O hdm _|, ]agmV _| `m H$m{ha{ H{$ oXZ _| &
oZarjU Ama
^mfm-AmYmnaV
A`mg
H$jm _| MMm (WB
p. 24)
1. Vwhmar g_P g{ gmb H{$ oH$g g_` _mg_ g]g{ AN>m hm{Vm h? Vw_ E{gm `m| _mZV{ hm{?
"CH$> _mg_' H$m g_` ha OJh o^ hm{Vm h& gmW _| odmoW`m|| H{$ V` H$aZ{ H{$ VarH$m| g{ ^r CH$>>
_mg_ H{$ g_` _| o^Vm hm{Vr h&
2. AbJ-AbJ Vah H{$ OmZda ]hV Ja_ `m ]hV R>S> _| oH$g Vah ]Vmd H$aV{ h? d{ emV hm{V{ h `m
goH$`? `m d{ ahZ{ H$m oR>H$mZm Ty>T>V{ h?
Vm[_mZ H$s AoYH$Vm OmZdam| H$m{ AoH$` ]Zm gH$Vr h& J_u H{$ oXZm| _| h_ OmZdam| H$m{ N>m`m Ama [mZr
Im{OV{ hE [mV{ h-odmoW`m|| Z{ Hw$mm| H$m{ A[Zr Or^ ]mha oZH$mbH$a hm\$V{ hE X{Im Wm$& OmS>{ H{$ oXZm| _|,
]hV gma{ VZYmar Ama a|JZ{dmb{ Ord Yy[ _| ]mha ]R>Zm [gX H$aV{ h &
3. ]mT> `m hm{Vr h? `m Vw_Z{ `m Vwhma{ _mVm-o[Vm Z{ ]mT> X{Ir h? `m Vw_Z{ Xygar OJhm| [a ]mT>
AmZ{ H$s I]a gwZr h? `{ ]mT> H$] Ama oH$Z OJhm| [a Am`r Wr? ]mT> AmZ{ H$s dOh `m Wr? CgH{$ ]mX
`m hAm?
odmoW`m|| Z{ ]mT> H{$ ]ma{ _| A[Z{ _mVm-o[Vm g{ ]mVMrV H$s & CZH{$ _mVm-o[Vm Z{ Ch| ]Vm`m oH$ Chm|Z{
AS>_mZ, H{$ab, [Q>Zm Ama Ag_ _| ]mT> X{Im h `m CgH{$ ]ma{ _| gwZm h$& hmb hr _| CS>rgm _| MH$dmV Am`m
Wm Om{ oH$ Bg eVmXr _|$g]g{ odZmeH$mar _mZm J`m & odmoW`m|| Z{ Vo_bZmSw> Ama ]mbmX{e _| AmB ]mT>
52
H${ Q>rdr [a oXIm`{ J`{ oMm| H$m{ `mX oH$`m & Hw$N> OJhm| _| ZoX`m| _| ]mT> Am`r Wr, Xygar OJhm| _| ]agmV `m g_wX
H$m [mZr Wm & H$wN> oZZgVhr j{ h_{em ]mT>JV ahV{ h & odmoW`m|| Z{ OmZm Wm oH$ O] [mZr V{O JoV g{ ]hVm
h Vm{ H$B MrOm| H$m{ A[Z{ gmW ]hm b{ OmVm h: ^`H$a ]mT> _| am{S>, Ka, [{S>, OmZda Ama AmX_r ]h gH$V{ h &
[mYm| Ama OmZdam| H{$ eara gS>Z{ bJV{ h (A[KQ>Z) & gmam [mZr JXm Ama H$sMS>`w$ hm{ OmVm h & AJa bm{J
JXm [mZr [rV{ h `m _N>am| Ed _pI`m| _| do hm{Vr h Vm{ ]hV gma{ am{J \$b OmV{ h & ]mX _| [mZr [a
AmYmnaV A`m` _| odmoW`m|| >Z{ BZ ]r_mna`m| H{$ Zm_ [Vm bJm`{ & Chm|Z{ [Vm bJm`m oH$ MH$dmV Ama A`
]mTm|> H{$ ]ma{ _| ôd`dmUr H$s Om gH$Vr h & Chm|Z{ ]mT> am{H$Z{ H{$ VarH$m| [a MMm H$s, Og{, ZoX`m| VWm Obm{Vm|
[a ]Y VWm ]mY ]ZmZm; H$_ dfm H{$ oXZm| _| JS>T>m Im{XH$a [mZr O_m H$aH{$ CgH$m C[`m{J oH$`m Om gH$Vm h;
[mZr H{$ gwaojV ]hmd H{$ obE Zmb{ `m [mB[ H$s `dWm H$aZm Ohm [mZr H$s OaV h `m g_w _| ^{OZ{ H{$ obE
(AWmV, JX>{ [mZr H{$ obE); [hmS>r T> bmZm| Ama ZXr H{$ oH$Zmam| [a [{S>m| H$m{ bJmZm; JX{ [mZr H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE ]Z{
MZ{bm| H$s oZò_V g\$mB H$aZm VmoH$ d{ Om_ Z hm{ gH{$ &
4. gyIm `m hm{Vm h? `m Vw_Z{ `m Vwhma{ _mVm-o[Vm Z{ H$^r gyI{ H$m AZw^d oH$`m h? `m Vw_Z{ Xygar
OJhm| [a gyI{ H$s I]a gwZr h? `{ gyI{ H$] Ama oH$Z OJhm| [a [S>{ W{{? gyI{ H{$ H$maU `m W{? CgH{$ ]mX
`m hAm?
odmoW`m|| Z{ [hb{ ""gyI{'' H{$ ]ma{ _| H$^r Zht gwZm Wm b{oH$Z A[Z{ Ao^^mdH$m| g{ [yN>Z{ [a Ch{ oZZ OmZH$mar
o_br: _mg_ ]hV J_ hm{Vm h, b]{ g_` VH$ ]agmV Zht hm{Vr, O_rZ gyI OmVr h Ama Cg_{ Xama| [S> OmVr
h, OmZda Ama [mY{ _aZ{ bJV{ h, \$gb ^r gyI OmVr h Ama ^m{OZ VWm [mZr H$s H$_r hm{ OmVr h & EH$ bS>H$s
H{$ o[Vm Z{ CS>rgm _| ^rfU gyI{ H$m{ X{Im Wm & AmX_r Ama OmZda Xw]b{ hm{ J`{ Ama _a J`{$& gaH$ma Z{ ^m{OZ Ama
Mmam [hMmZ{ H$m `mg oH$`m & _Z{ Ch| ]Vm`m oH$ Ob H$s BH$mB _| h_ bm{J gyI{ g{ ]MZ{ H{$ C[m`m| H$s MMm
H$a|J{ &
`m g_mZ h? `m h o^Z? (WB p. 26)
1. Vwhmar H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 26 [a EH$ goM _| Ja_r H$m dUZ oX`m J`m h$& Cg{ [yam H$am{$&
Cgr Vah H$m EH$ goM OmS>{ H{$ obE ]ZmAm{$&
53
OmS>{ H{$ obE

Z_yZm MmQ>
54
]m{bm{ Ama obIm{ (WB p. 28)

1. oH$gr _mg_ H{$ ]ma{ _| H$m{B H$odVm `m JrV `mX H$am{$& Vw_ IwX H{$ Hw$N> JrV `m H$odVm`| ]ZmAm{$&
odmoW`m|| H$m{ Hw$N> H$odVmE `mXmVa A[Z{ gmoh` H{$ [mR>`[pVH$m g{ VWm ohXr o\$_m| H{$ Hw$N> JrV `mX
W{ & `mXmVa JrV ]agmV H{$ W{, Hw$N> ]gV F$Vw H{$ ]ma{ _| W{, Ama Hw$N> [VPS> [a W{, Om{ oH$ ]hV R>S>{ j{m|
_| Amd`H$ $[ g{ hm{V{ h & OmS>{ Ed Jr_ F$Vw H{$ ]ma| _| JrV odab{ W{, hmbmoH$ Hw$N> F$VwAm| H{$ MH$ H$m{
doUV H$aV{ hE W{ &
_mg_ H$m gX^ m`: ^maVr` bm{H$JrVm| VWm ]hMoMV H$odVmAm| _| hm{Vm h & g]g{ `mXm
]agmV H{$ _mg_ [a AmYmnaV$JrV Jm`{ OmV{ h, `h dm^modH$ h `m|oH$ `h ^maVr` gm_moOH$
,gmH$oVH$ VWm AmoWH$ OrdZ _| g]g{ _hd[yU _mg_ hm{Vm h$& Xygar Va\$ _mg_ g]oYV
AJ{Or JmZ{ m`: J_u `m COb{ oXZm| g{ g]oYV hm{V{ h; dfm g{ g]oYV JmZ{, Bg{ ZOaAXmO
H$aZ{ `m dfm I_ hm{Z{ H$s BN>m g{ [{naV obE hE hm{V{ h$&
Xm{ ohXr H$od`m| gwo_mZXZ [V VWm gy`H$mV o[mR>r oZambm Z{ H$oV Ama _mg_ H$m dUZ
oH$`m h & nhXwVmZr emr` gJrV _| ^r JmZ{ _mg_ [a AmYmnaV hm{V{ h - g^r N>h ^maVr`
_mg_m| [a AmYmnaV amJ _mOyX h (]gV, Jr_, ]agmV, eaX, h{_V Ed oeoea) &
2. A[Z{ Xm{V H$m{ oH$gr Vy\$mZ H{$ ]ma{ _| ]VmAm{$& Vy\$mZ H{$ ]ma{ _| Vwhmam Xm{V Vw_g{ Hw$N> gdmb [yN>{Jm$&
Vw_ CZ gdmbm| H{$ Odm] Xm{$&
[hb{ oXZ Vy\$mZ Am`m Wm & odmoW`m|| H${ dUZ ]hV gOrd W{ & oXZ H$s ew$AmV H$m\$s emV Wr n\$a hdm
MbZm ew$ hB, [mm| Ama H$Ma{ H$m{ Jm{b-Jm{b Ky_mZ{ bJr$& Yra{-Yra{ hdm V{O hm{Vr JB, AmH$me ]hV
H$mbm hm{ J`m, Vy\$mZ Am`m, o]Obr M_H$Zm ew$ hB VWm ]agmV ew$ hm{ JB, ew$$_| Yra{-Yra{ VWm ]mX
_| ]hV V{O ]agmV hB & Vy\$mZ> amV VH$ MbVm ahm & gw]h Chm|Z{ [m`m oH$ [{S> oJa{ hE W{ VWm Hw$N>
_H$mZm| H$s N>Vm| H$m{ ^r ZwH$gmZ hAm Wm & `hm odmoW`m|| H$m{ `{ gyMZmE m H$aV{ hE Z [yN>Z{ H$m ^r
A`mg hAm &
55
AmAm{, eXm| g{ I{b|
(WB p. 28)
1. odo^Z H$ma H{$ eX Im{Om{ oOZH$m _Vb] [dZ g{ hm{Vm h$& ZrM{ oX`{ J`{ eXm| H$m{ H$_Om{a [dZ
g{ V{O [dZ H{$ H$_ _| bJmAm{$&
PPm
MH$dmV
g_ra
Vy\$mZ
g_ra
PPm
Vy\$mZ
MH$dmV
_mg_ odkmZr hdm H{$ Hw$N> gab gyMH$m| H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ h & O] EH$X_ hdm Zht hm{Vr h (JoV 1 oH$_r/KQ>m
g{ H$_), hdm _| YwAm grY{ D$[a H$s Am{a CR>Vm h$& hH$s hdm _| (10 oH$_r/KQm) Am[ [om`m| H$s IS>IS>mhQ>
gwZV{ h, V{O hdm _| (25 oH$_r/KQ>m) Amg[mg Yyb Ama H$Mam CS>Vm h, [{S>m{ H$s ]S>r Q>hoZ`m ohbVr h
VWm N>mV{ H$m C[`m{J _wpH$b hm{Vm h & (50 oH$_r/KQ>m ) AoYH$ hdm H{$ Pm|H{$ g{ [yam [{S> ohbVm h Ama Ky_Z{
_| oX$V hm{Vr h & V{O hdm H{$ Pm|H{$ (100 oH$_r/KQ>m) [{S>m| H$m{ OS>m|> g{ CImS> gH$V{ h, AmYr ]hV ZwH$gmZ
H$m H$maU ]Z gH$Vr h O]oH$ MH$dmV (300 oH$_r/KQ>m VH$) g]g{ `mXm ZwH$gmZX{h> hm{Vm h &
D$UH$oQ>]Yr` AmYr H{$ ]hV g{ Zm_ hm{V{ h : ^maVr` gmJa H{$ D$[a `h MH$dmV(gmBbm{Z) H$hbmVm h,
AQ>bmoQ>H$ Ama [ydu emVr` j{m| _| `h "hnaH{$Z' Ama [pM_r emVr` j{m| Og{ MrZ H{$ [mg Bg{ "Q>mB\y Z'
H{$ Zm_ g{ [wH$maV{ h & Q>mZ}S>m{, Om{ g`w$ am> Ed AmQ{>ob`m _| Am_ h, EH$ gHw$oMV b{oH$Z ]hV odZmeH$mar
H$s[ H{$ AmH$ma H${ ]mXb Ama hdm H$m V h Om{ 400 - 800 oH$_r/KQ>m H$s aVma g{ Ky_Vm h &
Im_grZ (Khamsin) EH$ J_, gyIr Ama Yybâr hdm h Om{ bmb g_w [a o_> H{$ _Wbm| g{ ]hVr h$&
XojU-[pM_ _mZgyZ H{$ AV _| _b]ma VQ> H{$ D$[a ]hZ{ dmbr V{O hdm "Eob\$Q>m' H$hbmVr h& WmZr`
^mfmAm| _| E{g{ H$B Zm_ h&
2. BZH{$ obE eX [Vm H$am{_hrZ, hbH$s ]agmV
-Ptgr
]agmV H{$ gmW nJaZ{ dmb{ ]\$ H{$ _hrZ Qw>H$S>{
-Am{bmdo>
Amg_mZ g{ BXma O_{ [mZr H$m oJaZm
-oh_[mV$
]agmV H$m _mg_
-_mZgyZ
o]Obr H$s M_H$ H{$ gmW hm{Z{ dmbr AmdmO
-JaO$
56
3. ha Vah H{$ oXZ H$m{ Cg oXZ Om{ hm{Vm h, Cgg{ o_bmAm{$&

]agmVr oXZ
Ja_ oXZ
Amg_mZ _| ]mXb N>mE
Hw$ha{ H$m oXZ
[yN>m{ Ama _mby_ H$am{ (WB
H$m{B [aN>mB Zht

Vw_ ]hV Xya VH$ X{I gH$V{ hm{
H$[S>{ gyIZ{ _| `mXm g_` bJVm h
Kr AmgmZr g{ ]hVm h
p. 29)
1. gmb H{$ oH$Z _hrZm| _| oH$gmZ ]rO ]m{V{ h$? `m|?

Iar\$ \$gb| gm_m`V`m Jr_F$Vw H$s ewAmV _| ]m{`r OmVr h Ama a]r \$gb| erV F$Vw H{$ [hb{ ]m{`r
OmVr h$& hmbmoH$ WmZr` _mg_, o_>r, \$gcm| H{$ H$ma VWm qgMmB H{$ gmYZ H{$ AZwgma BZ_| AVa hm{Vm
h$& odmoW`m| H$m{ gyMZmE WmZr` $[ g{ [mZm hm{Jm &
2. [Vm H$am{ oH$ Vwhma{ BbmH{$ _| _Zm`{ OmZ{ dmb{ oH$ht [mM `mhmam| H{$ _mH{$ [a _mg_ Am_ Vma [a H$gm
ahVm h?
j{ H{$ AZwgma ]XbVr h - WmZr` gyMZmE m H$aZm hm{Jm &
3. `m Vw_Z{ A^r VH$ H$^r by Ama AmYr H{$ ]ma{ _| gwZm h? `{ oH$g Vah H{$ _mg_ hm{V{ h? `m Vwhmar
A[Zr ^mfm _| _mg_ H$s Agm_m` pWoV`m| H{$ obE eX h?
Xm{Zm| eXm| H$m _yb Cma ^maV h$& by ]hV J_ hdm hm{Vr h Om{ _B Ama OyZ H{$ _hrZm| _|
^maV H{$ Cmar _XmZr ^mJm| H$s Am{a [pM_ g{ ]hVr h$& JJm H{$ _XmZr BbmH$m| H{$ EH$ ]S>{
ohg{ _| `h hdm MbVr h Om{ oH$ g]oYV $[ g{ EH$g_mZ Ama _`_ JoV H$s hm{Vr h$& by
gm_m`V`m J_ Xm{[ha _| MbVr h$&
57
AmYr R>S>r, gyIr Ama H$B ]ma oddgH$ Yyb âr hdm h Om{ Jr_ F$Vw H{$ AV _| MbVr
h & `h oXZ `m amV H{$ oH$gr ^r g_` Mb gH$Vr h & `h EH$ WmZr` [dZ h Om{ R>S> r hdm
H{$ ZrM{ H$s Am{a MbZ{ H{$ H$maU ]ZVr h & _mZgyZ H{$ [hb{ H{$ g_` AmYr H{$ ]mX Vy\$mZ Ama
]agmV ^r hm{ gH Vr h & ]Jmb j{ _| Bg{ H$mb ]gmIr H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmVm h &
[na_mUm_H$
gm{M
_mby_ H$am{ (WB p. 29)

1. _mZ bm{ Vwhma{ [mg Xm{ ]aVZ h, EH$ MmS>m Ama Xygam gH$am$& Vw_Z{ CZ Xm{Zm|
]aVZm| H$m{ ]mha ]agmV _| D$[a _wh H$aH{$ Iwbm aI oX`m$& Xm{Zm| ]aVZm| _| BH$QR>{
[mZr H$s D$MmB g_mZ hm{Jr `m o^Z? `m|?
2. _mZ bm{ oH$ Xm{Zm| ]aVZm| _| EH$ g{Q>r_rQ>a H$s D$MmB VH$ [mZr h$& Xm{Zm| _|
_mOyX [mZr H$s _mm ]am]a hm{Jr `m o^Z?
3. _mZ bm{ oH$ Vw_Z{ Xm{ g_mZ ]aVZm| _| g{ EH$ H$m{ N>V [a Ama Xyga{ H$m{ Iwb{
_XmZ _| aIm h$& CZ_| EH$oV ]mnae H{$ [mZr H$s _mm g_mZ hm{Jr `m o^Z?
_Z{ C[`w$ VrZm| Zm| H$s MMm H$jm _| H$s Ama AmMÒZH$ CVa o_b{ & Z-1 _| `mXmVa odmoW`m|
Z{ gm{Mm oH$ gH$a{ ]VZ _| ]agmV H${ EH$oV [mZr H$s D$MmB `mXm hm{Jr & _Z| H$hm, gm{Mm{ oH$ EH$ [Vb{
D$dmYa Qw>H$S>{ H{$ mam AJa MmS>{ ]VZ H$m{ Xm{ gH$a{ ^mJm| _| ]mQ> oX`m OmVm h & `m [mZr H$s D$MmB _|
]Xbmd hm{Jm? BgH{$ Cma _| Hw$N> Z{ "hm' H$hm d Hw$N> Z{ "Zht' H$hm &
Z-2 H{$ Cma _| odmoW`m| Z{ H$hm oH$ AJa g_mZ D$MmB VH$ Xm{Zm| ]VZm| _| [mZr âm OmE Vm{ [mZr
H$s "_mm' g_mZ hm{Jr (CXmhaU H{$ obE, Xm{ H$[) & VH$-odVH$ H{$ o]Zm `h g_PmZm H$oR>Z Wm & _wP{
C_rX h oH$ [hbm AZw^d, Og{ oH$ H$jm 3 hbH$m-\w$bH$m odkmZ H$s [wVH$ _| dfm _m[H$ ` VWm Xyga{
oH$`mH$bm[ Om{ [mZr H$s BH$mB _| oX`{ J`{ h, Yra{-Yra{ BZ gH$[ZmAm| H$m{ odH$ogV H$aZ{ _| _XX H$a|J{ &
58
Z-3 H{$ obE h_Z{ EH$ `m{J [a Om{a oX`m Wm & [aVw ]am_X{ Ama Iwb{ _XmZ _| aI{ ]VZ EH$ g_mZ
[naUm_ Zht oXIm gH{$-Xm{Zm| _| [mZr H${ Vb _| EH$ g|Q>r_rQ>a H$m AVa Wm & h_Z{ EH$ oH$`{ J`{ [mZr _|
o^Vm H{$ H$maUm| [a H$jm _| MMm H$s &(X{I| oH$`mH$bm[ 7, [> 42)
_wr Ama CgH$s Xm{V dfm Z{ Xg oXZm| VH$ ]agmV Zm[r Ama Ch| `h Jm\$ o_bm$&
Bg Jm\$ H$s ghm`Vm g{ BZ gdmbm| H{$ Odm] Xm{$&
H$. 12 AJV H$m{ Ch| [mZr H{$ Va _| oH$VZm [nadVZ o_bm?
I. 13 AJV H$m{ Chm|Z{ oH$VZr ]agmV XO H$s?
J. 14 AJV H$m{ Chm|Z{ oH$VZr ]agmV XO H$s?
K. Chm|Z{ oH$g oXZ 24 o_br_rQ>a ]agmV XO H$s?
M. oH$g oXZ Chm|Z{ g]g{ `mXm ]agmV XO H$s?
N>. oH$g oXZ Chm|Z{ g]g{ H$_ ]agmV XO H$s `m Cg oXZ ]agmV EH$X_ Zht
hB?
O. Vwhmar g_P g{ 20 AJV H$m{ `m hAm?
P. 11 AJV Ama 21 AJV H{$ ]rM oH$VZr ]agmV hB?
Q>. oH$g oXZ Chm|Z{ 6 o_br_rQ>a ]agmV XO H$s?
H$m{B [nadVZ Zht

5 o__r.
10 o__r.
18 AJV
15 VWm 18 AJV
12, 17 Ama 20AJV
[mZr dmp[V hm{ J`m `m
[mZr H$m{ ey` Zht oH$`m J`m
152 o__r.
21 AJV
12 AJV
VmarI
21 AJV
................................
20 AJV
................................
19 AJV
................................
18 AJV
................................
17 AJV
................................
16 AJV
................................
100
15 AJV
................................
14 AJV
.....................................
13 AJV
................................
ObVa _| [nadVZ (o_br_rQa)
59
]agmV
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
60
5. _wZr, dfm Ama IweuX Z{ H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 15

33 [a AJV _hrZ{ H{$ Xm{ gmh H{$ _mg_ H$m
goM ]Zm`m$& o\$a Chm|Z{ `h oXImZ{ H{$ obE oH$
18
oH$g-oH$g oXZ Yy[ Wr Ama oH$g-oH$g oXZ Zht,`h
oM ]Zm`m$&
BZ VmarIm| H$m{ H$mQ>H$a AbJ H$am{$&
H$. BZ VmarIm| H$m{ Xm{ g_yhm| _| ]mQ>m{,oOZ oXZm| _|
22
Yy[ Wr Ama oOZ oXZm| _| Yy[ Zht Wr$&
`m _wr Ama CgH{$ Xm{Vm| Z{ oM _| H$m{B JbVr
20
H$s?
Chm|Z{ 18 Ama 23 H$m{ Jm{b{ g{ ]mha `m| aIm?
12
16
Yy[
14
13
17
21
24
25
19
23
Chm|Z{ H$m{B JbVr Zht H$s & Chm|Z{ 18 Ama 23 H$m{ ]mha BgobE aIm `m|oH$ CZ oXZm| Yy[ Zht Wr &
I. A] BZ VmarIm| H$m{ Xm{ ^mJm| _|

]mQ>m{,]mnae H$s VmarI| Ama o]Zm ]mnae
H$r VmarI|$&
ZrM{ H{$ Jm{b{ _| ]mnae H$s VmarI| AXa obIm{$&
o]Zm ]mnae H$s VmarIm| H$m{ Jm{b{ H{$ ]mha obIm{$&
XmnhZ{ Am{a oXE JE oM _| VmarIm| H$m{ CZH$s
ghr pWoV _| Xem`m J`m h &
12
13
14
16
19
18
22
20
23
]mnae
15
17
21
25
24
61

`{H$ VmarI H${$ ob`{ MmImZm| H$m{ H$mQ>m{$&
62
J. ]mnae dmbr VmarIm| H$m{ Xm{ ohgm| _| N>mQ>m{$& EH$ ohg{ _| o]Zm Yy[ H$s ]mnae dmbr VmarI| VWm Xyga{
ohg{ _| Yy[ Ama ]mnae Xm{Zm| dmbr VmarI|$&
A] gm{Mm{! ZrM{ oX`{ J`{ oM _| BZ VmarIm| H$m{ Vw_ H$hm obIm{J{ ?
K. A] CZ VmarIm| H$m{ bm{ O] ]mnae Zht Wr Ama Ch{ Xm{ ohgm| _| N>mQ>m{$- Yy[ dmbr Ama o]Zm ]mnae H$s
VmarI| Ama o]Zm Yy[ Ama o]Zm ]mnae dmbr VmarI| & ZrM{ H{$ oM _| BZ g^r VmarIm| H$m{ ghr OJh _|
bJmAm{$&
]mnae
15
14
17
21
19
22
18
Yy[
13
12
23
16
25
24
20
odmWu d{Z Ama{I g{ `hm [hcr ]ma [naoMV hE h - [mR> 3 VWm 8 _| AoYH$ CXmhaU oX`{ JE h &
"g_w`' H{$ JoUVr`$ odMma H$m{ g_PZ{ H{$ obE odb{fU VWm A_yV qMVZ Amd`H$ h Om{ oH$ AoYH$Va
odmoW`m| H$s dV_mZ `m{`Vm g{ ]mha h & BgobE Bg H$m` _| A_yV$odb{fU H$m{ _yV [Xm| H${ H$_ _|,
oOg_| H$mQ>Zm Ama Om{S> Zm/`m H$_mZwgma O_mZm oZohV h, ]Vm`m J`m h$& oejH$ g{ Wm{S>r _XX b{H$a H$m`m~
H$m{ H$jm-4 H{$ odmoW`m| mam g[ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h & ew$AmV _| AJa odmWr EH$ gmW ]S>r g`m _|
VmarIm| H{$ gmW H$m` H$aZ{ _| H$oR>ZmB _hgyg H$aV{ h Vm{ `{ oH$`mH$bm[ H{$db H$b{S>a H{$ EH$ gVmh H{$ obE
oH$`m Om gH$Vm h & VmarIm{| H$m ghr dJuH$aU `hm oM _| oX`m J`m h &
63
oXImAm{ Ama ]VmAm{ (WB
p. 31)
1. H$m{B MrO Om{ Vwh| oH$gr Img G$Vw `m gmb H{$ oH$gr Img g_` _| o_bVr h, Cg{ H$jm _| bmAm{$&
Cg{ H$jm H$m{ oXImAm{ Ama CgH{$ ]ma{ _| ]VmAm{$&
odmWr \y b,\$b `m gOr (H${ `m [H{$ hE $[ _|) bm gH$V{ h Om{ df H{$ oH$gr ode{f g_` _| o_bVr h$&
A` H$m[oZH$ Cma ^r g^d h &
H$m{B Z [yN>m{ (WB p. 31)

1. _mg_ H{$ ]ma{ _| Z [yN>m{$& gm{Mm{, Vw_ BZH{$ CVa H$g{ [mAm{J{$&
odmoW`m|| H{$ Z:
`{H$ gmb EH$ hr g_` ]agmV `m| hm{Vr h ?
_Z{ gwPmd oX`m oH$ odmWr OmZH$mar H{$ obE ^yJm{b H$s [mR>`[wpVH$m$ H$m{ X{I gH$V{ h & `m_[Q>> [a ItMm
J`m ^maV H$m _mZoM ^r _XXJma hm{Jm & J_u H{$ oXZm| _|, ]hV gmam [mZr qhX _hmgmJa g{, dmn[V hm{H$a
]mXb ]ZmVm h$& Bgr ]rM _` ^maV Ama MrZ H$s ^yo_ ]hV J_ hm{ OmVr h VWm dhm H$s hdm D$[a CR>Vr
h$& g_wX g{ Xygar hdm, Om{ ]mXb obE hE hm{Vr h, ]S>r _mm _| AmH$a BZ hdmAm| H$m WmZ b{ b{Vr h &
`m Vw_ OmZV{ hm{? (TB p. 14)

ha gmb AQy>]a Ama Zd]a H{$ _hrZm| _| ]Jmb H$s ImS>r H{$ D$[a MH$dmV ]ZV{ h$& MH$dmV EH$ V{Or g{
Ky_Z{ dmbm Vy\$mZ hm{Vm h$& `h gH$S>m| oH$bm{_rQ>a _| \$bm hm{ gH$Vm h$& MH$dmVr hdm`| ]hV V{O-H$ar]
300 oH$bm{_rQ>a oV KQ>m (a{bJmS>r g{ VrZ JwZm V{O) VH$ H$s aVma g{ MbVr h$& BZg{ D$Mr-D$Mr bha|
CR>Vr h Ama d{ g_w H{$ [mZr H$m{ YaVr [a Xya-Xya VH$ \|$H$ X{Vr h$oOgg{ ]mT> Am OmVr h, [{S> CIS> OmV{
h, Kam| H$m{ ZwH$gmZ [hMVm h Ama hOmam| bm{J _ma{ OmV{ h$&
h_Z{ H$jm _| A^r hmb hr _| CS>rgm _| AmE MH$dmV H$s MMm H$s oOgH{$ ]ma{ _| odmoW`m| Z{ gwZm Ama Q>rdr
g_mMma _| X{Im Wm &
64
[mR> 2 oXZ Ama amV H$m Amg_mZ

oH$`mH$bm[
Jma g{ X{Im{ Amg_mZ _|
1. `{ oZH$b ahm h gyaO ! (3 H$mbme; TB p. 15)
H$. gy`m}X` Ama gy`mV H$m{ X{Im{$& gyaO oH$g oXem _| CJm? `h oH$g oXem _| Sy>]m? (H$m`-[wpVH$m,
[> 36-37)
odmoW`m|
H{$ Cma
_Z{ odmoW`m| g{ CZH${ OmJZ{ Ama gm{Z{ H{$ g_` H{$ ]ma{ _| [yN>m Ama `h [yN>m oH$ CZ_{ g{ oH$VZ{ gy`m}X` Ama
gy`mV H$m{ X{IV{ h$& eha H{$ Hy$b _| Hw$N> odmoW`m| Z{ H$hm oH$ Chm|Z{ gy`m}X` H$^r Zht X{Im Wm$&
Amdmgr` odmb` H{$ g^r odmoW`m|| Z{ A[Z{ _XmZ H{$ oH$gr ode{f [{S> H{$ [rN>{ g{ gy`m}X` H$m{ X{Im Wm &
Chm|Z{ `h [m`m Wm oH$ gyaO CJV{ Ama Sy>]V{ g_`, O] `h Amg_mZ _| AoYH$ D$MmB [a ahVm h oH$ VwbZm
_| bmb, ]S>m VWm H$_ M_H$sbm oXIVm h &
hdm H$s oXem H{$ oH$`mH$bm[ Ama Amg_mZ H$m oM ]ZmV{ g_`, gy`mV H$s oXem-odmb` ^dZ H{$
[rN>{-H{ ]ma{ _|,MMm H$s JB Wr, b{oH$Z `h odMma A^r ^r g]H$m{ [> Zht Wm$& m`: `{ gH$[ZmE
odH$ogV hm{Z{ _| g_` bJVm h & Amg_mZ `m oH$gr WmZ H$s pWoV H{$ ]ma{ _| ]mV H$aZ{ g{ oXemAm| H${ gX^
_| ]ma]ma MMm H$aZ{ _| ghm`Vm o_bVr h$&
I. EH$ hV{ VH$ am{O gyaO H{$ CJZ{ Ama CgH{$ Sy>]Z{ H$m g_` _mby_ H$am{$& `h OmZH$mar Vwh|
AI]ma,[MmJ `m oH$gr ]S>{ g{ [yN> H$a o_b gH$Vr h$& `m Vw_ IwX X{IH$a [Vm H$a gH$V{ hm{$& `h
H$m_ Ja_r _| EH$ hV{ VWm OmS>{ _| EH$ hV{ VH$ H$am{$&
`m gyaO am{O EH$ hr g_` CJm? `m `h EH$ hr g_` Sy>]m?
Ja_r Ama OmS>{ _| gyaO H{$ CJZ{ Ama Sy>]Z{ H{$ ]ma{ _| Vw_ `m H$h gH$V{ hm{?
65
A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m ( p. 37) _| EH$ oXZ Ja_r Ama EH$ oXZ OmS>{ _| gy`mV g{ b{H$a gy`m}X` VH$ H{$ ]rM
H{$ g_` H$m{ N>m`moH$V H$am{$&
Ja_r Ama OmS>{ _| oXZ H$s b]mB H{$ ]ma{ _| Vw_ `m H$h gH$V{ hm{?
odmoW`m|
H{$ Cma
Om{ odmWr{ oZò_V $[ g{ gy`m}X` X{IV{ W{, _| g{ `mXmVa Z{ [m`m oH$ gy`m{X` H$m WmZ Yra{-Yra{ ]XbVm
h (Cma H$s Va\$) Og{-Og{ df H{$ oXZm| _| do hm{Vr h & OmS>{ H{$ g_` B_br H{$ [{S> H{$ [rN>{ gyaO AV
hm{Vm h, O]oH$ Jo_`m| _| Cma H$s Am{a ]Z{ _H$mZ H{$ [rN>{ Sy>]Vm h & _wP{$CZH{$ BZ oZH$Q> H{$ oZarjUm| g{,
Om{ oH$ d{ odmb` _| [T>mE OmZ{ H{$ ]hV [hb{ g{ H$a ah{ W{, ]hV AmM` Ama gVm hB & _Z{ `m_[Q>>
[a EH$ oM ]Zm`m Om{ XemVm Wm oH$ oXZ Ama amV H$s b]mB, gy`m}X` Ama gy`mV H{$ g_`m| H{$ mam oZpMV
H$s OmVr h & Bgg{ Ch| CZH$s H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 37 [a oX`{ J`{ [hb{ db` H$m{ N>m`moH$V H$aZ{ _|
ghm`Vm o_br &
10
]O{ amV
11 12 1
2
3
amV
7
6]O{ em_
6 ]O{ gw]h
5
7
oXZ
3
2
1 12 11
]O{ Xm{[ha
10
66
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
odmoW`m| H$m{ `h ^r oZarjU H$aZm Wm oH$ J_u _| oXZ ]S>{ VWm OmS>{ _| oXZ N>m{Q>{ hm{V{ h$& EH$ gmh H{$
_m[Z H{$ XmamZ hr oXZ H$s b]mB _| H$_r oXIZ{ bJr Wr & Jo_`m| H${ AmH$S>{ Bg BH$mB H$m{ H$aV{ hE BH$>m nH$`{
J`{ W{ O]oH$ OmS>{ H${ AmH$S>{ df H{$ ]mX H{$ oXZm| _| BH$>m oH$`{ J`{ & dH$p[H$ $[ g{ ZrM{ oX`{ J`{ AmH$S>m|
H$m C[`m{J oH$`m Om gH$Vm Wm$& oXZ H{$ g_` _| ]Xbmd H${ H$maU OoQ>b h([aVw [> 77 [a odmoW`m| H{
Z X{I|)&
_w]B _| EH$ gmh H{$ obE OyZ VWm EH$ gmh H{$ obE oXg]a _| gy`m}X` Ama gy`mV H{$
g_` ZrM{ oXE JE h & AoYH$ Cmar Aj-a{Im H$s Va\$, h_ J_u Ama OmS>{ H{$ oXZm| H$s b]mB
H{$ ]rM ]S>m AVa VWm oXZm| _| `mXm ]Xbmd [mV{ h & Ywdm| [a `h AoYH$V_ hm{Vm h Ohm
N>h _hrZ{ H$m oXZ VWm N>h _hrZ{ H$s amV hm{Vr h & odfwdV a{Im H$s Am{a J_u Ama OmS>{ _|
AVa H$_ hm{Vm OmVm h & odfwdV a{Im [a oXZ Ama amV gmbâ ]am]a hm{V{ h &
OJh: _w]B
VmarI
gy`m{X` H$m g_`
gy`mV H$m g_`
_Jb, 1 oXg]a 1998
]wY, 2 oXg]a 1998
Jw$, 3 oXg]a 1998
ewH$, 4 oXg]a 1998
eoZ, 5 oXg]a 1998
aod, 6 oXg]a 1998
gm{_, 7 oXg]a 1998
06:56
06:56
06:57
06:57
06:58
06:59
06:59
18:00
18:00
18:00
18:00
18:00
18:01
18:01
]wY, 1 OyZ
Jw$, 2 OyZ
ewH$, 3 OyZ
eoZ, 4 OyZ
aod, 5 OyZ
gm{_, 6 OyZ
_Jb, 7 OyZ
06:01
06:01
06:01
06:01
06:01
06:01
06:01
19:12
19:13
19:13
19:13
19:14
19:14
19:14
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
67
2. [aN>mB H$m I{b (3 H$mbme + JhH$m`;
TB p. 15)
H$. oH$gr oXZ gw]h H$s Yy[ _| g_Vb OJh [a IS>{ hm{ OmAm{$& A[Z{ Xm{V g{ H$hm{ oH$ dh Vwhmar [aN>mB
H$s b]mB Zm[{$& Xm{[ha _| Ama Vrga{ [ha ^r Bg{ H$am{$&
oH$`mH$bm[ 2 H$-2 J Om{S>{ _| odmoW`m| mam ]mha oH$`m J`m & Hw$N> odmoW`m| Z{ H{$b H$m `m{J H$a [aN>mB
H$s b]mB _m[r O]oH$ Hw$N> Z{ Bg{ hW{br (o]m{) `m H$X_m| g{ _m[m & Chm|Z{ [m`m oH$ b]mB`m| H$s VwbZm H$aZ{
_| H$X_m| g{ _m[r JB BH$mB g^r _m[m| H{$ obE EH$ g_mZ hm{Zr MmohE Wr &
I. EH$ H$mJO H{$ ]rM _| JmT>{ Jm|X `m AmQ>{ H$s N>m{Q>r JwR>br H$s _XX g{
oX`mgbmB H$s EH$ Vrbr IS>r H$am{$& H$mJO H{$ EH$ H$m{Z{ _| VmarI obIm{
Ama Cg{ Yy[ _| aIm{$& oXZ _| g_`-g_` [a [aN>mB H$m oZemZ bJmV{
ahm{$& ha [aN>mB H{$ R>rH$ oga{ [a CgH$m g_` ^r obIm{$& (H$m`[wpVH$m [> 38-39)
Vrbr H$s [aN>mB H$] g]g{ b]r Wr? CgH$s [aN>mB H$] g]g{
N>m{Q>r Wr?
`m H$^r Vwhmar Vrbr H$s [aN>mB H$s b]mB Vrbr H$s b]mB H{$ ]am]a Wr? AJa Zht Vm{ AZw_mZ bJmAm{
oH$ `h H$] ]am]a hm{Jr$&
`m Xyga{ N>mm| H$s Vrob`m| H$s [aN>mB`m b]mB _| Vwhmar Vrbr H$s [aN>mB H{$ ]am]a Wt? òX Zht Vm{
`m|?
Hw$N> H$m{ H$mJO H{$ H{$X [a _moMg H$s Vrbr IS>r H$aZ{ _|
g_`m Wr b{oH$Z JmT>{ Jm|X H$s _XX g{ d{ E{gm H$a gH{$ &
odmoW`m| mam oMoV Vrbr H$s [aN>mB`m| H$m{ Xem`m
J`m h &
68
J. Bg I{b H$m{ Yy[ `m oH$gr V{O am{eZr dmbr ]Vr g{ I{bm{$& oH$gr Xrdma `m O_rZ [a [aN>mB`m ]ZmAm{$&
A[Z{ oH$gr Xm{V H$m{ A[Z{ [rN>{ IS>m hm{Z{ Xm{ Ama Vah-Vah H$s MrOm| g{ [aN>mB`m ]ZmZ{ H$m{ H$hm{$& [aN>mB
X{IH$a Vw_ AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ dh oH$g MrO H$s [aN>mB h$&
gyaO H$s am{eZr H$s [aN>mB`m| [a odmb` _| H$m` oH$`m J`m Wm & _Z{ odmoW`m| H$m{ AoYH$ [aN>mB`m| H$m{
amV H$s H$o_ am{eZr _| X{IZ{ H$m{ H$hm &
3. Mbm{, X{I| M_m (Ka [a oZarjU + 2 H$mbme H$jm _| MMm$)
H$. M_m H$m{ X{Im{$& `m M_m ^r CJVm Ama Sy>]Vm h? M_m oH$g oXem _| CJVm h? `h oH$g
oXem _| Sy>]Vm h?
I. ha amV M_m H$m{ X{Im{$& H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 40 [a oXE JE H$b|S>a _| M_m H$s H$bmAm| H$m
oM ]ZmAm{$&
]mbM
AM
AmoYH M
oH$Z VmarIm| H$m{ Vwh| ]mbM oXImB oX`m ?
oH$Z VmarIm| H$m{ Vwh| AM oXImB oX`m ?
oH$Z VmarIm| H$m{ Vwh| AmoYH M oXImB oX`m ?
oH$Z VmarIm| H$m{ Vwh| [yUM oXImB oX`m ?
`m Vw_Z{ A^r VH$ H$^r oXZ _| M_m H$m{ X{Im? CgH$s AmH$oV H$gr Wr?
oH$Z VmarIm| H$m{ Vwh| M_m o]Hw$b Zht oXImB oX`m? `m|?
odmoW`m|
H{$ Cma
[yUM
VH$-odVH$ H{$ XmamZ _Z{ [m`m oH$ Hw$N> odmoW`m| H$m{ M_m H{$ CX` Ama AV H{$ ]ma{ _| [Vm Zht Wm $& Hw$N>
Hw$N> Z{ H$[Zm (JbV) H$s oH$ M_m V] AmVm h O] gyaO Sy>]Vm h, `m amV H{$ g_` `h h_{em Amg_mZ _|
69
hm{Vm h, b{oH$Z oXZ H{$ g_` H$^r Zht hm{Vm h? ]mX H{$ oXZm| H{$ oZarjUm| g{, Om{ odmoW`m| mam d` oH$`{
J`{, BZ odMmam| H$m [>rH$aU hAm & _wP{ AmM` hAm O] EH$ odmWu Z{ oQ>[Ur H$s oH$ ""amV _| M_m
H{$ H$maU R>S>H$ hm{Vr h &'' Xyga{ odmWu Z{ Om{S>m,""gyaO h_| J_$ am{eZr X{Vm h O]oH$ M_m h_| RS> r am{eZr
X{Vm h &'' _Z{ Xygam| g{ [yN>m oH$ `m d{ amOr h - ]hV g{ odmWu gh_V Zht W{ & EH$ Z{ H$hm oH$ amV| R>S> r
hm{Vr h V] ^r O]oH$ M_m AmH$me _| Zht hm{Vm h & _Z{ odmoW`m| g{ H$hm oH$ gyaO ]hV J_ hm{Vm h,
`h am{eZr Ama J_r X{Vm h & M_m M_H$Vm h `m|oH$ Bg{ gy` mam am{eZr o_bVr h & _Z{ CZg{ `h X{IZ{
H$m{ H$hm oH$ M_m H$m am{eZr âm ^mJ h_{em gy` H$s Am{a hm{Vm h &
`m_ [Q> H$m`
Bg odMma [a Om{a S>mbZ{ H{$ obE _Z{ "]mbM' H$m oM `m_[Q>> [a njoVO H{$ ZOXrH$ ItMm, Om{ ZrM{
oXIm`m J`m h$& Bg MMm Z{ odmoW`m| H$m{ [> 75-76, [a _mby_ H$am{ Zm| H$m Cma X{Z{ _| ghm`Vm H$ar&
1.H$mZ gm oM ghr h ?
2.`m gyaO CX` hm{ ahm h `m AV hm{ ahm h ?
3.`m MX_m AV hm{Z{ H{$ H$ar] h `m A^r CX` hAm h ?
4. Bg Vah H{$ oM H$m{ X{IZ{ H{$ obE Am[ oH$g oXem _| X{I|J{ ?
70
odmoW`m|
H{$ Cma
odmWu M_m g{ g]oYV ]hV gma{ `mhmam| H{$ ]ma{ _| OmZV{ W{ & Chm|Z{ A[Z{ _mVm-o[Vm g{ Bg odf` _|
Ama AoYH$ [Vm bJm`m (X{I{ A`mg Zm_ ]VmAm{ Ama oM ]ZmAm{) & CZH{$ [mg M_m H$s odo^ H$bmAm|
H{$ ob`{ A[Z{ Zm_ W{; Og{ bhgwZ H$s H$br(]H$arX H{$ obE), H{$b{ H$s eb _| ]T>Zm, o\$a EH$ Zmd, EH$
Va]yO, EH$ âm H$Q>m{am Ama AV _| EH$ J|X &
4. Vmam| g{ OJ_JmVr amV (Ka [a oZarjU + 4 H$mbme; TB p. 16, WB p. 41)
H$. Vmam| H$m{ Vw_ CZH{$ mam ]Zm`{ OmZ{ dmb{ Z_yZm| g{ [hMmZ gH$V{ hm{$& BZ Z_yZm| H$m{ Vmam_S>b `m Zj
H$hV{ h$& [mR>`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 17 [a oXIm`{ J`{ oM _| _J, eo_>m Ama gof Vmam_S>b Im{Om{$&
I. AmH$me _| Vmam_S>bm| H$m{ Im{Om{$& EH$ KQ>{ ]mX Cht Vmam_S>bm| H$m{ o\$a g{ Im{Om{$&
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 41)
_J
`mY
H$oZg _{Oa
J. YwdVma{ Ama `mYVma{ H$m{ AmH$me _| Ty>T>m{$&

YwdVmam Vwh| CVa oXem _| oXImB X{Vm h$& H{$db `hr EH$ Vmam h Om{ H$^r JoV H$aVm hAm Zht _mby_
[S>Vm$& Ywd Vma{ H$m{ Im{OZ{ H{$ obE eo_>m Ama gof _S>b H$s _XX bm{$& `mY H$oZg _{Oa
Vmam_S>b H$m EH$ ohgm h$& `mY H$m{ Im{OZ{ H{$ obE _J Zj H$s ghm`Vm bm{$&
K. Jh Vmam| H$s Vah oXImB X{V{ h b{oH$Z d{ oQ>_oQ>_mV{ Zht$& AmH$me _| Hw$N> Jh Im{Om{$&
71
m`m{oJH$
gH{$V
amV _{ Amg_mZ X{IZm EH$ nH$`mH$bm[ h, Om{ Wm{S>{-g{ A`mg H{$ ]mX, g^r H$m{ dfm{ VH$ Iwoe`m XmZ H$a
gH$Vm h & MyoH$ amV _| oZarjU H$aZm hm{Vm h BgobE `{ oH$`mH$bm[ gm_m`V: odmb` _| Zht H$am`{ OmV{
h & hmbmoH$ odmb` _| Wm{S>r OmZH$mar X{H$a Ama odmoW`m| mam Ka _| oZarjU H$aZ{ H{$ gmW ewAmV H$s
Om gH$Vr h & [yar H$jm H{$ ob`{ g^dV: H$_ g{ H$_ EH$ amV H{$ oZarjU H$s `dWm H$s Om gH$Vr h &
amV H{$ ModhrZ ^mJ _| Vma{ l{>V_ $[ g{ oXImB X{V{ h & M_m H$s H$bm H{$ KQ>Z{ H{$ H$_ _|, H$ar]
_` _| (H$U[j), Mm{X` X{a g{ hm{Vm h BgobE gwodYmOZH$ g_`, CXmhaU H{$ obE, 8 ]O{ g{ 10 ]O{
amo _|, oZarjU oH$`m Om gH$Vm h$& eha H$s am{eZr VWm dm`w XyfU Vmam| H{$ oZarjU _| ]S>r g_`mE
h; AJa Am[ ]mha am{eZr aohV j{ _|, amV _| Om ah{ h Vm{ AN>r Xo> H{$ obE Am[ AY{a{ _| 20 -30 o_ZQ>
VH$ ahH$a AmIm| H$m{ BgH{$ AZwHy$nbV H$a b| &
Amg_mZ _| nH$gr Vma{ `m Vmamg_yh H$m{, Vmam-MmQ> H$s _XX g{ [hMmZZm AmgmZ Zht hm{Vm h& EH$ Z`{
AmX_r H$m{ `h g_PZ{ _| Wm{S>m g_` bJVm h oH$ oH$Vm] _| ItM{ J`{ N>m{Q>{ Vmam-g_yh dmVd _| AmH$me H{$
EH$ ]S>{ j{ _| \$b{ hm{V{ h$& XyfU aohV Jm_rU j{m| _| X` ]hV [> hm{Vm h AV: oM _| oXIm`{ J`{
Vmam| g{ ^r H$hr AoYH$ Vma{ oXImB X{ gH$V{ h, O]oH$ eham| _|, Wm{S>{ Vma{ hr oXImB X{V{ h & Xm{Zm| hr pWoV`m|
_| AmH$me H{$ Vmam| H${ Z_yZ{ g{ oH$Vm] _| oXIm`{ J`{ Z_yZ{ H$s VwbZm H$aZm H$oR>Z hm{Vm h$& [hb{ Hw$N>
Vmamg_yhm| H$m{ oH$gr E{g{ ò$ mam ]VmZm Oar hm{Vm h, oOg{ BZH{$ ]ma{ _| H$wN> OmZH$mar hm{$& BgobE
[mR>`[wpVH$m _| H{$db Hw$N> bm{H$o` Vmam g_yhm| H$m{ hr oXIm`m J`m h-A`mg `mXmVa [h{br Og{ h
oOZ_| odmWu BZ Hw$N> Vmamg_yhm| H$m AmH$ma Im{OV{ h VWm Bh| [hMmZZ{ H$m A`mg H$aV{ h &
Vmamg_yh Om{ EH$ Xyga{ H{$ ZOXrH$ oXImB X{V{ h, AmoX_ _mZd mam X{I{ VWm Zm_moH$V oH$`{
J`{ & Om{ Vma{ h_| oXImB X{V{ h d{ h_mar A[Zr AmH$meJJm H{$ g]g{ ZOXrH$ h, nOgH$m
AmH$ma EH$ ]hV ]S>{ g_Vb MH$ Ogm h Om{ bJ^J 1,00,000 H$me df H$s Xyar VH$ \$br
h Ama Bg_| H$ar] 100,000 bmI Vma{ h & gm\$ Amg_mZ dmbr amV _| H$B hOma Vma{ ZJr
AmIm| g{ ^r oXImB X{V{ h$& eha H{$ ZOXrH$ M_H$sb{ H$me H$s dOh g{ H{$db Hw$N> gm `m
Cgg{ ^r H$_ Vma{ oXImB X{ gH$V{ h & EH$ KQ>{ H{$ oZarjU H{$ XmamZ, odmoW`m| H$m{ `h X{IZ{
72
_| _XX o_b{Jr oH$ Vma{ ^r Amg_mZ _| JoV H$aV{ h & M_m Ama gyaO H$s Vah `{ ^r [dr H{$ KyUZ H{$ H$maU
CX` Ama AV hm{V{ h & [ya{ df H{$ XmamZ, [dr mam gy` H{$ Mmam| Am{a KyUZ H{$ H$maU Vma{ Amg_mZ H{$ EH$ Va\$
g{ Xygar Va\$ ]T>V{ ZOa AmV{ h VWm Z`{ Vma{ amo H{$ Amg_mZ _| oXImB X{Z{ bJV{ h & AJa Am[ oH$gr EH$ oXZ
amo Zm ]O{ Vmam| H$m{ X{IV{ h VWm [wZ: amV 11 ]O{ X{IV{ h, V] g^r Vma{ [pM_ H$s Am{a ]T> J`{ hm{V{ h & Hw$N>
Ama Vma{ [ya] H$s Va\$ CX` hm{V{ h VWm Om{ [pM_r oH$Zma{ H{$ ZOXrH$ hm{V{ h d{ AV hm{ OmV{ h & dmVd _| Am[
Vmam| H$s g_mZ pWoV, AmO H{$ AZw[, EH$ _hrZ{ ]mX, amV 9 ]O{, ^r X{I gH$V{ h & BgobE oZarjU H{$ XmamZ
`h OmZZm O$ar h oH$ EH$ ode{f Vmamg_yh oH$g _hrZ{ H{$, oH$g gwodYmOZH$ g_`mVamb _| Amg_mZ _| amV H$m{
[> oXImB X{Vm h&
Vmamg_yh
_hrZ{ _| amV 8-10 ]O{ g{ oXImB X{V{ h$&
_J
oXg]a g{ Ab
eo_>m
ogV]a g{ \$adar
gof
\$adar g{ OwbmB
H$oZg _{Oa
OZdar g{ Ab
o_WwZ
oXg]a g{ _B
0
[mR>`-[wpVH$m$H{$ [> 17 [a Ajme 20 N H{$ obE CVar Ama XnjUr Amg_mZ H$m oM ItMm J`m h & Xyga{
Ajmem| g{ Amg_mZ _| _m_ybr AVa oXI{Jm - Og{ Am[ Cma H$s Am{a OmV{ h, Ywd Vmam VWm Cmar Vmamg_yh
Amg_mZ _| Wm{S>m D$MmB [a hm{Jm O]oH$ XojU _| _J VWm `mY ojoVO H{$ ZOXrH$ hm{Jm & XnjU ^maV _| Cmar
Va\$ H${ Vma{ ZrM{ VWm XojUr Va\$ H${ Vma{ AoYH$ DMmB [a hm|J{ &
gm{Mm{, Oam gm{Mm{!
ObVm hAm Xr[H$ oXZ g{ `mXm amV H$m{ M_H$sbm ZOa AmVm h$& _wZr Z{ H$hm oH$ Xr[H$ amV _| `mXm
am{eZr X{Vm h$& Bg ]ma{ _| Vwhmar `m am` h? MwZy H$m H$hZm h oH$ oXZ _| ^r Vma{ Amg_mZ _| hm{V{ h
b{oH$Z Vw_ Ch| X{I Zht gH$V{$& Bg ]ma{ _| Vw_ `m gm{MV{ hm{?
o]Hw$b E{gm hr hm{Vm h O] EH$ AY{a{ H$_a{ _| _m{_]mr Ob ahr h Ama Am[ o]Obr H$s am{eZr(]mr) Obm X{V{
h & _m{_]mr g_mZ _mm _| H$me X{Vr ahVr h [aVw o]Obr H$s am{eZr H$s VwbZm _| h_| A[> oXImB X{Vr h
$
73

]mbM
AmoYH$ M
[yUM
Vmam_S>b
Vmam
Jh
A`mg (6 H$mbme + JhH$m`)

oZarjU
AmYmnaV A`mg
Zm_ ]VmAm{ Ama oM ]ZmAm{ (WB
p. 42)
1. ]w [yoU_m, Xeham (odO`mXe_r), Xr[mdbr, hm{br, ]H$arX Ama Jw ZmZH$ O`Vr H{$ `mhmam| [a
M_m H$s H$bmAm| H$m oM ]ZmAm{$&
("[yN>m{ Ama _mby_ H$am{' odo^ XemAm| H$m{ X{Im{, [> 74 [a )
`m g_mZ h? `m h o^Z? (WB
p. 42)
1. BZ_| Xm{ g_mZVm`| Ama Xm{ o^ZVm`| ]VmAm{$&

H$. gyaO Ama M_m
I. EH$ N>S>r Ama CgH$s [aN>mB
J. CJVm hAm M_m Ama AmH$me _| D$Mm pWV M_m
K. gy`m}X` Ama gy`mV
Amg_mZ _| CJVm VWm Sy>]Vm hAm M_m m`: hH$m bmb `m [rob_m ob`{ h`{ oXImB X{Vm h Ama D$MmB
[a oXIZ{ dmb{ M_m H$s A[{jm ]S>m oXImB X{Vm h & Xygam| H{$ obE AZ{H$ Odm] g^d h &
]m{bm{ Ama obIm{ (WB
p. 43)
1. M_m, gyaO `m Vmam| H{$ ]ma{ _| Hw$N> H$odVm`| `mX H$am{$& Hw$N> Z`r H$odVm`| ]ZmAm{$&
74
odmoW`m| H$m{ AZ{H$ H$odVmE Ed JrV `mX W{ & AoYH$me [yUV: H$[Zm [a AmYmnaV W{, F$VwAm| H$s
H$odVmAm| g{ AbJ Om{ [hb{ Xm{ham`r J`r Wr, oOg_| H$oV H{$ dUZ H{$ gmW Cgmh ^r gp_obV Wm &
[yN>m{ Ama _mby_ H$am{ (WB
p. 44)
1. Zm_ ]VmAm{ Ama oM ]ZmAm{ dmb{ A`mg _| Vw_Z{ `mhmam| H{$ oXZm| [a M_m H$s eb H$m oM ]Zm`m
h$& Hw$N> Xyga{ Img oXZm| H$m [Vm H$am{ O] M_m H$s Img oVoW`m| [a `mhma _ZmV{ h$&
MyoH$ AoYH$Va ohXy, _wgb_mZ, ]m Ama OZ `mhma M_m [a AmYmnaV H$b{S>a H$m AZwgaU H$aV{ h,
H$B$ ^maVr` `mhmam| [a M_m H{$ AmH$ma H$s ôd`dmUr H$s Om gH$Vr h$& _H$a gH$mpV 14 OZdar H$m{
_Zm`m OmVm h, O] gyaO A[Zr H$jm _| EH$ ode{f o]Xw [a hm{Vm h (_H$a Vmamg_yh H{$ ZOXrH$) & em`X
H{$db `hr EH$ ^maVr` `mhma h Om{ gyaO [a AmYmnaV H$b{S>a H{$ AZwgma _Zm`m OmVm h& BgmB `mhmam|
_| [>V: oH$g_g gyaO [a AmYmnaV H$b{S>a mam _Zm`m OmVm h& BQ>a, ]gV H{$ ]am]a oXZ Ama amV
dmb{$ oXZ (21 _mM) H{$ ]mX H{$ [hb{ [yUM([yoU_m) H{$ ]mX [hb{ aoddma H$m{ hm{Z{ H$s dOh g{ `h gyaO H{$
H$b{S>a VWm M_m H$s pWoV Xm{Zm| H{$ `m{J mam oZYmnaV oH$`m OmVm h& A` Xyga{ BgmB `mhma BQ>a H{$
]mX EH$ oZYmnaV g_`mVamb [a hm{V{ h & Bgr H$ma `hoX`m| H{$ `mhma ^r gyaO Ama M_m Xm{Zm| H{$
H$b{S>am| [a AmYmnaV hm{V{ h &
Hw$N> `mhma H{$ oXZm| _| M_m H$m AmH$ma:
A_md`m (Z`m M_m): _hmoedamo, Xr[mdbr (b_r [yOm), [m{bm
XyO (A_md`m H{$ ]mX Xygam oXZ): a_OmZ, BX, ^mBXyO
A_md`m H{$ ]mX MmWm oXZ (MVwWu): JU{e MVwWu
A_md`m H{$ ]mX [mMdm oXZ ([M_r): ]gV [M_r, ZmJ [M_r
A_md`m H{$ ]mX Xgdm oXZ (Xe_r): _m{ha_, ]H$arX, Xeham(odO`mXe_r)
A_md`m H{$ ]mX ]mahdm oXZ (mXer): BX-E-o_bmX
75
[yoU_m ([yam M): hm{br, _hmdra O`Vr, hZw_mZ O`Vr, ]w [yoU_m, Jw$ ZmZH$ O`Vr, Jw$
[yoU_m, ajm]YZ
[yoU_m H{$ ]mX MmWm oXZ (MVwWu/MmW) : H$adm MmW
[yoU_m H{$ ]mX AmR>dm oXZ (A>_r) : lrH$U O_m>_r
2. Vmam_S>bm|(Zjm|) H{$ ]ma{ _| Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m _mby_ H$am{$&
mMrZ ^maVr` VWm JrH$ [a[amAm| H$s AZ{H$ H$hmoZ`m gwZm`r Om gH$Vr h & [> 342 [a Hw$N> AN>r
oH$Vm]m| H{$ gX^ oXE JE h &
_mby_ H$am{ (WB
p. 44)
1. ]m`t Va\$ Xr hB KQ>ZmAm| H$m{ Xm`t Am{a Xr hB G$VwAm| g{ o_bmAm{$&

b]m oXZ, N>m{Q>r amV
N>m{Q>m oXZ, b]r amV
gyaO OXr CJVm h
gyaO X{a g{ CJVm h
gyaO OXr Sy>]Vm h
gyaO X{a g{ Sy>]Vm h
2. ]mB Am{a Xr hB KQ>ZmAm| H$m{ XmB Am{a oX`{ hE g_` g{ o_bmAm{$&
[yUM CJVm h
[yUM Sy>]Vm h
]mbM CJVm h
]mbM Sy>]Vm h
OmS>m
Ja_r
gy`m}X` H{$ Amg[mg

gy`mV H{$ Amg[mg
76
3. ]mB Am{a Xr J`r KQ>ZmAm| H$m{ XmB Am{a Xr hB oXemAm| g{ o_bmAm{$&
gyaO CJVm h
gyaO Sy>]Vm h
M_m CJVm h
M_m Sy>]Vm h
gy`mV H{$ VwaV ]mX [yUM
gy`m}X` H{$ R>rH$ [hb{ [yUM
gy`mV H{$ VwaV ]mX ]mbM
[ya]
[pM_
4. Jm\$ [a Vma{ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m _| oX`{ J`{ oZX}em| H$m [mbZ H$am{$& Amg_mZ H{$ oM
H$m{ X{IH$a _mby_ H$am{ oH$ Vw_Z{ H$mZ-gm Vmam_S>b ]Zm`m h$&
X J{Q> o]à `m o]J oS>>[a (gof) Ama _J
5. H$m`-[wpVH$m _| oX`{ J`{ oMm| H$m{ X{IH$a _mby_ H$am{ oH$ ha EH$ oM _| `m g_` h$&
;;;
;;;
;;;
;;
;;
[hbm oM [> $[ g{ Xm{[ha H{$ g_` (1:07) H$m{ XemVm h dht Xygam gw]h (7:00) `m em_ (4:55) H$m
hm{ gH$Vm h$&
77
H$m{B Z [yN>m{
(WB p. 46)
oXZ Ama amV H{$ ]ma{ _| Z [yN>m{$& gm{Mm{, BZ Zm| H{$ CVa Vw_ H$g{ [mAm{J{$&
odmoW`m| H{$ Z:
OmS>{ H$s A[{jm Jo_`m| _| oXZ b]{ `m| hm{V{ h?
J_u Ama OmS>{ _| oXZ H$s b]mB H$m oZarjU H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX `h Z CR>Zm dm^modH$ h & [yU oddaU H{$ obE
gyaO H{$ Mmam| Am{a A[Zr H$jm H${ gm[{j [dr H{$ KyUZ-Aj H{$ PwH$md H$m{ OmZZm hm{Jm- H$jm 4 H{$ odmoW`m|
H{$ obE ood_r` H$[Zm H$aZm H$oR>Z hm{Jm & qH$Vw$ am{O H{$ Hw$N> gab oZarjUm| H{$ mam h_ Ch| AmJ{ gm{MZ{
H{$ obE {naV H$a gH$V{ h : Og{, Jo_`m| _| OmS>{ H$s A[{jm gyaO Amg_mZ _| D$MmB VH$ OmVm h & h_ H$^rH$^r Bg{ `h H$hH$a ]VmV{ h oH$ ""gyaO Jo_`m| _| `mXm J_ hm{Vm h ''& gyaO H$s DMmB, ojoVO H{$ D$[a,
[aN>mB`m| H$s b]mB mam _m[r OmVr h & oH$`mH$bm[ 2(A) Ama 2(]), AJa J_u Ama OmS>{ Xm{Zm| _| oH$E
OmE Vm{ XemV{ h oH$ OmS>{ _| [aN>mB (oXZ H{$ oH$gr ^r oXE JE g_` _|) b]r hm{Vr h & (b{oH$Z `mZ ah{ D$UH$oQ>]Ym| _| g]g{ N>m{Q>r N>m`m g]g{ b]{ oXZ _| Zht hm{Jr ]pH$ Cg oXZ hm{Jr O] gyaO oH$gr ode{f
Ajme H{$ D$[a hm{Jm)& BZ oZarjUm| g{ odmoW`m| H$m{ [Vm Mb{Jm oH$ OmS>{ _| gyaO Amg_mZ _| N>m{Q>{ Mm[ [a
Ky_Vm h(Om{ oH$ XojU H$s Am{a hm{Vm h) & BgH{$ H$maU J_u H{$ oXZm| H$s A[{jm Amg_mZ _| D$[a Wm{S>{ g_`
H{$ obE hr ahVm h &
`m Vw_ OmZV{ hm{?
(TB p. 20)
[dr EH$ ]S>r J|X H$s Vah Jm{b h$& h_ Bg J|X [a ahV{ h$&
M_m [dr g{ N>m{Q>m Jm{bm h$&
h_mam gyaO Ja_ Jgm| H$m EH$ ]hV ]S>m Jm{bm h$& `h [dr g{ H$B JwZm ]S>m h$&
Vma{ ^r h_ma{ gyaO H$s Vah Ja_ Jm{b{ h b{oH$Z d{ h_g{ ]hV Xya h$& AZ{H$ Vma{ h_ma{ gyaO
g{ ^r ]S>{ Ama M_H$sb{ h$&
AJa [dr BVZr ]S>r hm{Vr Vm{

M_m BVZm ]S>m oXImB X{Vm
Ama V] o\$a gyaO BVZm ]S>m hm{Vm oH$ Bg
[> [a Zht AmVm &
[yaH$ A`mg
1. obIm{, `m oXZ H{$ `{ g_` gm_m`V: "J_' hm{V{ h `m "R>S> {' &
EH$X_ gw]h
.........................
Xm{[ha
.........................
em_ H$m{ X{a g{
.........................
amo _|
.........................
2. _wr ]mnae _| XmS> ahr h$& Cg{
oH$g VarH${ g{ N>mVm [H$S>Zm MmohE
VmoH$ dm{ ^tJZ{ g{ ]M OmE? (_mZm
oH$ dfm D$[a g{ grYr oJa ahr h$&)
A
]
g
X
3. _mg_ g{ g]oYV oH$gr [wamZr H$hmdV H{$ ]ma{ _| [yNm{ & CXmhaU H{$ obE H$^r-H$^r amV H{$ Amg_mZ _|
oXI{ Vmamg_yh H$m{ _mg_ g{ Om{S>V{ h, `m H$oV _| oZarjU H$m{ Hw$N> H$of H$m`m~ H{$ obE g_` H$m gyMH$
_mZV{ h & `m `{ [wamZr H$hmdV{ ghr `m C[`m{Jr h ?
4. oZZoboIV H$m{ A[Z{ ZOXrH$ g{ Xya H{ H$_$_| obIm{:
M_m, gyaO, Vma{, ]mXb, EH$ CS>Vm H$mAm
EH$ CS>Vm hAm H$mAm (100 _rQ>a), ]mXb (1- 10 oH$_r), M_m (384, 400 oH$_r), gyaO(150 bmI
oH$_r), Vma{ (g]g{ ZOXrH$ A\$ g{Qm>ar Vmam h, Om{ bJ^J 4 H$me df Xya h$&)
BH$mB 2
[mR> 3
[mR> 4
hdm
_O{ hdm H{$ gJ

hdm _| `m h?
80
BH$mB 2 hdm
C{`
$[a{Im
hdm g{ g]oYV odo^ KQ>ZmAm| H$m AZw^d H$aZm VWm OrdZ H{$ obE gm\$ hdm H{$ _hd H$m{ g_PZm &
2.1 `h OmZZm oH$ hdm EH$ ^moVH$ dVw h Om{ h_ma{ Amg[mg C[pWV ahVr h, hmbmoH$ Bg{ X{Im Zht
Om gH$Vm h, H{$db Xyga{ VarH$m| g{ BgH$m oZarjU oH$`m Om gH$Vm h &
2.2 hdm H{$ X]md VWm JoV g{ g]oYV am{O_am H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$m{ Im{OZm:
hdm H$m{ X]m`m Om gH$Vm h, `h D$[a `m ZrM{ ]h gH$Vr h, `h MrOm| H$m{ Kw_m gH$Vr h, YH{$b
gH$Vr h, T>m{ gH$Vr h Ama CR>m gH$Vr h, `h MrOm| H$m{ A`moeV VarH{$ g{ Kw_m gH$Vr h &
2.3 oZarjU H$aZm oH$ H$g{ MrO| hdm _| JoV H$aVr h, ^ma, [na_mU, AmH$ma Ama AmKmV H{$ ^mdm| H$m{
T>zT>Zm$&
2.4 hdm H{$ ]wb]wbm| H$m oZarjU VWm BgH{$ gmW `m{J H$aZm &
2.5 hdm g{ AmdmO C[ H$aZ{ H{$ VarH{$ Im{OZm, da, DMr AmdmO VWm gJrV_` AmdmOm| H$s JwUdmm
_| AVa H$m{ [hMmZZm, dm `m| H{$ VrZ _wI dJm~ H$m{ [hMmZZm VWm dJuH$V H$aZm, EH$ gab
dm ` ]ZmZm &
2.6 `h OmZZm oH$ hdm Jgm| H$m EH$ o_lU h VWm BZ_| g{ Hw$N> Jgm| H{$ Zm_ OmZZm: ZmBQ>m{OZ,AmgrOZ,
H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS> VWm Obdm[ &
2.7 `h AZw^d H$amZm oH$ hdm OrdZ H{$ obE Amd`H$ h (AV: h_ma{ ob`{ O$ar h)-Ama h_ma{ obE
bJmVma gmg b{Zm O$ar h &
2.8 `h OmZZm oH$ [mY{ hdm _| [`m AmgrOZ ]Zm`{ aIZ{ H{$ obE O$ar h &
2.9 `h OmZZm oH$ hdm A[Z{ gmW JY,Yyb VWm Xyga{ gy_ [XmW b{ OmVr h &
2.10 h_ma{ BX-oJX gy_ Ordm| H{$ ApVd H$m{ OmZZm &
2.11 CZ VarH$m| H$m{ g_PZm oOgg{ hdm XyofV hm{Vr h VWm `h AZw^d H$aZm oH$ AN>{ dm` H{$ obE
ew hdm Amd`H$ h &
81
Bg BH$mB _|
Z`m `m h?
[a[amJV [mR>`-[wpVH$mAm|| _| `h H$aU ""[XmW'' H{$ Zm_ g{ ew$ hm{Vm h, oOg_| Bg{ R>m{g, d VWm Jg
_| dJuH$V oH$`m OmVm h & hm{_r ^m^m [mR>`H$_$ _|, "[XmW' H$s A_yV gH$[Zm H{$ WmZ [a, h_Z{ gm_m`
"^moVH$ [XmWm{' H{$ ]ma{ _| OmZH$mar Xr h& h_| oddmg h oH$ `h VarH$m mWo_H$ odmb`m| H{$ obE C[`w$
h$& R>m{g, d VWm ]mX _| Jg H{$ ]ma{ _| odmWu AVkmZ g{ g_PV{ h; BVZr OXr BZH$s Am[MmnaH$
[na^mfm ]VbmZ{ g{ odmWr m`: ô_V hm{ OmV{ h &
Hw$N> [XmWm} Ama CZH{$ JwUm| H$m A``Z H$jm 3 H{$ BH$mB "Ka ]ZmZm' _| H$aZm h& hdm Ama [mZr ^r
[XmW h: `hm hdm Ama [mZr BH$mB`m| H{$ OnaE Jgm| Ama dm| H{$ ]ma{ _| OmZH$mar Xr JB h & Hw$N> AoYH$ XoZH$
C[`m{Jr [XmWm~, Og{ d AmoX, H{$ ]ma{ _| H$jm 5 _| ]Vm`m OmEJm &
hdm g{ g]oYV gab oXIZ{ dmb{ odMma, dmVd _| gy_ VWm H$oR>Z h & CXmhaU H{$ obE N>m{Q>{ ]{
hdm H$m{ EH$ "Imbr[Z' `m "Hw$N> ^r Zht' g_PV{ h & `h g_PZ{ H{$ obE oH$ "hdm OJh K{aVr h' `m "hdm
MrOm| H$m{ YH{$bVr h' h_| hdm H$m{ [XmW _mZZm hm{Jm$& dh `m h Om{ OJh K{aVr h, `h OmZZ{ H{$ obE
[a_mUw g]Yr odMma([a_mUw H$s gH$[Zm) H$s O$aV h Om{ `hm oMm| H{$ mam gab VarH{$ g{ g_Pm`m
J`m h$&
"hdm EH$ ^moVH$ [XmW h' `h odMma g_PZm H$oR>Z hm{Vm h Ama Cgg{ ^r H$oR>Z `h g_PZm h oH$
"hdm Jgm| g{ ]Zr h' Ama Bg_| YybH$U, OrdmUw AmoX hm{V{ h & BZ AoYH$ gy_ odMmam| g{ [mR> 4 _| odo^
`doWV AZw^dm|, oZarjUm| VWm oMm| H{$ mam [naoMV H$am`m J`m h & odVV oddaU Zht oX`{ J`{ ho\$a ^r oejH$m| H{$ obE [`m gyMZm Xr JB h Om{ Bg `yVZ_ OmZH$mar g{ AmJ{ OmZm [gX H$a|J{ & ]M[Z
_|, BZ gab b{oH$Z `dpWV AZw^dm| mam, gm{MZ{ H$s oH$`m ew$ hm{Zr MmohE Om{ ]hV ]mX _| [>
odMmam| _| ]Xb OmEJr &
[mR> 4 _| Xygam ]S>m H$aU h ew Ed XyofV hdm VWm OrdZ _| ew hdm H$m _hd & Bg [mR> _|
dm` Ama dmVmdaU H{$ _wm| H$m{ EH$sH$V oH$`m J`m h &
82
g_`-gmaUr
P: H$mbmem| H$s g`m
[mR> 3
P1
P 2 - P 21
P 22 - P 26
[mR> 4
- H$hmZr
- oH$`mH$bm[ Ama MMm
- A`mg
P 27
P 28 - P 39
P 40 - P 44
- H$hmZr
- oH$`mH$bm[
- A`mg
Hw$N> A`mg oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ gmW VWm JhH$m` H{$ $[ _| H$aZ{ h$&
Bg BH$mB H{$ obE gm_Jr Ama gyMZmE EH$ H$aZm
[mR> -3: H$mJO `m bmpQ>H$ H{$ Wb{, VrZ oJbmg, gmBoH$b _| hdm âZ{ H$m [[ `m o[MH$mar, EH$
AI]ma H$m ]S>m [{O `m H$mS>]m{S>, odo^ AmH$mam| H{$ ]rO, Jm|X; HMr, [rZ{dmbm Q>m, H$Q>m{am, gm]wZ/
Ym{Z{dmbm [mCS>a/e[y ; 8 EH$g_mZ Imbr ]m{Vb|, Jw]ma{, a]a ]S>, H$m{B dm ` &
[mR> -4: Jw]ma{, âm hAm gm{S>m [mZr H$m ]m{Vb; PmSy>, H$mS>]m{S> H{$ Qw>H$S>{, g\{$X gyVr H$[S>m `m H$mJO,
S>m{ar `m pb[, d{gbrZ, hS>b|g &
83
[mR> 3
_O{ hdm H{$ gJ
H$hmZr (1 H$mbme ; TB p. 23)

oH$gm hdm H$m
_w
Zr Mw[H{$ g{ H$_a{ _| Am`r$& Cg{ X{IH$a bJ ahm Wm oH$ dh Hw$N> oN>[m ahr h$&
CgH$m _wh âm hAm Wm$&
""Vw_ `m Im ahr hm{?'' MwZy Z{ [yN>m$& ""_wP{ ^r Xm{$&''
_wZr Z{ MwZy H$m hmW [H$S>H$a CgH$s hW{br g{ A[Z{ Jmb [a W[H$s _mar$&
\w$M$H$s AmdmO Am`r$&
MwZy Z{ oZame hm{H$a H$hm, ""`{ Vm{ Hw$N> Zht Wm$& ''
""Zht, `{ Hw$N> Vm{ O$a Wm$& '' _wZr hgr$& ""`{ hdm Wr$&''
""hdm!'' MwZy Z{ AMaO g{ H$hm$&
ha OJh, ha MrO _| h `h,
H$hm, H$hm _mOyX Zht `h!
Amg[mg, Ka, ma, g^r _|
H$m{Z{, H$Va{ H$hm Zht `h!
H$^r a|JVr, H$^r xV Mb{,
Pm|H{$ Mb{, CR>| ]wb]wb{$&
JmVr, H$^r ]OmVr grQ>r,
XmS>m{ Vm{ _hgyg H$am{J{,
oMoS>`m| H$m{ CR>mVr Z^ _|$&
[a Z AmI g{ X{I gH$m{J{
o\$a ^r h `h, h `h [H$m
Mb{ Om{a g{ Vm{ X{ YH$m$&
84
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
odmoW`m| H$m{ H$hmZr Ama H$odVm [gX AmB & Chm|Z{ _wr H$s ZH$b H$aZ{ _| ^r Iwer _hgyg H$r & ""_wr H{$
_wh _| AmZ{ g{ [hb{ `{ hdm H$hm Wr ?''Chm|Z{ Cma oX`m oH$ `h ]mha g{ `m _wr H{$ AXa g{ Am gH$Vr hO] CgZ{ A[Z{ Jmbm| H$m{ \w$bm`m Vm{ CgZ{ hdm H{$ obE OJh ]Zm`r & _wr H$_a{ _| d{e H$aV{ g_` `m
gm{M ahr Wr, `m d{ `h AZw_mZ bJm [m`{ ? H{$db EH$ odmWu Z{ (ghr) Cma oX`m oH$ _wr Mww H$m{ _yI
]ZmZm MmhVr Wr,Cg{ `h gm{MZ{ [a _O]ya H$aH{$ oH$ dh Hw$N> Im ahr h & Xygam| Z{ H$hm oH$ dh Mww H$m{
AmM`MoH$V H$aZm MmhVr Wr `m dh H{$db _O{Xma AmdmO oZH$mbZm MmhVr Wr & _Z{ AZw^d oH$`m oH$
hmbmoH$ odmoW`m| H$m{ H$hmZr H$m _w` ^md [> Wm, Hw$N> AoV gy_ [j Og{ Ame` VWm A[{jmE OXr
g_P _| Zht Am`r Wt &
Bg H$hmZr _| Z`{ eX
(BZ eXm| _| H$B eXm| H$m{ Chm|Z{ grIm Wm b{oH$Z ^yb J`{ W{$&)
_mJZm, hW{br, grQ>r, [wH$maZm, oN>[Zm, emoV[ydH$
oH$`mH$bm[
ha Am{a hdm hr hdm!

1. ha MrO H{$ AXa hdm (2 Xm{ha{ H$mbme,g]oYV A`mg Zm| [a MMm gohV; TB p. 24, WB
p.49)
H$. EH$ H$mJO `m bmpQ>H$ H$s Wbr bm{$& Bg{ Im{bm{$& X{I bm{ oH$ `h Imbr h$Z$& Bg{ oZMm{S>m{ Ama X]mAm{$&
Vw_ Bg{ AmgmZr g{ o[MH$m gH$V{ hm{$&
Wbr H$m{ o\$a g{ Im{bm{$& Bg ]ma Wbr H$m _wh H$gH$a [H$S>m{$& `m A] Wbr H$m{ o[MH$mZm AmgmZ h?
Wbr H{$ ^rVa `m h?
I. Wbr H$m{ A[Zr hW{br [a _mam{$& \$QQ>$!
]VmAm{, `m hAm$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m, [> 49)
85
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
o[N>b{ gmh _Z{ odmoW`m| g{ odo^ H$ma H{$ BV{_mb oH$E JE AI]ma,^ya{ H$mJO, [m{brWrZ AmoX H{$
]Z{ hE Wb{ `m BV{_mb oH$E JE ob\$m\{$ EH$ H$aZ{ H$m{ H$hm Wm & BZ oH$`mH$bm[m| H$m{ H$aZ{ _| N>m{Q>r-_m{Q>r
g_`mE Am`t & òX Wb{ H$m _wh Om{a g{ Zht [H$Sm OmVm Vm{ hdm CgH{$ AXa Zht R>haVr Wr (bmpQ>H$ H{$
Wb{, oOgH{$ _wh _wS>{ VWm ]X W{, H$mJO H{$ Wbm| g{ AN>{ W{) Hw$N> Wbm| _| N>{X hm{Zm gm^m`de ANm hAm
`m|oH$ Bgg{ odmoW`m| H$m{ `h g_PZ{ _| _XX o_br oH$ hdm N>{Xm| H{$ mam ]mha oZH$b ahr Wr & AVV:
Chm|Z{ "\ >>' AmdmO oZH$mbZ{ _| AmZX AZw^d oH$`m$&
_Z{ CgH{$ ]mX EH$ ZmQ>H$s` pWoV [Xm H$ar & Xm{ EH$ g_mZ [Vb{ bmpQ>H$ H{$ Wb{ obE Ama EH$ _|
Mmdb âm VWm Xyga{ _| hdm \y$H$H$a â Xr VWm Xm{Zm| H{$ _wh H$gH$a ]mY oXE & hmbmoH$ EH$ Xyga{ H$s A[{jm
]hV hH$m Wm, Am[ Xm{Zm| H$m{ X]mH$a CgH{$ AXa Hw$N> h `{ AZw^d H$a gH$V{$ W{ & ]X Wb{ H$m{ X]mZ{ H{$ ]mX
odmoW`m| H$m{ oddmg hAm oH$ Cg Wb{ H{$ AXa Hw$N> h &
`hm [a "hdm g^r OJh _mOyX h' odf` [a EH$ oM[yU MMm$ hB (H$jm _| MMm$1 Ama 2 X{I|,[>
114 - 115)
86
odmoW`m| H$s
dH$o[H$
gH$[ZmE
J. VrZ oJbmg bm{$& Cg_| g{ EH$ H$m{ grYm aIm{$& Xyga{ H$m{ obQ>mH$a aIm{$& Vrga{ oJbmg H$m{ CbQ>H$a [H$S>m{$&
gm{Mm{, BZ VrZm| oJbmgm| H{$ ^rVa H$s hdm H$m `m hm{Vm h$& AZw_mZ bJmAm{$&
`m VrZm| oJbmgm| _| hdm h? `m oJbmgm| H{$ ^rVa H$s hdm dhm h_{em ahVr h? `m `h oJbmg g{ ]mha
^r AmVr h? `m hdm ]mha g{ ^rVa OmVr h?
"hdm g^r OJh _mOyX h' [a MMm H{$ ]mX, AoYH$Va odmoW`m| Z{ _mZm oH$ hdm ZrM{ H$s Am{a CbQ>H$a aI{
J`{ oJbmg _| ^r _mOyX h& b{oH$Z ]hVm| Z{ gm{Mm oH$ grY{ aI{ oJbmg _| hdm AXa ah{Jr O]oH$ CQ>{ aI{
oJbmg g{ hdm ]mha oZH$b OmEJr$&
AV _|, AoYH$Va odmoW`m| Z{ AZw_mZ (ghr) oH$`m oH$ g^r oJbmgm| _| hdm h_{em AXa Ama
]mha AmVr OmVr ahVr h `m|oH$ `h Ky_Z{ H{$ obE dV h &
`h JoV odgaU H$hbmVr h & hdm H{$ AUw,Om{ oH$ h_ma{ Amg[mg 1800 oH$_r/KQ>m ([>
94 X{I|) g{ AoZò_V oXemAm| _| Ky_V{ ahV{ h, oH$gr ^r Vah g{ aI{ J`{ Iwb{ oJbmg H{$
]mha AVV: Mb{ OmV{ h & `h "hdm' Zht h: oH$gr ode{f oXem _| ]hmd Zht hm{Vm h$&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
Wbr H$m _wh O] Iwbm hm{ Vm{ Cg{ o[MH$mZm AmgmZ hm{Vm h b{oH$Z O] CgH$m _wh ]X hm{ Vm{
E{gm H$aZm H$oR>Z h$& `m|?
odmoW`m|
H{$ oZarjU
]X _wh H{$ Wbm| _|, hdm (`m Mmdb) AXa ah (`m \$g) OmVr h & AJa Mmdb H{$ Wb{ H$m _wh Im{bm J`m
Vm{ Bg{ X]m`m Om gH$Vm Wm, oOgg{$Hw$N> Mmdb ]mha oZH$bH$a \ b OmV{ & odmWu hdm H{$ gmW ^r Hw$N>
E{gr KQ>ZmAm| H{$ ]ma{ _| gm{M gH$V{ W{ &
\$QQ> H$s AmdmO `m| hB? `m Wbr \$Q> J`r? `m| `m `m| Zht? Bg Vah H$s AMmZH$ AmdmO [Xm H$aZ{
H{$ Hw$N> Xyga{ VarH{$ ]VmAm{$&
oH$`mH$bm[ 6 (hdm AmdmO H$aVr h) H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX h_ bm{Jm| Z{ "\$>'AmdmO [a MMm$H$s & odmoW`m| Z{
"AMmZH$' H$s `m`m "V{Or g{', "AmdmO gohV' VWm "AmemAm| H{$ od[arV' H{$ $[ _| H$s & H$mJO H{$ Wb{
87
H{$ \$Q>Z{ Ogr AmdmO _|, Om{ ]hV H$_ g_` VH$ hm{Vr h, hdm AMmZH$ oZH$bVr h & `{ AmdmO| "AmKmV
VaJm|' H$m$[naUm_ hm{Vr h & odmoW`m| H{$ CXmhaU: Jw]mam, Q>mà, o]Obr H$m ]], [Q>mI{, Ka H{$ J_
[mZr H{$ JrOa AmoX H$m \$Q>Zm, oJbmg H$m Qy>Q>Zm, _maZ{ Ama Q>$a hm{Z{ H$s V{O AmdmO, oJaZ{ Ama Vmob`m
]OmZ{ H$s V{O AmdmO &
_Z{ [yN>m, ""odmoW`m| ! oH$g Vah Vmbr ]Om`r Om`{
oH$ V{O AmdmO oZH$b{ ?'' odmoW`m| Z{ [m`m oH$ hW{ob`m|
g{ Vmob`m ]OmZ{ [a V{O AmdmO oZH$bVr h VWm D$Job`m|
g{ ]OmZ{ [a H$_ & AJa Am[ Xm{Zm| hW{ob`m| g{ Jm{bmH$ma
H$[Zw_m AmH$ma ]ZmV{ h Vm{ BgH{$ AXa `mXm hdm ahVr
h oOgg{ V{O AmdmO nZH$bVr h & _Z{ ^r H$aH{$ oXIm`m
oH$ O] hdm AMmZH$ oZH$bVr h Vm{ V{O AmdmO hm{Vr h,
b{oH$Z AJa `h Yra{-g{ oZH$bVr h (Ogm oH$ Jw]ma{ H{$
qIM{ hE _wh g{) Vm{ grQ>r Ogr AmdmO oZH$bVr h &
Wbm `m| \$Q> OmVm h, Bg [a odmoW`m| Z{ odo^ VarH$m| g{ [> oH$`m oH$ hdm H$m{ ]mha oZH$bZ{
H$s OJh MmohE Wr & _Z{ [yN>m, hdm oH$gr ode{f WmZ g{ hr ]mha `m| oZH$bVr h, ]mH$s Xygar OJhm| g{
`m| Zht oZH$bVr? V] Chm|Z{ \$Q>{ hE Wbm| H$m AN>{ g{ oZarjU oH$`m & Hw$N> Z{ X{Im oH$ g^r Wb{ _wS>{ hE
OJh g{ \$Q>{ W{ `m [Vb{ Ed H$_Om{a ^mJm| g{ \$Q>{ W{ & hdm Z{ ]mha oZH$bZ{ H{$ obE g]g{ AmgmZ amVm Im{Om
Wm & AMmZH$ odmoW`m| Z{ X{Im oH$ _wS>m hAm ^mJ Hw$N> a{em| H$m{ Vm{S>Vm h oOgg{ H$mJO ]Z{ hm{V{ h &
_mZ bm{ oH$ VrZm| oJbmgm| _| hdm H$s OJh [mZr âm h$& oH$g oJbmg g{ [mZr ]mha Am`{Jm? `m [mZr
Ama hdm H{$ ]hZ{ H{$ VarH$m| _| H$m{B \$H$ h?
[mZr H{$db oJbmg 2 Ama 3 g{ ]mha ]h{Jm & oJbmg 1 H{$ AXa H$m [mZr, dm[rH$aU (Jg _| ]XbZm) H$m{
N>m{S>H$a ]mha Zht Am gH$Vm & _Z{ oJbmgm| _| hdm Ama [mZr H$m{ XemV{ hE Hw$N> oM, `m_[Q> [a ItM{ &
88
`m_[Q>> H$m`
hdm â{ oJbmg
[mZr â{ oJbmg
[mZr `m hdm H{$ AUwAm| H$m{ o]XwAm| mam `$ oH$`m J`m h & g^r AUw oZ`V $[ g{ Ky_ ah{ h & hdm H{$ AUw pJbmgm|
H{$ ^rVa Ama ]mha Ky_ ah{ h, V] ^r O] hdm H{$ ]hmd H$m{ _hgyg Zht H$aV{ h & [mZr H{$ AUw [mZr H{$ AXa JoV
H$a ah{ h ,[mZr g{ hdm _| VWm hdm g{ [mZr _| Ky_ ah{ h &
2. hdm H$m{ Vw_ oZMm{S> gH$V{ hm{ (1 H$mbme;TB p. 25,WB p. 50)

gmBoH$b H$m [[, o[MH$mar `m EH$ ognaO bm{$& BgH$m
_wh H$gH$a ]X H$am{ Ama o[Q>Z H$m{ Om{a g{ X]mAm{$&
o\$a o[Q>Z H$m{ N>m{S>m{$& Om{ hAm CgH$m H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$
[> 50 [a dUZ H$am{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
m`m{oJH$
gH{$V
oH$`mH$bm[m| H$m{ H$aZ{ g{ [hb{ _Z{ odmoW`m| H$m{ AZw_mZ bJmZ{ H$m{ H$hm oH$ `m hm{Jm (AWmV , `m o[Q>Z
JoV H$a{Jm?)& H$ar] EH$-oVhmB Z{ H$hm oH$ o[Q>Z [yam AXa OmEJm, Xyga{ oVhmB ^mJ Z{ H$hm oH$ o[Q>Z
H$m Hw$N> ^mJ AXa OmEJm; e{f Z{ H$hm oH$ o[Q>Z o]Hw$b Zht Ky_{Jm & O] _Z{ ]mX _| EH$ a]a `m [O H$m{
X]mH$a VwbZm H$s VWm H$_a{ _| Ky_V{ ]m| H$m{ VWm ]mX _| EH$ N>m{Qr OJh _| IS>{ hE ]m| g{ BgH$s VwbZm
H$s Vm{ d{ BZ oZH$fm} g{ AmM`MoH$V W{ &
`h _hd[yU h oH$ [[ _| N>{X Z hm{ VWm BgH$m _wh ]hV H$gH$a ]X oH$`m J`m hm{$& MyoH$ `mXmVa odmWu
Bg{ H$gH$a [H$S>Z{ _| Aj_ W{, BgobE O] _Z{ Ch| XeZ H$aH{$ oXIm`m Vm{ `h oH$`mH$bm[ g\$b hAm$&
89
o[Q>Z H$m{ Hw$N> g|Q>r_rQ>a AXa H$aZ{ H{$ obE _wP{ ]hV Om{a g{ Bg{ X]mZm [S>m & (MyoH$ o[Q>Z H$s JoV ]hV
H$_ Wr, _wP{ ]ma-]ma odmoW`m| H$m `mZ Bg Va\$ ItMZm [S>Vm Wm)& Ny>Q>Z{ H{$ ]mX o[Q>Z A[Zr [wamZr
pWoV _| dm[g Am J`m & E{gm Zht hm{Jm AJa Wm{S>r ^r hdm ]mha OmZ{ Xr OmE & EH$ odmWu Z{ ]hV AN>{
VarH{$ g{ Bg ]mV H$m{ H$hm, ""o[Q>Z AXa OmVm h `m|oH$ [yar hdm AXa EH$oV hm{ OmVr h &'' H$jm _|
MMm 3 `hm H$s J`r &
h_Z{ Jw]ma{ H{$ AXa H$s hdm H$m{ ^r X]mZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$s b{oH$Z E{gm AN>{ g{ ZhthAm: hdm EH$ Va\$
g{ Xygar Va\$ Ky_V{ hE VrV hm{Vr Wr & òX Jw]mam AmoeH$ $[ g{ âm hm{Vm Wm Vm{ `h \$bH$a hdm H{$ obE
OJh ]Zm X{Vm Wm; AJa `h [yam âm hm{Vm Wm V] \y$Q> OmVm Wm & o[MH$mar `m [[ H$s Xrdma H$s VwbZm _|
Jw]ma{ H$m [XmW BVZm _O]yV Zht Wm oH$ òX X]md ]T>mH$a hdm H$m{ gHw$oMV oH$`m OmE Vm{ Z \y$Q>{ &
gm{Mm{, Oam gm{Mm{!
h_ Jw]ma{, \w$Q>]mb Ama gmBoH$b H{$ Q>mà _| hdm âV{ h$& `m hm{Jm AJa h_ BZ_| Xygar
MrO| â|? gm{Mm{, òX h_ BZ_| [mZr, ]mby `m VwS>{-_wS>{ H$mJO â| Vm{ `m hm{Jm?
òX Jw]ma{,\w$Q>]mb, Q>mà `m \y$bmZ{dmb{ oIbmZm| _| [mZr `m H$m{B Xygam [XmW âm Om`{ , Vm{
d{ ]hV ^mar hm{ OmEJ{, VWm MbmZ{, \|$H$Z{ AmoX _| ]hV oX$V hm{Jr & ]mby g{ â{ \w$Q>]mb
H$m{ _maZ{ g{ Am[H{$ [am| H$s CJob`m Km`b hm{ gH$Vr h & Bg Vah H{$ AZw^dm| H{$ ]ma{ _| A]
MMm H$aZ{ g{ odmoW`m| _| X`_mZ VWm oH$`m/oVoH$`m H$s gH$[Zm odH$ogV H$aZ{ _| _XX
o_b{Jr &
hdm hH$s hm{Vr h VWm `mW ^r & "`mW' H$m AW h oH$ O] Bg{ X]mH$a N>m{S>m OmVm h
Vm{ `h A[Z{ _yb$[ _| dm[g Am OmVr h & EH$ \w$Q>]mb CN>bVm h `m|oH$ Bg_| hdm âr h
Om{ `mW hm{Vr h & AJa Bg_| [mZr, ]mby `m H$mJO âm Om`{ Vm{ `h Zht CN>b{Jm & Q>rb
^mar hm{Vm h, [aVw `mW hm{Vm h & Q>rb H{$ ]Z{ J|X H$m{ \|$H$Zm H$oR>Z hm{Jm b{oH$Z `h ]hV
AN>{ g{ CN>b{Jm &
90
AoVna$
oH$`mH$bm[
O] odmWu R>rH$ g{ g_P OmV{ h oH$ hdm EH$ [XmW h V] Hw$N> AoYH$ gmdYmZr[ydH$ [`m{J VWm MMm$H$s
Om gH$Vr h & CXmhaU H{$ obE, Am[ `h XemZ{ H{$ obE `m{J H$a gH$V{ h oH$:
A) EH$ CQ>{ aI{ "Imbr' oJbmg H{$ ^rVa Hw$N> h &
]) Bg{ X]m`m Om`{ Vm{ `h H$_ OJh K{a gH$Vm h &
g) AJa amVm o_b{, `h ]mha oZH$b gH$Vm h; Am[ `{ _hgyg H$a gH$V{ h oH$ `h hdm h Om{ ]mha oZH$b
bmpQ>H$ ]m{Vb H{$ N>{X g{ ]mha oZH$bVr hB hdm
ahr h&
_wS>{ hE H$mJO H{$ gmW
[mZr _| CQ>m aIm oJbmg
`m{J Ama
`m`m
EH$ CQ>{ oJbmg H$m{ [mZr g{ âr ]mQ>r _| o]Zm oVaN>m oH$E hE X]mZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$am{ & `h H$aZm H$oR>Z h&
A] EH$ $_mb `m H$mJO H$m _wS>m hAm Qw>H$S>m oJbmg H{$ AXa (ZrM{) S>mbm{ Ama [mZr _| JhamB VH$ X]mZ{
H$s H$m{oee H$am{ & Vw_ [mV{ hm{ oH$ H$[S>m `m H$mJO gyIm ahVm h & oJbmg _| [mZr âZ{ g{ H$m{B MrO am{H$
ahr h & b{oH$Z oJbmg H{$ D$[ar oH$Zma{ g{ Hw$N> g|Q>r_rQ>a AXa VH$ Vw_ Bg{ ^rJm hAm X{I gH$V{ hm{ & em`X
[mZr EH$ oZpMV o]Xw VH$ AXa Kwgm h-AXa H$s "MrO' X]H$a Wm{Sr gr OJh _| og_Q> J`r bJVr h &
`h ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h oH$ oJbmg H{$ AXa H$s dVw H$s H$wN> _mm [mZr _| Kwb JB h$& Bg Vah H$s
dH$p[H$ `m`mE ^r g^d h & odkmZ H$m AmZX h Im{OZm `m [Vm H$aZm & `m{J VWm VH$ mam H$mZ-gr
`m`m `mXm H$ar] h Ama o\$a JbV gmo]V hm{Z{ H{$ obE V`ma ahZm &
91
m`m{oJH$
gH{$V
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
odo^ AmH$ma H{$ ]VZ AmO_m`{ Om gH$V{ h & EH$ PwH${ hE MmS>{ _wh H{ $oJbmg _{ [mZr AmgmZr g{ Kwg OmVm
h$& [Vb{ _wh H{$ ]VZm| _|, O] [mZr KwgVm h Vm{ Am[H$m{ ]wb]wb{ oXImB X{V{ h$& AJa Am[ [Vb{ bmpQ>H$
`m W_m{H$m{b H$[ H$m `m{J H$aV{ h (Om{ a{bd{ Q>{eZm| [a Mm` X{Z{ H{$ obE C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h), V] Am[
EH$ o[Z mam [|Xr _| Nm{Q>m gm N>{X H$a gH$V{ h$& [mZr AmgmZr g{ H$[ _| KwgVm h VWm Bg{ n^Jm{ X{Vm h& òX
EH$ bmpQ>H$ ]m{Vb Og{ ]S>{ ]VZ _| EH$ N>m{Q>m N>{X hm{ Vm{ Am[ hdm H$m{ ]mha oZH$bV{ hE gwZ d _hgyg H$a
gH$V{ h - `h \w$\$H$maZ{ Ogr AmdmO oZH$mbVm h$&
3. hdm MbVr h Ama MrOm| H$m{ YH$bVr h (]mhar oH$`mH$bm[m| H{$ ob`{ Xm{ha{ H$mbme-[rQ>r H$mbme
H{$ gmW g`w$ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h-oOgH{$ ]mX MMm H{$ ob`{ 2 H$mbme hm|J{ &)
H$. MbVr hB hdm H$m{ [dZ H$hV{ h$& Hw$N> MrOm| H$s gyMr ]ZmAm{ oOZH$m{ Vw_Z{ [dZ H{$ gmW MbV{ X{Im
h$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 50)
odmoW`m| Z{ EH$ agr [a Q>J{ hE H$[S>m|, [om`m|, hdm _| bJ{ PS>{, [VJ Ama [mb bJr Zmd H{$ CXmhaU
oXE$& BZ_| g{ ]hV gma{ CXmhaUm| [a h_ [mR> 1 _| MMm H$a MwH{$ W{ $&
[mR>`-[wpVH$m _| ]Zm oM AmYwoZH$ [dZM$s H$m h Om{ oH$ o]Obr C[mXZ _| C[`m{J H$s OmVr h&
[dZ eo$ H{$ C[`m{J g{ dmVmdaU _| H$m{B AdH$_U Zht hm{Vm h Ogm oH$ Vm[ VWm ]S>{ [_mZ{ H$s Ob
odwV eo$ g{ hm{Vm h$& D$Om H{$ m{V H{$ $[ _| hdm H$m `m{J ^maV _| VwbZm_H$ $[ g{ Z`m
odH$mg h$& A^r VH$ ^maV _| bJ^J H{$db 1000 _{JmdmQ> [dZ
D$Om H$m C[mXZ hAm h O]oH$ BgH$s AZw_moZV j_Vm 20,000
_{JmdmQ> h$&
^maV _| H$^r-H$^r AJ{Or _m`_ H{$ odmb`m| H{$ odmWu, `yam{o[`Z
_yb H$s ]mbH$WmAm| H${ OnaE, "[dZM$s' VWm H$b-H$maImZm| H{$
"_mobH$m|' H{$ ]ma{ _| OmZV{ h$& `yam{[, ode{fV: Jrg, ]{pO`_
VWm hmbS> _| H$B goX`m| VH$ [dZM$s H$m `m{J oH$`m OmVm ahm$&
CZH{$ H$[S>m| H{$ [mb H{$ gmW ]S>{ [ohE hm{V{ W{ Om{ Xm{ _nOb{ B_maVm|
oOVZ{ D$M{ hm{V{ W{ & dm`w VWm [mZr Mo$`m| H{$ Y>wa{ odo^ `m| g{
92
OwS>{ hm{V{ W{- J{h VWm _{$ H$m{ [rgZ{ H{$ obE AmQ>mM$s, Hw$E g{ [mZr oZH$mbZ{dmb{ [[, bm{h{
H$m{ VamgZ{(JT>Z{) H$s (YmH$Zr)^QR> r, bH$S>r H$mQ>Z{ H{$ obE Amam Ama ]mX _| Kw_mZ{, H$mQ>Z{
VWm H$VaH$a oZH$mbZ{ H{$ obE ^r &
[a[amJV$[ g{ ^maV _| [ZM$r (]hV{ [mZr g{ Ky_Z{ dmbr), [dZM$s g{ `mXm gm_m`
Wr & ^maV _| Mo$`m| H{$ gm_m` C[`m{J _| Zht AmZ{ H$m EH$ g^modV H$maU `h hm{ gH$Vm h
oH$ Ymo_H$ ewVm H{$ odMma H{$ H$maU bm{J Ka _| hr AZmOm| H$m{ [rgV{ W{ &
oH$`mH$bm[ 3(]) VWm 4(X) [rQ>r oejH$ H{$ gh`m{J g{ oH$E J`{ W{ & 3(]) nab{ XmS> H{$ $[ _| oH$`m J`m &
nab{ XmS> H{$ oZ`_m| H$m oddaU odmoW`m| H{$ [rQ>r H$jm H{$ obE ]mha OmZ{ g{ [hb{ hr X{ oX`m J`m Wm &
I. EH$ ]S>{ Iwb{ AI]ma `m XVr H$m{ [H$S>m{$& A] XmS>m{$& òX hdm Mb ahr hm{ Vm{ hdm H$s oXem _| XmS>m{$&
o\$a hdm H$s oXem H{$ oIbm\$ XmS>m{$& \$H$ _hgyg H$am{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
AI]ma nab{ XmS>: nab{ XmS> H{$ ob`{ Xm{ Q>r_| "A' VWm "]' ]ZmB JB & XmS> H{$ [hb{ ^mJ _| g^r Q>r_m| H$m{ Xm{
g_yhm| _| ]mQ>m J`m, Og{ (A1, A3, A5) VWm (A2, A4, A6)$& g_yh 1 H{$ `{H$ Q>r_m| (A1 VWm B1) H{$
[hb{ Y>mdH$ EH$ S>S>m `m N>S>r H{$ gmW XmS>V{ h VWm Bg{ Q>r_ H{$ g_yh 2 (A2 `m B2) H{$ [hb{ Y>mdH$ H$m{ X{
X{V{ h & `h Y>mdH$ dm[g XmS>Vm h VWm N>S>r H$m{ Jw[ 1 _| Xyga{ YmdH$ (A3 `m B3) H$m{ X{ X{Vm h Ama `h H$_
MbVm ahVm h & oM _| Bg H$_ H$m{ oXIm`m J`m h &
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
B1
B3
B5
B2
B4
B6
93
odmoW`m{|
H${ oZarjU
`hm S>S>{ `m N>S>r H$s ]Om` h_Z{ AI]ma H{$ Xm{ [m| H$m{ Jm{bH$a `m AmY{ g{ _m{S>H$a ]Zm`r J`r N>S>r H$m
C[`m{J oH$`m h (EH$ [{ g{ ]Zr N>S>r AmgmZr g{ \$Q> gH$Vr h) & EH$ A`mg XmS> Am`m{oOV H$s J`r VmoH$
odmWu [{[a H$m{ [H$S>Zm grI b|, Om{ [hb{ XmS>m, Cg{ oH$g{ [{[a H$m{ [H$S>mZm h VWm Bg XmS> H$m AV H$g{
hm{Jm, `h OmZ b| & oH$`mH$bm[ H$jm _| _Zm{aOZ VWm Q>r_ H$s {aUm H$m{ ]T>mVm h &
""`h EH$ emV oXZ Wm''; ""Iwb{ AI]ma H{$ gmW XmS>Zm H$oR>Z Wm''; ""AI]ma h_| [rN>{ YH{$b ahm Wm'';
""`h [mZr H{$ OhmO H{$ [mb Ogm Wm''; ""_wSr hB bmBZ [a AI]ma \$Q> J`m''
Iwb{ AI]ma H{$ gmW XmS>Z{ H$s VwbZm Iwb{ N>mV{ H{$ gmW XmS>Z{ g{ H$s JB & AJa hdm ghr oXem _| ]h ahr
hm{Vr Vm{ XmS>Z{ _| _XX o_bVr &
EH$ odmWu AmM`MoH$V Wm oH$ `m [mb dmbr Zmd `m [mZr H{$ OhmO h_{em hdm H$s oXem _| MbZ{ H$m{
_O]ya oH$`{ OmV{ h & (odmoW`m| H{$ Z X{I|)
J. EH$ [dZ-MIu ]ZmAm{$& N>h g{Q>r_rQ>a Zm[ H$m H$mJO H$m EH$ dJmH$ma Qw>H$S>m bm{$& Cg{ ZrM{ oXIm`{
J`{ VarH{$ g{ _m{S>m{$& Bg{ EH$ [|ogb H$s Zm{H$ [a [H$S>m{ Ama EH$ Va\$ Yra{ g{ \y$H$m{$& ]VmAm{,`m hm{Vm h &
1
2
3
4
oVaN>{ AmY{ [a g{ _m{S>m{$& oeH$Z Xm{
Im{bm{, [>
H$m{ CbQ>m{
joVO AmY{
[a g{ _m{S>m{
Im{bm{ Ama Xygar Am{a g{ oVaN>{ _m{S>m{
Im{bm{
IS>{ _m{S>m{
MIu ]ZmAm{
EH$ gab oH$`mH$bm[ oOgH$s VwbZm [mR> 5 _{ [mZr H{$ [ohE g{ H$s Om gH$Vr h &
94
oH$`mH$bm[ 1 Ama 2 _| hdm "pWa' h, AWmV, hdm o]Hw$b ^r Zht ]h ahr h & V] ^r,
O]oH$ h_ hdm H$m{ pWa _hgyg H$aV{ h, dmVd _| BgH${ AUw odo^ oXemAm| _| ]hV V{Or
g{ ^_U H$a ah{ hm{V{ h & H$_a{ H{$ Vm[ [a hdm H{$ AUwAm| H$s Mmb H$ar] 1800 oH$_r/KQ>m
hm{Vr h & J_ hdm _| AUw Ama AoYH$ V{Or g{ ^_U H$aV{ h & Ky_Z{ H{$ H$_ _|, d{ A[Z{ _mJ
_| AmZ{dmbr dVwAm| g{ Q>H$amV{ h; d{ ]VZ H$s Xrdmam| g{ Q>H$amV{ h & (CXmhaU H{$ obE, H$mJO
`m bmpQ>H$ H{$ Wb{ `m Jw]ma{ H{$ a]a H$s Xrdmam| g{) & [naUm_d$[ Wbm âm hAm _hgyg
hm{Vm h VWm Jw]mam \y$bm hAm ahVm h & h_ Bg{ "hdm H$m X]md' H$aV{ h &
O] h_ Jw]ma{ H$m{ X]mV{ h, Vm{ hdm H{$ AUw EH$ Xyga{ H{$ ZOXrH$ AmV{ h & A] oH$gr oXE
JE j{\$b _|, `mXm AUw CN>b ah{ h & CZH$m$ Y$m `m "X]md' `mXm hm{Vm h & Am[ X{I
gH$V{ h oH$ Bgg{ Jw]ma{ _| qIMmd [Xm hm{Vm h & H$mJO `m [m{brWrZ Bg Vah qIMZ{ _|
gj_ Zht hm{V{ h, AV: d{ \$Q> OmV{ h &
AoVna$ oH$`mH$bm[
odmWr Bg gH$[Zm H$m{ oZZoboIV VarH{$ g{ H$m`$[ X{ gH$V{ h & EH$ b]r agr H$m{ ]S>{ dm H{$ $[
_|, _XmZ _| o]N>m`| VWm _mZ| oH$ `h Jw]mam h & Hw$N> odmWr dV H{$ AXa XmS>{ VWm `h g_P| oH$ d{ hdm
H{$ AUw h$& dm g{ ]mha IS>{ odmWr agr H$m{ X]m gH$V{ h, _mZV{ hE oH$ d{ Jw]ma{ H$m{ X]m ah{ h &
AXadmbm| H$m{ `h oXImZm h oH$ `m hm{Vm h & A] d{ AbJ, em`X N>m{Q>r OJh _| Ky_Z{ H$m{ ]m` oH$E OmV{
h & d{ `{ ^r H$aH{$ oXIm gH$V{ h oH$ `m hm{Vm h O] Jw]mam \$Q> OmVm h &
oH$`mH$bm[ 3 _| AbJ-AbJ AUw AoZò_V oXemAm| _| A^r ^r Ky_ ah{ h & [aVw A] [ya{
hdm H$m `_mZ ^r [yar Vah Ky_ ahm h$& `h gm[{j $[ g{ ]hV Yr_r JoV h, `m "(A[dmh)
oS>Q>' h oOg_{ g^r AUw EH$ gmW ode{f oXem _| Ky_ ah{ h & `h oS>Q>(A[dmh) [dZ
H$hbmVm h (oM X{I|) &
95
o]Zm [dZ H{$
[dZ
]m`| oM _| hdm H{$ Mmam| AUwAm| H$s JoV o_bH$a ey` hm{ OmVr h BgobE hdm "pWa' h & [aVw XmohZ{
oM _| hdm H{$ Mmam| AUwAm| H$s JoV o_bH$a `h XemVr h nH$ hdm ]m`| g{ XmohZr Am{a Ky_ ahr h &
3 I _| Vwhma{ hdm H{$ od[arV oXem _| Ky_Z{ H{$ H$maU hdm ]hVr h &
`m Vw_ pWa hm{ Ama hdm Vwhmar Am{a

Mb ahr h, `m o\$a hdm pWa h Ama Vw_ Mb ah{ hm{, ^md EH$ hr hm{Vm h; Vw_ hdm _hgyg H$aV{ hm{ &
hdm H{$ gmW Hw$N> Xyga{ oH$`mH$bm[ ZrM{ XoeV oH$E JE h:
H$[S>{ H$r EH$ hdmB N>Var>
hdm ^ma CR>m gH$Vr h &

(Jw]ma{ _| gtH$ H{$ OnaE hdm âm{ & )
96
4. hdm Hw$N> AmH$oV`m| H$m{ AmgmZr g{ CS>m b{ OmVr h (4 H$mbme + JhH$m`;TB p. 27)
ZrM{ oJamZ{ [a g^r MrO| grY{ ZrM{ Zht oJaVr h, `m|{ ? Jw$dmH$fU h_{em MrOm| H$m{ ZrM{ ItMVm
h & AJa hdm Zht hm{Vr, o]Zm ghma{ H{$ dVwE grY{ ZrM{ oJaVr & AJa Vw_ Bg{ AmJ{ \|$H$V{, `h AmJ{
H$s Am{a ]T>Vr, gmW-gmW oJaVr ^r OmVr (AWmV `h [adb`mH$ma [W [a ZrM{ H$s Am{a MbVr)& $
[aVw EH$ dVw Om{ oH$gr Vab H{$ AXa Ky_ ahr h (CXmhaU H{$ obE, hdm H{$ AXa), EH$ oVam{YH$
]b H$m gm_Zm H$aVr h & Bg oVam{Y H{$ H$maU, ]hV hH$s dVwE (Og{ ]mXbm| _| [mZr `m ]\$ H$s
]yX|, `m [mR>`[wpVH$m H{$ [> 40-41 _| Xem`r JB ]hV N>m{Q>r dVwE) ]hV Yra{-Yra{ ZrM{ oJaVr h&
BVZm Yra{ oH$ d{ hdm _| bQ>H$s hB-gr [VrV hm{Vr h VWm hdm H{$ mam CS>mH$a b{ Om`r OmVr h &
MrO| oOg{ hdm CS>m b{ OmVr h, hdm H$s Mmb g{ Ky_Vr ahVr h & [aVw m`: d{ hdm H{$ Ama[ma Ky_Vr h, AWmV hdm g{ Yra{ `m V{O & Bg hmbV _| `{ Xygam ]b AZw^d H$aVr h oOg{ "CWm[Z
]b' H$hV{ h & [jr ,H$sS>{-_H$m{S>{ VWm Xyga{ OmZda A[Zr eo$ g{ hdm _| Ky_V{ h; H$ma Ama
hdmBOhmO BOZ H$s eo$ H{$ mam Ky_V{ h; J|X Ama oIbmZm hdmBOhmO bm{Jm| mam \|$H{$ OmV{
h;$O]oH$ [om`m Ama ]rO hdm mam b{ Om`{ OmV{ h & `{ g^r MrO|, D$[a `m ZrM{, CS>Vr h O] hdm
CZH$s Va\$ ]hVr h& hdm H{$ C`Z ]b H$m{ X{IZ{ H{$ obE, H$mJO H$r EH$ [>r bm{, [Vb{ oga{ H$m{
A[Z{ _wh H{$ H$ar] aIm| VWm CgH$s D$[ar gVh [a \y$H$m{$& H$mJO H$s [>r D$[a H$s Am{a CS>{Jr &
hdm mam CR>m`{ OmZ{ H{$ ]mdOyX, hdm H{$ Ama-[ma CS>Vr hB BZ MrOm| H$s JoV hdm H{$ oVam{Y
mam Yr_r ^r hm{ OmVr h & Yr_m H$aZ{ dmbm ]b "H$fU' H$hbmVm h & "H$fU' JoVerb dVw H$r
JoV H$m{ Yr_m H$aVm h, O]oH$ "CWm[Z ]b' Bg{ D$[a `m ZrM{ Kw_mVm h & CWm[Z Ama H$fU ]b
Xm{Zm| JoVerb dVwAm| H{$ AmH$ma VWm pWoV [a oZâ H$aV{ h & d{ AmH$ma Om{ `mXm CWm[Z VWm
H$_ H$fU AZw^d H$aV{ h d{ hdm H{$ mam AmgmZr g{ CS>m`{ Om gH$V{ h & d{ "Ymama{Ir`' AmH$ma
H$hbmV{ h &
H$. AbJ-AbJ AmH$ma H{$ ]rO BH$Q>R>m H$am{$& ha EH$ ]rO H$m{ `mZ g{ X{Im{$& `m Vwh| bJVm h oH$ `h
hdm H{$ gmW EH$ OJh g{ Xygar OJh Om gH$Vm h?
97
odmoW`m| H{$
oZarjU
]rOm| H$m{ A[Zr hW{br [a aIm{ Ama Ch| \y$H$H$a CS>mZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$am{$&
d{ ]rO Om{ AmgmZr g{ CS> OmV{ h Ama d{ Om{ AmgmZr g{ Zht CS>V{, CZ_| `m AVa h? (H$m`-[wpVH$m
[> 51-52)
odmoW`m| H$m{ Hw$N> am{EXma ]rOm| H$s OmZH$mar Wr, oOZg{ d{ I{b MwH{$ W{, CXhaU H{$ obE, J|X{ H{$ Og{ ]rO,
$B `m a{e_r $B & Chm|Z{ BZ ]rOm| H$m{ CS>V{ X{Im Wm & d{ BZ ]rOm| H$m{ H$jm _| b{H$a AmE Ama X{Im oH$ BZH{$
Mmam| Am{a$[I, ]mb `m $B hm{Vr h & $oMH$a Z 6 H$s MMm `hm H$s JB Wr & (Hw$N> CS>Z{dmb{ ]rOm| H{$
oMm| Ama Zm_m| H{$ obE [> 113 X{I| &)
odmoW`m| Z{ ]Vm`m oH$ Hw$N> ]rOm| Og{, Kmg Ama `hm VH$ oH$ YoZ`m VWm o_b{Q> Og{ ]mOam Ama amJr H{$
[mY{, _| ]mb `m [I Zht hm{V{ h b{oH$Z `{ BVZ{ hH{$ hm{V{ h oH$ hH$s hdm mam ^r CS>m`{ Om gH$V{ h & Kmg
]hV ]S>r g`m _| ]rO ]ZmVr h Ama `{ ]rO hH$s hdm _| AmgmZr g{ CS>V{ h & g^r OJh Kmg CJZ{ H$m
`h EH$ H$maU h & Kmg Og{ (Parthenium/congress grass) H{$ gmW ^r E{gm hr hm{Vm h& EH$ ]wo_mZ
odmWu Z{ oQ>[Ur H$s oH$ g^r ]rO CS >gH$V{ h - `hm VH$ oH$ Am_ H$m ]rO ^r Vy\$mZ _| CS> gH$Vm h &
I. EH$ ]rO bm{ Om{ hdm H{$ gmW AmgmZr g{ Z CS>Vm hm{$& hdm H{$ gmW CS>mZ{ H{$ obE Vw_ Bg ]rO [a `m
oM[H$mAm{J{$& A[Zr Hw$N> VaH$s]| AmO_mH$a X{Im{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
`h oH$`mH$bm[ JhH$m` H{$ $[ _| oX`m J`m Wm & odmoW`m| Z{ Hw$N> Xyga{ odMma oX`{ VWm MrO| Og{, $B H{$
Qw>H$S>{, (gm{IVm H$mJO)oQ>ey [{[a, D$Z AmoX ^r bmE & H$jm _| Ch{ g_yhm| _| od^moOV oH$`m J`m Wm & h_ma{
mam EH$oV oH$`{ J`{ ]rOm| H$m C[`m{J H$a _Z{ `{H$ g_yh H{$ obE Xm{ [H{$Q> V`ma oH$`{ : EH$ [H{$Q> oOg_|
CS>Z{dmb{ ]rO W{ VWm Xygam oOg_| gmYmaU N>m{Q{ ]rO Og{ YoZ`m VWm gagm{ H{$ ]rO W{ & ]rOm| H$m{ A[Zr
hW{br [a aIH$a \y$H$Z{{ [a odmoW`m| Z{ [m`m oH$ d{ oH$VZr AmgmZr g{ hdm _| CS> gH$V{ W{ & V] Chm|Z{
CS>Zdmb{ ]rOm| H$s A[Zr aMZm H$s:
D$Z
odmWu ]rO CS>mV{ h

[V J
H$mJO
YmJm
98
odmoW`m|
H{$ oZarjU
H$B$OrdmUw ,odfmUw ,]rOmUw VWm [amJ hdm _| oZ`V $[ g{ ]h ah{ h ([mR>`-[wpVH$m$ H{$
[> 40 -41 X{I|)& Hw$N> ]rO BVZ{ N>m{Q>{ hm{V{ h oH$ Bg Vah ]h gH$V{ h & Hw$N> ]rO hdm _|
AN>r Vah Ky_V{ h `m|oH$ CZH{$ AmH$ma `mXm CWm[Z `m H$_ H$fU XmZ H$aV{ h -CZH{$
$B Ama Jm{I Og{ am{EXma H{$e,gwaOZ{ H$s \$br Og{ [I hm{ gH$V{ h, `m Hw$N> S>R>b oOgg{
]mbm| Og{ [ameyQ> OwS>{ hm{V{ h, H{$ ghma{ bQ>H$V{ ahV{ h & ]rO hdm H{$ gmW gH$S>m| oH$bm{_rQ>a
VH$ ]h gH$V{ h &
]hV MS> hdm ]S>{ OmZdam| H$m{ ^r CS>m gH$Vr h & PPm Om{ 200 oH$_r/KQ>{ g{ MbVr h
H|$MwE, oN>[H$br, H$Nw>E VWm H$Jm$ Myhm| H$m{ ^r ]hm b{ OmVr h & ObdO (Water spoul)
[mZr g{ _N>br H$m{ CR>m gH$Vr h VWm `{ ^r hdm H{$ mam b]r Xyna`m| VH$ ]hm`{ Om gH$V{ h &
J. oH$gr CS>V{ [jr H{$ eara H$s eb H$m{ Jma g{ X{Im{$& O] [jr O_rZ [a CVaZ{ H{$ obE Yr_m hm{Vm h
Cg g_` CgH{$ [I oH$g Vah _wS>{ hm{V{ h?
O] H$m{B [jr O_rZ H$s Am{a Hw$N> [H$S>Z{ H{$ obE P[Q>Vm h `m V{Or g{ Jm{Vm bJmVm h Vm{ Vw_ X{I gH$V{
hm{ oH$ CgH{$ [I oH$g Vah CgH{$ eara H{$ [mg _wS>{ hm{V{ h$&
odmoW`m| Z{ `mX oH$`m oH$ Chm|Z{ CS>V{ hE, O_rZ [a CVaV{ hE VWm Jm{VmIm{ar H$aV{ hE [oj`m| H$m{ X{Im
Wm& Chm|Z{ am_ oMa`m(qH$Jo\$ea) VWm Km{_am (seagulls) H{$ Jm{VmIm{ar H$aV{ g_` H{$ AmH$ma H$m{ X{Im Wm&
Chm|Z{ H$aH{$ oXIm`m oH$ H$g{ [jr CS>V{ h, Jm{VmIm{ar H$aV{ h VWm O_rZ [a AmV{ h &
O] EH$ am_oMa`m _N>br [H$S>Z{ H{$ obE Jm{V>m bJmVr h, `m EH$ Mrb Myh{ H$m{ [H$S>Z{ H{$ obE
Jm{V>m bJmVr h,Cg{ ]hV V{Or g{ Ky_Zm [S>Vm h & CgH$m{ A[Zm oeH$ma [H$S>H$a o]Zm $H{$
hE dm[g CS>Zm [S>Vm h & eara H$m Ymama{Ir` AmH$ma,[rN>{ H$s Va\$ _wS>{ hE [Im| H{$ gmW,
erKVm g{ Ky_Z{ _| _XX H$aV{ h & [jr A[Z{ [Im| H$m{ \$S>\$S>mH$a CS>V{ h oOgH{$ mam hdm H{$
]hmd H{$ H$maU hm{Z{ dmb{ CWm[Z Ama H$fU H$m{ oZòV H$a gH|$ & [oj`m| H{$ [I _| bJ{ g^r
[a EH$ gmW A`V gwXa g_d`Z _| Ky_V{ Ama _wS>V{ h & b]{ VWm [Vb{ [Idmb{ [jr Og{
Km{_am A[Z{ [Im| H{$ Bg AmH$ma H{$ H$maU ]hV AoYH$ CWm[Z [mV{ h & d{ [Im| H$m{ `mXm
\$S>\$S>m`{ ]Ja gmdYmZr [ydH$ hdm _| gaH$ gH$V{ h & N>m{Q>{, MmS>{ [Idmb{ [oj`m|, Og{ H$mE,
99
H$m{ A[Z{ [Im| H$m{ V{Or g{ MbmZm [S>Vm h VWm hdm _| $H$Z{ H{$ obE ^r V{Or g{ CS>Zm [S>Vm h &
O] [jr O_rZ [a AmV{ h ,d{ A[Z{ [Im| H$m{ _m{S>V{ h oOgg{ hdm H$m{ AoYH$ MmS>r gVh o_b
gH{$ & `h oH$`mH$bm[ 3 I _| AI]ma H{$ braking effect H{$ g_mZ h &
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
K. Bg I{b H$m{ I{bm{$& Vw__| g{ ha EH$ g_mZ AmH$ma H$m H$mJO H$m Qw>H$S>m b{$& A[Z{ H$mJO H$m{ _m{S>m{, `m
_am{S>m{ `m oH$gr ^r eb _| b[{Q>m{$& `mZ ah{ oH$ H$mJO H$Q>Z{ `m \$Q>Z{ Z [m`{$& A] A[Z{ Xm{Vm| H{$ gmW EH$
H$Vma _| IS>{ hm{ OmAm{ Ama A[Zr H$mJO H$s ]Zr ebm| H$m{ \|$H$m{$& AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ Vwhmam H$mJO
oH$VZr Xya Om`{Jm$& H$B ]ma H$m{oee H$am{$& ha eb mam V` AoYH$V_ Xyar _mby_ H$am{$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m
[> 52)
`h oH$`mH$bm[ ]mha Iwb{ _| oH$`m J`m Wm & odmoW`m| Z{ odo^ H$ma H{$ AmH$ma ]ZmE b{oH$Z `mXmVa
bS>H$m| Z{ hdmBOhmO ]Zm`m & hmbmoH$ bS>oH$`m hdmBOhmO ]ZmZm Zht OmZVr Wt, CZH$s E{gr H$[Zm Wr
oH$ AmO_mZ{ H{$ ob`{ dh EH$ AN>m AmH$ma hm{Vm & H$wN> bS>oH$`m| Z{ Ka `m ]Qw>Am ]ZmZm ew$ oH$`m Ama o\$a
_m{S>H$a hdmB OhmO H$s Vah H$m AmH$ma ]Zm`m & oH$`mH$bm[ H{$ AV _| AoYH$me bS>oH$`m| Z{ H$mJO H{$
hdmBOhmO ]ZmZm grI ob`m &
_Z{ O_rZ [a EH$ a{Im ItMr, odmoW`m| H{$ IS>{ hm{Z{ VWm A[Z{ AmH$mam|{ H$m{ \|$H$Z{ H{$ obE, VWm Cg
a{Im g{ 2 _rQ>a, 4 _rQ>a, 6 _rQ>a , 8 _rQ>a,10 _rQ>a [a Xygar a{ImE ItMr & h_ \$e dmbr (tiled) gVh
[a ^r gwodYmOZH$ a{Im H$m `m{J H$a gH$V{ h & odmoW`m| Z{ H$_] OmM H{$ obE Xyna`m| H$m{ oMphV
oH$`m,`h X{IH$a oH$ H$hm Ama oH$Z Xm{ a{ImAm| H{$ ]rM AmH$ma O_rZ [a oJaVm h (H$m`[wpVH$m H{$ [> 52
H$s gmaUr) C[bY g_` _| H{$db Hw$N> odmWu oH$`mH$bm[ [yam H$a gH{$,O]oH$ Xygam| Z{ XeZ H$m{ X{Im
VWm JhH$m` H{$ $[ _| [yam oH$`m & H$jm _| dm[g AmZ{ H{$ ]mX odmoW`m| Z{ A[Z{ AmH$ma mam AoYH$V_ Mbr
J`r Xyar H$m{ ]Vm`m oOg{ _Z{ `m_[Q>> [a XO> oH$`m &
100
`m_[Q>> H$m`
Mmam| dJm} _| g{ `{H$ Z{ EH$-EH$ ]ma g^r AmH$mam| H$m{ \|$H$m & `h Jm\$ [naUm_ XemVm h &
oH$VZr Xya J`r H$mJO H$s eb
o]Zm Vh
oH$`m H$mJO
T>rbm-T>mbm
VwS>m-_wS>m
H$mJO
H$gH$a VwS>m_wS>m H$mJO
10
10
V` H$s JB Xyar (_r.)
odmoW`m|
H{$ oZarjU
H$jm _| MMm H{$ XmamZ odmoW`m| Z{ H$wN> AmH$mam| H{$ Xygam| g{ AmJ{ OmZ{ H{$ odo^ H$maU oXE & _{a{ Zm||
H{$ gmW-gmW CZH{$ Cma ZrM{ oXE JE h :
1. ^mar AmH$ma g]g{ ZOXrH$ oJa{ & (g^r EH$g_mZ H$mJO H{$ Qw>H$Sm| g{ ]ZmE JE W{ - `m Hw$N> AmH$ma
dmVd _| ^mar hm{ gH$V{ W{ ? AJa XwodYm h, Vm{ Vw_ H$g{ [Vm bJmAm{J{ ?)
2. AJa hdm `mXm X]md S>mbVr h, Vm{ AmH$ma Ama Xya OmV{ h & (`m hdm Ch| AmJ{ YH{$b{Jr `m Cg{
Yr_m H$a X{Jr ? Vw_Z{ `m [m`m Wm O] Vw_ AI]ma H{$ gmW XmS{ W{ ?)
(oZarjU 1. Ama 2. _| JbV gH$[ZmAm| H$s _mOyXJr H$m{ oXIm`m J`m h & _Z{| odmoW`m| H$m{ AoYH$
gy_Vm g{ gm{MZ{ VWm AZw^d H{$ od$ A[Z{ AZw_mZm| H$r OmM H$aZ{ _| ghm`Vm H$s &)
3. ]b[ydH$ \|$H${ J`{ AmH$ma Xya J`{ & (`m hm{Vm AJa Vw_ g^r AmH$mam| H$m{ g_mZ ]b g{ \|$H$V{? Cg{
\|$H$Z{ H{$ ]b H$m{ Vw_ H$g{ g_mZ ]Zm`{ aIZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$am{J{? `m `h _hd aIVm h oH$ Vw_ \|$H$V{ g_`
AmH$ma H$m{ oH$g VarH{$ g{ _m{S>V{ hm{ ?)
101
4. Hw$N> H$mJO Xya Zht J`{ `m|oH$ d{ hdm _| b]{ g_` H{$ obE gaH$V{/VaV{ W{ & (d{ H$mZ-g{ AmH$ma W{ Om{
VaV{ W{ [a Xya Zht OmV{ W{ ? AJa hdm hm{Vr Vm{ `m `{ AmH$ma Xya OmV{ ? `mg H$am{ Ama X{Im{ &) (oZarjU
3 VWm 4 Hw$N> C[`w$ H$maU ]VmV{ h Om{ AmH$ma H{$ Abmdm `m{J H$m{ ^modV H$aV{ h & _Z{ odmoW`m| H$m{
AmJ{ Im{OZ{ H{$ obE m{gmohV oH$`m &)
5. b]{, [Vb{ Ama ZwH$sb{ AmH$ma Xya VH$ J`{ W{ & (E{g{ AmH$ma ]ZmZ{ H$m `mg H$am{ Om{ Xya VH$ OmV{ h &)
6. `h Bg ]mV [a oZâ H$aVm h oH$ `{ oH$VZr dN>Vm g{ _m{S>{ J`{ h & O] _m{S> H{$ ]rM OJh ah OmVr
Wr Vm{ AmH$ma Xya Zht OmV{ W{ &
(oZarjU 4,5 VWm 6 AmH$mam| H$s Ymama{Ir`Vm [a H|$oV h & _Z{ BZ AmH$mam| H$s hdmBOhmO, amH{$Q>, V{O
H$ma AmoX g{ g_mZVm [a MMm H$s & EH$ odmWu Z{ hdmBOhmO H$s EH$ $oMH$a ]ZmdQ> oXImB oOg_{ CgZ{
EH$ S>Z{ H$m{ D$[a H$s Am{a VWm Xyga{ S>Z{ H$m{ ZrM{ H$s Am{a _m{S> oX`m Wm & `h hdmB OhmO Hw$N> Xyar OmZ{ H{$
]mX dm[g _wS> J`m &)
M. Ky_Z{ dmbr _N>br
12 g{._r. b]r, 1 g{._r. MmS>r H$mJO H$s EH$ [Zr bm{$&
Xm{Zm| ogam| g{ EH$-EH$ g{Q>r_rQ>a hQ>H$a Xm{ N>m{Q>{ H$Q> bJmAm{$&
H$mJO H$m{ _m{S>H$a Xm{Zm| H$Q>{ ogam| H$m{ Am[g _| ]X H$am{$& _N>br H$m{
hdm _| \|$H$m{$& (TB p. 28, WB p. 52)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
odmWu `{ g] `m hdm g{ MbZ{ dmb{ Xyga{ oIbmZ{ d` ]Zm gH$V{ h & `h EH$ gab CXmhaU h Om{ gwXeZ
Im VWm A` mam "Q>mÒ ES> Q>{g odW EdharS>{ _Q>{na`g' [wVH$ g{ ob`m J`m h & AZ{H$ Xyga{ CXmhaU
Bg [wVH$ VWm Xygar [wVH$m| _| oXE JE h (X{I{ [> 343, AmJ{ [T>Z{ H{$ obE ) &
gwXa VarH{$ g{ Ky_Vr hB _N>br ]ZmZm AmgmZ h & Bg{ H{$db H$mJO H$m{ \$mS>H$a ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h
(H$Mr H$s Amd`H$Vm Zht h) Hw$N> odmoW`m| H$m{ H$mQ>Zm g_PZ{ _| g_`m hm{ ahr Wr & hmbmoH$ C[`w$
oM [> $[ g{ oXImVm h (Om{ _Z{ `m_[> [a ]S>m H$aH{$ oXIm`m) oH$ Xm{ od[naV oH$Zmam| [a H$mQ>Zm h,
odmoW`m| Z{ g_mZ oH$Zmam| [a H$mQ>Z{ H$m `mg oH$`m &)
102
gm{Mm{, Oam gm{Mm{!

`m hm{Jm òX dZ[oV`m| H{$ ]rO Xya Z OmH$a Amg[mg hr oJa OmE$?
[mYm| H{$ D$M{ ]T>Z{ H{$ obE VWm OS>m| H$m{ \$bZ{ H{$ obE `mXm OJh Zht h & _Z{ oXIbm`m oH$ Kmg g^r
OJh CJVr h O]oH$ ]S>{ [{S> H$_> h Ama Xya-Xya ]T>V{ h & ]S>{ [{S> H{$ AmN>mXZ(MXdm) H{$ AXa H$m{B [mYm
]hV D$Mm Zht ]T>Vm h &
`m [oj`m|,_N>ob`m| Ama hdmB OhmO H$s ebm| _| g_mZVmE hm{Vr h?
[jr, _N>ob`m, Zmd, hdmB OhmO VWm XmS> H$s H$ma| g^r (Ymama{Ir` AmH$oV`m) hdm g{ H$_ oVam{Y H$aZ{
dmbr MrO| h &
5. hdm g{ ]wb]wb{ ]ZV{ h (2 H$mbme; TB p. 29, WB p. 53)
H$. [mZr H{$ â{ EH$ H$Q>m{a{ _| gtH$ H$m EH$ ogam S>mbm{$& A] Xyga{ oga{ g{ \y$H$m{$& [mZr _| Wm{S>m-gm gm]wZ S>mbm{
Ama o\$a g{ \y H$m{$&
gmX{ [mZr Ama gm]wZ H{$ [mZr _| ]ZZ{ dmb{ ]wb]wbm| _| `m AVa h? Vah-Vah H{$ gm]wZ Og{ ZhmZ{ H$m
gm]wZ, H$[S>m Ym{Z{ H$m gm]wZ Ama e[y AmO_mAm{$& E{g{ ]wb]wb{ ]ZmZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$am{ Om{ ]S>{ hm| Ama `mXm
X{a VH$ oQ>H|$$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 53)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
`h oH$`mH$bm[ [mM odmoW`m| H{$ g_yh _| oH$`m J`m Wm & `{H$ g_yh Z{{ Xm{ oJbmg Zb H$m [mZr âm VWm
EH$ oJbmg _| Wm{S>m gm gm]wZ H$m [mCS>a o_bm`m & `{H$ odmWu H{$ [mg A[Zm gtH$ Wm & O] EH$ ]wb]wb{
]Zm ahm Wm V] Xyga{ CgH$m oZarjU H$a ah{ W{ &
ew$ _| odmWu erKVm g{ A[Zr ]mar H{$ obE JE, O] VH$ oH$ EH$ bS>H$s Z{ Yra{ VWm pWaVm g{ gm]wZ
H{$ [mZr _| \y H$Z{ H$m odMma oH$`m, oOgg{ ]S>{ ]wb]wb{ ]Z gH|$ Om{ _{O [a C_S>H$a Am Om`{ & Xyga{ odmWu
]hV Cm{oOV hm{ J`{ VWm Chm|Z{ ]hV gma{ ]wb]wb{ ]ZmZ{ ew$ H$a oX`{ VWm AZ{H$ oZarjU ^r oH$`{ &
103
odmoW`m|
H{$ oZarjU
Chm|Z{ X{Im oH$ Zb H{$ [mZr g{ ]Z{ ]wb]wbm| H$s A[{jm gm]wZ H{$ [mZr _| ]S>{ ]wb]wb{ ]ZV{ h Om{ AoYH$ X{a VH$
R>haV{ h & oS>Q>aO{Q> g{ gm_m` gm]wZ H$s A[{jm AN>{ ]wb]wb{ ]ZV{ h & odmoW`m| H$m{ `h [> Wm oH$ d{ ]wb]wb{
]ZmZ{ H{$ obE hdm \y$H$ ah{ h - BgobE `{ ]wb]wb{ hdm g{ â{ hm{Z{ MmohE & VWmo[ `{H$ ]wb]wb{ H$r ]mhar [aV
]hV [Vbr h gm]wZ H{$ Km{b g{ âm hAm oJbmg BVZ{ gma{ ]wb]wbm| g{ VwaV `m{J H$a ob`m J`m &
odmoW`m| Z{ gmX{ [mZr _| X{I{ JE ]wb]wbm| H{$ Ag` CXmhaU oXE: [mZr H$m{ _WZ{ `m ohbmZ{ [a, Bg{
C]mbZ{ [a, _N>br H$s Q>H$s _| ]Z{ hdm H{$ ]wb]wb{, ]mQ>r _|{ oJaV{ hE Zb H{$ [mZr _| ]Z{ ]wb]wb{,PaZm| $_|,
g_wVQ> [a bham| _|, V{O MbVr hB Zmd H{$ [rN>{, B`moX & Hw$N> oMH$a pWoV`m Wr, ]\$ H{$ ^rVa \$g{ ]wb]wb{
VWm [mZr H{$ ha{ [mYm| H{$ Amg[mg ]wb]wb{ X{I{ J`{ & gm]wZ H{$ [mZr _| ^r ]wb]wbm| H{$ CXmhaU W{: ZhmV{ g_`,
]mb Ym{V{ hE `m H$[S>{ Ym{V{ g_`, B`moX & aJS>Z{,_mobe H$aZ{ VWm ohbmZ{ g{ PmJ ]T> J`m & Chm|Z{ _mZm oH$
d _| hdm H$m{ S>mbZ{ H{$ `{ g] H{$db odo^ VarH{$ W{ &
PmJ/\{$Z VWm ]wb]wb{ _| AVa H{$ ]ma{ _| H$wN> MMm hB & _Z{ odmoW`m| g{ \{$Z H$m{ AmdYH$ bmg
(magnifying glass) g{ X{IZ{ H$m{ H$hm & PmJ N>m{Q>{ ]wb]wbm| H{$ ]Z{ hm{V{ h Om{ EH$ Xyga{ g{ oM[H{$ hm{V{ h & PmJ
_| ]S>{ ]wb]wb{ OXr Qy>Q>V{ h & EH$ odmWu Z{ WyH$ H{$ ]wb]wb{ H{$ ]ma{ _| ]Vm`m oOg{ ]{ A[Z{ hm{R>m| g{ ]ZmZm [gX
H$aV{ h & `h X{IZm $nMH$a Wm oH$ WyH$ H{$ ]wb]wb{ ]S>{ hm{V{ h VWm [mZr H{$ ]wb]wb{ g{ `mXm oQ>H$V{ h & _wh _|
Qy>W[{Q>> b{H$a ]wb]wbm| H$m{ Ama ^r ]S>m ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h & _Z{ odmoW`m| H$m{ Hw$N> oXE JE g_` _| Bg{ H$m{oee
H$aZ{ H$m{ H$hm VWm ]mX _| Ym{ X{Z{ H$m{ H$hm &
`{ g^r gm]wZ H{$ gmW H$aZm Wm `m|oH$ `h [mZr H{$ "[> VZmd' H$m{ H$_ H$a X{Vm h & gm]wZ H{$
[mZr _| pbgarZ S>mbZ{ g{ ]wb]wb{ \y$H$Zm Ama AoYH$ ]{hVa hm{ OmVm h& h_ MrZr S>mbH$a ^r
`m{J H$a gH$V{ h & e[y gm]wZ g{ AN>{ ]wb]wb{ ]ZmVm h&
AZw_mZ bJmAm{, BZ ]wb]wbm| H{$ AXa `m h !
MyoH$ oH$gr d H$m{ ohbmZ{ `m Sw>bmZ{ g{ ]wb]wb{ ]ZV{ h, h_ AZw_mZ H$a gH$V{ h oH$ Amg[mg H$s hdm d _|
d{e H$a ]wb]wb{ ]ZmVr h & O] Am[ ]wb]wb{ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE \y$H$V{ h Vm{ Am[ OmZV{ h oH$ `h dm{ hdm h Om{
h_ gmg mam N>m{S>V{ h &
104
6. hdm g{ AmdmO [Xm hm{Vr h$(1 H$mbme; TB p. 29, WB p. 54)

H$. A[Z{ eara H{$ AbJ-AbJ ohgm| g{ AmdmO [Xm H$aZ{ H{$ VarH{$ _mby_ H$am{$& Yr_r Ama V{O AmdmO
oZH$mbm{$&(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 54)
odmoW`m|
H{$ oZarjU
[{[a H{$ Wb{ H{$ \$Q>Z{ _| odmoW`m| Z{ [m`m oH$ hdm AmdmO C[ H$aVr h & ([> 86-87 [a MMm X{I|)&
Am[H{$ eara H$m `m{J H$aV{ hE hm{Z{ dmbr AmdmO H${ CXmhaU: ]mVMrV H{$ Abmdm, oMmZm VWm Vmbr
]OmZm, odmoW`m| Z{ gbmh oX`m _wh g{ grQ>r ]OmZm, Or^ \$S>\$S>mZm, hgZm, ZmH$ g{ eX H$aZm, N>tH$Zm,
ImgZm, S>H$ma VWm _wh Ama ZmH$ g{ Xygar AmdmO|, Jmb, ]mh, OmK AmoX [a hmW W[W[mZm VWm Om{S>m{ H$m{
Vm{S>H$a ]OmZm & _Z{ Ch| ]Vm`m oH$ BZ g^r _| d{ hdm _{ EH$ JoV(H$[Z) C[ H$a ah{ h & oOVZr Om{a
g{ JoV hm{Jr, CVZr hr V{O AmdmO C[ hm{Jr &
I. H$mJO H$s grQ>r ]ZmAm{$&
10 g|Q>r_rQ>a JwUm 5 g|Q>r_rQ>a H$m H$mJO H$m EH$ Qw>H$S>m bm{$&
Bg{ ]rM _| g{ _m{S>m{ Ama ]rMm|-]rM EH$ N>{X H$mQ>m{$&
Xm{Zm| ogam| H$m{ _m{S>H$a \$bmAm{$&
grQ>r H$m{ Xm{ CJob`m| H{$ ]rM _| [H$S>H$a Cg_| Om{a g{ \y$H$m{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$mJO H$s grQ>r ]ZmZm AmgmZ Wm & odmoW`m| Z{ Bg AmdmO H$s VwbZm Jw]ma{ H{$ ItM{ hE [Vb{ _wh g{
oZH$bV{ hB hdm H{$ AmdmO g{ H$s & Xygam H$mJO H$m oIbmZm Om{ odmoW`m| Z{ d` ]Zm`m Wm dh H$mJO H$m
[Q>mIm Wm &
105
7. hdm g{ gJrV [Xm hm{Vm h (5 H$mbme + JhH$m`; TB p. 29, WB p. 54)

oH$`mH$bm[ H{$
obE V`mar
Bg H$aU H$s V`mar _|, odmWu "dm `' `m Vm{ Im{O H$a bmE `m Chm|Z{ d` ]ZmE W{ oOg_| Am[H$m{ hdm
\y$H$Zm, Imb H$m{ [rQ>Zm `m Vmam| H$m{ ItMZm Wm & "\y$H$Z{' H{$ obE, d{ bmE grQ>r, H$b_ H{$ T>$Z, gm{IVm
H$mJO H{$ gmW H$Kr VWm EH$ Mrbr ogHw$S>r hB Zbr Om{ Om{a g{ Kw_mZ{ [a o^Zo^ZmhQ> H$s AmdmO oZH$mbVr
Wr; "[rQ>Z{' H{$ obE M_M, oS>]{, T>$Z, H$mJO g{ T>>H$m AmY{ Zmna`b H$m Im{b, [mZr H${ H$Q>m{a{ VWm Xm{ b]r
[Vbr [om`m oOg{ Xm{Zm| oH$Zmam| [a [H$S>H$a \$S>\$S>m`m Om gH{$; "Vmam| H{$ H$[Z H{$ obE' YmVw H{$ Vma VWm
a]a]S> &
a]a]S
_wS>m hAm H$mJO
Zmna`b H$m Im{b
]mg
br\$ b{[a
_Z{ odmoW`m| H$m{ gwPmd oX`m oH$ d{ bm{H$Z`, Ymo_H$ `m emr` gJrV `m Z` H{$ H$m`H$_m| _| OmE VWm
CZ_| ]OmE J`{ dm`m| H$m{ X{I| Ama gwZ| &
106
m`m{oJH$
gH{$V
H$. gJrV H$s AmdmO Om{aXma `m Yr_r hm{ gH$Vr h$& `h D$M{ Vmad `m ZrM{ Vmad H$s ^r hm{ gH$Vr h$&
Om{a g{ JmAm{, Yr_{ g{ JmAm{$& D$M{ Vmad _| JmAm{, ZrM{ Vmad _| JmAm{$& A] ZrM{ Vmad _| b{oH$Z Om{a g{
JmAm{$&
gJrV H{$ H{$b g{ dmVd _| gJrV H$s H$jm _| [naoMV H$am`m OmZm MmohE & _Z{ [m`m oH$ hmbmoH$
odmoW`m| Z{ AoYH$meV: ô$JrV,mWZm VWm ÔZ grI{ W{ [aVw d{ gJrV H$m H{$b (gm a{ J _ [ Y
Zr gm) Zht OmZV{ W{ & _Z{ Bg{ `m_[>> [a ]T>Vr hB groT>`m| H{$ $[ _| obIm &
gm
Zr
Y
[
_
J
a{
gm
Vmad
JmZ{ H{$ oH$`mH$bm[ H{$ AoVna$, _Z{ EH$ oIbmZm _mD$WAmJZ H$m `m{J H$a "CM' VWm "oZZ' o[M Zm{Q>
H$m{ ]Vm`m & _Z{ Xm{ Zm{Q> \y$H${ VWm >odmoW`m| g{ ]VmZ{ H{$ obE H$hm oH$ H$mZ gm D$Mm o[M Wm (ma^ _| d{
C VWm oZZ o[M Zm{Q> H{$ obE"[Vbr AmdmO' VWm "_m{Q>r AmdmO' eX H$m `m{J H$a ah{ W{ &) ]mX _| d{
`{ g_PZ{ `m{` hm{ J`{ W{ oH$ Xm{ AmdmO EH$g_mZ o[M H$s Wr b{oH$Z EH$ V{O `m _wbm`_ (Yr_r) Wr & AV:
d{ "Vmad' Ama "D$M{ da' H{$ ]rM ^{X H$a [m`{ W{ &
I. EH$ Imbr ]m{Vb H$m _wh A[Z{ _wh g{ gQ>mH$a \y$H$m{ Ama grQ>r ]OmAm{ `m Bg{ EH$ M_M g{ R>m|H$m{$&
Wm{S>m [mZr S>mbH$a o\$a g{ \y$H$m{ `m R>m|H$m{$& gwZm{, AmdmO oH$g Vah ]XbVr h$&
H$mZ-gr AmdmO D$M{ Vmad H$s h?
107
$$H$jm H$m
AZw^d
odmoW`m| Z{ odo^ H$ma H{$ ]m{Vb VWm Oma bmE W{ & Chm|Z{ [mZr H{$ gmW VWm o]Zm [mZr H{$ ]m{Vb H{$ D$[a
\y$H$Z{ g{ oZH$bZ{ dmbr AmdmO H$s OmM H$s & Chm|Z{ X{Im oH$ o]Zm [mZr H$s A[{jm [mZr H{$ gmW Zm{Q> D$Mm
Wm & g_yh _| H$m_ H$aV{ hE, Chm|Z{ EH$ gmW Xm{ `m VrZ EH$g_mZ ]m{Vbm| H$m{ aIm, gJrV H{$ Zm{Q> H{$ ]T>V{
VWm KQ>V{ H$_ _| O_m`m VWm [mZr H$s D$MmB H{$ gmW o[M H$m ghg]Y Wmo[V oH$`m &
J. EH$ hr AmH$oV Ama AmH$ma H$s AmR> ]m{Vb| bm{$& CZ_| AbJ-AbJ D$MmB VH$ [mZr âm{$& â{ JE [mZr
H{$ ohgm] g{ ]m{Vbm| H$m{ EH$ H$_ _| bJmAm{$& ha ]m{Vb g{ _wh gQ>mH$a \y$H$m{ `m EH$ M_M g{ CgH{$ D$[ar
ohg{ H$m{ R>m|H$m{$& [mZr H{$ Va H$m{ KQ>m-]T>mH$a X{Im{ O] VH$ oH$ Vwh| gJrV H$m gaJ_ Z o_b Om`$&
gm
$$H$jm H$m
AZw^d
a{
Zr
gm
h_Z{ EH$ erVb [{` H$s XwH$mZ g{ 8 EH$ g_mZ erVb [{` H$s ]m{Vb| _Jm`r & Hw$N> `mg Ama woQ> H{$ ]mX
_Z{ gJrV H$m H{$b Og{ gm, a{, J, _, [, Y, Zr, gm m oH$`m & [mZr H$r bJ^J gVh [mR>`-[wpVH$m _|
oM _| oXIm`r J`r h & Xyga{ oXZ EH$ odmWu Z{ na[m{Q> H$s oH$ CgZ{ g_`-g_` [a erVb [{` H$s ]m{Vb
_| \y H$Z{ H$s H$m{oee H$s Wr O] dh Bg{ [r ahm Wm &
108
K. oH$gr Imbr ]aVZ H{$ _wh [a EH$ \$Q>{ Jw]ma{ H$m{ ItMH$a a]a]S> bJmH$a
]mYm{$& Bg{ W[H$s _maH$a, VmZH$a, `m aJS>H$a AbJ-AbJ Vah H$s AmdmO|
oZH$mbm{$&
M. EH$ VZ{ hE a]a]S> H$m{ ItMH$a Cg_| H$[Z [Xm H$am{$& CgH{$ ]mX a]a]S> H$m{
oH$gr Imbr ]aVZ H{$ _wh [a ItMH$a o\$a g{ H$o[V H$am{$& H$mZ-gr doZ V{O h?
$$H$jm H$m
AZw^d
K. Ama M. EH$ gmW oH$`{ J`{ W{ & Chm|Z{ dm ` H{$ AmdmO H{$ ]g{ H$m XeZ oH$`m & ]gm ItM{ hE
Imb `m Vma H{$ H$[Z H$m{ ]T>mVm h; a]a]S> g{ D$Mr AmdmO oZH$mbVr h O] Bg{ H$m{Q> H{$ hJa H{$ ]Om` EH$
]g{ _| ItMH$a bJm`m J`m$& ]gm oOVZm ]S>m hm{Vm h, AmdmO CVZr AoYH$ hm{Vr h$&
N>>. Hy$b _| Hw$N> ]mO{ b{ AmAm{$& ha EH$ H$m{ `mZ g{ X{Im{$& `h \y$H$Z{ g{ ]OVm h, `m [rQ>Z{ [a, `m Vmam| H{
N>{S>Z{ [a ?
H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 56 Ama 57 [a oX`{ J`{ ]mOm| H$m{ [hMmZZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$am{$&
Ch| VrZ g_yhm| _| N>mQ>m{-\y$H$Z{, [rQ>Z{ Ama Vma N>{S>Z{ [a ]OZ{ dmb{ ]mO{ & nH$Z ]mOm| H{$ AXa hdm h?
AZw_mZ bJmAm{, hdm oH$g ^mJ _| h$&
$$H$jm H$m
AZw^d
odmWu AZ{H$ dm`m| H{$ Zm_ ]Vm gH{ W{ hmbmoH$ Chm|Z{ CZ g^r dm`m| H$m{ X{Im Ama gwZm Zht Wm &
_Z{ `m_[>> [a BZ Zm_m| H$m{ VrZ g_yhm| _| obIm VWm Hw$N> CXmhaU H{$ ]mX [yN>m `{H$ g_yh _| `m
C^òZR> Wm$&
g_yh A :- ]mgwar, byQ>(]er), ZmXda_, ehZmB, ]rZ, Vwahr, g{gm{\$m{Z, o]Jwb, _mD$WAmJZ,
hma_m{oZ`_.....
g_yh ] :- V]bm, T>m{bH$, _XJ_, KQ>_, ZJmS>m, S>_, ]m|Jm{ S>_, oH$m{U, V]yam, OmBbm{\$m{Z, o[`mZm{,
gVya......
g_yh g:- oJQ>ma, ogVma, drUm, VmZ[wam, ga>m{X, gmaJr, dmòbZ, hm[ (drUm H$m EH$ $[)......
109
g_yh A H{$ `m| _| Am[ hdm \y$H$V{ h & g_yh ] H{$ `m| H$m{ AmdmO oZH$mbZ{ H{$ obE [rQ>m `m _mam OmVm h&
g_yh g H{$ `m| _| Vma hm{V{ h Om{ H$_mZ (bow) H$s ghm`Vm g{ ItMZ{ `m aJS>Z{ [a H$[Z H$aV{ h, Og{
dmòbZ & BZ `m| _| g{ AoYH$me _| hdm- ]g{ hm{V{ h Om{ AmdmO H$m{ ]T>mV{ h & Bb{Q>moZH$ H$s ]m{S> `m
ogW{gmBOa odwV [na[W H{$ mam AmdmO C[ H$aV{ h - `h BZ_| g{ oH$gr g_yh _| emo_b Zht hm{Vr
h & `{ g^r AmdmO| h_ma{ H$mZm| VH$ ` Ama H$mZ H{$ ]rM hdm H{$ H$[Z H{$ H$maU [hMVr h & H$m`-[wpVH$m
H{$ [> 54 - 55 [a ItM{ J`{ ` h:
4. ehZmB
1. g[{a{ H$s ]rZ
2. _XJ
3. BH$Vmam
7. gVya
6. drUm
5. KQ>_
10. ]mgwar
8. gmaJr
13. b{[a
12. hm_m}oZH$m
9. V]bm
14. ogVma
11. aUqghm
15. oM_Q>m
17. oJQ>ma
16. hm_m}oZ`_
18. VmZ[wam
110
BZ `m| H$m{ VrZ g_yhm| _| H$_mZwgma oZZ VarH{$ g{ dJuH$V oH$`m Om gH$Vm h & o[N>bm A`mg oM
]ZmAm{, A`mg g`m 5, [mR> 1 H$m ([> 60 - 62 X{I|), H{$ gmW BZ dm`m| g{ Hw$N> [naoMV hm{Zm _XXJma
hm{Jm :
\y$H$Zm
1
11
4
10
Vma N>{S>Zm
12
16
2
8
7
9
5
[rQ>Zm
13
6
14
18
17
15
O. A[Zm IwX H$m H$m{B ]mOm ]ZmAm{ (H$m`-[wpVH$m, [R> 55)

AZ{H$ gab ` [hb{ g{ ]ZmE Om MwH{$ W{ & EH$ odo^ _m{Q>mB H{$ a]a]S> H{$ gmW ]S>m ]gm Wm oOg_{
AbJ-AbJ o[M H{$ AmdmO H$m{ oZH$mbZ{ H{$ obE a]a]S> Ama[ma ItMH$a bJm`m J`m Wm &

JoV_mZ hm{Zm
$$H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$[Z
C[`w$ oH$`mH$bm[m| _| eXm| "H$[Z H$aZm' VWm "H$[Z' g{ [naM` H$am`m J`m Wm & 7 M _| a]a]S> H$m{
[> $[ g{ oH$Zma{ g{ oH$Zma{ VH$ V{O MbV{ hE d H$[Z H$aV{ hE X{Im Om gH$Vm Wm & _Z{ odmoW`m| g{
H$hm oH$ H$[Z H$aVr hB MrOm| g{ AmdmO C[ hm{Vr h & ]hYm `{ H$[Z oXImB Zht ^r X{V{, [a d{ hm{V{
h & Am[ KQ>r, KQ>{ `m Vma H{$ AmdmO H$m{ Bg{ Om{a g{ [H$S>H$a am{H$ gH$V{ h, Bg{ H$[Z H$aZ{ g{ am{H$H$a &
111
A`mg (5 H$mbme + JhH$m` H$jm H$s JoVodoY`m| Ama MMm H{$ gmW g_mVa $[ g{ oH$`m
oZarjU
AmYmnaV A`mg
Om`{Jm$&)
Zm_ ]VmAm{ Ama oM ]ZmAm{$(WB p.58)
1. hdm _| MbVr hB H$m{B MrO- CgH$m oM ]ZmAm{ oOgg{ bm{J OmZ gH|$ oH$ dh JoV_mZ h$&
2. oH$gr ]mO{ H$s H$[Zm H$am{ Om{ hdm MbZ{ [a ]OZ{ bJ{$&
112
odmoW`m| Z{ CZ MrOm| H$m ^r oOH$ oH$`m Om{ AmdmO H$aVr h, O] hdm CZ_{ g{ ]hVr h Og{ Iwbr oIS>H$s,
[{S> H{$ [m{, g_wr VaJ{, _mBH$m{\$m{Z VWm H$[Z H$aVm hAm [Xm &
oMH$a Z (WB p.59)$$

1. Vw_ O] gyIr o_>r [a [mZr S>mbV{ hm{ Vm{ `m ]wb]wb{ CR>V{ oXImB X{V{ h? `m|?
H$sMS> `m Jrbr o_>r H{$ T>{a H{$ ]rM hdm hm{Vr h & O] [mZr o_>r _| OmVm h Vm{ `h CZ_| g{ hdm H$m{ ]mha
YH{$bH$a BZ hdm dmbr OJhm| $H$m{ â X{Vm h & `h hdm [mZr _| ]wb]wb{ ]ZmVr h &
2. Hw$N> OJhm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Ohm Vw_Z{ ]wb]wb{ X{I{ h$&
[> 103 [a CXmhaU X{I| &
3. oH$gr oXZ O] hdm W_r hm{, Cg oXZ Iwb{ N>mV{ H{$ gmW XmS>Zm AmgmZ h `m ]X N>mV{ H{$ gmW?
EH$ ]X N>mVm & hdm EH$ oXem _| XmS>Z{ _| _XX H$a{Jr [aVw od[arV oXem _| Am[H$r JoV H$m{ Yr_m H$a X{Vr
h & AI]ma H$s nab{ XmS> H{$ ]mX Z [a MMm H$s JB $&
4. _mZ bm{ Vw_ `{ Xm{Zm| Jw]ma{ \|$H$V{ hm{$& ]mha
hdm W_r h$& H$mZ-gm Jw]mam V{O Mb{Jm?
$$H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Imbr Jw]mam & MyoH$ AoYH$me odmoW`m| Z{ CQ>m AZw_mZ bJm`m, _Z{ Ch| Bg{ H$aZ{ H$m{ H$hm & $oM[yU
$[ g{, odmWr \{$H$Z{ H$s eo$ H$m{ ]Xb X{Z{ H{$ obE AJga W{ VmoH$ CZH$s A[Zr ôd`dmUr g` og hm{
gH{$ & oH$Vw d{ Xyga{ odmoW`m| Z{ Ch{ ghr VarH$m ]Vm`m & [naUm_ g^r H{$ obE AmMÒZH$ W{ & AJa
N>V H$m [Im Mmby hm{Vm Wm Vm{ âm hwAm Jw]mam Amg[mg ]hm VWm Xya J`m & AJa [Im Mmby Zht hm{Vm Vm{
Imbr dmbm Xya VH$ J`m & _wP{ Ch| Cg pWoV H$m _aU H$amZm Wm O]oH$ hdm Zht ]h ahr Wr &
113
5. Vwhma{ [mg H$mJO H{$ Xm{ [{ h- EH$ ghr gbm_V Ama Xygam J|X H$s eb _| VwS>m-_wS>m$& òX hdm
]hVr h Vm{ H$mZ `mXm Xya VH$ Om`{Jm?
$$H$jm H$m
AZw^d
o]Zm _wS>m hAm [m & `hm [wZ: odmoW`m| H$s ôd`dmoU`m AbJ-AbJ Wt & oH$`mH$bm[ 4 K _|,AmH$mam|
H$m{ hdm H$s AZw[pWoV _| \|$H$m J`m Wm - V] _wS>m hAm H$mJO Xya VH$ J`m Wm & O] Xm{Zm| gmW _| oJam`{ J`{
V] ]mX dmbm OXr oJa J`m & [aVw hdm ]hZ{ H$s pWoV _|, o]Zm _wS>m hAm [m Xya VH$ J`m &
6. Hw$N> ]rOm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ oOh| hdm A[Z{ gmW ]hm b{ OmVr h$&
odmoW`m| Z{ [mKm| Ama ]rOm| H{$ gm_m` Zm_ Im{O{ `m d` CZH{$

Zm_ aI{ &
am{E VWm a{e{ dmbm ]rO: J|X{ H$m \y$b `m Kmg H$s Vah [m`{
J|Xm
OmZ{dmb{ Bgr Vah H{$ N>m{Q>{ [mY{([nadma H$[m{oOQ>r>), H$[mg,
a{e_r H$[mg H${ odo^ H$ma, AmH$ `m $B (_Xma)
[ I dmb{ ]rO: A Ow Z , ^maVr` H$sZm{
$B
(Ptrerocarpus) , Vwob[ H$m [{S>, gwaOZm
(_m{naJm) & `mo[ gwaOZ{ H{$ ]rO H{$ [I
hm{V{ h, `{ m`: hdm mam o]I{a{ Zht OmV{
h & Hw$N> Xyga{ [{S> oOZH{$ [IXma ]rO hm{V{
h Og{ M[m VWm ^maVr` H$mH$, g^r j{m|
_| \$b Zht X{ gH$V{ h &
]hV hH${ ]rO: odo^$ Kmg|, YoZ`m,
H$m{Bba`yQ>{na`m(koelreuteria)
o[Zmar
[maW{nZ`_ (H$mJ{g Kmg) &
(pinari)
EH$
Ia[Vdma
EH$ Kmg
AOwZ
oggy(y sissoo)
oMbo]b
A`$ Kmg
114
oZarjU Ama
^mfm AmYmnaV
A`mg
odmoW`m| H$s
dH$p[H$
gH$[ZmE
odmoW`m| H$m{ gm{MZ{

H{$ obE [{naV H$aZm
H$jm _| MMm (WB p. 59)

nH$`mH$bm[ 1 H{$ gmW-gmW MMm H$s J`r Wr &
1. BZ_| g{ oH$g_| hdm h? ]X Amb_mar _|, o_>r _|, [mZr _|, Vwhma{ eara _|, BQ> _|?
2. `m H$m{B OJh E{gr ^r h Om{ Imbr h Ama Ohm hdm VH$ Zht h? AZw_mZ bJmAm{$&
[hb{ odmoW`m| Z{ H$hm oH$ hdm g^r OJh _mOyX h - EH$ odmWr H$m{ N>m{S>H$a,oOgZ{ H$hm oH$ M_m [a
H$m{B hdm Zht h & E{gm bJm oH$ Chm|Z{ o]Zm g_P{ hE Bg dm` H$m{ `mX H$a aIm Wm oH$ "hdm g^r OJh
_mOyX h' [aVw O] gy_Vm g{ gdmb oH$`{ J`{ Vm{ Chm|Z{ A[Z{ H$WZ H$m hr odam{Y oH$`m & ma^ _| EH$
odmWu Z{ gm{Mm oH$ hmW _| CbQ>H$a aI{ J`{ oJbmg H{$ AXa H$m{B hdm Zht h ; Xyga{ Z{ gm{Mm oH$ AJa oJbmg
H$m{ Q>{]b [a CbQ>H$a aI| Vm{ Cg_| hdm Zht hm{Jr & Xyga{ Z{ H$hm ""oJbmg _| hdm Zht h: H$jm 2 _| oejH$
Z{ EH$ ObVr hB _m{_]mr H{$ D$[a EH$ Imbr oJbmg aIm VWm _m{_]mr ]wP J`r & ''
o\$a _Z{ [m`m oH$ H$m{B _aUr` oH$`mH$bm[ H$aZm oH$VZm AmgmZ Wm b{oH$Z odmWr CZH{$ JbV ^md H$m{
_aU H$a b{V{ h $& _Z{ odmoW`m| g{ [yN>m oH$ `m oH$`mH$bm[ 1 H$ _|, Wbm hdm g{ â OmEJm AJa Bg{
CbQ>H$a aIm Om`{ & MyoH$ h_ bm{Jm| H{$ [mg hmW H{$ Wb{ W{ VWm [m`m oH$ Cg_| A^r ^r hdm Wr &
Xyga{ AmMÒZH$ Cma W{, ]X Amb_mar H{$ H$m{Z{ _| VWm _XmZ _| Jha{ N>{X _| hdm Zht hm{Vr h$& AZ{H$
odmoW`m| Z{ H$hm oH$ o_>r, [mZr VWm h_ma{ eara H{$ AXa H$m{B hdm Zht hm{Vr h & BZ g^r CXmhaUm| _|,
H$jm H{$ Xyga{ odmoW`m| Z{ VH$ oXE oOgg{ MMm _| OmZ Am J`r & O] O$aV [S>r V] _Z{ ^r Hw$N> VH$ oX`{:
""Xama H{$ mam `m O] h_ Amb_mar Im{bV{ h Vm{ hdm AXa OmZr MmohE & '' EH$ odmWu Z{ gwZm Wm
oH$ Amb_mar _| H$m{B ]X hm{ J`m Wm Ama KwQ>Z g{ _a J`m Wm (hdm H{$ A^md _|) & `h EH$ _hd[yU M{VmdZr
h Om{ m`: _mVm-o[Vm mam Xr OmVr h & _Z{ ]m| g{ H$hm oH$ hdm Xama H{$ mam AXa OmVr h, b{oH$Z BVZr
V{Or g{ Zht oH$ H$m{B ò$ bJmVma gmg b{ gH{$ (h_ `{H$ gmg _| H$ar] 500 o_br. hdm AXa b{V{
h &) N>m{Q>{ OmZda Og{ MtQ>r, ogdao\$e, oVbM>m VWm oN>[H$br, oOh{ H$_ hdm H$s O$aV hm{Vr h,
Amb_mar _| ah gH$V{ h &
115
Bgr H$ma, h_ OmZV{ h oH$ AZ{H$ OVw o_>r H{$ AXa ahV{ Ama gmg b{V{ h & `hm VH$ oH$ [mYm| H$s OS>m|
H$m{ ^r gmg b{Z{ H$s Amd`H$Vm hm{Vr h$& AJa o_>r b]{ g_` VH$ [mZr g{ âr ahVr h (Og{ oH$ ]mT> _|),
V] [mY{ _a OmV{ h$& O] h_ [mZr S>mbV{ h Vm{ o_>r g{ hdm H{$ ]wb]wb{ ]mha AmV{ hE X{IV{ h & _Z{
odmoW`m| H$m{ ]Vm`m oH$ _Jm{d Om{ XbXbr OJh _| [m`{ OmZ{ dmb{ [mY{ h, oOZH$s OS|> hm{Vr h Om{ gmg b{Z{
H{$ obE hdm _| do H$aVr h & b{oH$Z O] VH$ oH$ o_>r H{$ ZrM{ [Wam| H{$ ]rM N>{X `m OJh Zht hm{Vr, hdm
O_rZ _| ]hV JhamB VH$ ZrM{ Zht [hM gH$Vr &
[mZr _| hdm Kwbr hm{Vr h & `h ]wb]wb{ ]ZH$a oZH$bVr h O] h_ [mZr J_ H$aV{ h ([mZr C]mbZ{ g{
[hb{ h_ BZ ]wb]wbm| H$m{ X{IV{ h) & _N>ob`m Bg Kwbr hB hdm H$m{ b{Z{ _| g_W hm{Vr h & Hw$N> odmoW`m|
Z{ `mZ oX`m Wm oH$ [mZr _| BQ> H$m$Qw>H$Sm >S>mbZ{ [a ]wb]wb{ oZH$bV{ h & Chm|Z{ H$hm oH$ BQ> H{$ AXa hdm
hm{Zr MmohE VWm BgobE BQ> g{ ]Zr Xrdmam| H{$ AXa ^r hdm hm{Zr MmohE &
odmoW`m| H$m{ gy_Vm g{ odMma H$aZ{ [a odde H$aZ{ H{$ obE g_` Ama Y` MmohE & CZH{$ gm_Z{ h_{em
EH$ MwwZmVr aIZr [S>Vr h CZH{$ [a[amJV _moIH$ kmZ g{ AmJ{ OmZ{ H{$ obE, AZw^d VWm `mdhmnaH$ kmZ
H$m{ C[`m{J H$a, Ohm g^d hm{, gmW hr BZH$s gr_mAm| H$m{ ^r `mZ _| aIZm [S>Vm h & Bg oH$`m _|,h_|
gmdYmZ ahZm MmohE oH$ h_{ H{$db EH$ _moIH$ kmZ H$m{ Xyga{ g{ Zht ]XbZm h$&
CXmhaU H{$ obE, C[`w$ MMm H{$ ]mX odmoW`m| Z{ `h odMma OmZm oH$ dmVd _| hdm "g^r OJh'
h,AWmV AoYH$me o^ OJhm| _| ^r & b{oH$Z A] d{ Hw$N> AoYH$ gm_m`rH$aU H$aZ{ bJ{ W{ VWm oH$gr ^r
gdmb H{$ oH$ ""`m hdm `hm h?'' CZH$m Odm] ""hm'' Wm & _wP{ Ch| `h ]VmZm Wm oH$ (gaY [XmW H{$
A[dmX H{$ gmW) YmVw `m bmnQ>H$ H{$ Qw>H$S>{ H{$ AXa hdm Zht hm{Vr h; ò[ eara H{$ CZ ^mJm| _| Om{
dmVmdaU _| Iwb{ hm{V{ h, _| hdm hm{Vr h, Og{ dgZ VWm [mMZ(^m{OZ) Zbr, [aVw A` ^mJm| _| Og{
ho>`m| VWm _mg[{oe`m| H{$ ]rM hdm Zht hm{Vr &
3. _mZ bm{ oH$ Vw_ [mZr g{ âr o[MH$mar H$m _wh ]X H$aH{$ o[Q>Z X]mV{ hm{$& `m Bgg{ o[Q>Z AmJ{ Om`{Jm?
`m `h hdm g{ âr o[MH$mar g{ AbJ h? `m|?
116
AZw_mZ Ama XeZ oH$`mH$bm[ 2 H{$ gmW oH$`m J`m Wm & h_Z{ [m`m oH$ h_ [mZr H$m{ Cg Vah g{ Zht X]m
gH$V{ W{ Og{ oH$ h_ hdm H$m{ X]mZ{ _| g_W W{ &
`m g_mZ h? `m h o^Z? (WB p. 60)

H$. hdm Ama [mZr
Xm{Zm| mH$oVH$ $[ _| [m`{ OmV{ h, ]hV{ h, aJhrZ hm{V{ h VWm OrdZ H{$ obE Amd`H$ hm{V{ h; Xm{Zm| Jw]ma{
_| â{ Om gH$V{ h & h_ [mZr H$m{ X{I gH$V{ h [aVw hdm H$m{ Zht; [mZr D$[a g{ ZrM{ H$s Am{a ]hVm h [aVw
hdm g^r OJh ]hVr h; [mZr gm_m`V: EH$ d h b{oH$Z hdm EH$ Jg h (dm| VWm Jgm| H{$ JwUm| [a
AmYmnaV ]hV gma{ AVa hm{V{ h); hdm, AmYr, Vy\$mZ VWm MH$dmV bmVr h b{oH$Z [mZr ]mT> bmVm h &
I. hdm Ama o_QQ>r
Xm{Zm| H$oV _| [mE OmV{ h; ^yo_ [a CJZ{ dmb{$ [mYm| (AV: ^yo_ [a g^r H{$ OrdZ H{$ ob`{) H$m{ Xm{Zm| H$s
O$aV hm{Vr h; h_ Xm{Zm| H{$ gmW I{bV{ h & hdm EH$ Jg h b{oH$Z H$sMS> R>m{g hm{Vm h (Jgm| Ama R>m{gm| H{$
JwUm| [a AmYmnaV ]hV gma{ AVa h) hdm [dr [a g^r OJh h b{oH$Z H$sMS> Zht &
2. MrOm| H{$ BZ g_yhm| H$m{ X{Im{$&
H$. Jw]mam, ]wb]wbm, \w$Q>]mb, oH$H{$Q> H$s J|X
oH$H{$Q> H$s J|X ]mH$s g]g{ AbJ `m| h?
nH$H{$Q> J|X H$m{ N>m{S> H$a, g^r hdm g{ â{ hm{V{ h &
I. oJXY, _|T>H$, oVVbr, hdmB OhmO
_|T>H$ ]mH$s g]g{ AbJ `m| h?
H{$db _|T>H$ Zht CS>Vm h &
117
^mfm AmYmnaV
A`mg
AmAm{, eXm| g{ I{b| (WB p. 61)
1. `{ oH$`m[X eX ]VmV{ h oH$ hdm `m H$a gH$Vr h `m Vw_ hdm H$m{ `m H$a gH$V{ hm{$: JoV H$aZm,
YH{$bZm, X]mZm, oZMm{S>Zm, ]hZm, ]wb]wbm ]ZmZm, JmZm,...$& H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 61 [a BZ eXm|
H$m{ obIm{$& hdm Ama `m-`m H$a gH$Vr h? X{Im{, dJ-[h{br _| Vw_ Ama oH$VZ{ eX Om{S> gH$V{ hm{$&
H$B odmWu Zht OmZV{ W{ oH$ dJ [h{br (Crossword) H$g{ ]ZmV{ h
`m_[Q>> H$m`
Ama Ch{ `h AZw^d Zht Wm oH$ Ch| E{gr oH$`mAm| H$m C[`m{J H$aZm
odmoW`m| Z{ `m_[Q>> H{$ I{b _| `m{JXmZ oX`m oOg_|
MmohE Om{ dm` _| AN>{ g{ g_mohV hm{ gH{$ & ""hdm H$a gH$Vr h
Ch{ Ombr _| eX âZ{ W{ &
....''
118
2. hdm H{$ ]ma{ _| obIr Bg H$odVm H$m{ [yam H$am{$& BgH{$ obE dJ-[h{br H{$ `mXm g{ `mXm eXm| H$m
`m{J H$am{$&
hdm H$am{ _wPg{ Vw_ ]mV !
H$mJO _{am hmb{ CR>mAm{,
_{am XadmOm IQ>H$mAm{,
gm{`m h Mwy, Cg{ OJmAm{,
oIS>H$s g{ AXa Am OmAm{,
CgH$s ZmH$ _| Am JwXJwXmAm{ !
odmoW`m| H$s H$odVmE :
hdm _{a{ _wh _| AmVr h
hdm _{a{ ZmH$ _| AmVr h
_wP{ gmg b{Z{ Xm{
_wP{ ]T>Z{ Xm{ &
hdm Yyb CR>mVr h

Jw]ma{ âVr h
[ameyQ> H$m{ CS>mVr h &
E hdm, Vw_ BVZr DMmB [a OmVr hm{
Vw_ g^r OJh ]hVr hm{
_ Vwhma{ Og{ CS>Zm MmhVm h &
3. `hm Hw$N> AmdmOm| H{$ eX oX`{ J`{ h$& Bgr Vah Hw$N> Ama eXm| H{$ ]ma{ _| gm{Mm{$& E{gr AmdmO| oZH$mbZ{
H$s H$m{oee H$am{$&
Ym` R>m`
gm` Y_ YS>m_ ^Z
gZ
QZ
oPZ
Hw$N> gmYmaU AmdmO dmb{ eX h :PZPZ `m R>ZR>Z H$m eX, YS>mH$m, Y_mH$m, Om{aXma AmKmV H$m eX;
KQ>r H$m eX, Q>ZQ>Z `m PZPZ H$m eX, Q>ZQ>Z H$m eX,MrI, H$Q>a-H$Q>a, PZPZmZm, IS>IS>mhQ>,
H$S> H$S> H$m eX; grQ>r, IS>IS>mZm, ]r[ H$m eX, ^Z^ZmhQ>, H$m[Z{ H$m eX; ^Z^ZmZm `m JwZJwZmZm,
o^Zo^ZmZm; oMmZm, JOZ, JwamZm, Q>amZm........ odmoW`m| H$m{ CZH{$ d` H{$ eX ^r ]ZmZm MmohE &
1. Hw$N> `m| _| Vw_ A[Z{ eara g{ hdm \y$H$H$a gJrV oZH$mbV{ hm{$& Hw$N> Xyga{ `m| _| Vw_ eara H{$ ]mha
_mOyX hdm H$m BV{_mb H$aV{ hm{$& H$m`-[wpVH$m _| oX`{ J`{ ]mOm| H{$ oM X{IH$a Bh| BZ Xm{ ^mJm| _| ]mQ>m{$&
]mgwar
V]bm
ehZmB
oJQ>ma
drUm
hma_m{oZ`_
gmaJr
grQ>r
119
h_ma{ \{$\$S>m| g{ hdm \y$H$Z{ [a oZH$bm gJrV : ]mgwar, grQ>r, ehZmB &
h_ma{ eara H{$ ]mha H$s hdm mam oZH$bm gJrV: drUm, V]bm, hma_m{oZ`_, gmaJr, oJQ>ma &

odmoW`m| H{$ Z:
1. hdm oH$gH{$ mam ]hVr h ?
O] hdm gy` mam J_ hm{ OmVr h Vm{ `h hH$m hm{ OmVr h VWm D$[a CR>Vr h & Amg[mg H$s R>S>r hdm V]
BgH$m WmZ b{ b{Vr h & `h Ky_Vr hB hdm [dZ (Wind) H$hbmVr h &
2. `m EH$ [mb H$s Zmd `m [mZr H$m OhmO H{$db dm`w H$s oXem _| Ky_ gH$Vm h ?
Bg Vah H{$ [mb H$s Zmd (Sailboat) H$m C[`m{J Mma hOma gmb [hb{ Zrb ZXr [a oH$`m J`m Wm & Zrb ZXr
XojU g{ Cma H$s Am{a ]hVr h, O]oH$ dhm hdm Cma g{ XojU H$s Am{a ]hVr h & AJa Zmd H$m{ XojU H$s
Am{a OmZm hm{Vm h, [mb H$m{ D$[a H$a oX`m OmVm h b{oH$Z AJa Bg{ Cma H$s Am{a OmZm hm{Vm h Vm{ [mb H$m{
ZrM{ H$a ob`m OmVm h & ]mX _| MrZr bm{Jm| Z{ Im{Om oH$ [mb H$g{ ]Zm`m Om` VmoH$ oH$gr ^r oXem _| `mm
H$aZ{ H{$ H$_ _{ Bg{ Kw_m`m `m _m{S>m Om gH{$, `hm> VH$ oH$ hdm H$s od[arV oXem _| ^r &
`m Vw_ OmZV{ hm{?

hdm [dr H{$ Mmam| Am{a ha OJh _mOyX h$& b{oH$Z òX Vw_ ]hV D$M{ [hmS> [a MT>m{ Vm{ dhm hdm
H$_ hm{Jr$& AJa Vw_ amH{$Q> g{ ]mhar AVnaj _| OmAm{ Vm{ Vw_ EH$ E{gr OJh [hMm{J{ Ohm hdm
o]Hw$b hr Zht hm{Jr$&
M_m [a hdm Zht h$&
120
[mR> 4
hdm _| `m h?
H$hmZr (AmYm H$mbme)

hdm _| Hw$N> h O$a ! (TB p. 34)
Mw
Zy Ama _wZr EH$ ]S>{ _XmZ _| I{b ah{ W{$oOgH{$ Mmam| Am{a [{S> W{$& Ch| gm\$ VmOm hdm _| XmS>Zm,
Hy$XZm Ama I{bZm AN>m bJVm Wm$&
Hw$N> Vm{ h O$a hdm _|
oOgg{ h_ qOXm ahV{ h
Bgr dOh b{ [mV{ gmg
bJ{ h_| BVZr AN>r `h$
b{oH$Z AmO Hw$N> bm{J gyIr [pV`m Ama Hy$S>m-H$aH$Q> ObmZ{ H{$ obE _XmZ _| Am`{$& I{b H$m _XmZ [yar Vah
g{ YwE g{ â J`m$& _wZr Ama MwZy Z{ OXr Ka bmQ>Z{ H$m oZM` oH$`m$&
Hw$N> Vm{ h O$a Bg hdm _|
oOgg{ KwQ>{ h_mam X_
AmVr oOgg{ E{gr ]X]y
WyH|$ Ama IIma| h_!
Ka OmV{ g_` Chm|Z{ gm{Mm ""`{ ^r `m Am\$V h$& BgH{$ ]ma{ _| h_ Hw$N> H$a gH$V{ h$&''
h_ `m H$a| oOgg{ h_| h_{em gm\$ Ama VmOm hdm o_b{?
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
{dm{W`m| Zo H$hmZr _| Hy$S>m ObmZo Ho$ AnZo AZw^dm| H$mo OmoS>m& do OmZVo Wo {H$ Jrbo nmo `m bH${S>`m gyIo H$s Anojm
`mXm YwAm H$aVr h & (n> 149 na {dm{W`m| Ho$ Z XoI|) do `h ^r OmZVo Wo {H$ Hw$N> nXmW Ogo a~a, bmpQ>H$,
O~ ObmE OmVo h, ~X~yXma JY Ama X_ KmoQ>Zodmbm YwAm {ZH$bVm h & ChmoZo AnZo jo Ho$ CZ WmZm| H$s gyMr ~ZmB
121
Ohm Chm|Zo AZw^d {H$`m {H$ hdm Xy{fV h (amO_mJ Ho$ ZOXrH$, JXo Zmbm| Ho$ nmg VWm Vob emoYH$ H$maImZo Ho$
nmg) h_Zo ~mX _o BZ AZw^dm| H$s MMm [H$`mH$bmnm| 4-6 _| H$s &
_Zo CZgo "nyN>mo Ama _mby_ H$amo' _| Zm| H$mo nT>Zo Ama ""Hy$S>o VWm XyfU H$mo H$_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE do `m H$a gH$Vo
h?'' na gmoMZo Ho$ {bò H$hm&
{H$`mH$bmn
hdm `m h? (TB p. 35, WB p. 64)

1. hdm H$B Vah H$s Jgm| g{ ]Zr h$ (2 H$mbme)
H$. hdm _| Mma _w` Jg| [m`r OmVr h, ZmBQ>m{OZ, AmgrOZ, H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS>
Ama Obdm[$&
BZ Mmam| Jgm| H$m H$m{B aJ, JY `m dmX Zht hm{Vm$&
ha Jg ]hV N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ H$Um| g{ ]Zr hm{Vr h
oOh| AUw H$hV{ h$& `{ AUw BVZ{ N>m{Q>{ hm{V{ h oH$
h_ Ch| gmYmaU gy_Xeu g{ Zht X{I gH$V{$&
`h hdm H$m EH$ H$m[oZH$ oM h$Am`V ZmBQ>m{OZ H{$ AUw XemV{ h$&
H$mbr AS>mH$ma AmH$oV`m AmgrOZ H{$ AUw
XemVr h$&
H$mb{ oVH$m{Z{ H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS> H{$ AUw XemV{ h$&
g\{$X oVH$m{Z{ Obdm[ XemV{ h$&
122
BZ Zm| H{$ CVa X{Z{ H{$ obE `h oM X{Im{$&

hdm _| H$mZ-gr Jg g]g{ `mXm _mm _| [m`r OmVr h?
CgH{$ ]mX hdm _| Xygar g]g{ `mXm _mm _| [m`r OmZ{ dmbr Jg H$mZ-gr h?
{dm{W`m| H$s
dH$pnH$
gH$nZmE
nmR> 3 _| {dm{W`m| H$mo "hdm EH$ nXmW h' Ho$ {dMma go n[a{MV H$am`m J`m Wm & nmR> 4 _| Ch| "Jgmo' H$s gH$nZm
go AdJV H$am`m J`m h & Jg Ho$ `j d$n H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE Cho `h g_PZm h {H$ (g^r nXmWm] H$s Vah),
Jg H$Um| go ~Zo hmoVo h & `mX aI|, Eo{Vhm{gH$ $n go ò {dMma g~go e{$embr {X_mJdmbo bmoJm| mam H$B
eVmpX`m| Ho$ H$>nyU `mg H$m n[aUm_ h; {ZpMV $n go h_ {dm{W`m| go `h C_rX Zht H$a gH$Vo h {H$ do VwaV
g_P OmE ?
_Zo {dm{W`m| go, "Jgm|' Ho$ ~mao _| do `m OmZVo h, nyN>H$a ~mV ma^ H$s & _Zo nm`m {H$ do "Jg Myho', " Jg Ho$
Jw~mao' VWm "noQ> H$s Jg' Ho$ ~mao _| gwZ MwHo$ Wo; bo{H$Z Hw$N> Zo `h ^r gmoMm {H$ "gy` H$s amoeZr' EH$ Jg h$& EH$
{dmWr Zo H$hm {H$ {~Obr H$m ~~ h_| Jg XoVm h& _wPo Ch| ~VmZm Wm {H$ H$me EH$ nXmW Zht h ~pH$ D$Om
H$m EH$ $n h &
_Zo `h ^r n> {H$`m {H$ n> 35 na {Xò Jò gHo$V AUwAm| Ho$ dmV{dH$ AmH$ma H$mo Zht XemVo h &
{M _| _moQ>o Vma na hdm _| {d{^ Jgm| Ho$ AZwnmV H$mo {XIm`m J`m h & hdm _| Am`VZ Ho$ {hgm~
go nmM _| Mma ^mJ (78%) ZmBQ>moOZ Jg CnpWV h & H$ar~ nmMdm ^mJ (1/5) (21%) AmgrOZ
h & eof hdm _| H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> (0.04%), Obdmn VWm Hw$N> A{H$` Jg|; {deofH$a AmJZ
(H$ar~ 1%) h& hdm _| Obdmn H$s _mm OJh-OJh na VWm {d{^ _mg_ _o ~hV ~Xb OmVr h&
_mZgyZr hdm _| Am`VZ Ho$ {hgm~ go 4%- 6% Obdmn hmo gH$Vr h&
A{V[a$
{H$`mH$bmn
AZwnmV Ama {VeV H${R>Z h Ama H$jm 4 Ho$ {dm{W`m| Ho$ {bE A_yV gH$nZmE h$& `j nXmWmo Ho$ gmW
{H$`mH$bmn Ch| Bg {deof n[apW{V H$mo g_PZo _| _XX H$a gH$Vm h & CXmhaU Ho$ {bE EH$ {_lU ~ZmBE Ogo,
Mmdb Ho$ 78 XmZo+ Xmb Ho$ 21 XmZo+ Hw$N> Xygao AZmOm| Ho$ XmZo Omo eof Jgm| H$mo {Z${nV H$aVo hmo&
123
I. EH$ Jw]ma{ _| H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS> âm{$& gm{S>m `m oH$gr dm`wo_olV [{` H$s ]m{Vb bm{$& ]m{Vb H$m{ Im{bm{
Ama BgH{$ _wh [a PQ> g{ EH$ Jw]mam bJmAm{$& ]m{Vb H$m{ ohbmAm{ Ama CR>V{ ]wb]wbm| H$m{ X{Im{$& BZ_| H$m]Z
S>mBAmgmBS> âr h$& (H$m`-[wnVH$m [> 64)
Eogm `m| hmoVm h?
H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> CM Xm~ na nmZr _| KwbH$a gmoS>m dmQ>a ~ZmVr h& O~ h_ ~moVb H$mo ImobH$a X~md H$mo T>rbm
H$aVo h, Vmo d go Jg Ho$ ~wb~wbo ~mha AmVo h& ~moVb Ho$ {hbmZo go Hw$N> N>moQ>o ~wb~wbo ~ZVo h {Og_| Ama A{YH$ H$m~Z
S>mBAmgmBS> doe H$aVr h Ama ~S>o ~wb~wbo ~ZmVr h &
m`mo{JH$ gHo$V
{H$`mH$bmn H$aZo go nhbo _Zo Jw~mao H$mo EH$ Xmo ~ma ItMm VWm Cg_o \y$H$m Vm{H$ Cgo \w$bmZo _| AmgmZr hmo & {\$a
^r, ~moVb go ~mha AmB hB H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> H$m X~md H$_ hmoZo H$s dOh go, ew _| Jw~mam A{YH$ Zht \y$bm &
R>S>o gmoS>o Ho$ gmW ewAmV H$aHo$ VWm Yrao-Yrao ~moVb H$mo J_ H$aZo go H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> {ZH$bZo _| _XX {_br&
AV _|, {hbmZo-Sw>bmZo go, ZmQ>H$s` n go, ~wb~wbo ~T> Jò& {dmWu nyar Vah amo_m{MV Wo &
H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> H$mo AN>r Vah go O_m H$aZo Ho$ {bE, ~moVb _| H$wN> {gaH$m VWm Jw~mao _| ImZo H$m gmoS>m
S>mb gH$Vo h& ~moVb Imob| VWm erKVm go Jw~mam CgHo$ D$na bJm X|& {\$a Jw~mao H$mo CbQ> Xo, ImZodmbm gmoS>m {gaHo$
_| S>mbVo hE& gmoS>o go {V[H$`m H$a {gaH$m H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> ~ZmVm h&
2. gOrd Jgm| H$m BV{_mb H$aV{ h$& (2 H$mbme; TB p. 36)
H$. g^r gOrdm| H$m{ gmg b{Z{ H{$ obE hdm H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$& hdm H{$ o]Zm d{ _a Om`|J{$&
g^r OrdOVw Ama [{S>-[mY{ hdm g{ AmgrOZ b{V{ h Ama H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS> ]mha N>m{S>V{ h$&
`m [yar H$s [yar AmgrOZ I[ OmEJr?
`m hdm _| ]hV `mXm H$m]ZS>mBAmgmBS> hm{ OmEJr?
h_ [{S>-[mY{ H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS> H$m BV{_mb A[Zm

^m{OZ ]ZmZ{ _| H$aV{ h$& h_ AmgrOZ ]mha N>m{S>V{
h$& h_ nOVZr AmgrOZ BV{_mb H$aV{ h$ Cgg{
H$ht `mXm AmgrOZ ]mha N>m{S>V{ h$&
124
òX ha OJh Iy] [{S>-[mY{ hm| Vm{ g^r gOrdm|

H{$ obE h_{em [`m AmgrOZ hm{Jr$&
g^r Ord-OVwAm| Ed nmYm| H$mo AmgrOZ Jg H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h VWm do CnmonmX Ho$ n _| H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS>
N>moS>Vo h& H$mQy>Z {M Bg gmB na Omoa S>mbVm h {H$ hao nmYo (H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo Ho$ gmW) ^r
AmgrOZ ~ZmVo h, Omo {H$ AmgrOZ H$s Cg _mm go A{YH$ hmoVm h {OgH$m do Cn`moJ H$aVo h & Ho$db hao nmYo
hr h_mao AmgrOZ H$o moV h& Ho$db CZHo$ H$maU hr h_ gmg bo nm aho h &
nmR> 7 _| h_ grI|Jo {H$ hao nmYo, {deofH$a noS>, ^y{_JV Ob H$o gajU _| _hdnyU ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h, {Og na
ndr H$m nyam OrdZ {Zâ H$aVm h& _ {Z`{_V $n go {dm{W`m| H$mo noS-nmYm| Ho$ _hd Ho$ ~mao _| Bg _hdnyU
gXoe H$mo XoVm ahVm h&
A{YH$me gOrdm|| H$mo {OXm ahZo Ho$ {bE AmgrOZ Amd`H$ h& naVw Hw$N> OrdmUw VWm A`
gy_Ord nyUV: H$m~{ZH$ nXmWm] na Or{dV ahVo h; Hw$N> Xygao dmVmdaU H$s ZmBQ>moOZ VWm H$m~Z
S>mBAmgmBS> Cn`moJ H$aVo h& Ho$db ò OrdmUw hr AmgrOZ H$s AZwnpW{V _| d{ H$a gH$Vo h &
{dm{W`m| H$s
dH$pnH$
gH$nZmE
Jgo {Oh| h_ JhU H$aVo Ama N>moS>Vo h

O~ h_ gmg boVo h, hdm h_mao ZmH$ VWm _wh Ho$ mam h_mao \|$\$S>mo _| OmVr h& Bg hdm go
AmgrOZ h_mao IyZ _| Ademo{fV hmoVr h VWm H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> ~mha N>moS> Xr OmVr h&
{dmWr m`: gmoMVo h {H$ {H$gr Vah h_ ew AmgrOZ boVo h VWm ew H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS>
N>moS>Vo h& H$B d`H$ ^r gmoMVo h {H$ h_ gmg boVo g_` {OVZr AmgrOZ boVo h CgH$m nyam
Cn`moJ H$a boVo h& dmVd _|, gm_m` hdm _| _mOyX VrZ _w` Jgm| VWm gmg mam N>moS>r J`r hdm
_| Jgm| Ho$ AZwnmV H$mo {ZZ{b{IV gmaUr _| {XIm`m J`m h&
125
gm_m` hdm _| VWm gmg mam N>moS>r J`r hdm _o {d{^ Jgm| H$m {VeV
J g
gm_m` hdm
gmg mam N>moS>r J`r hdm
AmgrOZ
20.96%
15.8%
H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS>
0.04%
4.0%
ZmBQ>moOZ
79.00%
80.2%
ZmBQ>moOZ {~Zm ~Xbmd Ho$ gmg mam N>moS>r OmVr h Ama Eogo hr A{YH$me AmgrOZ ^r& XwKQ>ZmJV
bmoJm| Ho$ {bE _wh-go-_wh mam H${_ gmg XoZm Ho$db Bg{bE ^mdr hmoVm h `m|{H$ gmg mam N>moS>r J`r
hdm _| ^r Hw$N> _mm _| AmgrOZ hmoVr h& (ZmBQ>moOZ H$m Am`VZ gmg N>moS>Vo g_` d gmg boVo g_`
g_mZ hmoVm h& gmaUr XemVr h {H$ gmg mam N>moS>r hB Jg Ho$ Am`VZ _| BgH$m AZw n mV `mXm h
`m|{H$ Hw$N> AmgrOZ, H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> _| n[ad{VV hmoZo Ho$ ~Om` nmZr _| n[ad{VV hmo OmVr h&)
gmg N>moS>r J`r hdm _| gmg mam br J`r hdm H$s Anojm A{YH$ Obdmn VWm ~yX| hmoVr h&
I. h_| gmg b{Z{ H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$& A[Zm _wh ]X H$am{ Ama A[Zr ZmH$ X]mH$a [H$Sm{$&
A[Z{ _Z _| oQ>H$-oQ>H$ 1, oQ>H$-oQ>H$ 2 oJZm{$& oH$VZ{ g{H|$S> VH$ Vw_ A[Zr ZmH$ Ama _wh
]X aI gH$V{ hm{? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 65)
{H$`mH$bmn Ho$
{bE V`mar
H$jm 3 _| {dm{W`m| Zo "{Q>H$ {QH$ JUZm' Ho$ mam goHo$S> H$s JUZm H$aZm grIm Wm& A~ _Z| Ch| ghr da _| _oao
gmW ""{Q>H$ {Q>H$ EH$, {Q>H$ {Q>H$ Xmo, ......'' ~mobZo H$mo H$hm, Vm{H$ do 5, 10 Am{X goHo$S> _|, _oar KS>r Ho$ AZwgma,
""{Q>H$ {Q>H$ nmM ..... Xg ......'' Am{X VH$ nhM OmE & Chm|Zo {d{^ {H$`mH$bmnm| _| bJZo dmbo goHo$S>m| H$s
g`m H$m AmH$bZ {H$`m, Ogo nopgb-~mg go nopgb ~mha {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE, Jw~mao H$mo \w$bmZo Ho$ {bE VWm
`m_nQ> H$mo gm\$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Ama (Ka na) AnZo XmVm| H$mo gm\$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE, XyY nrZo Ho$ {bE VWm ~mQ>r _| nmZr
âZo Ho$ {bE& g_` H$m AmH$bZ/AZw_mZ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX, Chm|Zo dmVd _| AnZo AmH$bZm| H$s OmM H$s, Omo Chm|Zo
nm`m {H$ A`mg go ~ohVa hE Wo &
126
Hw$N> g_`mE
A{YH$me {dm{W`m| Zo nm`m {H$ do AnZr gmg H$mo 4 -7 goHo$S> VH$ amoH$ gH$Vo Wo& hmbm[H$ Hw$N> Zo H$hm {H$ do H$wN>
{_ZQ>m| VH$ Bgo amoH$ gH$Vo h& Bggo nVm MbVm h {H$ ò {dmWr empVnydH$ Ama gy_Vm go gmg bo aho Wo {~Zm ò
OmZo {H$ do Eogm H$a aho h! AnZr gmg amoH$Zm EH$ A{` AZw^d h {Oggo {dmWu em`X ~MVo h, hmbm{H$ {~Zm
OmZo hE & _Zo CZgo ghmZw^y{V {XImB Ama H$hm {H$ h_ Hw$N> gmh VH$ {~Zm ^moOZ Ho$ Or{dV ah gH$Vo h, Hw$N>
{XZm| VH$ {~Zm nmZr Ho$ Or{dV ah gH$Vo h bo{H$Z AJa h_| n`m _mm _| AmgrOZ`w$ ew hdm Zht {_bo Vmo Hw$N>
{_ZQ>m| _| hr h_mar _`w hmo gH$Vr h !
dmVmdaU hdm H$s naV h Omo ndr H$mo KoaVr h & `h naV CMmB ~T>Zo Ho$ gmW H$_ gKZ hmoVr
OmVr h& hmbm{H$ dmVmdaU H$ar~-H$ar~ 100 {H$_r H$s D$MmB VH$ \$bm h, g_w H$s gVh go$4
{H$_r D$na hdm BVZr nVbr h {H$ gmg boZm H$> Xm`H$ hmoVm h& A{YH$me bmoJ 5 {H$_r na _a
OmEJo AJa CZHo$ nmg hdm H$m AnZm moV Zht hmo& Hw$N> ndVmamohr {~Zm AmgrOZ gmW _| {bE
hE 7 {H$_r go ^r D$na VH$ MT>Vo h & Yrao-Yrao MT>Vo h, Amam_ H$aVo hE Vm{H$ eara CMmB Ho$
AZw$n Obdm`w Ho$ A`V hmo gHo$& Bg Amam_ Ho$ XmamZ, eara `mXm bmb a$ H$mo{eH$mE ~ZmVm
h, a$ _| \|$\$S>m| go AmgrOZ H$s _mm H$mo ~T>mH$a&
H$B nr[T>`m| go, bmoJ D$Mo nhmS> na ahZo H$s AmXV S>mbVo AmE h& {V~V Ama ES>rO _| bmoJ 5.5
{H$_r `m A{YH$ D$MmB na ahVo h Ohm dmVmdaUr` X~md g_w Vb H$m AmYm hmoVm h& AZoH$
eara _| a$ H$m Am`VZ `mXm hmoVm h VWm EH$ brQ>a a$ _| bmb a$ H$mo{eH$mE `mXm hmoVr h&
BgHo$ Abmdm, CZHo$ \o \ S>mo Ho$ AmH$ma ~S>o hmoVo h VWm `mXm AmgrOZ Ademo{fV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
~S>o Alveoli (\o$\$S>m| _o N>moQ>r {P{`m {Og_o gmg mam br JB hdm ndoe H$aVr h) hmoVo h& CZHo$
X` ^r ~S>o hmoVo h VWm eara N>moQ>o, {Oggo X` H$mo g^r OJh a$ ôOZo _| AmgmZr hmoVr h&
gm{Mm{, Oam gm{Mm{!
g^r Ord-OVwAm| H$m{ AmgrOZ H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$& _N>ob`m AmgrOZ H$g{ b{Vr h?
127
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
`h Z gmoMZo H$s {H$`m H$mo ew$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {X`m J`m Wm: Cma ~mX> _|, nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ nmR> 6, `m Vw_
OmZVo hmo, _| {X`m J`m h& Hw$N> {dmWu Bg gmB go dm{H$\$ Wo {H$ nmZr _| AmgrOZ hmoVr h& Xygao {dm{W`m| Zo
^y{_ Ho$ nmYm| Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo kmZ H$m Cn`moJ `h AZw_mZ bJmZo _| {H$`m {H$ nmZr Ho$ nmYo AmgrOZ ~Zm gH$Vo h
Omo Obr` Ordm| mam `moJ H$s OmVr h& {H$Vw H$moB ^r `h Zht ~Vm nm`m {H$ _N>br nmZr go AmgrOZ `m| bo boVr
h O~{H$ h_ bmoJ Eogm Zht H$a gH$Vo & _Zo _hgyg {H$`m {H$ Hw$N> Zm| Ho$ O~md Zht {_bo ò AN>m h `mo{H$ O~
ò gyMZm AmEJr, `h `mXm AWnyU hmoJr &
3. h_ma{ eara H{$ AXa hdm (2 H$mbme; TB p. 37)
H$. A[Zr hW{br [a \y$H$m{$& hdm H$hm g{ Am ahr h? Vw_ oH$VZ{ g{H|$S> VH$ bJmVma \y$H$ gH$V{ hm{?
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 65)
{dmWr 5 -10 goHo$S> VH$ bJmVma \y$H$ gHo$, AnZr gmg H$mo amoH$ gH$Zo Ho$ A{YH$V_ g_` go Hw$N> A{YH$ goHo$S>m|
VH$&
I. EH$ Jw]ma{ _| hdm âm{$& Jw]ma{ H$m{ [H$S>m{ Ama CgH$m _wh N>m{S>m{$&
Vwh| H$gm bJVm h? Vwh| `m gwZmB X{Vm h$& Jw]ma{ H$s hdm H$hm J`r?
h_ Jw~mao _| hdm Ama CgH$s AmdmO H$mo _hgyg H$a gH$Vo h& O~ Jw~mao go hdm ~mha AmVr h `h Amgnmg H$s hdm
_| {_b OmVr h&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
Vw_Z{ EH$ Jw]ma{ _| hdm âr$& Jw]ma{ _| OmZ{ H{$ [hb{ `h hdm H$hm Wr?
`m Vw_ g_PV{ hm{ oH$ `h Vwhma{ eara _| H$ht Wr?
EH$-EH$ H$aH{$ Vw_ oH$VZ{ Jw]ma{ â gH$V{ hm{? `h gmar hdm H$hm g{ Am`{Jr?
{dm{W`m| Zo AZw_mZ bJm`m {H$ `h hdm h_mao eara/X`/\o$\$S>m| Ho$ AXa go AmZr Mm{hE& Chm|Zo XoIm {H$ O~
Jw~mao _| hdm \y$H$Vo Wo Vmo Ch| Hw$N> goHo S> Ho$ ~mX H$Zm nS>Vm Wm, {\$a do Jhar gmg boVo Wo Ama V~ {\$a \y$H$Vo Wo&
do eara _| ~mha go hdm boVo Wo VWm V~ Jw~mao _| Bgo \y$H$Vo Wo& ChmoZo `h ^r `mZ {X`m {H$ O~ do Jhar gmg boVo
128
h Vmo CZHo$ eara H$m H$mZ gm ^mJ {hbVm h (Jbm, grZm Ama noQ>)&
gm_m`V`m h_mao \o$\$Sm| _| H$ar~ 2.5 brQ>a hdm ahVr h & òH$ gm_m` gmg boZo Ho$ XmamZ h_
AmYm brQ>a hdm AXa boVo h Ama g_mZ _mm _| ~mha N>moS>Vo h& AJa h_ Omoa go gmg N>moS>Vo h,
Vmo H$ar~ 1 brQ>a hdm ~mha Am gH$Vr h, 1.5 brQ>a eof hdm H$mo N>moS>H$a, Omo h_oem h_mao \o$\$S>mo _o
ahVr h O~ VH$ h_ Or{dV ahVo h & `h hdm \o$\$S>m| H$mo CZHo$ gm_m` AmH$ma _| ~ZmE aIVr h&
EH$ _Zw` Ho$ \o$\$S>m| H$s j_Vm
\o$\$S>m| _| hdm H$m Am`VZ (brQ>a)
5
4
mU^y V
j_Vm
3
2
1
Adeo f hdm
0
gm g bo Z o gmg N>moS>Zo Jhar gmg ~bny d H $

Ho $ ~mX Ho $ ~mX
boZo Ho$ ~mX gmg N>moS>Zo
Ho $ ~mX
gm_m` dgZ
gm_m`V: h_ AnZr ~S>r gmg boZo H$s j_Vm H$o Ho$db Hw$N> ^mJ H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h & Jhar
gmg boVo g_` h_ H$ar~ 3 brQ>a hdm AXa bo gH$Vo h & \o \$S>m| H$s "mU^yV j_Vm' H$m nVm,
~bnydH$ gmg N>mS>Zo Ho$ ~mX Jhar gmg boVo d$ _mnH$a bJm`m OmVm h& gm_m` d`H$m| _|
mU^yV j_Vm 1.5 go 7 brQ>a VH$ hmoVr h Omo {H$ AmX_r Ho$ eara H$o AmH$ma, C_, dm` H$s
AdWm, `moJ `m Jhar gmg boZo Ho$ A`mg Am{X na {Zâ H$aVr h&
129
4. Vah-Vah H$s Jg| H$hm g{ AmVr h? (2 H$mbme + JhH$m`; TB p. 37)

Bg {H$`mH$bmn Ho$ gmW h_ dm`w XyfU Ho$ {dMma H$mo bo gH$Vo h& mH${VH$$ KQ>ZmE Ogo dmbm_wIr
H$m \$Q>Zm, OJb H$s AmJ, AmYr Ama nXmW H$m j` dm`w XyfU H$o H$maU h& naVw ò mH${VH$
KQ>ZmE gmnoj $n go H$_ hmoVr h VWm Bggo Cn Yyb VWm Oharbr Jg| OrdZ Ho$ {bE ~Sm IVam
Zht Cn H$aVr h& Xygar Va\$, _mZd moV, Ogo {H$ 4 K Ama 4 M _| MMm H$s JB h,^mar _mm
_| XyfH$ gmnojV: NmoQ>o jo>m| _|(Ogo eham| _|) Cg{OV H$aVo h, Omo OrdZ Ho$ {bE ~hV J^ra
n[aUm_ nXm H$aVo h& BZ_| go Hw$N> XyfH$ hdm _| H$B dfm} VH$ ahVo h, EH$ Xygao go A{^{H$`m H$aHo$
A{YH$ {dfbo CnmX ~ZmVo hAma hdm VWm dfm Ho$ gmW nyar ndr na Ky_Vo h&
H$. OrodV [{S>-[mY{ AmgrOZ ]ZmV{ h$& Ord-OVw H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS> ]ZmV{ h$&(WB p. 66)
`h dm` _aU H$amVm h {H$ ndr na gOrdm| mam AmgrOZ Ama H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> Ho$ {Z_mU Ho$ ~mao _| nhbo
{dm{W`m| Zo `m grIm h & BZ Jgmo$H$m CnmXZ H$~ go hmoVm Am ahm h? _Zo gmoMm {H$ {dmWr H$hmZr gwZZm ngX
H$a|Jo& Bg H$hmZr _| _Zo Hw$N> A` Jgm| Ho$ ^r Zm_ {bE Ogo: hmBS>moOZ (~hV hHo$ Jw~mam| _| âr OmZo dmbr Jg `h ObVr h), _rWoZ (gSo hE Jmo~a H$s XwJY -`h hdm _| ^r ObVr h), A_mo{Z`m (`mO Ogr JY) Ama hmBS>moOZ
g\$mBS> (gS>o AS>m| H$s XwJY)& nhbo Bg ndr na h_ {OXm Zht ah gH$Vo Wo, bo{H$Z h_ H$nZm H$a gH$Vo h {H$
`h ~hV J_ Ama JY`w$ OJh ahr hmoJr !
ndr na OrdZ H$ar~ 5 Aa~ gmb nhbo ew$ hAm Wm& nhbo EH$ Aa~ gmbm| Ho$ BgHo$ ApVd Ho$
XmamZ dmVmdaU _| m`: `mXmVa _rWoZ Ama A_mo{Z`m Ho$ gmW Hw$N> hmBS>moOZ g\$mBS>, hmBS>moOZ
VWm Obdmn Wo& gy` H$s D$Om Ama ndr na dmbm_wIr \$Q>Zo go ~S>r g`m _| amgm`{ZH$
A{^{H$`mE hwB& n[aUm_d$n dmVmdaU Ho$ gKQ>Z _| bJmVma ~Xbmd hE& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE
dmbm_wpI`m| go ZmBQ>moOZ Ama H$m~ZS>mBAmgmBS> {ZH$bo&
130
mMrZ gOrd Ogo OrdmUw `m Zrbr-har edmb (Algae) H$mo Or{dV ahZo Ho$ {bE AmgrOZ H$s
O$aV Zht hmoVr Wr& do _rWoZ, hmBS>moOZ Ama hmBS>moOZ g\$mBS> H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo Wo& qH$Vw CZ_|
go Hw$N _|> bmoamo{\$b Wm Ama do A{YH$V_ H$m~ZS>mBAmgmBS> H$m Cn`moJ H$a VWm AmgrOZ
N>moS>H$aH$me gbfU H$aVo Wo & AJa mMrZ nmYo Zht hmoVo Vmo ndr na AmgrOZ Zht hmoVr Ama
Ogm {H$ h_ OmZVo h, OrdZ Zht hmoVm !
I. [{S>-[mY{ Ama Ord-OVw O] _a OmV{ h Vm{ gS> OmV{ h (A[KoQ>V hm{ OmV{ h$) & [mR> 10 _| Vw_ [Vm
H$am{J{ oH$ MrO| H$g{ gS> OmVr h$& A[KoQ>V hm{ ahr MrOm| g{ A[oe> H{$ $[ _| Jg| oZH$bVr h$& BZ_| g{
EH$ Jg h H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS>$&
A[KoQ>V hm{ ahr MrOm| g{ H$B Xygar Jg| ^r oZH$bVr h$& CZ_| g{ Hw$N> H$m{ Vw_ gyK gH$V{ hm{$&
Hw$N> A[KoQ>V hm{ ahr MrOm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ oOZg{ Jg| ]mha oZH$bVr h$&
{dm{W ` m|
H$o {ZarjU
hmbm{H$ {dm{W`m| Zo gSr hB MrOm| Ho$ AZoH$ CXmhaU {XE Wo {Oh| Chm|Zo gyKm Wm, do `h OmZH$a AmM`M{H$V
Wo {H$ gS>Zo go Jg| {ZH$bVr h
AZoH$ Jg| _V nmYm| Ama OmZdam| Ho$ gS>Zo go ~ZVr h& H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> Ama _rWoZ _w` Jg
CnmX h& ~m`moJg g` _|, gS>r hB MrOm| mam Cn Jgm| H$m {_lU O_m {H$`m OmVm h VWm
BYZ Ho$ n _| Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h& dm{hV _b VWm OmZdam| Ho$ Jmo~a mam Cn _rWoZ Jg H$m
Cn`moJ ImZm ~ZmZo VWm Ka _| ~{m`m ObmZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m Om gH$Vm h& dm{hV _b Ho$ nmBnm| _|
_rWoZ Jg hmoVr h - ~X Zmbr _| ~mr Ho$ gmW KwgZm IVaZmH$ hmoVm h `m|{H$ _rWoZ Ama AmgrOZ
H$o {_lU Ho$ H$maU {d\$moQ> hmo gH$Vm h&
Hw$N> {d{e> OrdmUw h Omo _V nmYm| `m OmZdam| _| _mOyX Hw$N> Vdm| H$m Cn^moJ H$aVo h VWm g~{YV
Jg| Cn H$aVo h& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, Hw$N> H$ma Ho$ OrdmUw AS>m| VWm Hw$N> nmoXma gpO`m| go
g\$a(JYH$) JhU H$aVo h Omo ~mX _| g\$a S>mBAmgmBS> `m hmBS>moOZ g\$mBS> (Jg Omo gS>o AS>o
Ho$ Ogr JY XoVr h) _w$ H$aVm h& OrdmUw moQ>rZ Im-nXmWmo go ZmBQ>moOZ VWm gmW hr H$m~Z
S>mBAmgmBS> Cn`moJ H$aHo$ ZmBQ>moOZ S>mBAmgmBS> _w$ H$aVo h&
131
J. A[Z{ Ka, Hy$b `m H$ht ]mha H{$ AbJ-AbJ OJhm| [a OmAm{$& Vw_ agm{B, ZmZKa, ]JrM{ `m Hy$S>{XmZ
Ogr OJhm| [a Om gH$V{ hm{$& A[Zr AmI| ]X H$am{ Ama gyKm{$& BZ_| g{ H$mZ-g{ WmZ Vw_ CZH$s JY g{
[hMmZ gH$V{ hm{$& `h JY Vwhmar ZmH$ H{$ ^rVa H$g{ [hMVr h?
{dm{W ` m|
H$o {ZarjU
{dm{W`m| Zo {d{^ WmZm| H$mo CZH$s JY mam nhMmZm: agmoBKa (gpO`m Ama nHo$ \$b H$mQ>o OmVo h, Mm` Ama
H$m\$s ~ZmE OmVo h, {d{^ Im nXmWm] H$mo C~mbm, Vbm, ^yZm Ama Obm`m OmVm h Ogo: emoa~m ~ZmZm Ama XyY
ObmZm); e`Z H$j (ZoWbrZ Jmo{b`m, Q>oH$_ nmCS>a); ZmZ Ka Ama emMmb` (gm~wZ, bmoarZ, gH$_U Xya H$aZo
dmbr Hw$N> Xygar MrO|); ~am_Xm(nmYo, Jrbr {_>r); ~JrMo (\y$b, VmOr H$Qr Kmg); Jbr (Yyb Ama YwAm); aodo
Q>oeZ (ImZo H$s MrO| ~oMZo dmbo, _N>br, _w{J`m| go âr Jm{S>`m, Mmam Ama OyQ> H$s JR>ar); ^moOZmb`; AnVmb
B`m{X& ò g~ `mXmVa ZJam| Ho$ CXmhaU Wo - Jm_rU dmVmdaU _| ò EH$X_ AbJ hm|Jo&
_Zo R>mog H$Um|, d H$s ~yXm| Ama Jg Ho$ AUwAm| _| AVa ~VmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s, Omo hdm _| hmo gH$Vr h d JY H$m ~moY
H$am gH$Vr h& ImZm ~ZmZo _|, ^mn Ho$ gmW, Hw$N> Jg| hdm _| OmVr h& AmnH$mo MrOm| H$s JY AmVr h O~ ò Jg|
AmnHo$ ZmH$ _| doe H$aVr h& ~moVb _| B d Ho$ $n _| hmoVm h bo{H$Z B H$r gwJY EH$ Jg h&
K. ObVr hB MrO| AmgrOZ H$m BV{_mb H$aVr h$& d{ H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS> VWm Xygar Jg| [Xm H$aVr
h$& Vw_ BZ Jgm| H$m{ Zht X{I gH$V{$& CZ_| g{ H$B Jg| Oharbr hm{Vr h$&
`m Vw_ A[Zr agm{B _| Q>m{d `m Myh{ H$m{ gyK gH$V{ hm{?
A[Z{ oejH$ H{$ Mmam| Am{a Xm{ K{am| _| IS>{ hm{Am{$& oejH$ EH$
Vrbr Obm`|J{$& Vw_ Vrbr oKgZ{ H$s AmdmO H{$ gmW
g{H|$S> H$m{ oQ>H$-oQ>H$ 1, oQ>H$-oQ>H$ 2 _| oJZZm ew$ H$a
Xm{$& O] Vwh| Vrbr ObZ{ H$s JY bJ{ Vm{ hmW D$[a
CR>mAm{ Ama bJ{ hE g_` H$m{ Zm{Q> H$am{ oOVZr X{a _|
JY Vw_ VH$ [hMr h$&
132
{dm{W ` m|
H$o [ZarjU
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dmWr OmZVo Wo {H$ h_ bH$S>r, Ho$amo{gZ `m nam\$sZ Q>mod (Myhm)H$s JY H$mo gyK gH$Vo h bo{H$Z EH$ Jg Myho H$s
JY H$mo Zht gyK gH$Vo & m`: ò JY hdm _| {ZpMV Jgm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar XoVr h& AJa~mr `m Yyn Ho$ YwE _|
H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> Ho$ Abmdm {d{^ H$ma H$s Jg| hmoVr h& YwE H$o X` ^mJ _| N>moQ>o R>mog H$U hmoVo h& ò
AJa~mr Ho$ {~Zm Obo hE ^mJ$hmoVo h&
g^r BYZ hdm _| AmgrOZ Ho$ gmW {_bH$a ObVo h& O~ ImZm ~ZmZodmbr Jg(EbnrOr) ObVr
h Vmo `h `mXmVa H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> Ama Obdmn ~ZmVr h Omo {H$ EH$ AN>r hdmXma agmoBKa
_| JYa{hV VWm hm{Za{hV hmoVr h & (Amn EH$ M_H$Xma R>S>o ~VZ H$mo AmJ na aIZo Ho$ ~mX ew$ Ho$
Hw$N> goHo$S>m| VH$ Jg H$s dmbm go gKZ Ob H$mo {ZH$bVo XoI gH$Vo h&) Xygar Amoa, {_>r Ho$ Vob H$mo
ObmZo na H$m~Z _moZmoAmgmBS> Ogr Oharbr Jg| Cn hmoVr h {deofH$a O~ AmgrOZ H$s ny{V
An`m _mm _| hmo &
Eb nr Or VWm {_>r H$m Vob XmoZm| "Ordm_ BYZ' h- n> 133 XoI|& g~go ~wam AmV[aH$ XyfU Kam|
Ho$ AXa nm`m OmVm h Ohm bH$S>r, Kmg\y$g `m Jmo~a go ObZodmbo Myho hmoVo h - n> 134 Ama 148
XoI|&
_m{Mg ObmZo Ho$ {H$`mH$bmn _| 2 goHo S> go 16 goHo$S>> VH$ g_` bJm& A`m{eV $n go, ~m Koao _| pWV Hw$N>
{dm{W`m| Zo, AXa Ho$ Koao Ho$ {dm{W`m| go nhbo JY _hgyg H$s & My{H$ h_mao Amg-nmg {H$ hdm h_oem J{V_mZ
ahVr h Bg{bE Eogm hmo gH$Vm h {H$ JY/Jg| {H$gr {deof {Xem _| VoOr go Mb ahr hmo& h_ _| go Hw$N bmoJm|> H$mo Xygam|
H$s Anojm JY H$s Vrd MoVZm hmoVr h, `m Vmo O_ go hr, `m A`mg Ho$ mam& AJa {dmWr Cgm{hV h Vmo do JY
H$s AbJ-AbJ MoVZm H$s OmM Ho$ {bE AnZo `moJ ^r H$a gH$Vo h&
M. H$maImZ| Vah-Vah H$s Jg| ]ZmV{ h$& H$maImZ{ A[oe> H{$ Vma [a ^r Jg N>m{S>V{
h$& ZrM{ oXIm`m J`m h oH$ oH$g-oH$g Vah g{ Oharbr Jg| hdm _| [hMVr h$&
133
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
A[Z{ Amg[mg X{IH$a [Vm H$am{ oH$ oH$g-nH$g Vah g{ Oharbr Jg| hdm _| o_b ahr h$&
{dm{W`m| Zo AnZo Amgnmg dm`w XyfU Ho$ AZoH$ moVm| H$mo nm`m& _Zo Cho ~Vm`m {H$ Oharbr Jg| h_mao \o$\$S>m| _|
KwgH$a h_mao IyZ _| Ademo{fV hmo OmVr h& Yyb Ama YwAm h_mao \o \$S>m| Ho$ ^rVa ah OmVo h VWm Hw$N> gmbm| _| h_mao
\o$\$S>o A{YH$ JXo hmo OmVo h& Yy_nmZ H$aZo dmbm| VWm Xy{fV WmZm| _| ahZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ \o \$S>o ~hV JXo hmo OmVo h,
{Oggo CZH$s AmgrOZ H$mo Ademo{fV H$aZo H$s j_Vm KQ> OmVr h&
nmR>`-nwpVH$m _| nR> 38 na {XE JE {M XemVo h $:
1) H$ma go {ZH$bm YwAm ; 2) bH$S>r go ObZodmbm Myhm; 3) {gJaoQ> nrVm EH$ AmX_r Ama
4) \$Q>ar (H$maImZo) go {ZH$bm YwAm &
(1) Ama (4) Eogr pW{V h Ohm nm`: Ordm_ BYZ Cn`moJ {H$ò OmVo h& Ordm_ BYZ Ogo
H$mo`bm, noQ>mo{b`_ VWm mH${VH$ Jg H$mo Eogm Zm_ {X`m J`m h `m|{H$ ò mMrZ nmYo VWm OmZdam|
Ho$ Ordm_m| Ho$ gmW ^y{_ Ho$ AXa nmE OmVo h& bmIm| df nhbo ò nmYo VWm OmZda _ao Wo VWm CZHo$
Am{eH$ $n go j{`V (gS>o hE) AJ ^y{_ H$s H$B gVhm| Ho$ ZrMo X\$Z hmo Jò Wo& bmIm| df C Vmn
Ama Xm~ Ho$ AVJV ò naV| H$mo`bo, noQ>mo{b`_ VWm mH${VH$ Jg _| ~Xb J`r Wt - BYZ {Oho h_
D$_m, H$me VWm {dwV CnmXZ Ho$ {bE `moJ H$aVo h& noQ>mo{b`_ H$mo bmpQ>H$, CdaH$, \${~H$
VWm h_mao amoOmZm Cn`moJ H$s AZoH$ dVwAm| Ho$ {Z_mU _| ma{^H$ nXmW (H$o _mb) Ho$ n _| ^r
Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h&
O~ Ordm_ BYZ ObVo h, Vmo H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> VWm Obdmn Ho$ Abmdm Oharbr Jg| Ogo
H$m~Z _moZmoAmgmBS>, hmBS>moH$m~Z, g\$a AmgmBS>, ZmBQ>moOZ AmgmBS> VWm amI Ho$ H$U ^r
{Og_o grgm VWm Xygao nXmW hmoVo h, ^r Cn H$aVo h& Ordm_ BYZm| H$m Cn`moJ dhV n_mZo na
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ò dmVmdaUr` XyfU Ho$ g~go gm_m` moV h&
BYZ ObmZo Ho$ Abmdm, A{YH$me {Z_mU {H$`mAm| mam A{YH$ g`m _| A` IVaZmH$ Jg|
Cn hmoVr h& Hw$N> gm_m` CmoJ Omo dm`w XyfU Cn H$aVo h do h, Vob emoYH$ H$maImZo, H$Mr
YmVw(A`H$) JbmZodmbo, bwJXr Ama H$mJO H$o H$maImZo, bmoho Ama BnmV Ho$ H$maImZo, H$m~{ZH$ Ama
AH$m~{ZH$ amgm`{ZH$ H$maImZo (a~a, bmpQ>H$, CdaH$ Am{X)&
134
Z~a 2 (Myhm)_| bH$S>r, Kmg-\y$g `m Jmo~a Obm`r J`r h Omo ^maV Ho$ Jar~ Kam| _| m`:
EH$_m CnbY BYZ h& AZw_mZV: VrZ MmWmB go `mXm ^maVr` Ka VWm ggma H$s AmYm go
`mXm OZg`m BZ BYZm| na Am{lV h& do Ordm_ BYZm| go H$_ j_Vm go ObVo h VWm Bggo ~S>r
g`m _| YwAm Ama amI Ho$ H$U ~ZVo h& AmaV| Ama N>moQ>o ~| Omo BZ Kam| Ho$ AXa Ho$ Myhm| Ho$ nmg
H$m_ H$aVo h `m ahVo h, do N>moQ>r OJh _| ~S>r g`m _| IVaZmH$ Jgm| VWm H$Um| _|o gmg boZo Ho$ {bE
{dde hmoVo h VWm Bggo CZ_o Vrd dgZ VWm Zo gH$_U hmo OmVm h & bJmVma AdWmZ go m`:
Wm`r $n go \o$\$S>m| H$m Iam~ hmoZm, H$ga VWm X` amoJ hmo OmVo h & b~o g_` VH$ Myho H$m ~r_mar
go âm ^md A`{YH$ Yy_nmZ Ho$ g_mZ hmoVm h&
gm\$ BYZ `moJ H$aHo$, ObZo H$s j_Vm H$mo ~T>mH$a VWm dm`w _| OmZo go nhco BZ XyfH$m| H$mo
amoH$H$a H$maImZm|, dmhZm| VWm Myhm| go CgOZ H$mo ^mdr $n go H$_ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h & Myho,
B{OZ, Kmg Ho$ Myho VWm YwAm {ZH$mbZodmbo nmBnm| Ho$ CV $n A~ CnbY h& hmbm{H$ do _hJo
hmo gH$Vo h, bo{H$Z CZH$s H$s_V h_mao dm` go A{YH$ Zht h&
Z.3 (V~mHy$ H$m YwAm) dm`w XyfU H$m g~go A{YH$ CnojUr` $n h& Bg_| Oharbr Jgo Ogo
H$m~Z _moZmoAmgmBS> VWm hmBS>moH$m~Z Ho$ Abmdm VmaH$mob Ho$ H$U VWm Xygao H$ga Cn H$aZo dmbo
agm`Z VWm {ZH$moQ>rZ hmoVo h Omo Oharbo VWm bV nXm H$aZo dmbo hmoVo h& O~ EH$ ~ma Amn Yy_nmZ
ew$ H$a XoVo h Vmo Bgo amoH$Zm ~hV H${R>Z hmoVm h & {gJaoQ> H$m YwAm ^r hOmam| Xygao Oharbo nXmW
~ZmVm h, Omo {gJaoQ> {Z_mU _| Cn`moJ {H$E Jò AZoH$ agm`Zm| Ho$ ObZo Ho$ H$maU ~ZVo h& Yy_nmZ
H$aZodmbm| mam Bg A`{YH$ IVaZmH$ {_lU H$m Hw$N> ^mJ gmg mam AXa {b`m OmVm h O~{H$
BgH$m A{YH$me ^mJ ~mha N>moS> {X`m OmVm h& Bg{bE EH$ `m A{YH$ Yy_nmZ H$aZodmbm| Ho$ gmW
EH$ ~X OJh _| ahZm d` {gJaoQ> nrZo Ho$ g_mZ hr hm{ZH$maH$ hmoVm h& Yy_nmZ H$aZodmbm| Ho$ ~o
\o$\$S>mo H$s gyOZ, X_m (Imgr) VWm Xygao dgZ amoJm| go$JV hmo OmVo h& bJmVma V~mHy$ H$m YwAm
A{YH$ _mm _| boZo go \o$\$S>o _| Iam~r, H$ga VWm X` amoJ hmo gH$Vo h&
135
`mZ aIm{!
Hw$N> Oharbr Jgm| _| JY hm{Vr h O]oH$ ]mH$s _| Zht hm{Vr$& H$^r-H$^r bm{J oH$gr Z oXImB X{Z{
dmbr `m o]Zm JY dmbr H$m{B Oharbr Jg `mXm X{a VH$ gmg b{Z{ g{ _a gH$V{ h$&
V]mHy$ O] ObVm h Vm{ Cgg{ YwAm ]ZVm h oOg{ Vw_ X{I gH$V{$& Bgg{ Jg| oZH$bVr h oOh|
Vw_ Zht X{I gH$V{$& YwAm Ama Jg| Oharb{ hm{V{ h$&
`{ Jg| gmg b{Z{ g{ Vw_ VwaV `m H$B gmb ]mX ^r ]r_ma [S> gH$V{ hm{$& V]mHy$ H$m g{dZ haoJO
_V H$am{$& V]mHy$ H{$ YwE g{ ]Mm{$&
V]mHy$ OmZb{dm h$!
136
5. hdm Yyb Ama YwE H$m{ T>m{Vr h (2 H$mbme + gVV oZarjU TB p. 39)
H$. gyaO H$s am{eZr H$m{ `mZ g{ X{Im{ `m oH$gr AY{a{ H$_a{ _| V{O am{eZr ObmAm{$& Vw_ Om{ X{IV{ hm{, CgH$m
dUZ H$am{$$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 67)$&
{dm{W ` m|
H$o [ZarjU
YybH$U VWm VaVo hE aoeo Q>mM Ho$ ZOXrH$ AN>r Vah XoIo Om gH$Vo Wo& do bJmVma Ky_ aho Wo& {dm{W`m| Zo gy` H$s
{H$aUm| _| YybH$Um| H$mo _aU {H$`m, ImgH$a O~ N>V na PmSy> bJm`m OmVm h `m O~ MmH$(I{S>`m {_>r) dmbo n>>
H$mo gm\$ H$aVo h& Chm|Zo {\$_ moOoQ>a go {ZH$bZodmbr {H$aU _| Yyb H$mo ^r `mX {H$`m&
I. oH$gr H$_a{ H{$ \$e H$m{ PmS>z bJmAm{ Ama Yyb BH$Q>R>r H$am{$& `h Yyb H$hm g{ Am`r? Hw$N> CZ WmZm| `m
MrOm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ ]hV JXr hm{ OmVr h `m oOZ [a AmgmZr g{ Yyb O_ OmVr h$& gm{Mm{, Yyb BZ
WmZm| VH$ H$g{ [hMr$&
{dm{W ` m|
H$o [ZarjU
{dm{W`m| Zo EH${V Yyb H$mo H$jm _| bm`m& Chm|Zo XoIm {H$, {_>r Ho$ H$Um| Ho$ Abmdm, Bg_| H$nS>o VWm MQ>mB Ho$
aoeo, H$sS>o-_H$moS>m| Ho$ eara Ho$ N>moQ>o ^mJ Am{X ^r _mOyX h& {dm{W`m| Zo hS>b|g go Yyb H$mo XoIm& _Zo {XIbm`m {H$
\$e na O_r Yyb _| ~hV gmao ~S>o H$U hmoVo h O~{H$ D$Mr gVhm| na YybH$U _hrZ hmoVo h& ò ~hV hHo$ H$U hmoVo
h Omo hdm mam AmgmZr go bo Omò OmVo h& (Eogo ^r gy_ H$U hmoVo h Omo gVh `m O_rZ na Zht H$Vo h&)
Yybâr OJhm| Ho$ Zm_ Wo H$moZo, D$Mr Amb_m[a`m| Ho$ ImZo VWm Xygao A~m{YV jo; ~am_Xm, \$e VWm {IS>H$s H$r
Xohbr, Omo ~mhar Yyb go â OmVr h VWm nI| Omo hdm _| Ky_Vo h, bJmVma Yyb O_m H$aVo h&
J. _mby_ H$am{ oH$ hdm oH$VZr Yyb âr h$& Vwh| O$aV hm{Jr- [wamZr oH$Vm] H$r XVr H$m oOX,g\{$X
gyVr H$[S>m `m H$mJO, agr `m pbg, dgbrZ `m JrO$&
XVr H$m{ Mma Qw>H$S>m| _| H$mQ>m{$&
ha Qw>H$S>{ H$m{ g\{$X H$[S>{ `m H$mJO
g{ T>H$m{$&
137
H$[S>{ `m H$mJO [a dgbrZ$aJS>m{$&

BZ Qw>H$S>m| H$m{ CZ Mma AbJ-AbJ OJhm| [a bQ>H$mAm{$&
x
Ohm Vwhmar g_P g{ hdm gm\$ h$&
x
Ohm Vwhmar g_P g{ hdm JXr h$&
x
Xm{ H$m{B A` OJh|
Hw$N> oXZm| H{$ ]mX XVr H{$ BZ Qw>H$S>m| H$s VwbZm H$am{$& ]VmAm{, Vwh| BZ [a `m oXImB X{Vm h$&
AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ XVr H{$ `{ Qw>H$S>{ dg{ `m| oXImB X{V{ h$(H$m`-[wpVH$m, [> 67)$&
`m Vw_ BZ XpV`m| H$m `h OmZZ{ _| BV{_mb H$a gH$V{ hm{ oH$ hdm oH$VZr JXr h?
`m `h VaH$s] ha Vah H$s JXJr H{$ ob`{ H$maJa hm{Jr?
hS>b{g g{ MrO| ]S>r oXImB X{Vr h$& A[Zr XpV`m| [a O_{ Yyb Ama ]mby H{$
H$Um| H$m{ hS>b{g g{ X{Im{$& `m Vw_ hS>bg g{ BZ [a H$m{B H$U X{I gH$V{ hm{
Om{ Vw_ CgH{$ o]Zm Zht X{I gH$V{?
{dm{W ` m|
H$o [ZarjU
h_Zo dgbrZ bJo _moQ>o H$mJO Ho$ Qw>H$S>o H$mo (1) H$jm Ho$ AXa (2) gS>H$ Ho$ {H$Zmao Ohm A`{YH$ Q>H$ `mVm`mV Wm,
(3) N>V na Ama (4) Iob Ho$ _XmZ Ho$ nmgQ>mJm & VrZ {XZm| Ho$ ~mX gS>H$> Ho$ {H$Zmao Ho$ Q>wH$S>o na H$m{bI Ama Yyb Ho$
~S>o H$mbo H$U Wo O~{H$ Iob Ho$ _XmZ Ho$ nmg Ho$ Qw>H$S>o na hHo$ bmb aJ Ho$ {_>r Ho$ gy_ H$U Wo& H$nS>o Ho$ \$Q>o hE
{H$Zmao Ho$ aoeo na `mXm YybH$U O_m Wo&
{d{^ OJhm| na Yyb Ho$ aJ Ama Yyb _| Xygar MrOm| Ho$ gy_ narjU Ho$ {dm{W`m| mam${ZarjU go EH$
CgmhdYH$ Z CR>m, ""Yyb {H$ggo ~Zr h?'' gS>H$> Ho$ {H$Zmao H$s Yyb, {_>r Ama dmhZm| Ho$ YwE H$s H$m{bI go ~Zr
hB {XIVr h& _Zo {dm{W`m| go H$hm {H$ {_>r Ama ~mby nWam| Ho$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Qw>H$S>m| _| Qy>Q>Zo Ho$ H$maU ~Zo h& nmR>`nwpVH$m(`hm n> 138) Ho$ n> 40 na ~Zm {M XemVm h {H$ ò N>moQ>o Qw>H$S>o ^r nWam| Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ h& Yyb _| hdm Ho$
gmW Xygar MrOm| H$mo VaVo hE n> 40 41 na {M _| {XIm`m J`m h&
_Zo hSb|g H$m Cn`moJ H$a Xmo {dMmam| go n[a{MV H$am`m: (i) bog N>moQ>r MrOm| H$mo ~S>m ~ZmH$a {XImVm h VWm
(ii) Hw$N> N>moQ>o H$U Omo ZJr AmI go Zht {XIVo h do Bg hSbog go {XImB Xo gH$Vo h &
138
6. hdm CZ MrOm| H$m{ T>m{Vr h oOh| Vw_ Zht X{I gH$V{$& (2 H$mbme;TB p. 40, WB p. 67)
EH$ gy_Xeu _| H$B b{g hm{V{ h$& gy_Xeu g{ Vw_ CZ N>m{Q>r MrOm| H$m{ ^r X{I gH$V{ hm{ oOh| Vw_ hS>b{g
g{ Zht X{I gH$V{$&
gy_Xeu g{ X{IZ{ [a hdm _| Va ahr MrO| Hw$N> Bg Vah oXImB X{Vr h-
YwAm
\$\y$Xr
Yyb
20 _mBH$m{_rQ>a
]mby H{$ H$U
Vah-Vah H{$ [amJH$U

[mZr H$s N>m{Q>r ]yX
139
BZ_| g{ H$mZ-g{ gOrd, `m gOrdm| H{$ ohg{ hm|J{? A[Z{ AZw_mZ oejH$ g{ OmMm{$&
N>m{Q>{ gOrd oOh| Vw_ oH$gr gy_Xeu g{ hr X{I gH$V{ hm{, gy_Ord H$hbmV{ h$&
Bg oM _| oXImB J`r [mZr H$s N>m{Q>r ]yX ]agmV H$s ]yXm| g{ H$m\$s N>m{Q>r h$& Vw_ O] ImgV{ `m N>tH$V{ hm{
Vm{ E{gr hOmam| N>m{Q>r-N>m{Q>r ]yX| ]mha hdm _| N>m{S>V{ hm{$&
[mZr H$s ]yX H$m g_r[ X`
Vw_ g]g{ N>m{Q>r ]yXm| H$m{ o]Zm gy_Xeu H{$ Zht X{I gH$V{$&
H$ar] g{ ob`{ J`{ [mZr H$s ]yX H{$ Bg oM _| OrdmUwAm|
H$s EH$ bS>r oXImB X{ ahr h$& `{ OrdmUw Jb{ H$s Iamg
[Xm H$a gH$V{ h$& Qy>Q>r a{Im dmb{ Am`V _| BgH{$ Abmdm
Vwh| Ama H$m{B MrO oXImB X{Vr h ?
Jb{ H$s Iamg
AJb{ [ [a Qy > Q>r a{ I mAm| dmb{ Am`V H$m
H$m$ OrdmUw
g_r[X`$oXIm`m J`m h$& Bg_| Vw_ Jb{ H$s Iamg
H${$OrdmUw VWm Hw$N> odfmUw ^r X{I gH$V{ hm{$&
1 _mBH$m{_rQ>a
`mZ aIm{!
EH$ ]ma N>tH$Z{ `m ImgZ{ [a [mZr H$s N>m{Q>r-N>m{Q>r ]yXm| _| bmIm| gy_Ord ]mha
AmV{ h$& Bg{ gmg b{Z{ dmbm BgmZ ]r_ma [S> gH$Vm h$& BgobE O] Vw_ N>tH$m{ `m
Imgm{ Vm{ A[Zm _wh H$[S>{ g{ T>H$ bm{!
\$\y$Xr, OrdmUw Ama odfmUwAm| H{$ H$B H$ma hm{V{ h$& BZ_| g{ `mXmVa BgmZ H{$ obE hmoZH$maH$ Zht hm{V{$&
140
gXu H$m odfmUw
[m{ob`m{ H$m odfmUw
Jb{ H$s Iamg

H$m$dhr OrdmUw
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
BbwEOm H$m odfmUw

0.1 _mBH$m{_rQ>a
{dmWr `h H$nZm H$a gHo$ {H$ EH$ AHo$bo bog Ho$ WmZ na {d{^ b|gm| go ~Zo EH$ CnH$aU go dVwE ~S>r {XI
gH$Vr h, Bggo h_ CZ MrOm| H$mo ^r XoIVo h {Ogo {g\$ hSb|g go Zht XoI gH$Vo& {H$Vw do nmR>`-nwpVH$m$Ho$ {Mm|
H$mo XoIH$a WmoS>o `J Wo& _Zo Ch| ~Vm`m {H$ ò Eogr MrO| h, Omo ZJr AmIm| go Zht {XIVr h, bo{H$Z BVZr ~Sr hmoVr
h {H$ gy_Xeu go XoIr Om gH$Vr h& Yyb Ho$ ò N>moQ>o H$U, Ob H$s gy_ ~yX|, ~rOmUw, namJ, OrdmUw Ama {dfmUw hdm
_| _hrZm| `m gmbm| ah gH$Vo h ({ddaU Ho$ {bE n> 96-98 XoI|)&
141
AZoH$ H$ma Ho$ nmYo namJU Ho$ {bE hdm na {Zâ ahVo h (Xygao nmYo Ho$ {bE namJ bo OmVo h)&
EH$ {dmWr Zo nyN>m {H$ `m ò MrO| Jgm| Ho$ AUw {OVZr gy_ h Ogm {H$ nmR>`-nwpVH$m$Ho$ n> 35 na (`w{$nyU
$n go) {XIm`m J`m h& _Zo `m`m H$r {H$ Jg Ho$ AUw BVZo N>moQ>o hmoVo h {H$ gy_Xeu (ZrMo XoI|) go Zht XoIo Om
gH$Vo h& {dm{W`m| Zo V~ H$B VarHo$ go H$nZm H$s {Oggo ò H$U hdm _| Am OmVo h&
~hV Vrd X{> mam h_ H$ar~ EH$ {_br_rQ>a (100 _mBH$mo _rQ>a) Ho$ Xgd| ^mJ VH$ H$s dVwAm| Ho$ AmH$ma
_| ôX H$a gH$Vo h& AmXe $n go Yyb VWm ~mby Ho$ H$U Omo hdm _| {Zb{~V AdWm _| ahVo h, do$Bg AmH$ma
Ho$ Xgdo ^mJ Ho$ ~am~a hmoVo h& H$B OrdmUw Bggo ^r N>moQ>o hmoVo h& h_ BZH$o AmH$ma H$mo {_br_rQ>a go H$m\$s
N>moQ>r BH$mB`m| _| _mnVo h:
1 _rQ>a = 1000 {_br_rQ>a
1 {_br_rQ>a = 1000 _mBH$mo_rQ>a
1 _mBH$mo_rQ>a = 1000 ZZmo_rQ>a
AUwAm| Ho$ AmH$ma H$mo EJQ>m_ _| _mnm OmVm h :
1 ZZmo_rQ>a = 10 EJQm>_&
nmR>`-nwpVH$m _| n> 40 na (`hm n> 138) {M H$ar~ 10 go 50 _mBH$mo_rQ>a AmH$ma H$s MrOm| H$mo {XImVm
h& Bg {M _| H$ar~ 5 _mBH$mo_rQ>a `mg H$s Ob ~yXm| H$mo {XIm`m J`m h& `h Ob H$s ~yX N>tH$ `m
Imgr Ho$ gmW ~mha Am gH$Vr h& `h EH$ H$ma Ho$ Iam~ Jbo H$o OrdmUw H$r EH$ gy_ lIbm hmoVr h&
AJbo {M _|, Bg OrdmUw H$s lIbm Ho$ EH$ ^mJ H$mo ~S>m H$aHo$ {XIm`m J`m h& OrdmUwAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW
Hw$N> {dfmUwAm| H$mo ^r {XIm`m J`m h& ò g^r OrdmUw BZ Ob H$s gy_ ~yXm| Ho$ AXa hmo gH$Vo h& ò {M
CZHo$ AmH$mam| H$m gmnoj {dMma VwV H$aVm h ({MH$a$Z 8 VWm 9 XoI|)&
ò g^r MrO| hdm mam ~hm`r `m bo Om`r OmVr h& dMm H$s bmImo _V H$mo{eH$mE amoO Vwhmao eara
go {ZH$bH$a VaVr h& ~r_ma AmX_r go H$sQ>mUw hdm _| ImgZo, N>tH$Zo Ama WyH$Zo go \$bVo h& O~ h_
ImgVo `m N>tH$Vo h, Hw$N> H$mo{eH$mE OrdmUw `m {dfmUw {bE hE gy_ ~yXm| Ho$ $n _| AnZo AXa H$s MrOm|
H$mo {ZH$mbVo hE \$Q>H$a Iwb OmVr h& O~ WyH gyIVr h, {dfmUw {H$Q>b(ado) hdm _| CS>Zo bJVo h& BZ
OrdmUwAm| go âr hdm _| gmg boH$a Vw_ gH${_V hmo gH$Vo hmo&
142
H$B H$ma Ho$ amoJH$maH$ OrdmUw, {dfmUw, ~rOmUw Ama namJ hdm mam bo Omò OmVo h& BgHo$
CXmhaU h : {Z_mo{Z`m, Q>r~r, {S>Wo[a`m Ama Hw$> amoJ Ho$ {bò {O_oXma OrdmUw, gXr OwH$m_, BbwEOm,
N>moQ>r MoMH$, MoMH$, H$R>_mbm amoJ, AmI AmZm VWm nmo{b`mo Ho$ {bò {O_oXma {dfmUw Ama namJ `m
~rOmUw Omo EbOu H$m H$maU h&
O~ Amn ImgVo `m N>tH$Vo h Vmo AmnH$mo AnZm _wh T>H$ boZm Mm{hE `m|{H$ Xygao bmoJ AJa BZ
OrdmUwAm| H$mo gmg mam AXa boVo h Vmo do gH$_U Ho$ {eH$ma hmo gH$Vo h& _mb go AnZo _wh Ama
ZmH$ H$mo T>H$ boZo go A{YH$me OrdmUw hdm _| OmZo go H$ OmVo h&

Jg
Obdm[
gy_Xeu
OrdmUw
ZmBQ>m{OZ
Oharbr Jg|
gy_Ord
odfmUw
AmgrOZ
dm`w-XyfU
\$\y$Xr
A[oe>
H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS>
A[KQ>Z
[amJH$U
E{gr dm`w oOg_| ]hV `mXm Oharbr Jg|, YwAm, Yyb `m ]hV gma{ gy_Ord [m`{ OmV{ h, XyofV dm`w
H$hbmVr h$&
A`mg ( 5 H$mbme+JhH$m` H$jm H{$ oH$`mH$bm[ Ama MMm H{$ gmW g_mVa $[ g{ oH$`{
Om`|J{; WB p. 68)
Zm_ ]VmAm{ Ama oM ]ZmAm{

1. d{ Hw$N> MrO| Om{ ]X]y H$aVr h
{dm{W`m| Zo AmJ go {ZH$bVo hE YwE, H$Ma>o Ho$ {S>~o VWm Iwbr Zm{b`m|
H$m {M ItMm (VWm EH$ ~o Zo XmoV/Xw_Z H$m {M ItMm)&
143
2. d{ Hw$N> MrO| Om{ _hH$Vr h

{dm{W`m| Zo AN>o gwJ{YV \y$bm|,
Kmg, noS>m|, B H$s ~moVbm|, AJa~mr,
dm{X> ^moOZ Am{X H$m {M ~Zm`m&
(`mX aImo {H$ ANr gwJY dmbr Jg|
gwa{jV hm|, `h O$ar Zht h &)
oMH$a Z (WB p. 69)

1. Vw_ H{$db Hw$N> g{H|$S> VH$ hr bJmVma \y$H$ _ma gH$V{ hm{$& `m| ?
Vw_ CVZm hr \y$H$ gH$Vo hmo {OVZr hdm Vwhmao \o \$S>m| _| h (Ama dh ^r nyar Zht, `m|{H$ \o$\$S>|, Jw~mao go AbJ, nyar
Vah Yg Zhr gH$Vo)& V~ Vwho ~mha go `mXm hdm boZo Ho$ {bE \y$H$Zm ~X H$aZm nS>Vm h& ({ejH$m| Ho$ {bE {ddaU
n> 128 na XoI|)&
2. BZ_| g{ oH$gH{$ obE Vwh| Jhar gmg b{Z{ H$s O$aV [S>Vr h?
XmS>Zm, VaZm, ImZm, oMbmZm, obIZm, grQ>r ]OmZm, JmZm
{dm{W`m| Zo gmoMm {H$ ImZo Ama {bIZo H$mo N>moS>H$a BZ g^r MrOm| _| Jhar gmg boZo H$s OaV hmoVr h& MMm Ho$
XmamZ Chm|Zo Ama Xygao Adgam| H$mo ~Vm`m {Og_| Jhar gmg boVo h& Hw$N> Agm_m` VWm AmMÒZH$ Cma Wo:
_gmboXma ImZm ImZo Ho$ ~mX, O~ Amn S>ao hmoVo h, O~ {ejH$ narjm boVo h Ama Vw_ Odm~ Zht OmZVo hmo, b~o g_`
Ho$ {bE {H$gr MrO na `mZ H|${V H$aZo Ho$ ~mX, H$moB AN>r gwJY boZo Ho$ ~mX, OhmB boVo g_` Ama _aZo go nhbo&
3. AJa Vw_ MrOm| H$m{ Z [m|N>m{ Vm{ CZ [a Yyb O_ OmVr h$& `m|?
hdm _| Yyb Ho$ H$U Yrao-Yrao ~R> OmVo h&
4. Hw$N> VarH{$ ]VmAm{ oOZg{ Yyb hdm _| o_bVr h$&
hdm Ho$ mam gyIr OJhm| go Yyb CS>mH$a bo Om`r OmVr h; dmhZ Ed XmS>Vo hE OmZda Yyb CS>mVo h Am{X&
144
5. Hw$N> VarH{$ ]VmAm{ oOZg{ YwAm Ama Oharbr Jg| hdm _| o_bVr h$&
CXmhaUm| H$s MMm nhbo H$s Om MwH$s h&
6. `m hdm _| [mZr _mOyX hm{Vm h? Vw_ H$g{ OmZV{ hm{?
hm! nmR> 1 _| {dm{W`m| Zo AmXVm Ho$ ~mao _| nT>m Wm& (`h {H$ ò {d[^ OJhm| _| {^ hmoVr h, dfm F$Vw _| hdm _|
Z_r ahVr h, erV F$Vw _| ò ewH$ hmoVr h &) nmR> 5 _| do Obdmn Ho$ ~mao _| Ama A{YH$ OmZH$mar m H$ao|Jo&
7. BZ_| g{ H$mZ-gr Jg| Vw_ gyK gH$V{ hm{?
AmgrOZ, H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS>, Obdm[, o_QQ>r H{$ V{b H$s dm[
Ho$db Ho$amo{gZ dmn&
8. [mR>`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 40-41 [a oXE hE oMm| g{ AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ H$mZ-H$mZ g{ am{J hdm g{
\$bV{ h$&
n> 142 na Hw$N> amoJm| Ho$ Zm_ {Xò Jò h& hmbm{H$ {dmWu amoJm| Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ Zht OmZ gH$Vo h, nmR>`-nwpVH$m
_| {XE JE {Mm| go do AZw_mZ bJm gH$Vo h {H$ gXu, Imgr, BbwEOm "by' N>moQ>r MoMH$ VWm nmo{b`mo hdm Ho$ mam
\$bVo h& YybH$U, \$\y$Xr VWm namJH$U Omo n> 40 na {XImE JE h EbOu `m X_m H$m H$maU hmo gH$Vo h&
9. BZ am{JmUwAm| H$m{ ]S>{ g{ N>m{Q>{ H{$ H$_ _| bJmAm{$&
Jb{ H$s Iamg H$m OrdmUw, gXu H$m odfmUw, \$\y$Xr, [m{ob`m{ H$m odfmUw, BbwEOm H$m odfmUw
`h Z Ho$b H$o Hw$N> A{YH$ H${R>Z {dMma H$s OmM H$aZo Ho$ {bE h& {dm{W`m| H$mo `h AZw_mZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$
\$\y$Xr, Jbo H$s Iamg Ho$ OrdmUw go ~S>r hmoVr h Omo {H$ nmo{b`mo Ho$ {dfmUw go ~S>m hmoVm h, nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ n> 40
VWm 41 (`hm n> 138-140)na {XE Jò VrZ {Mm| go gyMZmAm| H$mo OmoS>Zo H$s O$aV h&
H$_ {ZZmZwgma h:
\$\y$Xr, Jbo H$s Iamg Ho$ OrdmUw, BbwEOm H$m {dfmUw, gXu H$m {dfmUw, nmo{b`mo {dfmUw&
145
`m g_mZ h? `m h o^Z? (WB p.
70)
1. H$mZ-g{ XyfUH$mar [XmW (Og{, Oharbr Jg|, Yyb, YwAm `m gy_Ord) ZrM{ oX`{ J`{ VarH$m| g{ hdm
_| N>m{S>{ OmV{ h?
KQ>Zm
H$. Yyb âr gS>H$ [a ]bJmS>r
OmVr h
I. Yyb âr gS>H$ [a Q>H$ OmVm h
Oharbr Jg|
J. AmX_r WyH$Vm h
K. [mYm ]T>Vm h
Yyb
3
3
YwAm
gy_Ord
3
3
3
{dm{W`m| Zo OmoS>m {H$ nhbr VrZ KQ>ZmAm| _| hdm go AmgrOZ {ZH$mbr J`r VWm H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> Bg_| S>mbr
J`r, O~{H$ ApV_ KQ>Zm _| (noS>mo H$m ~T>Zm) CQ>m hmoVm h & noS> Yyb VWm YwE Ho$ H$Um| H$mo AnZo nmm| na nH$S>H$a
aIZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVo h, {Oggo ò hdm _| go {ZH$b OmVo h&
2. H$mZ h g]g{ AbJ?
H$. hdm, [mZr, ImZm, o_R>mB`m
I. AmgrOZ, H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS>, [mZr, Obdm[
J. Jg|, Yyb, YwAm, IaJm{e, N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ Ord
Hw$N> g^m{dV Cma h :
A. {_R>mB, `m|{H$ ò OrdZ Ho$ {bE Amd`H$ Zht h&
~. nmZr, `m|{H$ `h Jg Zht h&
g. IaJmoe `m|{H$ ò hdm Ho$ ^mJ Zht h&
146
^mfm AmYm[aV
A`mg
]m{bm{ Ama obIm{

1. hdm Om{ _ gmg b{Vm h (Om{ hdm Vw_ am{O gmg b{V{ hm{, CgH{$ ]ma{ _| gm{Mm{$& `h gm\$ h `m JXr? E{gm
Vw_ `m| gm{MV{ hm{? H$mZ-gr MrO| hdm H$m{ gm\$ `m JXm ]ZmVr h? Vwh| gm\$ hdm o_b{, BgH{$ obE Vw_
`m Hw$N> H$a gH$V{ hm{?)
My{H$ {dm{W`m| H$mo H$m` WmoS>m H${R>Z bJm, _Zo Bgo {ZZ VarHo$ go gab ~ZmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s: _ XyfU H$hm nmVm
hy; _Zo `m XoIm; _Zo `m gyK>m; _Zo `m gmoMm; h_ Bg XyfU H$mo H$go amoH$ gH$Vo Wo?
AmAm{, eXm| g{ I{b| (WB p.
71)
1. BZ JY dmb{ eXm| H{$ AW [Vm H$am{$& ]m`t Am{a oX`{ J`{ eXm| H$m{ Xm`t Am{a H$s MrOm| g{ o_bmAm{$&
_rR>m
gS>m Ogm
H$S>dm
VrU
\$b Ogm
Xm{ oXZ H$s [H$mB hB Jm{^r

Vbr Om ahr o_M
Am_
Jwbm]
[wamZm ImZ{ H$m V{b
B
`mO
[yN>m{ Ama _mby_ H$am{

1. `m Vw_Z{ A[oe> [XmWm~ H$m{ ObmV{ X{Im h? Bh| Obm `m| X{V{ h? `m Bh| ObmZ{ g{ H$m{B ZwH$gmZ
hm{Vm h?
{dm{W ` m|
H$o [ZarjU
My{H$ `h Z nmR> Ho$ AV _| {b`m J`m Wm, A{YH$me {dmWr Bg ~mV go gh_V Wo {H$ ObVm hAm Hy$S>m (H$Mam)
hdm H$mo Xy{fV H$aVm h& Hw$N Zo H$hm {H$ YwAm _N>am| H$mo ^Jm gH$Vm h &
147
ObmZm, ~S>r _mm _| H$Mam| H$mo g_m H$aZo H$m EH$ AmgmZ VarH$m h,naVw BgH$o H$B ZwH$gmZ h$&
ObmZo go YwAm Cn hmoVm h, {Og_| Obm`r JB MrOm| Ho$ H$ma Ho$ AmYma na N>moQ>o AYObo H$U, H$m~Z
S>mBAmgmBS,H$m~Z _moZmoAmgmBS> VWm A` hm{ZH$maH$ Jg| hmoVr h& ehar Kaoby H$Mao _| Hw$N>
dVwAm| Ho$ ^mJ Ogo bmpQ>H$, H$mJO, a~a, bm`dwS> VWm H${_ `m ~wZo hE H$nS>o hmoVo h, Omo {d{^
agm`Zm| H$mo {_bmH$a ~ZmE OmVo h& ò agm`Z ~hwV Oharbr Jg| VWm {dfm$ H$m{bI ~ZmVo h&
nmXn$Ad{e> g^m{dV $n go {_>r Ho$ {bE nmofU H$m EH$ g_ moV h & n{m`m| Ama VZm| Ho$ H$Mao
H$mo ObmZo na, CZHo$ A{YH$me nmofH$ Vd Z> hmo OmVo h& gyIr amI _| _mOyX I{ZO nXmW ~agmV _|
AmgmZr go ~h OmVo h Ama Bg{bE {_>r H$mo nmofU Zht XoVo h& nmYm| Ho$ Ad{e> H$mo ImX ~ZmZo Ho$ J>o
_| gS>mZo go do ImX _| n[ad{VV hmo OmVo h& (XoI| nmR> 10, n> 315, 320-321, 339-340)
2. Hw$N> Xyga{ VarH{$ [Vm H$am{ oOZg{ Oharbr Jg| hdm _| o_bVr h$&
CXmhaU ~Vr {deof na AmYm[aV hm|Jo - Vmne{$ `m|, emoYH$ H$maImZm|, amgm`{ZH$ g`m|, ^mar _mm _| S>rOb
`mVm`mV `m ObVo hE Hy$S>o go ~m XyfU; Myhm| VWm {gJaoQ> Ho$ YwE go AmV[aH$ XyfU&
3. `m Vw_Z{ YwE Ama Jgm| H$s dOh g{ bm{Jm| H$m{ ]r_ma [S>V{ gwZm h$?
dgZ amoJ Ho$ AZoH$ H$maU Ka `m H$m`Wb Ho$ dmVmdaU _| {Z{h>V hmoVo h bo{H$Z m`: do nhMmZ _| Zht AmVo h&
amgm`{ZH$ ^mn, YwE, Yyb `m aoeoXma OJhm| _| ahZo `m H$m` H$aZo go AZoH$ ~r_m[a`m| H$s Cn{m hmoVr h& IXmZm| _|
H$m_ H$aZo dmbo _OXya, E~oQ>mg VWm gr_oQ> _| H$m` H$aZo dmbo _OXya j`H$maH$ Yyb Ho$ H$Um| H$mo dmg mam AXa
boVo h& ~wZmB Ho$ _OXya aoem| H$mo dmg mam AXa boZo go ~r_ma hmo gH$Vo h& AZoH$ H$maImZo Eogo agm`Z ~ZmVo `m
`moJ H$aVo h Omo hdm _| R>haVo h d Bgo gmg boZo Ho$ {bò hm{Z H$maH$ ~ZmVo h &
Jw U m_H$
qMVZ

1. MwZy EH$ dkmoZH$ g{ o_bm Om{ XyfU Zm[ ahr Wr$& CgZ{ MwZy H$m{ `{ Jm\$ oXIm`m oOg_| EH$ eha
Ama Cgg{ Wm{S>r Xya pWV Jmd _| CgH{$ mam Zm[r J`r XyfU H$s _mm XO h$&
~m XyfU Ho$ moVm| H$m AZw_mZ AmgmZr go bJm`m Om

gH$Vm h& eha _| dmhZm| H$m `mVm`mV g~go g^m{dV
moV h, {deofH$a nwamZo VWm H$_ j_Vmdmbo S>rOb VWm
H$am{gZ B{OZ H$m `moJ H$aZo go A{YH$ XyfU hmoVm h &
Jmdm| Ho$ ~mhar jom| _| {XIm`m J`m H$_ _mm _| XyfU Yyb,
namJH$U `m g S > r h B MrOm| Ho $ H$maU hmo gH$Vm h &
(AmV[aH$ XyfU Ho$ {bE ZrMo XoI| J)&
I$. oH$Z OJhm| [a hdm g]g{ gm\$ Wr ? `m Vw_
]Vm gH$V{ hm{ oH$ E{gm `m| Wm ?
Jm\$ _| {XImB JB dN> hdm Jm_rU jom| _| hmoVr h, Ohm
AZoH$ noS> hmoVr h VWm H$moB H$maImZm `m dmhZ Zht hmoVo h
{Oggo XyfU hmo gHo$&
500 __
_
__
400
_
300 __
_
__
200
_
100 __
_
0 __
XyfU
eha _|
Ka Ho$ AXa
Jm d _|
Ka Ho$ AXa
eha _|
Ka Ho$ ~mha
Jm d _|
Ka Ho$ ~mha
H$. BZ Mmam| OJhm| [a XyfU H{$ `m H$maU hm{

gH$V{ h?
YwE Ama Oharbr Jgm| H$m ^ma

( _m`
_m`HHmo Jm_ {V _rQ>a hdm _|)
148
WmZ
J. H$mZ `mXm XyofV Wm, Jmd H$m Ka `m eha H$m Ka? `m Vw_ ]Vm gH$V{ hm{, E{gm `m| Wm?
Jm\$ Ho$ AZwgma Jm_rU Kam| Ho$ AXa g~go `mXm XyfU hmoVm h& `h g^dV: Cn`w$ dm`w {ZH$mg VWm dmVm`Z
`dWm Ho$ {~Zm bH$S>r `m Jmo~a ObmZo dmbo Myhm| Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h& (XoI| n> 134)
ImZm nH$mZo `m J_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$amo{gZ `m bH$S>r Ho$ YwE$Ho$ A{V[a$ AmV[aH$ dm`w XyfU Ho$ Xygao moV hmo
gH$Vo h Ogo: V~mHy$ H$m$ YwAm, EH${V Yyb, \$\y$Xr ({deofV: Z_r dmbo Kam| _o|), KwZ(gy_ H$rS>o Omo Kam| H$s Yyb _|
nmò OmVo h), H$sS>m| Ho$ eara Ho$ VaVo hE AJ, H$nS>m| Ho$ aoeo VWm aJm| Ama gm\$ H$aZo Ho$ Kmob go AmgmZr go dmpnV
hmoZo dmbo agm`Z& BZH$s A`{YH$ _mm X_m VWm Xygao dgZ-g~Yr `m Zo amoJ H$m H$maU hmo gH$Vr h&
149
H$m{B Z [yN>m{ ( W.B. p. 72)

{dm{W`m| Ho$ Z:
1. Jrbo nVo VWm bH$[S>`m gyIo H$s Anojm ObmZo na A{YH$ YwAm XoVr h, `mo? (`h Z EH$ H$hmZr Ho$ XmamZ CR>m;
_Zo BgH$m Cma nmR> Ho$ AV _| {X`m h&)
XoImo {H$ ObmZo na H$mZ-gr A` MrO| YwAm XoVr h VWm H$mZ gr MrO| YwAm Zht XoVr& YwE _| Hw$N> Jgmo Ho$ gmW
dVwAm| Ho$ {~Zm Obo `m Am{eH$ $n go Obo H$U hmoVo h& O~ dVw nyar Vah Zht ObVr h Vmo ò H$U nXm hmoVo h&
dVwE nyU $n go {OVZr H$_ ObVr h (Eogm hmoVm h O~ nmo `m bH$[S>`m Jrbr hmoVr h), CVZm A{YH$ YwAm ~ZmVr
h&
2. hdm h_mao eara Ho$ AXa H$go OmVr h? `m hdm dMm Ho$ mam AXa Om gH$Vr h?
hdm eara Ho$ AXa Ho$db Iwbo ^mJm| Ogo _wh VWm ZmH$ mam Om gH$Vr h, CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, O~ h_ dmg boVo h, ~mV
H$aVo h VWm ImVo h& hdm H$s AmgrOZ \o \$S>m| go a$ mam br OmVr h VWm nyao eara _| nhMm`r OmVr h & eara
Ho$ g^r ^mJm| go H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> \o$\$S>m| _| AmVr h Ohm go ò eara go ~mha {ZH$mb Xr OmVr h & hdm h_mao dMm
Ho$ AXa doe Zht H$a gH$Vr h& AZoH$ N>moQ>o OmZda dMm Ho$ mam gmg boVo h&

[mdam{Q>r, H{$H$,BS>br, T>m{H$bm Ama ^Qy>a{ _| [m`{ OmZ{ dmb{ N>{X CZ_| [Xm hm{Z{ dmbr H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS>
Jg H$s dOh g{ hm{V{ h$&
{dm{W ` m|
H$o [ZarjU
{dm{W`m| mam {XE Jò N>oX dmbo ^moOZ Ho$ CXmhaU VWm nmR>`nwpVH$m _| {XE JE CXmhaUm| go ~hV AbJ Wo&
Chm|Zo ~Vm`m Wm: nya>r, BS>br, S>mogm, BS>br H$m AmQ>m, Xhr~S>m, Am_boQ>, ~oS>, _Jmo eoH$, IQ>Q>m Xhr, Vbm `m ^yZm
nmnS> VWm _gya nmH$& BZ_| go Hw$N> ~wb~wbo gmYmaU hdm Ho$ ~Zo Wo, Hw$N> Obdmn VWm Hw$N> H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS>
Ho$~Zo Wo &
h_ Am_boQ> `m {_H$ eoH$ H$mo \|$Q>Zo Ho$ XmamZ Cg_| ~wb~wbo ~ZmH$a hdm S> mbVo h& O~ ^moOZ ~ZmZo$
Ho$ XmamZ Cg_| Cn{WV nmZr Obdmn _| ~Xb OmVm h Vmo m`: R>mog ^moOZ _| ~wb~wbo ~Z OmVo h$&
150
O~ nmZr Hw$N> R>mog Im nXmWm] _| Obdmn _| ~XbVr h, `h ImZo _| ~wb~wbm ~ZmVr h& Eogm \w$H$m
`m nmnS> g|H$Zo _| VWm nwar `m A` Im nXmWm] Ho$ VbZo _| hmoVm h& ~wb~wbo Vob go ~mha AmVo hE ^r
{XImB XoVo h&
ImZodmbm gmoS>m, Omo Ho$H$ Ho$ {_lU _| {_bm`m OmVm h, J_ H$aZo na H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> N>moS>Vm h&
Ho$H$ ~ZmZo na, AnZo AXa H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> H$mo amoH$H$a, R>mog hmo OmVo h&
~oS>, ZmZ VWm ^Q>y>am, AmQ>o _| I_ra(`rQ>) S> mbH$a ~ZmE OmVo h {Ogo J_ VWm Z_ aIm OmVm h&
dmVd _| I_ra EH$ gy_ gOrd h Omo AmQ>o na Or{dV ahVm h Ama dgZ {H$`m _| H$m~Z
S>mBAmgmBS> ~mha N>moS>Vm h& Bgo AmQ>o H$m "{H$dZ' H$hVo h& nH$mZo na I_ra _a OmVo h bo{H$Z
H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> Ho$ ~wb~wbo ah OmVo h& BS>br, S>mogm, T>moH$bm VWm I>m Xhr ^r "{H$dZ' mam
~ZmE OmVo h Omo {deof gy_ OrdmUwAm| go m {H$ò OmVo h& BZ ~wb~wbm| _| _mOyX$Jg H$m~Z
S>mBAmgmBS> hr hmoVr h&
hdm _| D$[a H$s Am{a CR>Z{ dmb{ Jw]mam| _| hmBS>m{OZ Zm_H$ hH$s Jg âr ahVr h$&
A{YH$me {dm{W`m| Zo hmBS>moOZ Ho$ Jw~mao XoIo Wo&
Jw~ma| Omo hdm _| D$MmB na CS>Vo h, _obo VWm gmdO{ZH$ ~mJ-~JrMm| _| ~oMo OmVo h& ò Jw~mao
gm_m`V: hmBS>moOZ Jg go âo hmoVo h& `{n `h Jg A`{YH$ dbZerb h VWm BgH$s ~S>r _mm
H$mo g^mbZm IVaZmH$ hmoVm h, {\$a ^r `h {Z`{_V $n go `moJ H$s OmVr h&
Jg CnmXZ H$m EH$ VarH$m `h h {H$ Jg {gboS>a Ho$ n|Xo _| E`w{_{Z`_ MyU H$mo H$mpQ>H$ gmoS>m
VWm nmZr Ho$ gmW {_{lV {H$`m OmVm h$& H$mpQ>H$ gmoS>m(gmo{S>`_ hmBS>mgmBS>) VWm nmZr
E`w_r{Z`_ AmgmBS> H$s naV H$mo KmobH$a gmo{S>`_ E`w_rZoQ> ~ZmVo h & EH$ ~ma O~ AmgmBS>
Mbm OmVm h, Vmo E`w_r{Z`_ H$s nmZr Ama H$mpQ>H$ gmoS>o Ho$ gmW amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H$`m hmoVr h
{OgHo$ \$bdn hmBS>moOZ Jg H$m {Z_mU hmoVm h&
151
hr{b`_ EH$ ~hV hH$s Jg h, hmbm{H$ `h hmBS>moOZ go XwJwZr ^mar hmoVr h& `h Cn`moJ H$aZo _| gwa{jV
hmoVr h My{H$ hmBS>moOZ Ho$ {dnarV, `h hdm Ho$ gmW {H$`m Zht H$aVr h Ama {d\$moQ> Zht hmoVm h& bo{H$Z
hr{b`_ {dab VWm ~hV _hJr h Bg{bE BgHo$ gmW H$m_ H$aZo dmbo bmoJm| H$mo IVam hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX, ^maV
_| hmBS>moOZ H$mo {IbmZm Jw~mam| _| âm OmVm h& npM_r Xoem| _o BgHo$ WmZ na hr{b`_ H$m Cn`moJ
H$aVo h&
ImZm [H$mZ{ dmb{ ogobS>am| _| âr Jg H$m{ Eb[rOr (obod\$mBS> [{Q>m{ob`_ Jg) H$hV{ h$& ogqbS>a
_| `h d AdWm _| hm{Vr h b{oH$Z ]mha AmZ{ [a Jg _| ]Xb OmVr h$& Eb[rOr O_rZ _| JhamB
g{ oZH$mbr OmVr h$&
EbnrOr H$m nyam Zm_ "{dV noQ>mo{b`_ Jg' h& `h mH${VH$ Jg H$m EH$ KQ>H$ h& Ordm_ BYZ Ho$ ~mao
_| n> 133 na MMm H$s JB h& (^maV _| EbnrOr _| `mXmVa `yQ>oZ Jg hmoVr h O~{H$ Hw$N> Xygao Xoem|
_| monoZ Jg hmoVr h)& O~ Jg H$mo ~hV A{YH$ gnr{S>V {H$`m OmVm h Vmo `h d _| n[ad{VV hmo OmVr
h {Ogo {g{bS>am| _| â gH$Vo h VWm AmgmZr go H$ht bo Om gH$Vo h&
EbnrOr hdm _| ObVr h& `{n ObZo na ~Zo CnmX (H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> Ama Obdmn) hm{Za{hV hmoVo
h, bo{H$Z Jg d` Oharbr hmoVr h& g_`m `h h {H$ Bg_| JY Zht hmoVr h & EbnrOr H$maImZm| _| Eb
nr Or _| WmoS>m BWmBb _aH$Q>Z (ethyl mercaptan) (EH$ d {Og_| ~hV JY hmoVr h) {_bm`m OmVm
h& Bg Vah bmoJm| H$mo nVm MbVm h {H$ EbnrOr H$m hdm _| [agmd hmo ahm h&
$&
H$jm _|
MMm
nyaH$ A`mg
1. O~ Amn gmB[H$b `m _moQ>agmB{H$b na MbVo h Vmo hdm _hgyg H$aVo h& `m EH$ AmX_r Omo gS>H$> na Amngo
Xya Mb ahm h, dh Bg hdm H$mo _hgyg H$aVm h? `m| `m `m| Zht? O~ Amn gS>H$> na Q>hb aho hmoVo h V~ AJa
EH$ ~g AmnHo$ ~Jb go JwOaVr h Vmo Amn hdm AZw^d H$aVo h& `m ~g _| ~R>m hAm AmX_r hdm AZw^d H$aVm h?
`m|, `m `m| Zht?
2. Hw$N> Jgm| Ho$ Zm_ ImoO| Omo hdm _| ObVr h& (ImZm nH$mZodmbr Jg, Jmo~a Jg, ~m`mo Jg, hmBS>moOZ, Vob emoYH$
H$maImZo _| ObVm hAm d)
BH$mB 3
[mR> 5
[mR> 6
[mR> 7
[mZr
[mZr H{$ _O{Xma I{b

[mZr Ama OrdZ
[mZr Ama h_
154
BH$mB 3
nmZr
$nao I m
Co `
nmZr go g~{YV amoO H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$mo AZw^d H$aZm VWm OrdZ Ho$ {bE nmZr Ho$ _hd H$mo g_PZm&
3.1 nmZr go g~{YV Hw$N> KQ>ZmAm| H$s ImoO H$aZm (nmZr ZrMo H$s Amoa ~hVm h, `h MrOm| H$mo Kw_m gH$Vm h; Xygao
nXmW Va gH$Vo h, Sy>~ gH$Vo h `m nmZr _o Kwb gH$Vo h; nmZr Hw$N> nXmWm} na MT>Vm h, `h dm{nV hmoVm h
VWm dmn O_ gH$Vr h&)
3.2 nmZr Ho$ JwUm| go g~{YV gH$nZmAm| VWm n[a^m{fH$ eXm| H$mo grIZm& ({~Zm AmnMm[aH$ n[a^mfmAm| Ho$)
3.3 `h g_PZm {H$ nmZr OrdZ Ho$ {bE Amd`H$ h Ama Bg{bE h_mao {bE ^r Amd`H$ h&
3.4 nmZr Ho$ {ZH$Q> ahZo dmbo nmYo Ama OmZdam| H$m {ZarjU H$aZm VWm g_PZm {H$ OrdZ-$n (life-forms)
{Zdmg-WmZ H$s {deofVm h&
3.5 nmZr _| ahZo dmbo {d{^ Vah Ho$ gy_ OrdYm[a`m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZZm&
3.6 nmZr mam \$bZo dmbo Hw$N> amooJm| VWm nmZr _| ahZo dmbo OrdUwAm| Ho$ ~rM g~Y Wm{nV H$aZm&
3.7 nmZr Ho$ {d{^ moVm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZZm VWm CZH$m {ZarjU H$aZm &
3.8 nmZr Ho$ h_mao `{$JV Cn`moJ H$mo XO H$aZm VWm BgH$s _mm {ZpMV H$aZm&
3.9 CZ VarH$m| H$mo g_PZm {Oggo nmZr Xy{fV hmoVm h VWm Bg V` H$mo _hgyg H$aZm {H$ dN> nmZr AN>o
dm` Ho$ {bE Amd`H$ h&
3.10 dN> nrZo H$m nmZr m H$aZo Ho$ VarHo OmZZm&
3.11 `h AZw^d H$aZm {H$ nmZr EH$ A_y` ggmYZ h VWm BgH$mo ga{jV H$aZo Ho$ VarHo$ Ty>T>Zm&
155
Bg BH$mB _|
Z`m `m h?
g^r ~o OmZVo h {H$ O~ h_| `mg bJVr h Vmo h_ nmZr nrVo h& Bg BH$mB Ho$ mam {dmWr `h g_P gH$Vo h {H$
nmZr h_mao OrdZ Ho$ {bE Amd`H$ h& ^maVr` OrdZ Ama gH${V _| nmZr H$m Ho$r` WmZ h& nmZr Ho$ moV Ogo
Hw$E, Z{X`m Ama dfm, h_mao {bE Am{WH$, gmH${VH$ VWm gm_m{OH$ _hd Ho$ h& _mZgyZ ^maVr` AW`dWm H$mo
^m{dV H$aZo dmbm AHo$bm g~go _hdnyU H$maH$ h VWm ~mX _| dfm Ho$ nmZr H$m CmaJm_r ~YZ& `h BH$mB
{dm{W`m| H$mo h_mao OrdZ _| nmZr H$s$_hdnyU ^y{_H$m go n[a{MV H$aZo H$s ewAmV H$aVr h&
~mX H$s$ H$jmAm| _| {dmWu nmZr Ho$ AgmYmaU ^m{VH$ Ed amgm`{ZH$ JwUm|, Omo OrdZ H$mo ^r g^d ~ZmVm h,
Ho$ ~mao _| grI|Jo; H$go nmZr ndr Ho$ _mg_ H$mo {Z`{_V H$aVm h VWm Bg{bE O_, d{ Ed Cn{m Ho$ MH$m| H$mo ^r;
H${f Ed CmoJ _| nmZr H$s ^y{_H$m Ho$ ~mao _|; H$go _Zw` mam Cn`moJ go nmZr Ho$ JwUm| _| H$_r Am`r h, Ed nmZr Ho$
moVm| Ho$ gajU H$s Amd`H$Vm Ho$ ~mao _| grI|Jo & bo{H$Z H$jm 4 _| MMm H$mo amoO_am Ho$ gab AZw^dm| VH$ gr{_V
aI|Jo&
`h BH$mB {dm{W`m| H$mo dm| Ho$ gm_m` JwUm| Ho$ VWm nmZr Ho$ Hw$N> {d{e> JwUm| Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVm h& nmZr Ho$
^m{VH$ VWm O{dH$ njm| H$mo g`w$ $n go ~Vm`m J`m h& hdm na AmYm[aV {nN>br BH$mB Ho$ g_mZ, AZw^d A{YH$
`m`m Ho$ {~Zm {Xò Jò h& `{n Hw$N> {ddaU {ejH$-nwpVH$m _| nm`m Om gH$Vm h, BZH$m Cn`moJ {ejH$ Ho$
{ddoH$ na N>moS> {X`m J`m h&
H$jm 3 Ho$ hbH$m-\w$bH$m {dkmZ, _| {dm{W`m| Zo Am`VZ VWm Ym[aVm H$mo _mnZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ma{^H$
{H$`mH$bmn {H$E Wo& Am`VZ H$s BH$mB`m brQ>a VWm {_brbrQ>a H$mo H$jm 3 Ho$ J{UV _| ~Vm`m J`m Wm& A~ H$jm
4 _| {dmWr AnZo {ZOr Cn`moJ Ho$ AmYma na nmZr H$s _mm {ZpMV H$a|Jo& H${f H$m gX^ {X`m J`m h bo{H$Z
Ammo{JH$ Cn`mo{JVm H$mo amoOmZm Ho$ AZw^d go hQ>m XoZo H$s dOh go BZHo$ ~mao _| `hm Zht ~Vm`m J`m h& Bg BH$mB
H$m b` nmZr Ho$ moVm| Ho$ gajU VWm Cn`moJ Ho$ {V gm_{OH$ OmJ$H$Vm VWm Xm{`d H$mo ~VmZm h&
156
g_`-gmaUr
: H$mbmem| H$s g`m

nmR> 5
P 1-P 14 -{H$`mH$bmn
P 15-P 16 -gmame
P 17-P 28 -A`mg
nmR> 6
P 29-P 35
P 36
P 37-P 44
nmR> 7
-{H$`mH$bmn
-gmame
-A`mg
P 45-P 60
P 61-P 72
-{H$`mH$bmn
-A`mg
Hw$N> A`mg {H$`mH$bmnm| Ho$ gmW VWm Jh H$m` Ho$ $n _| {H$`m OmZm h&
Bg BH$mB Ho$ {bE gm_Jr VWm gyMZmE EH$[V H$aZm
nmR> 5: nQ>Q>r (Ho$b), Q>oQ>mnH$(Xmo {dm{W`m| Ho$ ~rM EH$-brQ>a H$m nH$), H$Mr, Jm|X, nopgb; nmZr Ho$ N>moQ>o ~VZ,
M_M, Wm{b`m, N>moQ>r R>mog MrO| Ogo bH$S>r Ho$ Qw>H$S>o, H$mH$, _mo_, YmVw, bmpQ>H$, nWa B`m{X; d Ogo ImZm
~ZmZo H$m Vob, Ho$amo{gZ, XyY B`m{X; Hw$N> {Jbmg VWm Wm{b`m, aJrZ gyVr YmJo/ $_mb, H$nS>o, `mhr, MmH$(I{S>`m
{_>r), gyIr {_Q>Q>r, `_nQ>/boQ>, ~\$ Ogo R>S>o erVb no` H$s ~moVb, ~\$sbm RS>m nmZr; Xmo ~VZ - EH$ Omo Xygao Ho$
AXa Kwg OmE, bmpQ>H$ Ho$ erQ>, nWa, YmJo, H$S>mhr d T>$Z,Q>mod&
nmR> 6: npV`m, \y$b, J_bo _| bJo `m Xygao nmYo, H$H$S>r `m ~JZ, Z_H$, ~S>o Ed gm\$ bmpQ>H$ Ho$ Wbo, YmJm, Ho$b,
nopgb, _m{Mg Ho$ {S>~o, {MnH$mZo dmbo Q>on, Xmo EH$g_mZ \y$b, {Jbmg, S>mna, `mhr, g\o$X \y$b, aoOa boS>, AmBZm/
{IS>H$s Ho$ H$mM H$s Q>>r `m Qw>H$S>m/ereo H$m Qw>H$S>m, bmpQ>H$ Wbm, YmJm, gOrdm| g{hV nmZr H$m Z_yZm, hS>bog&
nmR> 77: H$~o `m ~Vr _| nmZr H$s Amny{V Ho$ {df` _| gyMZm- nmZr Ho$ moV VWm ew{H$aU {d{Y; _mm A{H$V {H$ò
hò ~VZ, EH$ brQ>a _mnZo H$m EH$ ~VZ, {MnH$mZo dmbm Q>on, {Jbmg, H$_-go-H$_ Xmo {d{^ OJhm| go {b`m J`m
nmZr, gm~wZ, M_M, Wmbr, gyVr H$nS>m&
157
[mR> 5
[mZr H{$ _O{Xma I{b
oH$`mH$bm[
[mZr Om{-Om{ H$aVm h
(2 H$mbme; TB p. 47, WB p. 75)
1. [mZr ZrM{ H$s Am{a ]hVm h

H$. oH$gr [Q>ar H{$ EH$ oga{ [a [mZr H$s Hw$N> ]yX| aIm{$& [Q>ar H$m{ PwH$mAm{$& [mZr H$m{ ]hV{ X{Im{$& Bg{ H$B ]ma
H$am{$& [mZr H$m{ Yra{ `m Om{a g{ ]hmZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$am{$&
H$jm H$m
~YZ H$aZm
nmZr Ho$ gmW ò {H$`mH$bmn H$aZm gab h bo{H$Z H$jm ~YZ Ho$ {bE gmdYmZrnydH$ Cnm` H$aZo H$s O$aV h& S>m.
H$aoZ hoS>mH$ ({ddoH$ hmB Hy$b, MS>rJT> ) mam V`ma VWm Cn`moJ _| bm`r J`r EH$ gab nmR> `moOZm `hm Xr J`r h&
{dm{W`m| go H$ho {H$ AnZo nopgb VWm Ho$b {ZH$mb b| Ed AnZr nmR>`-nwpVH$m H$m n> 47 d AnZr H$m`nwpVH$m H$m n> 75 Imob bo& nyN>o do H$go `h nVm H$a gH$Vo h {H$ nmZr EH$ g_Vb OJh `m EH$ T>bmZ dmbr gVh
na H$go `dhma H$aVm h& Hw$N> Z `_nQ>> na {bI|, Ogo:
`m nmZr H$r ~yX H$^r T>>bmZ na D$na H$s Amoa ~hr?
`m nmZr H$s ~yX T>bmZ Ho$ D$na H$r?
H$go ~hVr hB ~yX| AnZr {Xem ~Xb gH$Vr h?
O~ ~yXo ~hVr h Vmo `m ~yX _o Amn nmZr aI gH$Vo h?
H$go Amn ~yXm| H$mo VoO Mbm gH$Vo h?
H$go Amn ~yXm| H$mo Yrao Mbm gH$Vo h?
({dm{W`m| go Cma m H$a|& ò Z mogm{hV H$aZo VWm MMm H$aZo Ho$ {bE h& {dm{W`m| H$mo Z `m Cma {bIZo
H$s Amd`H$Vm Zht h&)
158
H$jm _| ~VmE {H$ do BZH$m nVm H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ {H$`mH$bmn H$aZo Om aho h & nyN>| {H$ `m hmoJm O~ do AnZo S>oH$
`m O_rZ na Iy~ gmam nmZr {Jam X|? Ch| Hw$N> H$nS>o {XIm`| {Ogo do ~ho nmZr H$mo gm\$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ H$a
gH$Vo h& Ch| {XImò {H$ H$go do H$n `m T> $Z _| WmoS>m-gm nmZr CS>ob gH$Vo h VWm [\$a EH$ D$Jbr H$m `moJ H$a
EH$ ~yX nmZr Ho$b na {JamE, H$mo{ee H$ao {H$ nmZr H$s ~yX Ho$b go {Jao Zht VWm `m hmoVm h O~ do gmdYmZrnydH$
Ho$b H$mo PwH$mVo h & Ch| H$h| {H$ `moJ g_m H$aZo Ho$ ~mX H$m`-nwpVH$m _| Ch| {bIZm h {H$ Chm|Zo `m nm`m,
{\$a ~VZ _| ~Mo hE nmZr H$mo H$jm Ho$ gm_Zo Imbr H$aZm h&
{\$a {dm{W`m| H$mo H$h| {H$ do d` H$a|, naVw Ch| AnZo S>oH$ na hr ahZm Mm{hE O~ VH$ {H$ Ch| H$nS>o H$s
Amd`H$Vm Z hmo& `{X {dm{W`m| Ho$ nmg H$moB Z hmo Vmo Ch| An>Zo hmW CR>mZm Mm{hE & O~ {dmWu H$m` H$a aho
hmo V~ Z nyN>Zo Ama gwPmd XoZo Ho$ {bò H$jm _| Ky_|&
n`m g_` ~rVZo Ho$ ~mX {dm{W`m| H$mo nmZr Imbr H$aZo, gm\$ H$aZo VWm {bIZm g_m H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$h|&
V~ H$jm H$m `mZ AnZr Amoa H|${V H$am`| VWm `m hAm, CgH$s MMm H$a|&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{H$`mH$bmn `h {XImZo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJr Wm {H$ nmZr T>>bmZ Ho$ ZrMo H$s Amoa ~hVm h Z {H$ D$na H$s Amoa& bo{H$Z
~hmd H$s J{V Ama T>bmZ Ho$ gmW BgHo$ n[adVZ H$mo XoIZm AmgmZ Zht Wm& {MH$Zo Ho$bm| Zo AN>m H$m_ {H$`m&
I. oH$gr ZXr, Zmb{, gmdOoZH$ Zb, [[ `m Hw$E H{$ [mZr H$s Yma X{Im{$& ]agmV òX Om{a g{ hm{Vr h Vm{ Vwh|
H$B Ymam`| oXImB X{Vr h$&
MmS>r Ama gH$ar, V{O Ama Yr_r Ymam`| X{Im{$& [mZr H$s ]hVr Ymam H$m CgH$s oXem H{$ gmW oM ]ZmAm{$&
( H$m`-[wpVH$m 75)
odmoW`m|
H{$ oZarjU
_Zo {dm{W`m| go AnZo Amgnmg ~hVo hE nmZr H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE H$hm & Chm|Zo Bg VWm nhbo {H$ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo `mX
{H$`m : Zmbm, JQ>a, ZXr, ~mT> H$m nmZr (Q>rdr g_mMma _| XoIm hAm), PaZm, \$dmam, dfm, Zb VWm EH$ QyQ>m hAm
nmZr H$m nmBn& {~Zm ~hZo dmbo nmZr Ho$ CZHo$ CXmhaU: Vmbm~, Hw$Am, Q>H$s, nmoIa, _N>br Ka, dr{_J nyb, nmZr
H$s ~moVb, ~mQ>r, _Q>H$m Ama h{S>`m `m hS>r&
159
{MH$a Cma : Zmbo H$m nmZr ~S>o Zmbo _| ~hVm h, Omo g_w _| OmH$a {JaVm h; g_w H$m nmZr _hmgmJa _| OmH$a
{JaVm h & H$B {dm{W`m| Zo H$hm {H$ g_w H$m nmZr Zht ~hVm h; EH$ {dmWu Zo dUZ {H$`m {H$ g_w H$s VaJ|
{H$Zmam| H$s Amoa `m {H$Zmam| go Xya AmVr-OmVr h, bo{H$Z `h nmZr g_w H$mo Zht N>moS>Vm h&
`hm Zm_ ~VmAmo Ama {M ~ZmAmo Ho$ A`mg 1 VWm 2 {H$ò Jò&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
`m Vw_ oH$gr ZXr H$m{ CQ>r oXem _| ]hm gH$V{ hm{?
{dm{W`m| H$s
dH$pnH$
gH$nZmE
EH$ {dmWu mam ~ZmE JE EH$ {M, {Og_| EH$ Ymam nhmS> go ZrMo H$s Amoa ~hVr {XImB JB Wr, H$mo hmW _| boH$a
_Zo nyN>m, "`hm Ymam Bg Va\$ `m| ~h ahr h Ama Xygar Va\$ `m| Zht?' {dm{W`m| Zo Cma {X`m {H$ nhmS> D$Mm Wm
VWm nmZr ""D$na go ZrMo'' H$s Amoa ~hVm h& do `h nhbo {H$`mH$bmn _| ^r XoI MwHo$ Wo&
`{n, A{YH$me {dmWr AVkmZ mam OmZVo Wo {H$ nmZr D$Mr gVh go {ZMbr gVh H$s Amoa ~hVm h Ogo {H$
PaZo `m nhmS>r H$s Ymam `m Ho$b {H$`mH$bmn _|& bo{H$Z `h g` g_Vb na ~hmd Ho$ amoOmZm Ho$ CZHo$ {ZarjU go
Zht OmoS>m J`m Wm, Ohm O_rZ H$s T>bmZ n> Zht h& `h ~mV CZHo$ Hy$b Ho$ ZOXrH$ Ho$ Zmbo na MMm Ho$ XmamZ
gm_Zo Am`r& do OmZVo Wo {H$ `h Zmbm CZHo$ Hy$b go ImS>r H$s Va\$ ~hVm h Ama Omoa S> mbH$a H$hm {H$$`h H$^r
^r Xygar Va\$ Zht ~hVm h, `h {H H$b ^r BgH$m ~hmd g_mZ amVo go hmoJm VWm AJbo _hrZo Ama AJbo gmb ^r&
O~ _Zo CZgo nyN>m {H$ do BVZo AmdV H$go h, Vmo ha$Vah Ho$ ""{ddaU'' Chm|Zo {Xò: ""Bg_| JXm nmZr h'',
""JXJr Zmbo _| H$mdQ> S>mbVr h Ama Bgo CQ>r {Xem _| ~hZo Zht XoVr'', ""Zmbo H$mo g_w _| OmZm h'', ""`h hdm Ho$
H$maU Bg {Xem _| ~hVm h''.....& `{n$ do OmZVo Wo {H$ Ymam H$^r CQ>r {Xem _| Zht ~hVr h, Chm|Zo BgHo$ Xygao
H$maUm| H$mo Ty>T>Zo H$s H$mo{ee H$ar & Hw$N> g_` Ho$ ~mX EH$ {dmWu Zo H$hm, ""`h O_rZ na {Zâ H$aVm h '' Ama
CgZo AnZo hmW go T> bmZ H$mo {XIm`m&
_Zo {dm{W`m| go ZmZ Ka `m Xygar OJh Zb (Q>m|Q>r) H$s pW{V Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>m VWm JXJr Ho$ {ZH$mg (Zmbo) H$mo
H$go aIm OmZm Mm{hE: gVh H$s T>bmZ {ZH$mg H$s Amoa hmoZr Mm{hE `m nmZr JbV amVo go OmEJm& Hw$N> {dmWu
OmZVo Wo {H$ nmZr H$s Q>H$s D$MmB na ~ZmB OmVr h$& _Zo _hgyg {H$`m {H$ nmZr D$MmB go AmVm h, Ho$ ~mao _|
AVkmZ mam dUZ A^r Ho$ {bE n`m h&
160
2. [mZr MrOm| H$m{ ]hm b{ OmVm h (2 H$mbme + JhH$m`; TB p. 47, WB p. 76)

odmoW`m|
H{$ oZarjU
H$. [mZr H$s Ymam _| EH$ [Vr S>mbm{$& X{Im{, `h oH$g Vah Ymam H{$ gmW Xya ]hVr Mbr OmVr h$&
{dm{W`m| Zo CZ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo `mX {H$`m O~ Chm|Zo nmZr Ho$ gmW MrOm| H$mo MbVo hE XoIm Wm& ({MH$a Z 1)
Chm|Zo XoIm {H$ gm_m`V: hH$s YmamE AmgmZr go ~hVr h, O~{H$ VoO YmamE "Cndr' VarHo$ go ~hVr h VWm `h
{H$ {dZ Cnd H$m jo nXm H$aVm h&
{dm{W`m| Zo `h ^r XoIm {H$ _mZgyZ Ymam T>oa gmao H$sMS> H$mo ~hmVr h& ~hVm hAm nmZr {_>r H$m H$Q>md H$aVo
hE D$na H$s T>rbr {_>r H$mo Xya ~hmH$a bo OmVm h& H$moB ^r dZn{V Bg H$Q>md H$mo amoH$Zo _| _XX H$aVr h& nmYo Ob
gajU _| H$go _XX H$aVo h, BgHo$ {bE n> 170 VWm 234 XoI|&
I. [ZMIs ]ZmAm{ImZ{ H$m V{b, XyY Ama \$bm| H{$ ag H$^r-H$^r MmH$m{a oS>]{(Q>{Q>m[H$) _| o_bV{ h$& EH$ Imbr oS>]{ H$m{
Im{bm{ Ama gm\$ H$am{$&
H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 77 H$s [ZMH$s H$s oS>OmBZ M[Q>{ H$mS> [a oM[H$mAm{$&
O] gyI Om` Vm{ _m{Q>r a{ImAm| [a g{ H$mQ> bm{$& o\$a Qy>Q>r a{ImAm| [a _m{S>
bm{$Ogm oH$ oXIm`m J`m h$&
161
N>m{Q>{ dV H$m{ ]S>{ dV H{$ _` _| oM[H$mAm{$&

MIs H{$ H{$ _| EH$ N>{X H$am{ Ama [|ogb H$s
Zm{H$ Cg_| g{ KwgmAm{$&
oH$gr Zb g{ oJaVr [mZr H$s Ymam H{$
ZrM{ Bg MIs H$m{ [H$S> H$a
aIm{$&
m`mo{JH$ gHo$V
nZMIu Ho$ {bE h_| Eogo nXmW H$s O$aV h Omo `mXm g_` VH$ Mbo bo{H$Z H$mQ>Zo Ama _moSZo _| AmgmZ hmo& Qo>Q>mnH$
hr Eogm Wm {Ogo h_Zo Cn`w$ nm`m& Bg {H$`mH$bmn H$mo H$aZo Ho$ Hw$N> gmh nhbo _Zo {dm{W`m| go Cn`moJ {H$`m
hAm Q>oQ>mnH$, O_m H$aZm ew$ H$aZo H$mo H$hm Wm& Hw$N> Q>oQ>mnH$ O_m {H$E Jò Wo& {dm{W`m| Zo Ama MrOm| H$m Cn`moJ
H$aZo H$m ^r `mg {H$`m Ogo H$mS>~moS>, H$mS nona {Ogna _mo_~mr H$m _mo_ `m aJrZ nopgb go EH$ naV MT>mB J`r
Wr, Xygao nH$m| go bmpQ>H$ MT>m`m J`m H$mS> B`m{X, qH$Vw ò n{hò> 2-3 Kw_md Ho$ ~mX ^rJ Jò Wo& `h `moJ hmbm{H$
{dm{W`m| Ho$ Hw$N> nXmWm] Ho$ ~mao _| VWm CZHo$ JwUm| Ama g^m{dV Cn`moJm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZo _| ghm`H$ {g hAm &
(~S>o {dmWu {Q>Z Ho$ T> $Z `m ObamoYr VWm Am`b noQ> {H$ò hE H$mS>~moS> H$m Cn`moJ H$a gH$Vo Wo&)
{dm{W`m| Zo g_yh _| EH$ Xygao H$s _XX H$aVo hE H$m` {H$`m& Hw$N> Zo {M{hV aoImAm| na H$mQ>Zo _| Jb{V`m H$s
Bg{bE Ch| [\$a go AnZm H$m_ H$aZm nS>m& Chm|Zo AdH$me Ho$ XmamZ `m Ka na BZ n{h`m| H$mo nmZr _| Cn`moJ H$aZo
H$m `mg {H$`m&
Q>oQ>mnH$ H$m nXmW N>h gVhm| go ~Zm hmoVm h; AX$Zr naV nmbrBWr{bZ H$m hmoVm h Omo d H$mo grb
H$aVm h; _O~yVr Ho$ {bE EH$ nmbrWrZ {MnH$mZo H$s naV; H$me, AmgrOZ VWm JY H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$
{bE E`w_r{Z`_ \$mBb H$s naV; nwZ: EH$ nmbrWrZ {MnH$mZo H$s naV; XT> Vm VWm _O~yVr Ho$ {bE
H$mJO H$m ~moS> VWm AV _| ~m nmbrWrZ H$s naV Omo Z_r VWm Xygar Xy{fV H$aZo dmbr MrOm| go
~MmZo Ho$ {bE hmoVr h&
162
naVm| H$mo EH$ gmW J_ H$aHo$ grb {H$`m OmVm h {Oggo nXmW _O~yV Ama `mXm {XZm| VH$ MbZodmbm
~Z OmVm h & nmbrWrZ H$s naVm| Ho$ ~rM H$mJO H$s naV H$mo H$gH$a grb H$aZo go do ^rJVo Zht h&
nXmW Im gm_{J`m| H$mo gJh H$aZo Ho$ {bE gwa{jV VWm gw{dYmOZH$ hmoVm h, bo{H$Z Cn`moJ Ho$ ~mX
BgH$m `mX g_` VH$ {Q>H$Zm hm{ZH$maH$ hmo OmVm h `m|{H$ BZ Cn`moJ {H$ò Jò ~VZm| H$m AmgmZr
go j` Zht hmoVm h, dht ò {_>r _| {dfbo agm`Z ^r N>moS>Vo h&
m`mo{JH$ gHo$V
nQ>ar VWm naH$ma H$m Cn`moJ H$a MIr H$m AmH$ma ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h bo{H$Z H$jm 4 Ho$ {dmWu gm_m`V: naH$ma
Ho$ `moJ Ho$ ~mao _| n[a{MV Zht hmoVo h& Xygam VarH$m h {H$ h_ JmobmH$ma T>$Z Ama H$mJO Ho$ EH$ Am`VmH$ma Qw>H$S>o
H$m `moJ H$a| & dm ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE T>$Z Ho$ Mmam| Amoa {M{V H$a|& dm H$mo N>h ~am~a ^mJm| _| ~mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE AmnH$mo
dm H$m Ho$ Ty>T>Zo H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoJr&
1) dm na H$ht ^r H$mJO H$m EH$ H$moZm aI| VWm Xmo {~XwAm| 2) H$mJO Ho$ H$moZo H$mo Xygar OJh aIH$a VWm {~XwAm| C VWm D
(A Ama B) H$mo {M{V H$a| Ohm na H$mJO Ho$ {H$Zmao dm Ho$ ~rM aoIm ItMH$a dm Ho$ Ho$ go OmVr hB EH$ Xygar aoIm Ty>T>o&
H$mo {VN>oX H$aVo h& A VWm B Ho$ ~rM EH$ gab aoIm XmoZm|o aoImE AB VWm CD dm Ho$ Ho$ (Z) na EH$ Xygao H$mo
{VN>oX H$a|Jr&
ItM|& `h aoIm dm Ho$ Ho$ go hmoH$a JwOaVr h&
A
B
D
163
T> $Z H$m `moJ H$a Xygam dm ItM| Omo Z go hmoH$a JwOao&

{~XwAm| E VWm F H$mo {M{V H$a| Ohm ò Xmo dm EH$ Xygao H$mo
{VN>oX H$aVo h&
T> $Z H$m `moJ H$a Vrgam dm IrM| Omo Z VWm F go hmoH$a

JwOaVm hmo VWm nhbo dV H$mo EH$ Xygao {~Xw G na H$mQ>Vm hmo&
3)
aoImAm| EZ, FZ VWm GZ H$mo ~T> mZo na,

Amn dm H$mo N>: ~am~a ^mJm| _| ~mQ>|Jo &
5)
4)
164
3. VaZm, Sy>]Zm `m Kwb-o_b OmZm? (2 H$mbme
+ oH$`mH$bm[ 3 Ama 4 H{$ ob`{ JhH$m`;
TB p. 48)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{ZarjU
VWm `m`m
H$. H$B ]aVZm| _| Wm{S>m-Wm{S>m [mZr bm{$& o\$a bH$S>r, H$mH$, _m{_, YmVw, bmpQ>H$, [oV`m, ]rO, $B,
o_QQ>r H{$ T>{b{, ]mby, JwS>, _IZ `m Z_H$ dJah H{$ Qw>H$S>{ bm{$&AZw_mZ bJmAm{- [mZr _| S>mbZ{ [a `{
Va|J{, Sy>]|J{ `m Cg_| Kwb-o_b Om`|J{?
Bh| EH$-EH$ H$aH{$ [mZr _| S>mbm{$& o_lU H$m{ ohbmAm{ Ama Hw$N> X{a BVOma H$am{$& _mby_ H$am{ oH$ Vwhma{
AZw_mZ ghr W{ `m JbV$&
`m E{gm ^r hAm oH$ Hw$N> MrO| [hb{ Vat Ama o\$a ]mX _| Sy>] J`t ? `m| ?
VaVr hB MrOm| H$m{ `mZ g{ X{Im{$& CZH$m oH$VZm ohgm [mZr H$s gVh H{$ D$[a h Ama oH$VZm ohgm ZrM{?
`m `h grYr [S>r h `m PwH$s hB h? `h Ogm oXImB X{Vr h, H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 76 [a CgH$m oM
]ZmAm{$&
_Zo EH$ ~ma _| Xmo {dm{W`m| H$mo {H$`mH$bmn Ho$ òH$ nX H$mo H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~wbm`m& _ EH$ hr nXmW go ~Zr hB Hw$N>
MrO| bm`m Ogo bH$S>r H$m EH$ bmH$, gyVr D$Zr H$nS>o H$m EH$ Qw>H$S>m, {_Q>mZodmbm a~a, EH$ {nZ, bmoho H$s H$sb,
bmpQ>H$ H$m Ho$b, E`w_rZr`_ H$s n>r VWm _mo_~mr go nam\$sZ _mo_&
A{YH$me pW{V`m| _| {dm{W`m| Zo ""VaZo, Sy>~Zo `m Kwb-{_b OmZo'' H$m ghr-ghr AZw_mZ bJm`m Wm bo{H$Z dhm
Hw$N> MmH$mZo dmbr ~mV| Wr& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, do AmdV Wo {H$ _mo_ Ama _IZ XmoZm| Sy>~ OmEJo bo{H$Z do AM{^V
hE O~ ò VaZo bJo& do Bg ~mV go ^r AmM`M{H$V Wo {H$ dVw H$m AmH$ma _m`Zo Zht aIVm ~pH$ Ho$db dh nXmW
{Oggo dVw ~Zr h, _m`Zo aIVm h&
{M ~ZmZo Ho$ A`mg go {dm{W`m| H$mo {ZH$Q> go {ZarjU _| ghm`Vm {_br, `h XoIZo _| {H$ dVwE VaVr h Vmo
^mar dmbm ^mJ ZrMo hmoVm h VWm `h {H$ AbJ-AbJ dVwAm| _o Sy>~o hE ^mJ H$m Ae AbJ-AbJ hmoVm h & (`h
nXmW Ho$ KZd na {Zâ H$aVm h)&
_ {dm{W`m| H$mo nT>mZm MmhVr Wr {H$ H$go do AnZo {ZarjU H$s [anmoQ> V`ma H$a|- _ Amem H$aVr Wr {H$ do Bg `mo`
hm|Jo {H$ H$h| {H$,""bH$S>r H$m Qw>H$S>m Vam''& AJoOr, {hXr Ama _amR>r _| ^r _Zo nm`m {H$ {dm{W`m| H$mo dV_mZ
^{d`H$mb H$mo N>moS>Zo _|, Ogo ""bH$S>r H$m Qw>H$S> m VaVm h'' _| H${R>ZmB hB Wr& nanamJV $n go {ejH$ ^r
165
"Vam'(EH$ AdbmoH$Z) eX Ho$ WmZ na ""VaVm h'' (gm_m`rH$aU) Ogo eXm| H$mo MwZVo h& EH$b AZw^d na
AmYm[aV gm_m`rH$aU {ZpMV $n go AZw{MV h& Bg pW{V _| `h {ZH$f {H$ "bH$S>r VaVr h' amoO Ho$ Co` Ho$
{bò ~hV JbV Zht h (`{n Hw$N> H$ma H$s bH$[S>`m nmZr _| Sy>~ OmVr h - XoI| "`m g_mZ h? `m h {^fi?'
n> 188)& CmaJm_r MMmAm| Ho$ ~mX, {dmWu {H$gr> gm_m`rH$aU na nhMo (Ogo, {MH$a Z 3)& naVw
{H$`mH$bmnm| _| _Zo {ZarjU H$mo [aH$mS> H$aZo na Omoa S>mbm VWm AZmbmoMZm_H$ gm_m`rH$aUmo H$mo hVmogm{hV
{H$`m&
{dm{W`m| H$mo nmZr _|, òH$ dVw H$s pW{V VWm H$mZgm
nmZr _| VaVr Hw$N> dVwE
^mJ gVh Ho$ D$na {XIVm h, na `mZ XoZo Ama {M ~ZmZo
H$mo mogm{hV H$aZm Mm{hE &
166
I. A] H$B Vah H{$ d BH$QR{ H$am{ Og{, ImZ{ H$m V{b, o_QQ>r H$m V{b, XyY, _erZ H$m V{b, aJ-am{JZ, d
gm]wZ, ehX dJah$& Bh| ^r [mZr _| o_bmAm{$&
[hb{ Oam AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ `{ d [mZr [a Va|J{, [mZr _| Sy>] Om`|J{ `m Kwb-o_b Om`|J{$& o\$a H$aH{$ X{Im{
oH$ dmVd _| hm{Vm `m h$&
d{ R>m{g Ama d Om{ [mZr _| Kwb J`{, Ch| EH$ Va\$ H$a bm{$& Vwh| AmJ{ H{$ oH$`mH$bm[m| _| CZH$s O$aV
[S>{Jr$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Bg {H$`mH$bmn go A`m{eV bm^ `h hAm {H$ {dmWu AZoH$ dm| go n[a{MV hmo Jò, nhbo {OZHo$ {g\$ Zm_ go
n[a{MV Wo (Ogo H$amo{gZ, pQ>, _erZ H$m Vob)& A{YH$me {dm{W`m| Zo em`X H$^r ^r nmZr Ho$ Abmdm A`
{H$gr Xygao d H$mo Nw>Am,gyKm Zht Wm& EH$ CXmhaU: do nmZr Ho$ ~rM ehX H$s J{V H$mo XoIH$a _wY Wo ""`h nmZr
Ho$ nmYo Ogm {XIVm h&''
d Omo nmZr _| Zht KwbVm h, Sy>~ OmEJm `{X CgH$m KZd nmZr go `mXm hmoJm VWm VaoJm `{X CgH$m KZd
nmZr go H$_ hmoJm& (Hw$N> dm| Ho$ KZd Ho$ {bE n> 190 XoI|)&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
`m Vw_ oH$gr [Wa H$m{ [mZr [a Vam gH$V{ hm{? H$g{?
`m Vw_ hdm g{ â{ Jw]ma{ H$m{ [mZr _| Sw>]m gH$V{ hm{? H$g{?
ew$ _| Hw$N> {dm{W`m| Zo H$nZm H$s, {H$ `{n EH$ ~S>m nWa nmZr _| Sy>~ OmòJm, EH$ N>moQ>m nWa Va gH$Vm h Chm|Zo H$aHo$ ^r XoIm & nWa H$mo ImoIbo AmH$ma _| VameZm H${R>Z Wm Omo Va gH$o- EH$ N>moQ>o nWa _| hdm âo hE EH$
Jw~mao H$mo {MnH$mZm AmgmZ hmoVm `m EH$ VaVr hB Zmd na EH$ nWa H$mo aIZm AmgmZ hmoVm (Ogo H$mJO H$s EH$
Zmd)& EH$ hdm âo hE Jw~mao go ~Ym EH$ ~hV ^mar nWa nmZr _| Bgo Sw>~mo XoJm&
167
4. [mZr MrOm| H$m{ Km{b X{Vm h (b{IZ Ama MMm H{$ ob`{ 1 H$mbme;TB p. 49)
Vwh| [Vm h oH$ Hw$N> MrO| [mZr _| o_b OmVr h$& BZ o_lUm| H$m{ ohbmAm{$& X{Im{, `m hm{Vm h$
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 80)$&
O] Vw_Z{ ohbmZm ]X oH$`m Vm{ `{ MrO| (R>m{g hm{ `m d) [mZr _| o_br aht `m AbJ hm{ J`t?
o_lU gm\$ h `m YwYbm? òX o_lU gm\$ h Vm{ BgH$m _Vb] h oH$ R>m{g `m d [mZr _| Kwb J`m h$&
Bg gm\$ o_lU H$m{ odb`Z H$hV{ h$&
Hw$N> odb`Zm| H$m{ N>m{Q>r VVna`m| _| CS>{bm{$& VVna`m| H$m{ Yy[ _| aIm{ O] VH$ oH$ d{ gyI Z Om`{ &
`m VVna`m| _| Hw$N> ]Mm h?
[mZr _| R>m{g `m d o_bmAm{$& AN>r
Vah o_bmAm{$&
Wm{S>r X{a H{$ ob`{ Bg{ R>haZ{ Xm{$&
`m Vw_ Xm{ odo^ [aV| X{I gH$V{ hm{?
hm
R>m{g `m d [mZr _| AKwbZerb
(`m em`X AeV: KwbZerb) h$&
Zht
o_lU gm\$ h `m YwYbm?
gm\$ `m [maXeu
R>m{g `m d [mZr _| Kwb J`m

odb`Z ]Zm h$&
YwYbm
R>m{g `m d Z{ [mZr
_| oZb]Z ]Zm`m h$&
168
{H$`mH$bmn
Ho$ [bE V`mar
odmoW`m|
H{$ oZarjU
Bg {H$`mH$bmn Ho$ {bE g^m{dV gm_Jr h:

(i) nmZr _| {dbo`: Z_H$, MrZr, Kmob, ehX, pQ>, AH$mohb, Vab gm~wZ......
(ii) nmZr _| {Zb~Z: H$rMS>, {_>r, gm~wZ, gm\$ H$aZo dmbm {\$ZmBb, dmQ>a H$ba, AmQ>m, XyY, \$bm| H$m ag......
(iii) nmZr _| A{dbo`: nWa, ~mby, a~a, H$mM, bmpQ>H$, BnmV, bmohm, _mo_, Jrg, Vob, H$amo{gZ.......
{dm{W`m| Zo XoIm {H$ MrZr Ho$ XmZo nmZr _| Ogo-Ogo KwbVo h do N>moQ>o hmoVo OmVo h O~ VH$ {H$ do nyar Vah Jm`~ Zht
hmo OmVo& `mhr H$s ~yX nmZr _| Yrao-Yrao \$b OmVr h& Ho$db {ZarjU Ho$ mam hr eXm| Ogo "gm\$ `m nmaXeu' VWm
"JXbm `m YwYbm' H$mo g_Pm Om gH$Vm h& _Zo ~Vm`m {H$ "gm\$' {_lU aJrZ ^r hmo gH$Vm h (Ogo ehX H$m
{db`Z, JwS> `m Kwbr hB `mhr)& EH$ {dmWr Zo {hXr JmZo H$mo `mX {H$`m, ""nmZr ao nmZr Voam aJ H$gm, {Og_|
{_bmD$ bJo Cg Ogm''& h_Zo dmnrH$aU Ho$ ~mX Adeof Ho$ $n _| Hw$N> {dbo` nXmWmo H$mo nm`m&
AZoH$ MrOm| Ho$ gmW KwbZo VWm A{YH$me dVwAm| go {MnH$Zo H$s nd{m nmZr H$mo EH$ AN>m ew{H$aU H$m gmYZ
~ZmVr h& H$jm _| MMm 3 H$mo ^r XoI|, n> 187 &
H$B Jg| ^r nmZr _| KwbZerb hmoVr h& mH${VH$ nmZr _| gm_m`V`m Hw$N> hdm Kwbr hB hmoVr h, 20
{S>Jr gopg`g VWm gm_m` dmVmdaUr` Xm~ na 1 brQ>a nmZr _| 15 {_br hdm Kwbr hB hmoVr h& C
Xm~ na A{YH$ hdm KwbVr h& O~ nmZr nmBn go ~mha {ZH$bVm h Ohm `h A{YH$ X~md _| hmoVm h,
`h BVZr `mXm Kwbr hB hdm H$mo Zht g^mb gH$Vm h VWm gy_ hdm Ho$ ~wb~wbo ~ZVo h Omo nmZr
H$mowYbm ~ZmVo h & Xygao CXmhaUm| Ho$ {bE {MH$a Z 4 ,n> 184 XoI| & _Zo {dm{W`m| go N>mZo hE
nmZr VWm Cgr nmZr H$mo C~mbH$a VWm R>S>m H$aHo$ XmoZm| Ho$ dmXm| _| VwbZm H$aZo H$mo H$hm& dmX _|
AVa nmZr H$mo C~mbZo go Bg_o| Kwbr hB Hw$N> Jgm| Ho$ {ZH$b OmZo Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h&
169
5. [mZr D$[a ^r MT>Vm h (2 H$mbme; TB p. 49, WB

p. 80)
H$. EH$ oJbmg _| [mZr bm{$& gyV H$s aJrZ S>m{ar H{$ EH$ N>m{a `m
aJrZ $_mb H{$ EH$ oH$Zma{ H$m{ [mZr _| Sw>]mAm{$& AmY{ KQ>{ ]mX
Cg{ X{Im{$&
S>m{ar `m $_mb H{$ [mZr g{ ]mha H${ ohg{ H$m{ Nw>Am{$& `m `h
Jrbm h? `h Jrbm H$g{ hm{ J`m? AZw_mZ bJmAm{$
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dmWu {d{^ H$ma Ho$ $_mb, `mXmVa gyVr, Hw$N> nmo{bEQ>a VWm aoe_r $_mb boH$a AmE& gyV Ho {d{^ H$ma
Wo Ogo \$bmbrZ, VwH$s H$nS>o VWm noXmaH$nS>o & gyVr H$nS>o Zo gbo{fV VWm OyQ> Ho$ H$nS>m| go `mXm VWm VoOr go
nmZr gmoIm; VwH$s Vm{b`m g~go ~[T>`m AdemofH$ Wm Omo EH$ KQ>o _| nyar Vah ^rJ J`m O~{H$ A` H$ma Ho$ H$nS>m|
_| nmZr Hw$N> ^mJ VH$ hr MT>m Wm& h_Zo {ZH$f {ZH$mbm {H$ nXmW Ho$ H$ma VWm g^dV: ~wZmB H$m H$ma ^r
AdemofU H$s Xa _| AVa Ho$ {bE CmaXm`r h&
nmZr A{YH$me gVhm| H$mo {^JmoVm h& ^rJZo H$m H$maU `h h {H$ nmZr Ho$ AUwAm| VWm gVh Ho$
AUwAm| Ho$ ~rM H$m AmH$fU ~b(AmgOH$) nmZr Ho$ AUwAm| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ ~b(ggOH$) go A{YH$
hmoVm h & ^rJZo H$m n[aUm_ `h hmoVm h {H$ nmZr ~VZ H$s Xrdmam| Ho$ D$na MT> OmVm h & gH$ao ~VZ
_| (EH$ nVbr Zbr-{Ogo Ho$eZbr ^r H$hVo h) d `mXm D$MmB VH$ MT>Vm h& (`{X ggOH$
~b,AmgOH$ ~b go A{YH$ hmo-Ogo H$mM _| nmam `m Vbr` ~VZ _| nmZr, V~ d ~VZ _| gnr{S>V
hmo OmVm h)&
gyV H$m òH$ aoem, dmVd _|, b~m, nVbm VWm Zbr AmH$ma H$s H$mo{eH$m Ogm hmoVm h Omo
Hw$S>{bV $n go `dpWV go`wbmoO AUwAm| go ~Zm hmoVm h & nmZr gobwbmoO Ho$eZbr _| D$na MT>Vm
h VWm eof H$nS>o `m H$mJO H$mo {^JmoVm h& H$nS>o _| CdmYa Ho$eZbr {H$`m JwdmH$fU mam
{Z`{V H$s OmVr h O~{H$ j{VO {Xem _| `h dmnrH$aU mam {Z`{V hmoVr h: AJa dmnrH$aU
Ho$emH$fU Xa go VoO hmoVm h, V~ ~hZm ~X hmo OmEJm&
170
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
d Ho$ C`Z Ho$ {dm{W`m| Ho$ CXmhaUm| _| YmJm, nO, H$mS>~moS>, BQ>, {~Zm M_H$mò hE {_>r Ho$ ~VZ, _mZgyZ _|
EH$ Xrdma, \$mCQ>oZ noZ mam Mygr J`r `mhr H$s ~yX, ~oS> `m {~Hw$Q> na MT>Vr hB Mm`, B`m{X& Chm|Zo ~Vm`m
{H$ {~Hw$Q> \y$b OmVo h O~ ò nmZr Ademo{fV H$aVo h VWm Eogm hr Xrdma Ho$ gmW hmoVm h& Hw$N> Xygao {ZarjU h:
B H$m EH$ _moQ>m YmJm ~hV OXr nmZr gmoIVm h {Oggo YmJo Ho$ Xygao {gao VH$ nmZr [agVm h& nmZr D$dmYa
aIo YmJo `m H$nS>mo H$s Anojm j{VO pW{V _| aIo YmJo _| `mXm AmJo VH$ OmVm h & AJa Amn Vh H$aHo$ aIo JE
gmoIVo H$mJO Ho$ EH$ Qw>H$S>o H$mo nmZr _| {JamVo h, nmZr Hw$N> ^mJ D$na VH$ MT> OmVm h, Omo nmZr Ho$ ~mha h& O~
H$mJO Ho$ ò ^mJ ^rJVo VWm ^mar hmo OmVo h, H$mJO Sy>~ OmVm h& AJa Amn _wS>o hE H$mJO Ho$ WmZ na H$nS>o H$mo
$\o$H|$Jo, V~ H$nS>m nmZr _| Sy>~Zo go nhbo nmZr Ho$ D$na \$b OmVm h &
I. EH$ VVar> _| Wm{S>r-gr `mhr S>mbm{$& IoS>`m H$m EH$ Qw>H$S>m VVar> _| IS>m H$aH{$ aIm{$&
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 81)$&
`m Vwh| bJVm h oH$ `mhr IoS>`m _| D$[a MT>{Jr? AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ `mhr H$m{ 1, 2,
3 Ama 4 g|Q>r_rQ>a D$[a MT>Z{ _| oH$VZm g_` bJ{Jm? Bg{ H$aH{$ X{Im{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dm{W`m| Zo I{S>`m (MmH$) na 4 go_r VH$ nmZr nhMZo _| bJm g_` 180 goHo|$S> ZmoQ> {H$`m&
J. EH$ oJbmg _| 2-3 g|Q>r_rQ>a D$MmB VH$ [mZr âm{$& oJbmg H$m{ âZ{ H{$ obE gyIr o_QQ>r S>mbm{$&
[mZr H$m{ o_QQ>r _| D$[a MT>V{ X{Im{$& [mZr O_rZ _| JhamB g{ Bgr Vah [{S>-[mYm| _| D$[a VH$ MT>Vm h$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
My{H$ {_Q>Q>r WmoS>r Z_ Wr, h_Zo EH$ {XZ Bgo Yyn _| gyIm`m& Bgo {Jbmg _| aIZo na, Vbr H$m nmZr D$na MT>Zm ew$
hAm VWm ~rg {_ZQ> Ho$ ~mX D$na H$s {_>r Jrbr hmo JB Wr &
{_>r _| nmZr H$m ~Q>dmam A{YH$meV: Ho$eZbr {H$`m na AmYm[aV h & {_>r Ho$ H$Um| Ho$ ~rM H$s
OJh {H$moUr` AZwW H$mQ> H$s$Ho$e Z{b`m| H$m EH$ gOmb ~ZmVr h& Z{b`m gy_ Ed nVbr
hmoVr h `m Jrbr {_>r Ogo H$gr hB hmoVr h Omo nmZr Ho$ {ZMbo Va go D$na VH $nhMZo VWm dm{nV
hmoZo H$m H$maU h& nmYo {_>r H$mo T>r>bm H$aHo$ Bg dmnrH$aU H$mo amoH$Vo h&
171
6. [mZr Obdm[ _| ]XbVm h(1 H$mbme + XoZH$ oZarjU)

[mZr H{$ dm[Z H$m{ X{Im{$& (TB p. 50, WB p. 81)
H$. `m_[Q> `m b{Q> H$m{ Jrb{ H$[S>{ g{ [m|N>m{$& O] `m_[Q> H$m EH$ ohgm gyI Om` Vm{ ]M{ hE ohg{ H{$
[mZr H$m{ \$bmAm{$& [mZr oH$g Vah dmp[V hm{Vm h, CgH$m dUZ H$am{$& `h [mZr H$hm Mbm J`m?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
`{n gyIZm EH$ gm_m` AZw^d Wm, {\$a ^r {dmWr EH$ ~ma _| Zht ~Vm gHo$ {H$ nmZr H$hm J`m? _Zo Ch| Xygar
KQ>ZmE ~VmZo H$mo H$hm {Og_| nmZr AX` hmo OmVm h& CZHo$ CXmhaU Wo, H$nS>o gyIZm, ZhmZo Ho$ ~mX ~mb gyIZm,
Ywbo AZmOm| H$m gyIZm, Ywbr hwB boQ>| VWm gOrH$mo nH$mZm & `h nmZr H$hm OmVm h? (gmoMmo, Oam gmoMmo, _| Cma
XoI|)& `hm na _Zo "dmpnV hmoZm' Ama "dmnZ' eX H$mo ~Vm`m&
O~ \$bm`m J`m V~ nmZr OXr gyIm (n>r` jo\$b ~T>Zo go dmnZ H$s {H$`m VoOr go hmoVr h)& {dm{W`m| Zo
`h ^r XoIm {H$ gyIZm Qw>H$S>m| Ho$ {H$Zma| go ew$ hAm, Ohm g^dV: nmZr H$s naV nVbr Wr; boQ> H$mo hdm _| aIZo `m
BYa-CYa Kw_mZo go `h VoOr go gyIVr h&
I. Xm{ g_mZ oJbmgm| H$m{ 60 o_br_rQ>a (6 g|Q>r_rQ>a) VH$ âm{$& Xm{Zm| oJbmgm| H{$ ]mha H$mJO H$s IS>r
[oQQ>`m bJm Xm{$& Xm{Zm| [oQQ>`m| [a [mZr H{$ Va [a oZemZ bJmAm{$&
EH$ oJbmg H$m{ Iwbm Ama Xyga{ H$m{ >T>H$ H$a aIm{$& am{O [oQQ>`m| [a [mZr H{$ Va H$m oZemZ bJmAm{$&
A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m _| [> 81 [a VmobH$m ]ZmH$a Bg{ XO> H$am{$& EH$ Jm\$ ItMm{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{V{XZ {~Zm T>>Ho$ {Jbmg _| nmZr H$m Vb Hw$N> {_br_rQ>a ZrMo Mbm OmVm h& h_mar Anojm Ho$ {dnarV, T>>Ho$ hE
{Jbmg _| ^r nmZr H$m Vb ZrMo {Jam, `{n `h ~hV Yrao-Yrao hAm& AmR>> {XZm| _|, {~Zm T>>Ho$ hE {Jbmg H$m nmZr
gyI J`m Wm O~{H$ T>>Ho$ hE {Jbmg H$m Vb EH$ g|Q>r_rQ>a go `mXm ZrMo Mbm J`m Wm& {dm{W`m| Zo AZw_mZ bJm`m
{H$ nmZr H$r dmn T>>Ho$ hE {Jbmg go ~mha Zht Om gH$s Wr `m ~hV Yrao-Yrao J`r& `hm na dmn gVrH$aU H$m$
{dMma AVkmZ go Am`m bo{H$Z _Zo BgH$mo AmJo Zht ~T>m`m&
172
.............
.............
............
............
AQy > ~ a 21
............
AQy > ~ a 20
............
AQy > ~ a 19
............
AQy > ~ a 18
............
AQy > ~ a 17
............
AQy > ~ a 16
............
AQy > ~ a 15
............
AQy > ~ a 14
............
{Jbmg _| nmZr H$s D$MmB ({_br_rQ>a)
Z_yZm Jm\$ (T>>Ho$ Ama Iwbo {Jbmgm| H$mo {d{^ aJm| go {M{V {H$`m J`m h&)
VmarI
T> Ho {Jbmg _| nmZr H$s D$MmB

Iwbo {Jbmg _| nmZr H$s D$MmB
7. Obdm[ [mZr _| ]XbVr h (2 H$mbme;TB p. 50, WB p. 82)
dm[ H{$ d _| ]XbZ{ H$m{ gKZZ H$hV{ h$& Obdm[ H$m{ [mZr _| gKoZV hm{V{ X{Im{$&
H$. ]\$sb{-erVb [{` H$s oH$gr ]m{Vb H$m{ Nw>Am{$& X{Im{, `m `h ]mha H$s Am{a Jrbr h? ]m{Vb H$m{
[m|N>m{ Ama Hw$N> g{H|$S> ]mX o\$a g{ Nw>Am{$&
`m ]m{Vb o\$a Jrbr h? `m `h ]mhar [mZr erVb [{` H$s Vah aJrZ `m _rR>m h? `h [mZr H$hm g{
Am`m? Vwh| E{gm `m| bJVm h?
173
{ZarjU
Ama `m`m
{dm{W`m| Zo XoIm {H$ erVb no` H$s ~moVb ~mha go ^rJ OmVr h& nmZr H$mo nmoN>Zo Ho$ Hw$N> {_ZQ> ~mX, ~moVb nwZ: ^rJ
J`r Wr& do `h Zht ~Vm gH|$ {H$ `h nmZr H$hm go Am`m& A{YH$me {dm{W`m| Zo H$hm, ""(`h ^rJm h) `m|{H$ `h
RS> m h &'' Chm|Zo Xygar KQ>ZmE ^r ~Vm`r Ogo Hw$\$s H$moZ (eHw$) VWm AmBgH$s_ H$n ~mha go ^rJ OmVo h & Hw$N>
Zo gmoMm {H$ nmZr Hw$\$s _| go Am gH$Vm h& A` Bggo gh_V Zht Wo& _Zo {dm{W`m| go CZHo$ AZw_mZm| H$o H$maU
~VmZo H$mo H$hm& CZHo$ VH$:
""~mha H$m nmZr erVb no` Ogm {Mn{Mnm Zht h&''
""AmBgH$s_ H$n _| {N> Zht h; `h [agVm Zht h&''
""`{X ~moVb _| J_ nmZr hmoVm, Vmo `h ~mha Zht AmVm& {\$a RS>o nmZr H$mo ~mha `m| AmZm Mm{hE?''
hmbm{H$ Hw$N> {dmWr AnZo VH$mo H$mo Bg VarHo$ go g`m{nV H$a aho Wo, Hw$N> {dmWu Wo {Ohm|Zo gmoMm {H$
H$Xm{MV nmZr erVb no` H$r Vah aJrZ Ama _rR>m ^r hmo gH$Vm h & MMm Ho$ ~mX _| do ~h_V Ho$ X{>H$moU go gh_V
hmo Jò Wo & _Zo Cho ~Vm`m {H$ O~ hdm _| CnpWV Obdmn {Jbmg H$mo Ny>Vr h Vmo `h R>S>r hmo OmVr h VWm {\$a nmZr
_| ~Xb OmVr h&
H$aUmo Ho$
~rM g~Y
H$_ao _| Obdmn H$hm go Am gH$Vr h, BgHo$ ~mao _| WmoS>r MMm hB Wr& Hw$N> Zo H$hm {H$ `h "dmVmdaU' go Am`r& O~
_Zo CZgo WmoS>m `mXm {d{e> CXmhaU XoZo Ho$ {bE H$hm V~ Chm|Zo gwPmd {X`m - g_w go dmnZ; {nN>bo `moJ _|
Omo nmZr `m_n> go dmpnV hAm Wm, dmo A^r ^r H$_ao _| hr hmo gH$Vm h; h_mar gmg go Obdmn Am gH$Vr h&
_Zo nyN>m,""`m Amn hdm _| Obdmn AZw^d H$a gH$Vo h?'' VWm AmVm na MMm H$mo `mX {H$`m (nmR> 1 _|
{H$`mH$bmn 8)& Hw$N> {dm{W`m| Zo nm`m {H$ "AmVm' hdm _| Obdmn H$s _mm Wr&
V~ _Zo "gK{ZV hmoZm' Ama "gKZZ' eXm| H$mo "dmpnV hmoZm' VWm "dmnZ' H$s$ {dnarV {H$`m Ho$ $n _| n[a{MV
H$am`m&
174
{ZarjU
Ama `m`m
I. Xm{ oJbmg bm{$& EH$ oJbmg H{$ Mmam| Am{a EH$ gyIm H$[S>m H$gH$a b[{Q>m{$& Xm{Zm| oJbmgm| _| ]\$ H$m R>S>m
[mZr S>mbm{$& AZw_mZ bJmAm{- `m Xm{Zm| oJbmg Jrb{ hm|J{? EH$ o_ZQ> ]mX H$[S>m hQ>mH$a Xm{Zm| oJbmgm| H$m{
]mha g{ Nw>Am{$&
`m Xm{Zm| oJbmg Jrb{ h? H$[S>m Jrbm h `m? [mZr oJbmg H{$ AXa g{ AmVm h `m ]mha g{? E{gm Vwh|
`m| bJVm h? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 82)
_Zo {dm{W`m| go n`moJ Ho$ {ZH$f Ho$ ~mao _| nydmZw_mZ bJmZo H$mo H$hm& Chm|Zo EH$_V go H$hm {H$ XmoZm| {Jbmg ~mha
go ^rJ OmEJo VWm H$nS>m ^r ^rJoJm Ohm `h {Jbmg H$mo ne H$aoJm & O~ H$nS>m gyIm ah J`m Vmo do AmMM{H$V
Wo& _Zo CZgo, `m hAm Wm, BgH$m dUZ H$aZo H$mo H$hm & Cma Bg H$ma Wo : ""H$nS>m ~hwV H$gH$a bnoQ>m hAm Wm'';
""H$nS>o _| H$moB N>oX Zht h Bg{bE nmZr ~mha Zht Am nm`m''&
n> $n go O~ Bg AZno{jV n[aUm_ H$s `m`m H$aZo H$mo H$hm J`m Vmo {dmWu AnZo nhbo Ho$ JbV Am_{dMma
Ho$ {df` _| nwZ{dMma H$aZo bJo Wo {H$ nmZr {Jbmg Ho$ AXa go Am`m, Z {H$ ~mha go& Mma _hrZo BZ {dMmam| na H$m_
H$aZo Ho$ ~mX _Zo AZw^d {H$`m {H$ Ch| A^r ^r `h gmoMZo _| g_`m hmo ahr Wr {H$ dm`w/ Jg/Obdmn EH$ ^m{VH$
nXmW h&
h_ Yrao-Yrao VH$m] Ho$ nXm| _| AmJo ~T>o :
{Jbmg `m| ^rJ J`m? (Obdmn R>S>o {Jbmg H$mo Ny>H$a nmZr _| n[ad{VV hmo OmVr h &) Obdmn H$hm h?
({Jbmg Ho$ ~mha) `m Obdmn H$nS>o _| go hmoH$a {Jbmg VH$ nhM gH$Vr h/Ny> gH$Vr h? `{X `h {Jbmg VH$
Zht nhMVr h Vmo `m `h R>S>r hmo gH$Vr h? `{X `h R>S>r Zht hmoVr h Vmo `m `h nmZr _| n[ad{VV hmoJr VWm [\$a
`m `h {Jbmg Ho$ Mmam| Amoa ~R> OmEJr? `{X {Jbmg _| n`m nmZr Z hmo Vmo `m H$nS>m ^rJoJm?
VH$-{dVH$ _| H$nS>o H$s {ZZ Vmn MmbH$Vm Ho$ ~mao _| Zht ~Vm`m J`m Wm& {Jbmg Ho$ ~mha H$s hdm Obdmn
Ho$ gK{ZV hmoZo Ho$ {bE n`mV _mm _| R>S> r Zht hmo nm`r Wr, H$nS>o Ho$ ~mha ^r& (g^r {dm{W`m| H$mo `h Amem Wr
{H$ H$nS>o H$s AmV[aH$ Vh nhbo Jrbr hmoJr)& My{H$ MMm AZoH$ {dm{W`m| Ho$ {bE WmoSr H${R>Z hmoVr Om ahr Wr, _Zo
BgHo$ {dVma _| OmZm C{MV Zht g_Pm& Bg `moJ go _wPo nVm Mbm {H$ gmYmaU VH$-{dVH$ {XIZo dmbr ~mV _|
BVZo nX hmo gH$Vo h& g_PZm ImgH$a H${R>Z hmoVm h O~, Ogm {H$ dV_mZ pW{V _|, {ZH$f h_mao AVkmZ Ho$
{dnarV hmoVm h&
175
8. [mZr g{ dm[ (Ama o\$a dm[g [mZr)!

(2 H$mbme ;TB p. 51 )
H$. Xm{ ]aVZ bm{ oOZ_| EH$ Xyga{ g{ Oam N>m{Q>m hm{$&
]S>{ dmb{ ]aVZ _| Wm{S>m [mZr S>mbm{$& N>m{Q{ dmb{ ]aVZ _| H{$db
Hw$N> gyI{ H$H$S>-[Wa S>mbm{$& N>m{Q>{ dmb{ ]aVZ H$m{ ]S>{ ]aVZ H{$
^rVa aIm{$&
]S>{ ]aVZ H{$ _wh [a bmpQ>H$ ]mYm{$& bmpQ>H$ H{$ ]rM _| EH$
[Wa aIm{ oOgg{ `h N>m{Q>{ ]aVZ H$s Am{a PwH$m ah{$&
]aVZm| H$m{ ]mha Yy[ _| aIm{$& oXZ T>bZ{ [a Ch| Im{bm{$&
`m bmpQ>H$ A^r ^r gyIm h? `m AXa H{$ ]aVZ _| aI{ H$H$S>[Wa A^r ^r gyI{ h? AZw_mZ H$am{ oH$ E{gm `m| hAm hm{Jm$(H$m`[wpVH$m [> 83)$&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
EH$ gyIo J_ {XZ _| h_ nmVo h {H$ ~VZ H$mo VrZ KQ>o Ho$ {bE Iwbo _| ~mha aIZo na ^r, AXa Ho$ ~VZ _| aIo nWa
AN>o-Imgo ^rJo Wo& Xygao {XZ `mXm nmZr O_m {H$`m J`m Wm& Z_r Ho$ {XZm| _| (dfm F$Vw _|) Xmo {XZ Ho$ ~mX ^r
H$moB nmZr O_m Zht hAm Wm, em`X `m|{H$ dmnZ Yrao hmo ahm Wm&
{ZarjU
Ama `m`m
Hw$N> {dmWu OXr `h Zht g_P nmò Wo {H$ AXa Ho$ ~VZ _| nmZr O_m H$go hmo J`m? nyN>Zo na _Zo nm`m {H$ Ch|
Amem Wr {H$ Obdmn bmpQ>H$ T>$Z _| go ~mha Mbm OmEJm, O~{H$ Hw$N> Zo gmoMm {H$ nmZr OmXy go ~mha go ^rVa
dmbo ~VZ _| Mbm J`m hmoJm& BZ {~XwAm| H$mo n> H$aZo Ho$ ~mX _Zo _hgyg {H$`m {H$, nyU $n go, XeZ mam
{dm{W`m| H$mo "dmnZ' VWm "gKZZ' go A{YH$ dmV{dH$ $n go AdJV H$am`m Om gH$Vm h&
176
nmYm| mam N>moS>r J`r Obdmn go nrZo H$m nmZr m H$aZo H$s `h
{d{Y X{jUr-_` A\$rH$m _| H$mbmhmar ao{JVmZ Ho$ ~gdm Om{V
Ho$ bmoJm| mam `moJ H$s OmVr h& do ~mby _| EH$ JS>T>m ImoXVo h VWm
{Pr
Cg_o Kmg S>mb XoVo h gmW hr O_m hE nmZr H$mo g{MV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
H|$ _| eVwa_wJ Ho$ AS>o Ho$ AmYo Imob H$mo aI XoVo h& {\$a do JS>T>o H$mo
OmZda H$s nmaXer {Pr(gm_m`V`m _yme`) go T> H$ XoVo h
Kmg
{OgH$m T>mb AS>o Ho$ {N>bHo$ H$s Amoa hmoVm h& {XZ Ho$ g_` gyaO
AS>o H m Imob H$s amoeZr nmaXeu {Pr _| go hmoH$a OmVr h {Oggo dmnZ VWm
[agmd VoO hmo OmVm h& amV _| ao{JVmZ H$s R>S>r hdm {Pr H$mo R>S> m
H$aVr h {Oggo nmZr gK{ZV hmoH$a eVwa_wJ Ho$ AS>o Ho$ {N>bHo$ _|
EH${V hmo OmVm h& d H$mo dmn _| ~XbZo VWm dmn Ho$ gK{ZV
hmoH$a d _| ~XbZo H$s {H$`m H$mo "AmgdZ' H$hVo h& gm_m`V`m D$_m H$m Cn`moJ dmnZ H$mo VoO
H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h VWm "AmgwV Ob' A{YH$ _hJm hmoVm h, bo{H$Z ~gdm {d{Y _| gyaO go
m _wV H$s D$_m H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h& Bg {d{Y H$m Cn`moJ H$sMS>`w$ `m Aew nmZr H$mo
ew nrZo Ho$ nmZr _| ~XbZo Ho$ {bE ^r {H$`m Om gH$Vm h&
I. oH$gr ]S>{ H$s _XX g{ [mZr H$m{ Ja_ H$am{$& C]bV{ [mZr H{$ D$[a EH$ T>H$Z [H$S> H$a aIm{$& T>H$Z
[a [mZr H$hm g{ Am`m?
`m ]aVZ _| A] H$_, AoYH$ `m CVZm hr [mZr h? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 83)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dm{W`m| Zo ImZm ~ZmZo Ho$ nmm| Ho$ T> $Z na nmZr H$mo gK{ZV hmoVo XoIm Wm& do A~ `h H$h gH$Vo Wo {H$ nmZr
C~mbZo dmbo nm go "dmpnV' hAm Wm VWm nwZ: T>$Z na "gK{ZV' hmo J`m Wm & (Hw$N> Zo BZ ~yXm| H$mo "~wb~wbm' H$hm,
bo{H$Z Xygam| Zo BgHo$ {damoY _| VH$ {X`m&) _Zo {dm{W`m| H$mo `mX {Xbm`m {H$ Obdmn AX` hmoVr h& ^mn _| gy_
nmZr H$s ~yXo hmoVr h Bg{bE `h X` hmoVr h - Ogo ~mXb& `h OmZZo Ho$ {bE {H$ `m ~VZ _| nhbo go H$_ nmZr
Wm, {dm{W`m| Zo ~VZ na {Mh bJmZo H$m VWm AJa Va ZrMo OmVm h Vmo BgH$s OmM H$aZo H$m gwPmd {X`m&
177
O~ h_ ~VZ _| nmZr H$mo J_ H$aVo h Vmo nhbo Bg_| N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o ~wb~wbo CR>Vo hE XoIVo h& ò hdm Ho$
~wb~wbo h Omo R>S> o nmZr _| {_bo hE Wo& O~ nmZr J_ hmo OmVm h Vmo `h Kwbr hB hdm H$mo amoH$ Zht
gH$Vm h, Omo {H$ V~ ~wb~wbo ~ZmVr h& O~ nmZr H$mo Ama A{YH$ J_ {H$`m OmVm h Vmo Obdmn Ho$
~wb~wbo ~ZVo h& nmZr Ho$ C~bZo go nhbo, BZ ~wb~wbm| _| {Z{hV dmn ~mha Ho$ Xm~ H$s VwbZm _| {ZZ
Xm~ na hmoVr h & ò nhbo Ho$ ~wb~wbo \$Q> OmVo h VWm BZ _| CnpWV dmn nwZ: gK{ZV hmoH$a nmZr ~Z
OmVr h& dWZmH$ dh Vmn h {Og na ~wb~wbo Ho$ ^rVa dmn Xm~, dmVmdaUr` Xm~ Ho$ ~am~a hmo
OmVm h& A~ ~wb~wbo ZQ> Zht hmoVo h - do gVh na CR>Vo h VWm dht \$Q> OmVo h& nmZr H$m dWZmH$,
dmVmdaUr` Xm~ na 1000 gopg`g hmoVm h&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!

[mZr O] dm[ _| ]XbVm h Vm{ H$hm OmVm h?
{dm{W`m| H$s
dH$pnH$
gH$nZmE
{dmWu OmZVo Wo {H$ nmZr dm{nV hmoH$a ~mXb ~ZmVm h& hmbm{H$ H$B bmoJm| _| `h YmaUm Wr {H$ gmam nmZr Omo H$ht
go ^r dmpnV hmoVm h, grYo AmH$me _| OmVm h VWm ~mXb ~ZmVm h& _Zo nwZ:AmVm na {H$ò Jò {ZarjUm| (nmR> 1)
VWm nmZr Ho$ AUwAm| na MMm (dmn) VWm hdm _| nmZr H$s gy_ ~yXm|(nmR> 4) H$mo `mX {Xbm`m& nwZ: nmR> 6 _|
{dmWu nmYm| mam N>moSr J`r Obdmn Ho$ ~mao _| grI|Jo& BZ g^r AZw^dm| go Ch| `h g_PZo _| _XX {_bZr Mm{hE
{H$ Ob Ama Obdmn h_mao Mmam| Amoa h, Z {H$ Ho$db D$MmB na ~mXb _|&
O] EH$ odemb _hmgmJa gy` H{$ mam Ja_ hm{Vm h Vm{ H$ar] 10,000,000,000,000,000
(EH$ bmI Ia]) brQ>a [mZr dm[ _| ]Xb OmVm h$& `m hm{Jm òX `h [yar dm[ R>S>r hm{H$a
[mZr _| ]Xb Om`$?
EH$ AZw_m{ZV JUZm Ho$ AZwgma gmJa go ha gmb dmpnV nmZr H$s _mm 5 u 1016 brQ>a h& Bg nmZr
H$m A{YH$me ^mJ dfm `m ~\$ Ho$ n _| g_w _| dmng {Ja OmVm h& BgH$m H$ar~ Xgdm ^mJ O_rZ
H$s Va\$ ~hVm h VWm dhm {JaVm h - h_mar _mZgyZ dfm Ho$ Vah& nyar ndr H$mo EH$ ^mJ _mZH$a Mb|
178
Vmo YaVr na {JaZo dmbr `mXmVa ~agmV Cg nmZr go ~Zr hmoVr h Omo ^y{_ go dmnrH$V hmoVm h `m
nmYm| mam {b`m OmVm h Ama dmng dmVmdaU _| N>moS> {X`m OmVm h&
Ob-MH$ (2 H$mbme; TB p. 52)

oM _| [mZr H{$ EH$ AUw H$m _mJ ]VmAm{$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m, [> 84)$&
oM _| 22 H{$ ]mX [mZr H{$ AUw H$m `m hm{Vm h, CgH{$ ]ma{ _| EH$ H$hmZr obIm{$&
oH$Z OJhm| _| [mZr H$m AUw dm[ H$m ohgm Wm?
oH$Z OJhm| _| [mZr H$m AUw d H$m ohgm Wm?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Ob MH$ H$m {M VWm gmW _| Xr JB H$hmZr (ZrMo Xr J`r h) H$aoZ mam V`ma H$s JB & _Zo H$hmZr nT>r& {dm{W`m|
H$mo H$hmZr gwZH$a Iwer hB VWm CZ_| go A{YH$me AnZr H$m`-nw{VH$m _| Bgo Omar aIZo Ho$ {bE CgwH$ Wo& _Zo
AZw^d {H$`m {H$ H$hmZr Ho$ ~mX dmnZ, gKZZ VWm dfm na {H$ò Jò {H$`mH$bmnm| go {dm{W`m| H$mo MH$ H$mo g_PZo
_| ghm`Vm {_br & ~mX _| ChmoZo "{XImAmo Ama H$hmo' A`mg {H$`m&
EH$ H$hmZr Omo MH$ _| Jmob - Jmob Ky_Vr h&
EH$ g_` H$s ~mV h, EH$ nmZr H$m AUw Wm Omo gmJa _| Y$o Im ahm Wm, ""Y$m Y$m Y$m''& (1) `h dmpnV hmo
J`m VWm hdm _| D$Mm CR> J`m,""D$na D$na D$na'' (2) Xygao nmZr Ho$ AUwAm| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a, ~mXb ~ZmZo Ho$ [bE &
(3) hdm ~mXbm| H$mo D$Mo nhmS> Ho$ D$na CS>m bo J`r, ""hdm hdm hdm''- Ohm nmZr Ho$ AUw BVZo R>S>o hmo Jò, {H$ do EH$
Xygao go {_b Jò, nmZr H$s ~yXo ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Omo ~agmV Ho$ $n _| {Ja J`r, ""Q>n Q>n Q>n Q>n !'' (4) nmZr Ho$ AUw ndr
_| Sy>~ Jò VWm {_>r Ho$ mam Yra-Yrao [agVo hE AXa Mbo Jò, ""ZrMo ZrMo ZrMo''& (5) {\$a nmZr Ho$ AUw Xygao nmZr
Ho$ AUwAm| go OwS> Jò VWm ZXr H$s Ymam _| ~h Jò, ""~ho ~ho ~ho ''& (6) `h AnZo amVo go ~hVo hE AN>o J_ g_w
179
180
_| nwZ:Om {_bo, ""Y$m Y$m - Jn !'' (7) EH$ _N>br nmZr Ho$ AUw H$mo nr J`r & (8) bo{H$Z Bg _N>br H$mo Xygar
_N>br Im J`r VWm [\$a Bg _N>br H$mo ^r Xygar _N>br Im JB VWm {\$a dh _N>br _a JB ! ""_a JB, _a JB, _a
JB''& Bg{bE nmZr H$m AUw nwZ: g_w _| dmng Am J`m, ""Y$m Y$m Y$m'' (9) VWm nwZ: `h dmpnV hmo J`m VWm
hdm _| D$na Mbm J`m, ""D$na D$na D$na! '' (10) A~ `h ~hVr hdm Ho$ gmW nwZ: ~mXb H$m EH$ Ae Wm, ""hdm hdm
hdm'' (11) Ama {\$a nmZr H$o AUw RS>o hmo Jò""~a a a a a a !'' AV: do nmZr H$s ~yX| ~ZmH$a ~agmV Ho$ $n _| {Ja
Jò,""Q>n Q>n Q>n'' (12) nmZr H$m AUw ndr _| Sy>~ J`m VWm {_>r Ho$ AXa {agVo hE Mbm J`m ""AXa AXa, Ama
AXa'' (13) V~ nmZr H$m AUw N>moQ>r gr OS> Ho$ nmg J`m VWm ~Sr OS> Ho$ nmg bo Om`m J`m, Ohm go dmo noS> Ho$ YS>
_| Mbm J`m& (14) VWm npV`m| _| Mbm J`m (15) - Ohm go dmo npV`m| mam ImE OmZo Ho$ ~mX ~M {ZH$bm VWm
dmnZ Ho$ ~mX hdm _| D$na Mbm J`m, ""D$na D$na D$na'' (16)- Xygao nmZr Ho$ AUwAm| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a ~mXb ~ZmZo
Ho$ {bE & (17) ~mXb D$na Jò VWm nmZr H$m$ AUw ~agmV H$s ~yXm| Ho$ $n _| ZrMo Am J`m, ""Q>n Q>n Q>n Q>n Q>n
Q>n !'' (18) Bg ~ma nmZr H$m AUw YmZ Ho$ IoV _| J`m (19) VWm Mmdb Ho$ EH$ XmZo Ho$ AXa OmH$a AQ>H$ J`m& O~
Mmdb H$mo gwIm`m ^r J`m, Vmo ^r `h nmZr H$m AUw Eogo Hw$N> AUwAm| _| go EH$ Wm Omo dmpnV Zht hAm& `h Mmdb
Ho$ XmZo Ho$ AXa V~ VH$ ahm O~ VH$ {H$ Bgo C~mbm VWm ~wb~wbo Zht CR>mò Jò, ""~wb~wbo ~wb~w ~wb ~wb ~wb''
(20) -VWm Xmonha Ho$ {Q>[\$Z Ho$ {bE Mmdb H$mo ~Zm`m J`m& EH$ ~o Zo Cg Mmdb Ho$ XmZo H$mo Im`m, ""ImAmo ImAmo
ImAmo- {ZJb - OmAmo!'' (21) A~ BgH$s `mm ew$ hB ^moOZ Zbr VWm noQ> Ama N>moQ>r AmV Ama ~S>r AmV go hmoH$a
-""{_Jb {_Jb {_Jb''- O~ VH$ {H$ `h a$ _| Zht Mbm J`m VWm Jmob Jmob Jmob VWm `hm-dhm Ky_Vm ahm, O~ VH$
{H$ `h dMm H$s gVh Ho$ ZOXrH$ ~R> Zht J`m& `h J_ hmo J`m Ama `mXm J_ Ama BVZm J_ {H$ `h Xygao nmZr
Ho$ AUwAm| Ho$ gmW {_b J`m VWm ngrZm ~Z J`m Omo dMm go dmpnV hmo J`m& V~ `h hdm _| D$na CR>Vm Mbm J`m
""D$na D$na D$na,'' (22) Ama {\$a......... &

]hZm
VaZm
Sy>]Zm
o_b OmZm
KwbZm N>mZZm
181
[mZr EH$ d h$& d d{ [XmW h Om{ ]hV{ h$Ama oOZH$m A[Zm EH$ oZpMV Am`VZ hm{Vm h$&
oH$gr d H{$ dm[ _| ]XbZ{ H$m{ dm[Z H$hV{ h$&
[mZr H$m{ O] Vw_ Ja_ H$aV{ hm{ Vm{ dh V{Or g{ dmp[V hm{Vm h$&
Obdm[ EH$ Jg h$& hdm _| `h Xygar Jgm| H{$ gmW o_b OmVr h$&
Obdm[ H$m{ O] Vw_ R>S>m H$aV{ hm{ Vm{ dh gKoZV hm{Vr h$&
dm[ H{$ d _| ]XbZ{ H$m{ gKZZ H$hV{ h$&
O] Vw_ [mZr H$m{ Iy] R>S>m H$aV{ hm{ Vm{ dh ]\$ _| ]Xb OmVm h$& ]\$ EH$ R>m{g h$& R>m{g Zht ]hV{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
_Zo `m_nQ> na {M ~ZmH$a BZ Zò eXm| H$m n[aM` {X`m&
`m_nQ> H$m`
182
[ZarjU
AmYm[aV A`mg
A`mg (12 H$mbme + JhH$m`; WB p. 85)

1. ]hVm [mZr
2. [mZr Om{ Z ]h ahm hm{
183
{H$`mH$bmn 1 Ho$ gmW {M ItMo Jò Wo& ma^ _| CZHo$ {M Amgnmg Ho$ gX^ mam `m bo~b mam J{V H$mo gy{MV
H$aVo Wo, Ogo "~hVo hE' nmZr H$mo nyao n> _| b~r Ymam Ho$ n _| ItMH$a {XIm`m J`m Wm, O~{H$ "Z ~hZo dmbo' nmZr
H$mo H$mJO Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o jo _| {XIm`m J`m Wm& O~ _Zo nyN>m {H$ H$go, Ho$db nmZr H$mo XoIZo go, do H$h gH$Vo Wo {H$
`h ~h ahm Wm `m Zht, V~ Chm|Zo VaJo VWm Obmdm(^da) ~ZmH$a ~hVo nmZr H$mo {XIm`m VWm "Z ~hZo dmbo' nmZr
H$mo grYr> aoImAm| go N>m`m{H$V H$a {X`m& Bg Vah H$o {M ~ZmZo H$o {H$`mH$bmn gmdYmZr nydH$ {ZarjU H$aZo H$mo
~T>mdm XoVo h VWm Hw$N> Zm| na {dMma H$aZo Ogo nhmS>r YmamE `m ~mT> _| Z{X`m VoO `m| ~hVr h, YmamaoIr` dmh
VWm {djwY dmh _| `m AVa h BgH$m {ZarjU H$aZm, B`m{X&
Hw$N> {dm{W`m| Zo AnZo ^yJmob Ho$ nmR> H$mo nwZ: _aU {H$`m& Chm|Zo YmamAm| H$mo nhmS> go ZrMo {JaVo hE VWm
ZXr _| {_bVo hE Ama {\$a g_w _| {_bVo hE {M ItMm VWm AV _| S>oQ>m VWm N>moQ>r ImS>r ~ZmH$a Bgo nyam {H$`m&
AmMÒZH$ n go MMm (n> 159) _|, _Zo nm`m {H$ do ^y{_ Xoe Ho$ T>bmZ VWm nmZr Ho$ ~hmd Ho$ ~rM Ho$ g~Y H$mo
Zht g_P nmò Wo&
3. H$m`-[wpVH$m _| ]m{Vbm| H{$ Ob Vam| H$m{ oXImAm{$&
`h H$m` AmMÒZH$ $n go Hw$N> {dm{W`m| Ho$ {bE H${R>Z Wm& EH$ ghr Cma ZrMo {XIm`m J`m h (_mm Ho$ gmW
j{VO gVh
na `mZ X|&):
184
oMH$a Z (WB p. 87)
1. Hw$N> MrOm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ oOh| Vw_Z{ [mZr _| ]hV{ X{Im h$&
{H$`mH$bmn 2 Ho$ gmW {H$`m J`m&
2. [mZr g{ Vw_ H$mZ-g{ I{b I{b gH$V{ hm{?
{dm{W`m| Zo nmZr CS>m`m VWm nmZr _| Iobo & Chm|Zo VaZo, "nmZr _| bS>mB' VWm "nmZr Ho$ \w$Q>~mb'Ho$ ~mao _| ~mV| H$t&
Hw$N> _ZmoaOZ nmH$ _| Om MwHo$ Wo Ohm "dmQ>a bmBS>' Wo VWm Q>rdr na g{\$J (surfing) VWm dmQ>a H$sBJ XoI MwHo$
Wo & Am`mo{OV Iob H$s MMm "nyN>mo Ama _mby_ H$amo' _| H$s JB Wr&
3. oH$ht VrZ MrOm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ [mZr [a VaVr h Ama d{ VrZ MrO| Om{ [mZr _| Sy>] OmVr h$&
VaVm h: \w$bm`m hAm Jw~mam, bH$S>r H$s nopgb, _mo_~mr, W_moH$mb, nam\$sZ _mo_, _IZ..........
Sy>~Vm h : {_Q>mZo dmbm a~a, Q>rb H$m M_M, nWa, BQ>, {Jbmg.........
h_Zo Hw$N> Eogr dVwE ^r nm`r Omo nhbo Var [\$a Sy>~ J`r - aoOaboS>, gwB (VWm B, Xygao H$maUde); Hw$N> ~rO Vao
VWm Hw$N> A` Sy>~ Jò&
4. Hw$N> R>m{g, d Ama Jgm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ [mZr _| Kwb OmV{ h$&
R>mog- Z_H$, MrZr, JwS>; d - XyY, Zt~y nmZr (Am{eH$ $n go {db`Z/ Am{eH$ $n go {Zb{~V AdWm _|), pQ>,
AH$mohb, AZoH$ Ab; Jg|: AmgrOZ, bmoarZ, H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS>, g\$a S>mBAmgmBS>, ZmBQ>moOZ S>mBAmgmBS>,
(AmgrOZ H$mo N>moS>H$a ò g^r Jg| nmZr Ho$ gmW {H$`m H$a Ab ~ZmVr h& nmZr H$mo ew H$aZo Ho$ {bò Bg_| bmoarZ
Jg {_bm`r OmVr h; A{V_ VrZ Jg| Hw$N> Ordm_ BYZ Ho$ XhZ H$r CnmX h (n> 133-134 XoI|); dmVmdaU _|
g\$a S>mBAmgmBS> Jg A{YH$meV: nmZr _| Kwb OmVr h {Oggo Abr` dfm H$s g_`m Cn hmoVr h&)
5. Hw$N> R>m{g VWm dm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ [mZr _| Zht KwbV{$&
R>mog:- I{S>`m {_>r(MmH$), ~mby, erem, BnmV, a~a, bmpQ>H$; d :- Ho$amo{gZ, noQ>mob, Im Vob ......
185
6. [mZr H$m{ C]mbV{ ahZ{ [a [mZr H$_ hm{ OmVm h$& `h [mZr H$hm Mbm OmVm h?
XoI| {H$`mH$bmn 68 &
7. Vw_Z{ Hw$ham H$hm X{Im h? `h oH$g MrO H$m ]Zm Wm?
H$moham, ~mXbm| Ho$ g_mZ, hdm _| gy_ nmZr H$s ~yXm| Ho$ {Zb~Z go ~ZVo h& Amn H$mohao H$mo C~bVo hE nmZr Ho$ nmg,
ObnmV Ho$ {ZH$Q>, g_w H$s ~S>r bham| Ho$ {ZH$Q> `m ~hV R>S>r gw~h H$s hdm _| XoI gH$Vo h& EH$ {dmWu Zo
ObnmV Ho$ {ZH$Q> H$mohao _| BYZwf Ho$ XoIZo H$m CoI {H$`m&
8. Jrb{ H$[S>{ O] gyIV{ h Vm{ [mZr H$hm OmVm h?
9. _mZ bm{, Vw_Z{ VrZ Jrbr H$_rO| ]mha Yy[ _| aIr h$& [hbr H$_rO Vh H$s hB h, Xygar H$_rO \$br
h Ama Vrgar H$_rO EH$ bmpQ>H$ H$s Wbr _| aIr h$& VrZm| _| g{ H$mZ-gr H$_rO [hb{ gyI{Jr, CgH{$
]mX H$mZ-gr gyI{Jr, Ama g]g{ ]mX _| H$mZ-gr gyI{Jr?
(i) \$br hB H$_rO (ii) Vh H$s hB H$_rO, (iii) bmpQ>H$ Ho$ Wbo _| aIr H$_rO (A{V_ H$_rO _| H$Xm{MV XwJY
AmòJr Omo \$\y$Xr VWm OrdmUwAm| H$s d{ H$m gyMH$ h - {deofH$a Bg$H$ma Ho$ OrdmUw Omo hdm H$s AZwnpW{V _|
~T>Vo h&)
10. AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ H$mZ OXr dmp[V hm{Jm?
H$. Ja_ [mZr `m R>S>m [mZr?
I. H$[ _| aIm [mZr `m VVar _| aIm [mZr?
J. T>H$s hB VVar H$m [mZr `m Iwbr hB VVar H$m [mZr?
K. hdm MbZ{ dmbr OJh H$m [mZr `m emV OJh H$m [mZr?
Z 9 VWm 10 Ho$ Cma AZw^d `m VH$ mam {Xò Om gH$Vo h, `m ò {dm{W`m| H$mo Ka _| {H$ò Om gH$Zo dmbo AmgmZ
`moJm| H$m {Z_mU H$aZo Ho {bò o[aV H$a gH$Vm h&
11. Vwh| Ja_ gm{S>m H$s ]m{Vb [a [mZr H$s ]yX| oXImB X|Jr `m R>S>{ gm{S>m H$s ]m{Vb [a?
12. Hw$N> Xyga{ dm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{$&
186
{H$`mH$bmn 7 VWm 3 I XoI| &

13 (A{V[a$ Z)& H$mZ g~go VoO dmpnV hmoJm: nmZr, Vob `m [_>r H$m Vob?
g^r d dmpnV hmoVo h& {_WmBb `w$ pQ> (BOoeZ XoZo go nhbo dMm gm\$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE S>mQ>amo mam
Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h) dMm na R>S>H$ H$m Ehgmg Cn H$aVr h& dmnrH$aU _| eara H$s D$_m H$m
Cn`moJ hmoVm h& pQ> nmZr go `mXm R>S> H$ H$m Ehgmg XoVm h `m|{H$ `h VoOr go dmpnV hmoVm h VWm
Bg{bE nmZr H$s Anojm eara H$s D$_m VoOr go boVm h & AH$mohb Ama [_>r H$m Vob ^r nmZr go OXr
dmpnV hmoVo h O~{H$ Vob g~go Yrao-Yrao dmpnV hmoVm h& hmbm{H$ `dhma _| Vob Ho$ dmnrH$aU H$mo XoIZm
H${R>Z h& dZn{V Vob H$B KQ>H$m| Ho$ {_lU hmoVo h {OZ_| go H$wN> erKVm go dmpnV hmoVo h& Eogm h_ OmZVo
h `m|{H$ h_ dmnm| H$mo gyK gH$Vo h& naVw A{YH$me H$m~{ZH$ Vob O~ hdm Ho$ gnH$ _| AmVo h Vmo nhbo
AmgrH$V hmo OmVo h `m Cg_| Hw$N> Xygao amgm`{ZH$ n[adVZ hmoVo h: nyU $n go dmpnV hmoZo Ho$ WmZ na ò
EH$ {Mn{Mnm R>mog Adeof N>moS>Vo h&
H$jm _| MMm (WB p. 88)

1. `m [mZr H$^r ZrM{ g{ D$[a H$s Am{a MT>Vm h? BZ_| [mZr ZrM{ g{ D$[a H$s Am{a MT> ahm h `m o\$a D$[a
g{ ZrM{ H$s Am{a?
PaZm, ZXr, dm[Z, ]agmV, \$mdmam, Zb, Hw$E g{ [[ mam ItMm [mZr,D$Mr Q>H$r _| MT>m`m [mZr$&
BZ oMm| _| [mZr H$m `m hm{Vm h?
n> 158159 na MMm XoI|&
187
2. òX hdm`| Z Mb| Vm{ `m ]agmV hm{Jr?

_mg_ VWm hdm H$s BH$mB`m| H$mo g_m H$aZo Ho$ gmW {dmWu Bg Z Ho$ [bE V`ma Wo& Chm|Zo Cma {X`m {H$ ~mXb
hdm Ho$ gmW ~hVo h- `{X hdm Zht hmoVr Vmo dfm Ho$ ~mXb Zht AmVo- `h {ZpMV n go _mZgyZ dfm Ho$ {bE g`
h& bo{H$Z AJa nmZr ~S>o Vmbm~ `m g_w go dmpnV hmoVm h Ed D$MmB na OmH$a ~mXb ~ZmVm h Vmo dhm {~Zm hdm
Ho$ ^r dfm hmo gH$Vr h& ~S>o ^y_`-aoIr` OJb AnZo nmm| go ~hV gmar Obdmn N>moS>Vo h {Oggo Eogr WmZr` dfm
hmoVr h&
3. dVwAm| H$m{ Ym{Z{ Ama gm\$ H$aZ{ H{$ obE h_ [mZr H$m BV{_mb H$aV{ h$& `m Vw_ gm\$-g\$mB H{$ obE
oH$gr Xyga{ d H$m BV{_mb H$a gH$V{ hm{? `m| `m `m| Zht?
nmZr gdm}m_ {dbm`H$ h - `h H$B$ H$ma H$s JXJr H$mo Kmob gH$Vm h& `h A{YH$me gVhm| na
{MnH$Vm h, Bg{bE `h Yyb H$mo ~hmH$a bo Om gH$Vm h& gm~wZ Ho$ g`moJ go, nmZr Vob go ^r {MnH$
OmVm h& nmZr gwa{jV, gVm VWm ndr na Mwa _mm _| CnbY h&
"S>mB brqZJ(ewH$ YwbmB)' _| H$nSm| H$mo gm\$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE nmZr Ho$ Abmdm A` {dbm`H$m| H$m ^r
Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h& mH${VH$ aoeo Ogo D$Z VWm >gyV(H$nmg) nmZr _| \y$bZo bJVo h VWm gyIZo
na {gHw$S>Vo h& Bg Vah Ho$ H$nS>m| Ho$ {bE nmZr go `mXm Ho$amo{gZ Cn`w$ h; BgHo$ A{V[a$,
Ho$amo{gZ XmJ H$mo ^r {_Q>mVm h Omo nmZr go Zht {_Q>Vo h& S>mBbrqZJ _| {_>r Ho$ Vob H$s OJh Xygao
H$_ dbZerb {dbm`H$ `moJ {H$ò OmVo h& AH$mohb, EgrQ>moZ VWm H$m~Z Q>oQ>mbmoamBS> `moJembm
_| H$m~{ZH$ nXmWm] H$mo KmobZo Ho$ {bE `moJ {H$ò OmVo h&
`m g_mZ h? `m h o^Z? (WB p. 89)

H$. Ob Ama Obdm[
XmoZm| nmZr Ho$ $n h& XmoZm| MrOm| H$mo Jrbm H$aVo h& ò aJhrZ hmoVo h& nmZr H$s N>moQ>r ~yXm| H$m gJh ~mXb H$s Vah
g\o$X {XIVm h & nmZr d h,Obdmn Jg h& Obdmn nmZr go hH$s hmoVr h - `h hdm _| Kwb OmVr h O~{H$ nmZr
ZrMo ~h OmVm h&
188
I. ]\$ Ama [mZr

XmoZm| nmZr Ho$ $n h& ò aJhrZ hmoVo h (~\$ {Og_| N>moQ>o ~wb~wbo `m Xama| hmoVr h, g\o$X {XIVo h)& ~\$ R>mog hmoVm
h, nmZr d hmoVm h& ~\$ nmZr go hH$r hmoVr h& (Ogm {H$ Amn ojU go OmZVo h {H$ ~\$ nmZr na VaVr h&)
2. H$mZ h g]g{ AbJ?
H$. [mZr, Z_H$, S>rOb, ehX
I. [Wa, H$mM, bmpQ>H$, MrZr
J. bH$S>r, bm{hm, _IZ, V{b
Hw$N> g^m{dV Cma h :
A. Z_H$, `m|{H$ `h d Zht h&
~. MrZr, `m|{H$ `h nmZr _| KwbVr h&
g. bmohm, `m|{H$ `h nmZr _| Sy>~Vm h&
bmoho H$m EH$ {nS> nmZr _| Sy>~ OmVm h, bo{H$Z bmoho go ~Zr EH$ Zmd VaVr h& {d{^ Vah H$s bH$[S>`m|
H$m KZd H$ar~ 0.2 Jm_/KZ go_r go 1.4 Jm_/KZ go_r VH$ hmoVm h& hmbm{H$ A{YH$me bH$[S>`m| H$m
KZd 1 go H$_ hmoVm h Bg{bE nmZr _| VaVo h& Hw$N> Ogo, gyIr ao{JVmZ H$s bH$S>r (iron wood),
nhmS>r _hmoJZr VWm Am~Zyg, nmZr go ^mar hmoVr h VWm Bg_| Sy>~ OmVr h& Xygam CXmhaU "AOZ' h Omo
^maV _| nm`r OmZo dmbr g~go ^mar bH$S>r h&
^mfm AmYm[aV
A`mg

1. ]agmV _| EH$ oXZ h_ I{b{$&
AmAm{, eXm| g{ I{b|

1. `hm Hw$N> oH$`m[X eX oX`{ J`{ h$& `{ eX oH$gH$m oOH$ H$aV{{ h- [mZr H$m, hdm H$m `m o\$a [mZr Ama
hdm Xm{Zm| H$m?
N>bH$Zm, \y$H$Zm, ]hZm, nagZm, oJaZm, [ImaZm, C]bZm, C\$ZZm, oN>S>H$Zm, oZWmaZm
nmZr: N>bH$Zm, ~hZm, [agZm, XmS>Zm, {JaZm........[agZm, md, VoO Ymam {ZH$bZm ^r&
hdm: \y$H$Zm, ~hZm......[agZm, {dg[aV hmoZm ^r&
189
2. BZ oH$`m[X eXm| H{$ gmW dm` ]ZmAm{$& `m Vwhma{ dm` O_rZ, [mZr `m hdm _| MbVr MrOm| H$m
oOH$ H$aV{ h?
bwT>H$Zm, o\$gbZm, VaZm, gaH$Zm, I{Zm, CS>Zm, Jm{Vm bJmZm
gm_m`V: J{V Ho$ {ZZ $n h&
O_rZ na: bwT>H$Zm, {\$gbZm&
nmZr na/_|: VaZm, IoZm(Zmd), JmoVm bJmZm&
hdm _|:
VaZm, gaH$Zm, IoZm (nVJ), CS>Zm, JmoVm bJmZm&
[yN>m{ Ama _mby_ H$am{ (WB p. 91)

1. [mZr H{$ I{b `m hm{V{ h? `m Vw_Z{ [mZr H$m H$m{B I{b I{bm `m X{Im h? ^maV H{$ odo^Z ^mJm| _| I{b{
OmZ{ dmb{ [mZr H{$ I{bm| H{$ ]ma{ _| _mby_ H$am{$&
h_mao Xoe _| Hw$N> Am`mo{OV ObH$sS>mE h& Cma-nydu jo _| VWm Ho$ab _| g_w Vb Ho$ nMOb
(backwater) _| ZmH$m XmS> BgH$m EH$ CXmhaU h& EH$ g_` _| `hm Prbm| Ama nmZr Ho$ amVm| H$mo
Ho$db `mnma VWm AmdmJ_Z Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h& ~o Zmd mam Hy$b ^r OmVo h&
Ho$ab H$s ZmH$m XmS> AJV Ama {gV~a Ho$ _hrZm| _| hmoVr h& g~go b~r Zmd H$ar~ 130 \$sQ> b~r
hmoVr h VWm Bg_| 100 go `mXm Zm{dH$ ahVo h Omo gwa _| JmVo hE EH$ gmW ZmH$m`Z H$aVo h& bH$S>r
H$s Zmdm| H$mo _N>br Ho$ Vob go aJS>Vo h {Oggo ò nmZr _| VoOr go VWm AmgmZr go gaH$ gH|$&
2. Hw$N> `mhmam| H{$ ]ma{ _| [Vm H$am{ oOg_| [mZr H$m C[`m{J hm{Vm h$&
nmZr A{YH$me gmH${VH$ VWm Ym{_H$ ar{V[admOm| _| ewVm Ho$ {bE A{V Amd`H$ h& {dmWu Hw$N> CXmhaU
OmZVo Wo Ogo hmobr, BX VWm JJm-Ob VWm Zm_H$aU gH$ma (~n{V_m _|) _| n{d Ob H$m `moJ &
190
n[a_mUm_H$
qMVZ
gH$nZm_H$
g_`m
hbH$m \w$bH$m {dkmZ H$jm 3 _| {dm{W`m| Zo AZmnM[aH$ $n go Am`VZ H$mo _mnZm grIm Wm& _Zo Omoa S>mbm {H$
d H$m "Am`VZ', dh {H$VZr OJh boVm h, CgHo$ ~am~a hmoVm h& EH$ ~VZ {Og_| "1 brQ>a' nmZr AmVm h, Cg_|
g_mZ Am`VZ H$m H$moB ^r d Am gH$Vm h& `h n> VWm gab ~mV A{YH$me {dm{W`m| H$mo n> Zht Wr, Z hr
ò {dMma n> Wo {H$ Xygao d H$m 1 brQ>a, nmZr Ho$ 1 brQ>a go `mXm `m H$_ dOZ H$m hmo gH$Vm h& hmbm{H$ Bg MMm
Ho$ ~mX {dm{W`m| Zo Am`VZ _mn go g~{YV AnZo Amgnmg H$s {d[^ pW{V`m| H$mo XoIZm ew$ {H$`m&
(n> 225-227 na {ddaU, nmR> 7, {H$`mH$bmn 4)$&
1. oH$gr d H$s _mm H$m{ CgH$m Am`VZ H$hV{ h$& [mZr, XyY, o_Q>Q>r H$m V{b Ama S>rOb H{$ Am`VZ H$m{ h_
brQ>a _| Zm[V{ h$& H$m{B ]aVZ Im{Om{ oOg_| H$ar] EH$ brQ>a d AmVm hm{$&
2. EH$ brQ>a [mZr H$m ^ma oH$bm{Jm_ _| _mby_ H$am{$&

KZd H$s gH$nZm H$mo H$jm 4 _| ~VmZm Cn`w$ Zht hmoJm, `m|{H$ (Ogm h_Zo D$na XoIm) {dmWr A^r ^r "Am`VZ'
Ho$ gmW "^ma' H$mo boH$a ^{_V Wo& naVw do A~ `WmW VWm AZw^dm| H$mo BH$Q>R>m H$aZm ew$ H$a gH$Vo Wo& Ch| OmZZm
Mm{hE {H$ 1 brQ>a nmZr H$m ^ma bJ^J 1 {H$bmoJm_ hmoVm h VWm `h {H$ Xygao d nmZr go hHo$ `m ^mar hmo gH$Vo h&
nmZr H$m KZd Vmn_mZ Ho$ gmW ~XbVm h& A{YH$V_ KZd Omo 3.98 0 gopg`g na hmoVm h,
1.00000 Jm_/KZ go_r (`m {H$Jm/brQ>a) h& 25 {S>Jr gopg`g na KZd 0.99707 {H$Jm/brQ>a;
1000 na `yZV_ KZd hmoVm h Omo 0.95838 {H$Jm/brQ>a h& {_>r H$m Vob, E{Wb AH$mohb Ama
EgrQ>moZ nmZr go hHo$ hmoVo h & 200 gopg`g na BZ_| go {H$gr ^r d H$m 1 brQ>a H$m ^ma H$ar~ 0.8
{H$Jm hmoVm h; 200 gopg`g na EH$ brQ>a pbgarZ H$m ^ma 1.2613 {H$Jm hmoVm h; 250 gopg`g na
EH$ brQ>a nmao H$m ^ma 13.534 {H$Jm hmoVm h &
3. _wZr Z{ [mZr _| Wm{S>r o_QQ>r o_bm`r, Cg{ ohbm`m Ama EH$ Va\$ aI oX`m$& Hw$N> o_ZQ> ]mX `mXmVa
o_QQ>r ZrM{ [|Xr _| ]R> J`r, O]oH$ Kmg H{$ gyI{ Qw>H$S>{ D$[a VaZ{ bJ{$& _wZr H$m{ AMaO hAm oH$ o_QQ>r
H{$ Hw$N> ohg{ [mZr _| Kwb J`{ `m? dh Bg ]mV H$m [Vm H$g{ H$a{Jr?
191
`{X nmZr _|$Hw$N> H$sMS> {_bm h Vmo {_lU YwYbm {XIoJm& AJa `mXm g_` VH$ aIm J`m Vmo H$sMS> ZrMo ~R>
gH$Vm h `m Bgo {\$Q>H$ar Ho$ Cn`moJ go ZrMo O_m`m Om gH$Vm h& Omo dVw nmZr _| Kwbr hmoVr h, dmnZ Ho$ ~mX
Adeof N>moS>Vr h& A~ _wr H$go nVm bJmEJr {H$ Adeof H$sMS> Ho$ Kwbo hE ^mJ go ~Mm Wm `m `h ewAmV go hr
nmZr _| Wm `m em`X `h Ho$db {\$Q>H$ar H$m Kwbm hAm Ae h?
oXImAm{ Ama H$hm{

1. A[Zr H$jm _| `m CgH{$ Amg[mg [mZr Ty>T>m{$& H$[Zm H$am{ Ama EH$ H$hmZr H$hm{ oH$ oH$g Vah g{ `h
[mZr Ob-MH$ H$m ohgm hm{ gH$Vm h$& (`h [mZr H$hm g{ Am`m hm{Jm? `h H$hm Om`{Jm?)
~moVb `m ~VZ _| nmZr Bg {ddaU Ho$ ew$ go hr hmo gH$Vm h `m h_mao AnZo eara H$m nmZr ^r (Omo h_mao ^moOZ `m
nmZr Omo h_ boVo h go Cn hmoVm h)& Bg {H `mH$bmn H$mo H$aVo d$ {dm{W`m| H$mo `h Am^mg hAm {H$ CZHo$ Kam|
_| nmZr H$hm go AmVm h, ò do gm\$ Vma na Zht OmZVo Wo& BgZo Ch| Hw$N> Z nyN>Zo Ho$ {bE o[aV {H$`m Omo ~mX _|
nmR> 7 _o nmZr Ho$ moVm| na MMm _| ghm`H$ {g hAm&

1. [mZr H{$ ]ma{ _| Z [yN>m{$& gm{Mm{, BZ Zm| H{$ CVa Vw_ H$g{ [mAm{J{?
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Z
^mn D$na `m| OmVr h? (J_ hdm hH$s hmoZo go AWmV "H$_ KZd' H$s hmoZo Ho$ H$maU D$na CR>Vr h VWm ^mn BgHo$
gmW D$na CR>Vr h&) `hr gy` H$s J_u go nmZr H$o dmpnV hmoZo VWm YwE H$o {M_Zr _| D$na CR>Zo VWm Bggo ~mha
{ZH$bZo Ho$ {bE ^r g` h&
192
[mR> 6
[mZr Ama OrdZ
H$hmZr (2 H$mbme; TB p. 56)

O] Q>H$s _| _N>ob`m Z ahr
_w
Zr Ama MwZy H$s Xm{Zm| [mbVy _N>ob`m O] _a J`t Vm{ d{ ]hV Xw:Ir hE$& _N>ob`m| H$m{ Vm{ Chm|Z{
]JrM{ _| JmS> oX`m b{oH$Z Q>H$s CZH$s oIS>H$s [a hr [S>r ahr$& EH$ _hrZ{ ]mX Ch| ]hV AMaO hAm
O] Chm|Z{ [mZr _| ha{ aJ H{$ YmJ{ CJV{ X{I{$& Ch| [mZr _| Hw$N> H$sS>{ ^r a|JV{ oXImB oX`{$&
""`{ [mY{ Ama H$sS>{ [mZr _| H$hm g{ Am`{?'' _wZr Z{ [yN>m$&
""`{ [mY{ [hb{ g{ hr Q>H$s _| ah{ hm|J{$& V] `{ BVZ{ _hrZ W{ oH$ Vw_ Ch| X{I Zht gH$V{ W{$&'' _m Z{ H$hm$&
""`{ [mY{ O] ]hV N>m{Q>{ hm{V{ h Vm{ _N>ob`m Bh| Im OmVr h$& A] O] oH$ Q>H$s _| _N>ob`m Zht h Vm{ `{ [mY{
]T> J`{ h$&
""Ama H$sS>{?'' MwZy Z{ AMaO g{ H$hm$&
""em`X _N>am| Z{ Q>H$s _| AS>{ oX`{ ah{ hm|J{$& _N>a H{$ AS>{ g{ bmadm oZH$bVm h Om{ ]mX _| `y[m _| ]Xb
OmVm h Ama AV _| Cgg{ _N>a ]Z OmVm h$& Q>H$s _| Om{ N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ H$sS>{ Vw_ X{I ah{ hm{ d{ bmadm Ama `y[m
h$& ''
""_N>ob`m Bh| ImVr hm|Jr$& `hr dOh h oH$ O] _N>ob`m Wt Vm{ Q>H$s _| bmadm Ama `y[m Zht W{!'' _wZr
Z{ AMaO g{ H$hm$&
""BgH$m _Vb] oH$ AJa _N>ob`m hm| Vm{ _N>a H$_ hm|J{ Ama am{J ^r H$_ \$b|J{, MwZy Z{ H$hm$& ""_N>ob`m
dmVd _| h_ma{ obE C[`m{Jr h$&''
EH$mEH$ _wZr H$m{ Og{ Hw$N> `mX Am`m$& ""_m, Vw_Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ Ohm [mZr hm{Jm, dhm oH$gr Z oH$gr Vah H$m
OrdZ O$a hm{Jm$&''
""hm, h_Z{ ]agmV _| T>{a gma{ gOrd Im{O{ W{!'' MwZy Z{ H$hm$&
193
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$hmZr _| {dMma Hw$N> hX VH$ H${R>Z Wo& {dm{W`m| H$mo OrdZ MH$ Ho$ ~mao _| WmoS>m OmZZm Wm `h g_PZo Ho$ {bE {H$
_N>br Ho$ OmZo Ho$ ~mX Xygao Ord H$go ApVd _| AmE & Hw$N> {dmWu {Ohm|Zo _N>{b`m nmb aIr Wr do H$hmZr go
AN>r Vah g~Y Wm{nV H$a nmò$& _Zo H$jm 3 hbH$m-\w$bH$m {dkmZ _| _Q>a H$s B{`m| (Pea caterpillar) H$s
H$hmZr H$mo nwZ: `mX {Xbm`m `h dUZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$ _N>a> Ho$ bmadm (Larva) _N>a> Ho$ AS>m| go ~mha AmVo h
dgo hr Ogo B{`m, {VV{b`m| Ed H$sQ>m|(nVJm|) Ho$ ASm| go ~mha AmVr h&
]ag ah{ h ^ya{ ]mXb,
Z`{ ha{ [mY{ CJ Am`{,
bQR>m| [a H$mB CJ Am`r,
ew$ hE ]agmV$H{$ oXZ &
o^Z-o^Z h _Ir H$aVr$&
H|$MwE a|J ah{ hmb{$&
H$sMS> g{ h gZr [m{Iar,
Q>S>[m{b Va| [mZr _|,
]agm _| X{Im{ `h H$gm,
_S>amVm h `mY[VJ &&
_|T>H$ h H$aVm Q>a-Q>a$&&
h OrdZ, [mZr H$m I{b$&&
AZoH$ OmZdam| Ho$ {bE ~agmV H$m _mg_(_mZgyZ) {_bZo H$m _mg_ hmoVm h& _mXm _|T>H$ AnZo AS>o
nmZr _| XoVr h Ohm do Za _|T>H$ mam {Zfo{MV {H$ò OmVo h & _mXm _oT>H$ Ho$ ~o Omo AS>o go {ZH$bVo
h nmZr _| ahVo Ama Amhma boVo h O~ VH$ do ~S>o Zht hmo OmVo& `mYnVJ (Dragonflies) nmZr
Ho$ D$na CS>Vo hE {_bVo h, AnZo AS>o,nmZr _| N>moS>Zo Ho$ {bE PybVo hE ZrMo AmVr h& CZHo$
bmadm(qS>~) ^r nmZr _| ahVo h VWm O~ d`H hmoZo bJVo h Vmo a|JZo bJVo h& H$mB(XbXb _|) _|
OZZ Ho$ {bE nmZr Amd`H$ h&
Ho MwE Ho$ AS>o (cocoons) gyIr {_>r _| {e{Wb nS>o ahVo h VWm V~ ~mha AmVo h O~ ~agmV hmoVr
h& d`H$ Ho MwE, Omo {_>r _|, gyIo _mg_ _| ~hV AXa ahVo h{Oggo {ZObrH$aU go ~M gH|$, ò
^r ~agmV _| {_Q>Q>r H$s D$nar gVh na Am OmVo h& gm_m`V: ò Ho$db amV _| {_>r go ~mha AmVo
h bo{H$Z {XZ Ho$ g_` V~ do ~mha {XIVo h O~ A{YH$ dfm _| CZHo$ {~b nmZr go â OmVo h&
H$hmZr Ama H${dVm _| H${R>Z eX:
bmadm, `ynm, Q>S>nmob, {ZObrH$aU
194
{H$`mH$bmn
OrZ{ H{$ obE [mZr (TB p. 57, WB p. 93)

1. gOrdm| _| [mZr (1 H$- 1 K H{$ nb`{ Xm{ham H$mbme;1 M- 1 N> H{$ nb`{ Xm{ham H$mbme)
{H$`mH$bmnm|
1 H$-1 K Ho $ {bE
V ` m[a`m
{dmWr H$B Vah H$o \y$b Ama nmo bmE Wo& H$jm Ho$ ma^ _| h_Zo \y$bm| VWm n{m`m| Ho$ EH$ g_yh H$mo Yyn _| aIm VWm
{d{^ nmYm| H$s n{m`m| _| bmpQ>H$ H$s W{b`m ~mY Xr&
MMm ew$ H$aZo go nhbo _Zo Xmo {dm{W`m| H$mo H$H$S>r Ama ~JZ Ho$ Qw>H$So H$aZo H$mo H$hm& My{H$ _ {dm{W`m| H$mo
H$jm _| MmHy$ go H$m_ H$aZo Zht XoZm MmhVr Wr, Chm|Zo M_M go H$mQ>Zo Ama ImoXZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m, Ogm {H$ nmR>`nwpVH$m _| {XIm`m J`m h (nVbo Q>rb Ho$ ~Zo gVo M_M>AN>o hmoVo h&)
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
_Zo `mX {Xbm`m {H$ nmYo OSmo mam nmZr boVo h: ""`h nmZr H$hm OmVm h? `m `h nmYo go ~mha Mbm OmVm h? `m
`h nmYo _| ahVm h? `{X Eogm h, Vmo ò nmYo Ho$ {H$g ^mJ _| ahVm h? `m Bg (^mJ) _| nmZr h?'' Chm|Zo H$hm {H$
OS> mo _| nmZr hmoZm Mm{hE `m|{H$ OS> o hr {_>r go nmZr boVr h& EH$ {dmWr Zo amoH$Vo hwE H$hm {H$ OS> o ~hV gyIr
{XIVr h&
Bg ~mV na EH$ {dmWr IS> m hmo J`m VWm CgZo Cgm{hV hmoH$a H$hm, ""Amn OS> mo go nmZr m H$a gH$Vo h,
AJa Amn EH$ N>moQ>o nmYo H$mo CImSo VWm H$nS>o _| OS> H$mo ~mYH$a nWa go _gb|, H$nS> m Jrbm hmo OmVm h&'' Bg Cma
go g^r AM{^V Wo: `h {dmWr, `{n ~hV g{H$` Wm, H$jm _| ~hV H$_ ~mobVm Wm& `h n> Wm {H$ CgZo AZw^d
Ho$ AmYma na H$hm Wm& ~mX _| AZoH$ {dm{W`m| Zo H$hm {H$ nmYo Ho$ VZo, n{m`m| VWm \y$bm| _| ^r nmZr h& - Amn Cgo
_gbH$a nmZr Ogm d nm gH$Vo h& h_Zo _mZm {H$ `h d nmZr Wm {Og_| Hw$N> Kwbm hAm Wm&
H$. [Vr `m \y$b H$s EH$ [IwS>r Vm{S>m{$& Cg{ CJob`m| H{$ ]rM aIH$a _gbm{$& Vwh| `m oXImB X{Vm h Ama
H$gm bJVm h? `m Vwh| bJVm h oH$ [oV`m| Ama [IwoS>`m| _| [mZr h? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 93)
195
_Xma
`mZ aIm{!
O] Vw_ H$m{B [Vr `m \y$b Vm{S>m{ Vm{ Bg
]mV H$m `mZ aIm{ oH$ dgr H$B Xygar ^r
]Mr hB hm|$& nH$gr ]JrM{ H$m{ Z> _V H$am{
`m [mY{ H$m{ _V _mam{$&
AZOmZ OJbr [oV`m| `m \y$bm| H$m{ _V
Hw$Mbm{$& CZ_| g{ Hw$N> Vwh| ZwH$gmZ [hMm
gH$V{ h$& _Xma H$m ag Oharbm hm{Vm h$&
oH$dM g{ Ny> OmZ{ [a V{O IwObr hm{Vr h$&
[H$dM
_gbZo H$s {H$`m ~mJ Ho$ VWm ImZo `mo` nmYm| Ho$ gmW AN>o go H$s OmVr h - h_| An[a{MV nmYm|
go gmdYmZ ahZm Mm{hE& _Xma H$m ag Oharbm hmoVm h& gm_m` {H$dM `m IOHw$Bar EH$ dm{fH$
nmYm h,EH$ Xw~b bVm {OgH$s b~r dH$mH$ma \${b`m {Jbhar Ho$ nyN> Ogr hmoVr h& Bg \$br Ho$
D$na Ho$ amoE dMm _| IwObr Cn H$aVo h& ~rO, `{n Oharbo hmoVo h, BZH$m AmfYr` _hd
~hV A{YH$ hmoVm h & ^maVr` S>H$`w$ {~Ny> Ho$ nmYo VWm gm_m` {~Ny> Ho$ nmYo ^r IwObr nXm
H$aVo h&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{H$`mH$bmn g_yh _| {H$`m J`m Wm& nmZr H$s _mm OmMZo Ho$ {bE EH$ N>moQ>r nmr `m \y$b n`m Wm& _wbm`_ nmo
Ogo gXm~hma(Vinca) VWm {h{~H$g (Hibiscus) Ed g^r ImZodmbr n{m`m Ogo nmbH$ VWm Y{Z`m ~Sr _mm
_| nmZr N>moSVo h& Mnm Ama WwOm H$s n{V`m, Omo ~hV H S> r hmoVr h, _gbZo na ~hV H$_ nmZr N>moSVr h& `h
amoMH$ ~mV h {H$ h_mar Vah Jm`| VWm B{`m ^r _wbm`_ VWm agXma npV`m ImZm ngX H$aVr h&
196
I. H$H$S>r `m ]JZ _| g{ Qw> H$S>m H$mQ>H$a Cg_| EH$ ImMm ]ZmAm{$& EH$ MwQ>H$s Z_H$ ImM{ _| S>mbH$a aJS>m{$&
Xg o_ZQ> VH$ X{Im{$& Hw$N> KQ>{ ]mX o\$a g{ X{Im{$&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
{dmWr OmZVo Wo {H$ O~ Amn H$H$Sr na Z_H$> S>mbVo h Vmo `h nmZr NmoS>Vr h & Chm|Zo `h Zht gmoMm Wm {H$ `h
nmZr H$hm go Am`m& Hw$N> Zo AZw_mZ bJ`m {H$ `h hdm go Am`m hmoJm Ogo erVb no` H$s ~moVb Ho$ ~mha nmZr AmVm
h& Xygam| Zo gwPmd {X`m {H$ gm_m` Z_H$ ^r AJa h_ Iwbm aIm Omò Vmo Jrbm hmo OmVm h, AV: h_Zo Eogm H$aHo$
XoIm& H$jm Ho$ AV _| Z_H$ nhbo Ogm hr ewH$ {XIm (gm_m` Z_H$ _| _mOyX Aew{`m nmZr Ademo{fV H$a boVm
h AV: gm_m` Z_H$ `mXm g_` VH$ Iwbo _| aIZo na Jrbm hmo OmVm h)& V~ EH$ {dmWr Zo H$hm {H$ O~ Amn
H$H$S>r `m _ybr H$mQ>Vo h, Vmo MmHy$ Jrbm hmo OmVm h AV: nmZr gpO`m| _| hmoZm Mm{hE&
H$jm Ho$ AV _| H$H$S>r dmbo H$Q>moao nmZr go AmYo â Jò Wo; Xygao {XZ VH$ ò nyar Vah â Jò Wo& EH$ {dmWr
Zo gwPmd {X`m {H$ h_ CZ gpO`m| _| ^r Z_H$ S> mbVo h Omo Ob`w$ Zht {XIVr, Ogo go_ VWm {d{^ n{m`m| Ama
\y$bm| _| ^r; Chm|Zo Bgo Ka na {H$`m& nVoXma g{O`m| _|, Z_H$ Ho$ gmW Hw$N> {_ZQ>m| VH$ aJS>Zo Ho$ ~mX nmZr H$s ~yXo
{XIt (MrZr _| Bg Vah H$m ^md Zht hAm)& Xygar n{m`m VWm gpO`m, {Og na gm\$ Vma na Vobr` `m _mo_ H$s
{MH$Zr naV Wr, `mXm nmZr Zht N>moSV>r Wr&
h_ Omo ImZm ImVo h Cg_| A{YH$me ^mJ nmZr hmoVm h& Hw$N> gm_m` Im nXmWm] _| nmZr H$s
bJ^J _mm ZrMo Xr J`r h& `mZ Xmo {H$ nmbH$ _| XyY go `mXm nmZr hmoVm h& Im nXmW {Og_|
nmZr H$s _mm H$_ hmoVr h CZ_| gm_m`V: h_ nH$mVo g_` nmZr S> mbVo h&
n{VeV Z_r
Im nXmW
Im nXmW
n{VeV Z_r
(^ma mam)
(^ma mam)
92.1
Joh H$m AmQ>m
12.2
nmbH$
Jm` H$m XyY
87.5
Oram
11.9
`mO
86.8
Aaha H$s Xmb
9..9
JmOa
86.0
_yJ\$br
7.9
73.4
^yZr hB _yJ\$br
4.0
Ho$bm
{~Zm nH$m`m hAm Mmdb
13.4
197
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
J. VmOm Vm{S>r hB [oV`m Ama \y$b Hw$N> KQ>m| H{$ obE ]mha Yy[ _| aIm{$& d{ H$g{ oXImB X{V{ h? Vwhmar
g_P g{ A] d{ AbJ Vah H{$ `m| oXImB X{V{ h$&
Yyn _| aIo \y$b Ama npV`m _wS>r hB gr Wt VWm Cho _gbZo na H$_ nmZr {ZH$bm& _Zo {dm{W`m| go nyN>m {H$ `m
BZ npV`m| Ho$ ^ma _| ~Xbmd Am`m&
K. EH$ [mY{ H$s Hw$N> [oV`m| H{$ Mmam| Am{a EH$ gm\$ bmpQ>H$ H$r Wbr b[{Q>m{$& Wbr H$m _wh YmJ{ g{ ]mY Xm{$&
Hw$N> KQ>{ ]mX Bg{ X{Im{$&
`h {H$`mH$bmn X{eV H$aVm h {H$ Or{dV nmYm| _| go ^r nmZr {Z`{_V $n go ~mha OmVm ahVm h& H$jm Ho$ AV
_|, Hw$N> nmZr Wbo _| O_m {H$`m J`m Wm; {XZ Ho$ AV _|,Cg_| ~hV gmam nmZr Wm& ${MnyU $n go H$S>r npV`m|
dmbo WwOm VWm Mnm Ho$ nmYo {Ohm|Zo _gbZo na `mXm nmZr Zht Xem`m Wm, _| g~go `mXm _mm _| nmZr EH$[V
hAm& H Q>g nmYo _| Q>Jm Wbm gyIm Wm& Xmo A{V[a$ {XZm| Ho$ ~mX ^r, Bg_| nmZr H$m H$moB {M Zht {XIm& h_Zo
Hw$N> Wbm| H$mo amV â ~mYo aIm VWm {XZ Ho$ g_` O_m> hE nmZr H$s _mm H$s VwbZm _| amV _| H$_ nmZr nm`m&
nmmo H$s gVh Ho$ Iwbo ^mJ aY go Obdmn H$m ~mha {ZH$bVr h& My{H$ aY amV _| ~X ahVo h Bg{bE
~hV WmoS>r Obdmn ~mha N>moS>r OmVr h& gXm~hma dfm dZm| Ho$ nmYm| H$s n{V`m ~S>r Ama MmS>r
hmoVr h, {OZ_| AZoH$ aY hmoVo h, {OgHo$ mam do T>oa gmam nmZr N>moS>Vo h& nmZr H$s H$_r dmbo jom|
_| ~T>Zo dmbo nmYm| H$s n{m`m ~hV N>moQ>r hmoVr h& H$mQo hr HQ>g nmYm| H$s n{V`m hmoVo h& ò ~hV
hr H$_ nmZr N>moS>Vo h& Z_ jom| _| H$Q>g _| MmS>r n{V`m {dH${gV hmo OmVr h {Oggo do `mXm
nmZr N>moS> gH|$&
M. o[N>b{ gmb Ogm hr EH$ VamOy ]ZmAm{$& (TB p. 58)
198
g_mZ Vah H{$ Xm{ \y$b Vm{S>m{$& Ch| VamOy H{$ Xm{ [bS>m| [a aIm{$& AJa CZ_| g{ EH$ ^mar h Vm{ CgH{$ VZ{ H$m{
Wm{S>m H$mQ>m{ oOgg{ oH$ d{ gVwobV hm{ Om`$&
A] EH$ \y$b H{$ VZ{ H$m{ [mZr _{ aIm{$& Xyga{ \y$b H$m{ ]mha aIm{$& Xyga{ oXZ [mZr _| aI{ \y$b H$s S>R>r [m|N>H$a
Xm{Zm| \y$bm| H$m{ VamOy H{$ Xm{ [bS>m| _| aIm{$& `m A] CZH{$ ^ma g_mZ h? CZ_| AVa `m| h?
S>m[a g{ Yra{-Yra{ hbH{$ [bS>{ _| [mZr S>mbm{ O] VH$ oH$ VamOy gVwobV Z hm{ Om`$& Vw_Z{ oH$VZ{ ]yX [mZr
o_bm`m? `m Vw_ AZw_mZ bJm gH$V{ hm{ oH$ EH$ oXZ _| \y$b g{ oH$VZ{ ]yX [mZr H$m ZwH$gmZ hAm? (H$m`[wpVH$m [> 94)
{ZarjU
Ama `m`m
`moJ XemVm h {H$ gyIo \y$bm| H$m$^ma, nmZr _| aIo \y$bm| Ho$ ^ma go H$_ Wm& ^ma ~am~a H$aZo Ho$ {bE gyIo \y$bm| _| AmR>
~yX nmZr S>mbm J`m Wm& Bggo `h nVm MbVm h {H$ gyIo \y$bm| _| nmZr H$s {H$VZr _mm H$_ hB &
naVw Bg `m`m Ho$ {df` _| Hw$N> gXoh Wm& Xygao \y$b Zo ^r nmZr Imo`m hmoJm Omo {H$ VZo mam Ademo{fV hE nmZr
go {VWm{nV hmo J`m hmoJm& My{H$ \y$b dgm hr {XI ahm Wm Ogm {H$ dh V~ {XI ahm Wm O~ dh VmOm Wm, h_Zo
gmoMm {H$ (`{n h_ {ZpMV Zht hmo nmò Wo) A{OV {H$ò hE VWm Cg{OV {H$ò hE nmZr H$m Hw$b `moJ ey` h&
Ho$db V~ h_ Bg {ZH$f na nhMo {H$ nmZr H$s AmR> ~yXo gyIZo _| `` hB & Ama A{YH$ gw{ZpMV hmoZo Ho$ {bE, h_|
EH$ ghr VamOy go \y$bm| H$mo nhbo VWm ~mX _| VmbZo H$s O$aV hmoJr&
_oao {X_mJ _| Hw$N> Xygao Z Wo Omo hmbm{H$ _Zo H$jm _| Zht CR>mò & {ZpMV $n go, gyIZo na Xygao ^m{VH$ Ama
amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbmd hE - nmm| Ama \y$bm| Ho$ aJ Ama JY ^r ~Xb Jò& _wPo AmM` hAm {H$ `m ^ma _| H$_r Ho$db
nmZr Ho$ mg Ho$ H$maU Wr&
199
N>. EH$ oJbmg _| Hw$N> M_M `mhr S>mbm{$& Cgr H{$ ]am]a [mZr o_bmAm{$&
g\{$X `m hbH{$ aJ H$m S>R>r gohV EH$ \y$b bm{$& S>R>r H$m{ [mZr Ama `mhr H{$ o_lU _| aIm{$& EH$ KQ>{ ]mX
Bg{ X{Im{$&
\y$b H$s S>R>r H$m{ H$mQ>m{$& X{Im{, oH$g Vah `mhr S>R>r g{ \y$b VH$ D$[a [hM J`r$(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 94)$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
h_Zo nmZr _| KwbZerb Zrbr `mhr Ho$ gmW `moJ {H$`m& nhbo _Zo A{dbo` `mhr H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m Wm, bo{H$Z `h
g\$b Zht hAm& nmZr Ama `mhr Ho$ ~am~a AZwnmV Zo AN>m H$m_ {H$`m& AJa {db`Z ~hV nVbm hmoVm Wm, Vmo
aJ H$mo XoIZo _| H${R>ZmB hmoVr Wr&
h_Zo {XZ Ho$ ew$ _| `mhr _| VrZ Vah Ho$ \y$b (Jwbm~, gmoZQ>H$m VWm Mnm) aIo, CgHo$ ~mX {dm{W`m| Zo AnZo
Xygao H$m` Omar aIo& Jwbm~ _|, H$ar~ gdm KQ>o Ho$ ~mX h_Zo aJ H$mo XoIm& gmoZQ>H$m Zo aJ MT>Zo _o nmZo Xmo KQ>o {bò
O~{H$ Mnm Zo Xmo KQ>o {bò&
h_ VZo H$mo b~mB Ho$ AZw$n VWm Amanma (Ogo ZrMo {XIm`m J`m h) XmoZm| Vah go H$mQ> gH$Vo Wo& b~mB Ho$
AZw$n H$mQ>o Jò VZo _| VZo Ho$ gmW-gmW gy_ Zrbr `mhr H$s aoImE (OmBb_ D$VH$ H$s) {XIr Ohm `mhr VZo _|
D$na VH$ J`r Wr& Jwbm~ VWm Mnm Ho$ {VaN>o H$mQ>o Jò VZo _| Zrbo Y~o JmobmH$ma $n go `dpWV
{XIo VWm gmoZQ>H$m VZo _| A{Z`{_V VarHo$ go `dpWV {XIo & dZn{V {dkmZ OmZZo dmbo H$mo `mX
hmo gH$Vm h {H$ gdhZ nyb {Og_| g`moOr D$VH$ hmoVo h, {~rOnr (dicot) nmYm| (Jwbm~ Ama
Mnm) _| g_Ho${V $n go `dpWV hmoVo h O~{H$ ò EH$~rOnr (monocot) nmYm|(Ogo
gmoZQ>H$m) Ho$ VZm| _| {~Iao hE hmoVo h&
H$jm 4 _| {dm{W`m| H$mo `h ~VmZm H$m\$s
h {H$ {_>r go nmZr Ama I{ZO nXmW
nmYm| Ho$ {d{^ AJm| _| h_mao eara H$s
a$dm{h{Z`m| Ogr Z{b`m| mam bo Omò
OmVo h &
200
O. `m Vwhmar g_P g{ OmZdam| H{$ eara _| [mZr hm{Vm h? A[Z{ odMma H{$ g_WZ _| Hw$N> AZw^dm| H{$ ]ma{
_| gm{Mm{$(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 94)$&
Or{dV Ama _V OmZdam| Ho$ {ZarjU go h_ AmgmZr go XoI gH$Vo {H$ CZ_| d nXmW hmoVm h& h_ AZw_mZ H$a gH$Vo
h {H$ `h nmZr hr hmoZm Mm{hE&
2. eara _| [mZr (1 H$mbme; TB p. 59, WB p. 95)
H$. A[Zm Iwbm _wh oH$gr X[U, oIS>H$s `m H$mM H{$ Qw>H$S>{ H{$ [mg bmAm{$& Yra{ g{ gmg ]mha N>m{S>m{$&
Vwh| H$mM [a `m oXImB X{Vm h?
hm{ gH$Vm h OmS>{ H{$ oXZm| _| Vwh| A[Z{ _wh H{$ [mg [mZr H$s Zht-Zht ]yX| oXImB X|$&
`h [mZr H$hm g{ Am`m?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
A{YH$me {dm{W`m| Zo AnZr gmg _| nmZr Ho$ Hw$hao H$mo AZw^d {H$`m Wm& do M_o na gmg N>moS>H$a Cgo gm\$ H$aZm
OmZVo Wo& RS> r Ho$ _mg_ _| h_mao gmg go {ZH$br Obdmn N>moQ>o ~mXb ~ZmVo hE N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r ~yXm| _| gK{ZV hmoVr
h& nmZr H$s ~yXo R>S>o ereo Ho$ gVh na n> XoIr Om gH$Vr h&
I. EH$ hmW H{$ Mmam| Am{a bmpQ>H$ H$m Wbm T>rbm-T>mbm ]mYm{$& Xg o_ZQ> H{$ ]mX Bg{ hQ>m Xm{$& Wb{ H{$ AXa
Vwh| `m oXImB X{Vm h? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 95)
`h EH$ AmH${fV VWm {dp_V H$aZo dmbm `moJ Wm& nmM {_ZQ> _| h_Zo Wbr Ho$ AXa gy_ nmZr H$s ~yXm| H$mo
gK{ZV hmoVo hE XoIm& Cg {XZ Ho$ Vmn_mZ VWm AmVm Ho$ AZwgma nmZr H$s ~yXo n> {XIZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> `mXm `m
H$_ g_` bo gH$Vr h&
gOrd H$mo{eH$m Ho$ ^ma H$m H$ar~ 70-90% nmZr hmoVm h& OmZda Ama nmYm| H$s H$mo{eH$mE d _| Zhm`r
hmoVr h Omo A{YH$V_ nmZr hmoVm h& `h AZwnmV {d{^ H$ma H$o D$VH$m|(H$mo{eH$mAm| Ho$ g_yh) Ho$
{bE ~XbVm h bo{H$Z h{>`m| _| ^r 30% nmZr hmoVm h& h_mam eara bmIm| H$amoS>m| AUwAmo H$s ghm`Vm
go H$m` H$aVm h& ò AUw {d{^ H$m`m] H$mo H$aZo Ho$ H$_ _| H$mo{eH$mAm| Ho$ AXa `m ~rM ^_U H$aVo
h& nMo hE ^moOZ, Z_H$, H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> VWm AZoH$ H$m~{ZH$ `m{JH$m| Ho$ AUw nmZr _| KwbVo h
VWm h_mao eara _| bo Omò Om gH$Vo h&
201
`{X h_ ~hV A{YH$ `m ~hV H$_ nmZr nrVo h, Vmo Kwbo hE agm`Z `m Vmo ~hV A{YH$ VZw `m ~hV
A{YH$ gm hmo OmVo h; h_mam eara Bggo {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ {bE `mXm `m H$_ _y Cn H$aVm h& gm_m`V`m
{OVZm nmZr h_ nrVo h CVZm hr nmZr h_ AnZo eara go ~mha {ZH$mbVo h& ~hV J_ {XZm| _| ~wIma `m
XV hmoZo Ho$ XmamZ h_| A{V{a$ H$_r H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~hV A{YH$ nmZr (Z_H$ Ho$ gmW) nrZo H$s
O$aV nS>Vr h& eara _| X{ZH$ nmZr H$m gVwbZ, O~ H$moB n> ngrZm Zht hmoVm h, ZrMo {X`m J`mh:
JhU {H$`m J`m nmZr
1500 {_br brQ>a
nrZo Ho$ {bE
300 {_br brQ>a
^moOZ _| CnpWV nmZr
600 {_br brQ>a
Im nXmWmo Ho$ AUwAm| Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo go Cn nmZr
Cg{OV {H$`m J`m nmZr
1400 {_br brQ>a
_y
100 {_br brQ>a
_b
6900 {_br brQ>a
\o$\$S>mo (dgZ _|) VWm dMm mam Cg{OV {H$`m J`m nmZr&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
g^r gOrdm| H{$ eara _| [mZr hm{Vm h$& Ch| qOXm ahZ{ H{$ obE [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$&
b{oH$Z CZ_| g{ g^r [mZr Zht [rV{! MtoQ>`m [mZr Zht [rVt, Ama Z hr AZmOm| _| ahZ{
dmb{ KwZ [mZr [rV{ h$& Vwhmar g_P g{ Ch| [mZr H$hm g{ o_bVm h?
Hw$N> H$sQ> A{YH$ nmZr `w$ Im nXmWm] na Or{dV ahVo h, Ogo ehX ({VV{b`m, eb^), nmXn$ag
(agH$sQ (aphids), _N>a) Ed a$ (_N>a>, IQ>_b, {ngy VWm Oy)& bo{H$Z A{YH$me H$sS>o Omo
n> n go ewH$ ^moOZ H$aVo h, do ^r AnZo Im nXmWm] go Hw$N> nmZr boVo h & gyIo AZmOm| _| ^r AnZo
^ma H$m 10% ^mJ nmZr hmoVm h& Bg _w$ nmZr Ho$ A{V[a$, H$sQ> M`mnM` {H$`m Ho$ XmamZ nmofH$
AUwAm| Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo go nmZr nm H$aVo h& O~ dgm, H$m~m}hmBSoQ> Ama moQ>rZ AnZo eara H$s H$mo{eH$mAm| Ho$
AXa Qy>Q>Vo h Vmo nmZr _w$ hmoVm h&
202
{H$`mH$bmn
Ho$ b`
{H$`mH$bmn 3 VWm 4 _| jo {ZarjU VWm {Mm| Ho$ mam {dmWr ~hV gmar Z`r gyMZmAm| go AdJV hE & {M
CgwH$Vm OJmZo Ho$ {bE Wo Omo Hw$N> gm_m` {~XwAm| H$mo ~VmVo h Ama AmJo grIZo dmbr Hw$N> ~mVm| H$m AmYma V`ma
H$aVo h (n> 154 na Co` XoI|, {deofH$a 3.4, 3.5 VWm 3.6):
{H$`mH$bmnm| Ama {Mm| Ho$ mam {dm{W`m| H$mo VmOo VWm Z_H$sZ nmZr dmbo jom| VWm H$_ nmZr Ho$ OJhm| H$mo
ImoOZm Mm{hE, g^r Ho$ AnZo {d{e> Ord$n h& Hw$N> AZwHy$bZ BZ nmYm| Ama OmZdam| H$mo Or{dV ahZo VWm `mXm
`m H$_ nmZr _| d{ H$aZo _| _XX H$aVo h, BgH$m nhbo (`m Vw_ OmZVo hmo?) _| dUZ {H$`m J`m h& ~mX H$s H$jmAm|
_| do Xygao H$maH$m| Ho$ ~mao _| grI|Jo Ogo, Vmn_mZ VWm {_>r H$s pW{V, {d{e> AZwHy$bZ VWm CZHo$ {dH$mg _| BZH$m
_hd& A^r h_mam b` h gmdYmZrnydH$ {ZarjU H$aZm VWm {~Hw$b {^ dmVmdaU _|, {d{^ H$ma Ho$ gOrdm|
Ho$ A{^bjU H$mo XoIZm&
Z_^y{_ (wetland) EH$ jo h Omo A{YH$meV: `m nyao g_` {N>N>bo nmZr go T> H$m ahVm h& Jrbr
^y{_ Ho$ CXmhaU h, H$N> ^y{_, XbXbr ^y{_, Z{X`m| Ho$ ~mT> go `w$ g_Vb ^y{_, Vmbm~ Ama Zmbo
Ho$ Amgnmg H$m jo, {N>N>br Prb VWm nMOb (back waters) & BZ_| VmOm `m Z_H$sZ nmZr
hmo gH$Vm h& Z_ ^y{_ na AZoH$ A{Vr` nmYo VWm Ord-OVw ahVo h& Z_^y{_ Ho$ nmYo {_>r Ho$
H$Q>md H$mo amoH$Vo h,nmofH$ Vd nmZr _| {_bmVo h VWm nmZr go XyfH$m| H$mo hQ>mVo h & A` ~S>o Ob
g_wXm`m| H$s Vah, Z_^y{_ _mg_ H$mo Wm`r H$aZo _| _XX H$aVr h VWm dmVmdaU go H$m~Z
S>mBAmgmBS> ^r Ademo{fV H$aVr h& ò g_w VQ>r` jom| H$mo Vy\$mZ VWm MH$dmV go ~MmVo h&
h_mao Xoe _| AZoH$ Z_^y{_ eharH$aU Ho$ H$maU gH$Q> _| h, bo{H$Z hmb hr _| MH$dmV Ho$ H$maU hE
{dZme Ho$ ~mX bmoJ g_w VQ>r` Z_^y{_ Ho$ _hd Ho$ {df` _| Yrao-Yrao gMoV hmoVo Om aho h &
3. [mZr H{$ gOrd

jo ^_U
(2 H$mbme + j{ ^_U/Adbm{H$Z; TB p. 59)
{ZZ{b{IV ~mV| S>m. H$aZ hS>mH$ Ho$ ^_U go br J`r h :

ewH$ jo _| ^r, _mZgyZ Ho$ _mg_ _| Obr` nmYo VWm OmZda {XImB Xo gH$Vo h& jo ^_U h_mao Hy$b Ho$ {H$Zmao
EH$ Jrbo XbXbr jo _| {H$`m J`m Wm& {dmWu Imbr ~VZm| Ho$ gmW AmE Wo& ~mha OmZo go nhbo _Zo {ZZ{b{IV
{ZX}e {XE : (i) H$sMS>`w$ Jrbr `m XbXbr O_rZ _| Vw_ H$mZ go OmZdam| Ed nmYm| H$mo nmZo H$s Amem H$aVo hmoCZHo$
203
Zm_ {bImo(AnZr H$m`-nwpVH$m _|)& (ii) O~ dhm Vw_ OmVo hmo Vmo,AnZr gyMr _| `h OmoS>mo `m H$mQ> Xmo& (iii) Vw_
Ho$db 45 {_ZQ> Ho$ {bE ~mha ahmoJo, AV:Omo ^r Vw_ XoIVo hmo,CgH$m {M ItMZm, bo~b bJmZm VWm ZmoQ> {bIZm VwaV
ew$ H$amo& (iv) AJa Vw_ {H$gr MrO H$m Zm_ Zht OmZVo hmo, Vmo CgH$m Ho$db dUZ H$amo& (v) Vwhmao H$m_ H$mo AH$
{XE OmEJo : do bmoJ {OZHo$ A{YH$ {M, bo~b VWm {ddaU hm|Jo Ed Omo A{YH$ gmdYmZr nydH$ [ZarjU H$aoJo, CZH$mo
g~go `mXm AH$ {XE OmEJo & (vi) AV _| AnZo ~VZm| _| {d{^ OJhm| go nmZr O_m H$amo VWm Hw$N> nmYo ^r BH$>>m
H$amo& (vii) Ogo hr Vw_ dmng AmVo hmo, AnZo hmW VWm ~VZ Ho$ ~mhar {hgo H$mo YmoAmo&
_Zo CZgo nyN>m {H$ Ch| `m gmdYm{Z`m ~aVZr Mm{hE& Chm|Zo H$hm {H$ Ch| EH$ gmW ahZm h, AZwem{gV
ahZm h ,b~r Kmg go gmn `m Xygao OmZdam| Ho$ H$maU gmdYmZ ahZm h, Hw$mm| go gmdYmZ ahZm h, gmdYmZr ~aVZr
h Vm{H$ nmZr _| Z {Ja|, H$sMS> go ~MZm h, B`m{X (_Zo _w` {~XwAmoo| H$mo `m_nQ>> na {bI {X`m)&
~mX _| _Zo _hgyg {H$`m {H$ BZ ehar C _`-dJu` {dm{W`m| Ho$ g_yhm| Ho$ {bE H$sMS> _| Z XmS>Zo H$s
MoVmdZr XoZo H$s ^r O$aV Zht hmoJr - H$ar~ g^r {dmWu AnZo H$X_ H$ht ^r ~T>mZo VWm Hw$N> ^r N>yZo Ho$ {V gVH$
Wo& CZ_| go AZoH$ H$mo bJmVma XoIVo ahZo Ho$ {bE mogm{hV H$aZo H$s O$aV Wr& _wPo CZHo$ gmW-gmW OmH$a Z
nyN>Zo Wo, Ch| {ZarjU H$aZo VWm gmdYmZrnydH$ {M ~ZmZo H$s `mX {XbmVo ahZm Wm& h_ bmoJm| _| {H$gr H$mo dVwAm|
Ho$ Zm_m| Ho$ ~mao _| `mXm OmZH$mar Zht Wr- Omo {H R>rH$ Wm- AJa _wPo `m Xygao {ejH$m| H$mo nVm hmoVm Vmo {dmWu
BgH$m {ZarjU H$aZo Ho$ WmZ na Zm_m| H$s ZH$b H$aZo _| `V hmoVo& $ $
nmZr Ho$ AXa Ho$(Ob_Z) nmYo Wo edmb (2 `m 3 {d{^ Vah Ho$) VWm Hw$N> N>moQ>o nmYo Omo gVh na VaVo h (3
JmobmH$ma nmm| H$ar~ 2 {__r. `mg Ho$ gmW VWm 1-2 go_r ZrMo bQ>H$Vr hB OS>m| Ho$ gmW)& Obr` nmYm| _| Hw$N>
AbJ Vah> Ho$ Kmg, ZaH$Q> (AmMÒZH$ $n go Cattails Wo), EH$ `m Xmo nwnr` nmYo Wo B`m{X &
VrZ {d{^ H$ma Ho$ `mYnVJ, {VV{b`m, Ord Omo `m Vmo Hw$N> _N>br Ogo Wo, EH$ {dH${gV hmoVm hAm _|T>H$ `m
Hw$N> H$ma Ho$ Obr` H$sS>o _N>a>m| H$o bmadm, {d{^ H$sS>o Omo nmZr Ho$ gVh Ho$ Amgnmg CS> aho Wo, Hw$N> Vah Ho$ AS>o
B`m{X&
[dm[W`m| mam ~Zmò Jò Obr` nmYmo$Ama
OmZdamo$Ho$ [M
204
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
{dm{W`m| mam Hw$N> gm_m` Obr`-OVwAm| VWm Obr` nmYm| Ho$ ~ZmE Jò {M ZrMo H$. VWm I. _| {Xò Jò
h& ò {M nhMmZ Ho$ {bE h Ama Bg{bò {dm{W`m| Ho$ {Mm| go AbJ h Omo AZmnMm[aH$ VWm AmH$fH$ h&
{dm{W`m| H$mo AnZo {ZarjU Ho$ AmYma na {M ItMZo Ho$ {bE mogm{hV {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE VWm BZ {Mm| `m Xygao
{Mm| H$s ZH$b Zht H$aZr Mm{hE&
H$. [mZr _| ahZ{ dmb{ Hw$N> Ord-OVwAm| H{$ Zm_ obIm{$&
jo^_U _| {ZarjU Ho$ Abmdm {dmWr ObZm{dH$ (Water boatmen), N>moQ>r _N>{b`m, _N>a>-Ogo CS>Zodmbo
H$sS>o, _|T>H$, Ob_wJr, ~VI, H$R>\$moS>dm VWm ~Jwbm (egrets) Ed Hw$N> nmYo ^r Ogo, Ob _| CJZodmbo EH$ Vah Ho$
\y$bXma nmYo(ObHw$^r) Ed edmb XoI MwHo$ Wo & CZHo$ nmg BZHo$ {bE AnZo Zm_ Wo& nwVH$m| VWm Q>rdr Ho$ mam do
nmZr _| ahZo dmbo Xygao Ordm| Ogo emH$, hob, AmQ>mong, B`m{X Ho$ {df` _| OmZVo Wo&
_eH$m^ A^H$
(midge nymph)
dmQ>a Ho$Q>a
ObZm[dH$
205
I. [mZr _| CJZ{ dmbr Hw$N> dZ[oV`m Im{Om{$& H$m{B E{gm [mYm Im{OZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$am{ Om{ o]Hw$b [mZr H{$
^rVa hm{, Ama EH$ [mYm Om{ Wm{S>m [mZr H{$ ^rVa hm{ Ama Wm{S>m ]mha$&
Vw_ Om{ [mY{ Im{Om{ CZH{$ oM ]ZmH$a CZH{$ ]ma{ _| obIm{$& Im{O{ JE [mYm| H{$ Zm_ [Vm H$aZ{ H$s H$m{oee
H$am{$(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 95-96)$ &
nmoIam| H$s gVh na Bg H$ma Ho$ hOmam| N>moQ>oN>moQ>o nmYo Va aho Wo&
qgKm>S >m
\$b
nyUV`m Ob Ho$ AXa ahZo dmbo nmYm| Ho$ CXmhaU:

edmb (algae) gmYmaU nmYo hmoVo h, {OZHo$ AmH$ma gy_ S>m`Q>_$ (n> 208 na d{UV) go boH$a
dhV g_wr Kmg Ho$ AmH$ma VH$ Ho$ hmoVo h Omo EH$ gmb _| 60 _rQ>a VH$ d{ H$a gH$Vo h& nmZr Ho$
AXa h_ A{YH$ O{Q>b nmYo nmVo h, {Ogo m`: Vmbm~ H$s Kmg H$hVo h& Hw$N> nmYm| Ogo$hmB{S>bm
H$s H$moB OS> Zht hmoVr h O~{H$ Xygao nmYm| Ogo do{bgZo[a`m Ho$ Vbr _| OS>o hmoVr h&
nmYo Omo Am{eH$ $n go nmZr Ho$ D$na VaVo h:
H$gnV (Duck weed) VWm qgKmS>m; Obr` \y$bXma nmYm EH$ gm_m` Kmg h {OgHo$ nmo VWm
OS> VaVo h VWm Omo gm_m`V: nmZr _| _w$$$n go PybVm ahVm h (Hw$N> Om{V _| ZrMo OS>o hmoVr h)&
nmo Ho$ AmYma na JoXma ~~ hmoVm h Omo Bho VaZo _| _XX H$aVm h & `h nmYm ^maV _| Crgdr
eVmXr _| bm`m J`m Wm `m|{H$ BgHo$ gwXa ~JZr aJ Ho$ \y$b Wo& H$m\$s Xoa go bmoJm| Zo `h OmZm {H$
`h ~hV VoOr go ~T>Vm h VWm Vmbm~m| VWm Z{X`m| Ho$ ~S>o jo H$mo T>H$ boVm h&
Hw$N> nmYo VaVo h O~ nmZr H$m Vb D$Mm hmoVm h bo{H$Z gyIo _mg_ _| Jrbr {_>r _| AnZr OS>o O_m
boVo h& H$^r-H$^r EH$ hr nmYo Ho$ nVo VaVo VWm nmZr Ho$ AXa Sy>~o hE, XmoZm| Vah go ahVo h&
206
nmYo {OZH$s OS>o {_>r _| hmoVr h VWm D$nar ^mJ nmZr Ho$ D$na hmoVo h do h: ZaHw$b>, H$_b, Ob Hw$_wXZr
VWm _Jmod &
J. [mZr _| N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ Ord Im{Om{$& H$mM H{$ EH$ Oma _| [mZr, dZ[oV`m Ama Vmbm], Q>H$s, [m{Iar `m ZXr
g{ o_b{ Hw$N> Ama gOrd S>mbm{$& gOrdm| H$m{ `mZ g{ X{Im{, CZH{$ ]ma{ _| obIm{, Ama H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 96
[a CZH{$ oM ]ZmAm{$& AJa Vwhma{ [mg hS>b{g hm{ Vm{ CgH$m `m{J H$am{$& JX{ [mZr g{ H$m_ H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX
A[Z{ hmW AN>r Vah Ym{Am{$&
H$B OJhm| H$m [mZr, oOg_| Ord hm|, BH$Q>R>m H$am{ Ama Am[g _| CZH$s VwbZm H$am{$&
[mZr H$m{ EH$ hV{ VH$ aIm{$& Cg{ am{O X{Im{ Ama H$m{B [nadVZ hm{ ahm hm{ Vm{ Cg{ XO H$am{$&
$(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 97)$&
jo ^_U XoI|, nR>> 202-203&
BgH$m n[aUm_ Bg nmR> Ho$ ew$ _| Xr JB H$hmZr _| _wr Ama Mwy Ho$ AZw^d Ho$ gXe hmo gH$Vm h&
nmoIa `m Vmbm~ Ho$ {H$Zmao go nmZr O_m H$aZm Cm_ hmoVm h& _V nmm| Ama nmYm| Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$
nmZr _| OrdmUw hmo gH$Vo h Omo ~VZ _| Jw{UV (~T>Zm) hmo gH$Vo h& Xmo {XZm| Ho$ ~mX {Jbmg Ho$ AXa
H$s gVh na {bg{bgmnZ AZw^d hmo gH$Vm h& ~VZ Ho$ {H$Zmam| na ~T>Vr hE {bg{bgr {_>r gy_
nmYm| go ~Zr hmo gH$Vr h {Og_| _mg VWm edmb {Z{hV hmo& AJa `h nmZr Vmbm~ _| hr hmoVm Vmo
~hV gmar H$mB, edmb, OrdmUw VWm bmadm mH${VH$ {eH$m[a`m| Ogo _N>br VWm _|T>H$ mam Im {b`m
OmVm$&
{H$`mH$bmn Zb Ho$ nmZr Ho$ gmW H$m_ Zht H$aVm h {Og_| bmoarZ Kwbr hmoZo H$s dOh go OrdUwAm| H$s
d{ H$ OmVr h& [H$`mH$bmn 3 K.(AmJo) _| d{UV OrdUwAm| H$mo ~S>r g`m _| nmZo Ho$ {bE nmZr _|
Hw$N> gyIo VWm Jbo hE nVo, EH$ gmh Ho$ {bE aI|&
207
K. òX Vmbm] H{$ [mZr H$m{ gy_Xeu g{ X{Im{ Vm{ Vwh| N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ Ord oXImB X|J{$& Bh| gy_Ord H$hV{ h$&
ZrM{ [mZr _| ahZ{ dmb{ Hw$N> gy_Ordm| H{$ oM oX`{ J`{ h$&
[am_roe`_
200 _mBH$m{_rQ>a
(= 0.2 o__r)
S>m`Q>_
(EH$ Vah H$s edmb)
OrdmUw
A_r]m
`h D$[a N>m{Q>{ ImZ{ _| oXIm`{ J`{ OrdmUw H$m Ama H$ar] g{ ob`m J`m oM h$&
Q> { \ $mBbm{ H $m{ $g

OrdmUw
1 _mBH$m{_rQ>a
hO{ H$m OrdmUw
B. H$m{bmB OrdmUw
gmb_m{Z{bm
OrdmUw
208
gy_Ordm| H$m{ qOXm ahZ{ H{$ obE [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$& gyIr OJhm| [a ]hV H$_ gy_Ord [m`{ OmV{
h$& dVwAm| H$m{ Yy[ _| gwImZ{ g{ CZ_| _mOyX gy_Ord _a OmV{ h$&
dt eVmXr Ho$ _` _| EH$ S>M H$nS>m `dgm`r EQ>moZr dmZ `wdoZhmH$$Zo dfm, Hw$E, g_w VWm JbVo
hE ~\$ Ho$ nmZr H$s ~yXm| H$mo gy_Xeu mam XoIm& dh CZ g^r _|, {Ogo CgZo N>moQ>o OmZda H$hm Wm,
XoIH$a AmM`M{H$V hmo J`m Wm& {nN>bo n> Ho$ ewAmV _| {X`m J`m {M,nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ n> 60 na
^r {X`m J`m h, Hw$N> gOrdm| H$mo {XImVm h Omo Hy$b Ho$ gy_Xeu _| {XImB Xo gH$Vm h& OrdmUw ~hV
N>moQ>o hmoVo h& {d{^ H$ma Ho$ Bg Vah Ho$ A_r~m, nam_r{e`_, S>m`Q>_ VWm OrdmUw Z_ {_>r, Vmbm~
Ho$ nmZr VWm gmJam| _| nmò OmVo h&
A_r~m
A_r~m: aJhrZ Obr` Oobr (jelly) Ho$ H$mR> H$s Vah {XIVm h Omo bJmVma Ky_Vo VWm AnZm AmH$ma
~XbVo ahVm h& ^rVa EH$ H$mbm {~Xw hmoVm h (Zm{^H$)A_r~m AnZo Obr` eara H$mo ~hmH$a Ky_Vm h:
ò Amgng Ho$ Imm| Ho$ nmg ~hVo hE Cgo "{ZJbH$a' ImZm ImVm h& A_r~m moQ>r`g, gm_m`V: VaVo
hE nmo Ho$ ZrMo H$s Amoa nmò OmVo h , gy_ nmYo VWm OmZda Ogo, nam_r{e`_, S>m`Q>_ VWm OrdmUw ImVo
h& Xygao nH$ma Ho$ A_r~m(EQ>A_r~m H$mbr) h_mao AmVm| _| ahVo Ama Amhma JhU H$aVo h, hm{Za{hV
hmoVo h O~{H$ `{X EQ>A_r~m {hQ>mobr{Q>H$m,Omo JXo Zmbo mam Xy{fV nmZr _| nmò OmVo h, A_r{~H$
no{Me Cn$H$aVo h& EH$ A_r~m H$ar~ AmYm {_br_rQ>a b~m hmoVm h&
nam_r{e`_
m_r{e`_: `h Mnb Ho$ AmH$ma H$m EH$ VoO Ky_Zo dmbm N>moQ>m OVw hmoVm h& `h Ho$e Ogo "n_m^
(cilia)' H$s _XX go VaVm h& ~amZr H$m `moJ H$a `h AnZo ImZo Ogo, OrdmUw H$mo ^r nH$S>Vm h &
S>m`Q>_: EH$ H$mo{eH$s` edmb Ho$ H$ma H$m, g~go gab nmYmh & ~hV gmao edmb Vmbm~ VWm g_w Ho$
nmZr _| nmò OmVo h Omo Bgo ham aJ XmZ H$aVo h& gmYmaU ~S>o edmb Ho$ CXmhaU h nmBamoJmBam,nmZr
na VaVo hE VVw_` qnS> H$s Vah {XIVm h& Xygao nmYm| H$s Vah edmb gyaO H$s amoeZr VWm H$m~Z
S>mBAmgmBS> H$s _XX go AnZm ^moOZ d` V`ma H$aVm h& Bg {H$`m _| Omo AmgrOZ do ~ZmVo h do
CbPo hE edmb Ho$ ~rM {MnHo$ hE N>moQ>o ~wb~wbo Ho$ $n _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h& edmb nmZr _| ~S>o gOrdm|
H$m ^moOZ h& n> 207 (T B p.60) _| ZrMo ~Zo Am`V Ho$ AXa OrdmUw H$mo ~hV ~S>m H$aHo$ {XIm`m
17
209
J`m h& nmZr _| ahZo dmbo ~hV H$ma Ho$ OrdmUwAm| _| Ho$db Hw$N> h Omo _Zw` Ho$ {bE _hdnyU `m
hm{ZH$maH$ h {Ogo Bg {M _| {XIm`m J`m h (dm` na nS>Zo dmbo ^md Ho$ {df` _| A{YH$ OmZZo
Ho$ {bE n> 231-232 VWm 326-327 XoI|):
Qo\$mBbmoH$moH$g : EH$ JmobmH$ma OrdmUw Omo hdm, Yyb, nmZr VWm AZoH$ Im nXmWm] Ogo _mg, XyY
VWm AS>m| _| nm`m OmVm h& AJa Eogo OrdmUw `w$ Im nXmWmo H$mo b~o g_` VH$ CU aIm OmVm h
Vmo ò Jw{UV hmo OmVo h Ed Oha ~ZmVo h Omo J_ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ^r ZQ> Zht hmoVo h& Eogo Im nXmW H$mo
ImZo go noQ> _| _amoS>, CQ>r `m A{YH$ J^ra pW{V _| _`w ^r hmo gH$Vr h&
B. H$mobmB : (BHo$ar{g`m H$mobmB H$m g{j Zm_) `h nmZr, ImnXmWm] VWm OmZdam| Ho$ eara _|
nm`m OmZo dmbm EH$ H$ma H$m OrdmUw h& `h CZ gm_m` gy_Ordm| _| go EH$ h Omo h_mar ~S>r AmV
_| ahVo h (nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ n> 100, (nmR> 10) _|) B. H$mobmB h_mao ImZo H$mo nMmZo _| _XX H$aVm
h VWm h_mao {bE Amd`H$ {dQ>m{_Z K VWm B - H$mbog ~ZmVm h& hmbm{H$ B. H$mobmB Ho$ Hw$N>
nH$ma (h_mar AmV _| B. H$mobmB Ho$ ~hVm`V go {^) IVaZmH$ Oha ~ZmVo h, Omo H$>Xm`H$
S>m`[a`m VWm AmV[aH$ a$md H$m H$maU hmo gH$Vo h&
hOm OrdmUw: `h OrdmUw ,{d{~`mo H$mboam, H$>Xm`H$ ObnyU S>m`[a`m H$m H$maU hmo gH$Vm h&
gmb_moZobm OrdmUw: `h EH$ A` OrdmUw h Omo AmVm| _| nm`m OmVm h VWm gabVm go ^moOZ Ama
nmZr _| doe H$a OmVm h& BgHo$ Hw$N> H$ma _Zw` Ho$ {bE hm{ZH$maH$ h, A{^bjU nXm H$aVo h
{Oggo BbwEOm hmo gH$Vm h&
4. Hw$N> H$m{ `mXm Vm{ Hw$N> H$m{ H$_ [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h (TB p. 60, WB p. 97)
g_w _| o_bZ{ dmb{ gOrd:
PtJm
PtJm, gm_m`V`m Im`m OmZodmbm "H$Q>o[e`Z' H$m EH$ CXmhaU h& H$B H$ma Ho$ H$Q>o[e`Z Ogo
Ho$H$S>m, bmo~Q>a(EH$ H$ma H$m Ho$H$S>m) VWm Ho$[\$e(Ho$H$S>| H$s AmH${V H$s EH$ _N>br), Z_H$sZ
VWm VmOo nmZr XmoZm| _| nmE OmVo h$& BZHo$ AmH$ma gy_ S>pZ`m go boH$a ~S>o bmoQ>a(_hmqMJQ>)
{OVZm hmoVm h&
210
nm\oQ> EH$ ImZo `mo` g_wr _N>br h& Vmam _N>br arT>Xma
Vmao Ho$ AmH$ma H$m Ord h Omo hHo$ dma-^mQ>o Ho$ XmamZ
g_wr {H$Zmam| Ho$ ZOXrH$ nm`r OmVr h& BZ_| AJ `m nM
^mJ Zht hmoVm& ò {~Zm _wS>o {H$gr ^r {Xem _| Ky_ gH$Vr h&
g_wr ZaHw$bb, g_wr edmb H$m EH$ H$ma h
- BZ_| go HwN> ^moOZ, CdaH$ VWm agm`Z ({ZH$fU)
{ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE nXm {H$E OmVo h& Hw$N> g_wr
ZaHw$bmo _| hdm Ho$ Wbo hmoVo h Omo Bho VaZo _| _XX
H$aVo h&
gmX{ [mZr H{$ Vmbm]m| Ama Obme`m| _| VWm CZH{$ Amg[mg o_bZ{ dmb{ gOrd
N>moQ>m Zrbm [H$J[\$ea (am_{Ma`m)
m): EH$ Zrbr-har {M{S>`m {OgH$m grZm OJ Ho$ aJ H$m,
N>moQ>r Ama _moQ>r nyN> VWm b~r ^yar Mm|M hmoVr h& `h nmZr Ho$ D$na emImAm| na ~R>Vr h
VWm N>moQ>r _N>br, _|T>H$ Ho$ ~o VWm H$sS>mo H$mo nH$S>Zo Ho$ {bE {ZnwUVm go JmoVm bJmVr h&
gmag
gmag: EH$ b~r, ^yar {M{S>`m, {OgH$m {ga bmb VWm Jbm DMm Ed b~o bmb na hmoVo h,
Cmar Ed _` ^maV _| nm`r OmVr h& ò {M{S>`m gm_m`V`m OmoS>o _| XoIr OmVr h Ama Za
d _mXm Ho$ ~rM EH$ Xygao Ho$ {bò g_nU VWm AnZo ~m| H$s EH$ gmW (Za Ama _mXm mam)
XoI^mb Ho$ {bE M{MV h& ò AZmO, VZo, H$sS>o VWm a|JZo dmbo Ord Omo nmZr Ho$
ZOXrH$ nmò OmVo h, H$mo AnZm Amhma ~ZmVr h$&
_| T > H $$: `h "C^`Ma' dJ Ho$ AVJV AmZo dmbm Ord h Omo nmZr Ama
O_rZ XmoZm| na ah gH$Vo h& Xygao C^`Ma h Q>moS> (EH$ H$ma H$m _|T>H$) Jmoh
VWm {N>nH$br Ogm EH$ OVw gbm_S>a(gaQ>) & _mXm _|T> H$ nmZr _| ~hV
gmao H$mbo Ama g\o$X AS>o XoVr h& _|T>H$ H$m ~m(Q>S>nmob) Omo ASo go ~mha
AmVm h, CgHo$ Jb\$S>o hmoVo h VWm `h N>moQ>r _N>br Ogm ^r {XIVm h& `h
edmb ImVm h O~ VH$ {H$ `h ~S>m hmoH$a _|T>H$ Zht hmo OmVm & d`H$
_|T>H$ H$sS>o ImVm h Omo `h AnZr b~r Or^ go nH$S>Vm h&
211
H$_b
H$_b: mMrZ H$mb go ^maV _| EH$ ~hM{MV VWm n{d nmYm h& H$_b
H$o \y$b Jwbm~r, g\o$X `m nrbo hmoVo h VWm BZ_o gwXa gwJY hmoVr h& \y$b amV _|
~X hmo OmVo h& H$_b H$s OS>, VZm, nmr VWm \y$b g^r ImZo `mo` hmoVo h&
H$_b Ho$ gyIo ~rO hOmam| dfm] VH$ ahZo Ho$ {bE OmZo OmVo h&
_N> a : Bg nmR> Ho$ ew$ _| H$hmZr _| _N>a Ho$ OrdZ-MH$ Ho$ ~mao _|
~Vm`m J`m h (nmR>`-nwpVH$m, n> 36)& _mXm _N>a H$mo AS>m| H$mo n[and
H$aZo Ho$ {bE a$ nrZo H$s O$aV nS>Vr h& h_mam a$
MygVo g_` `h IVaZmH$ amoJ Xo gH$Vr h Ogo _bo[a`m,
\$mBbo[a`m, nrbm ~wIma VWm S>|Jy&
a{oJVmZ _| ahZ{ dmb{ gOrd
ao{JVmZr bmo_S>r H$m ^yam eara, g\o$X PmS>rZw_m nyN> VWm ~S>o H$mZ hmoVo h, Omo Bgo D$_m {ZH$mbZo
_| ghm`Vm H$aVo h & BgHo$ na H$m Vbdm b~o ~mbm| go T>H$m hmoVm h&
arT>Zw_m nyN>dmbr {N>nH$br EH$ hm{Za{hV OmZda h, _Zw`m|
mam AZmd`H$ $n go BgH$m {eH$ma {H$`m OmVm
h `m|{H$ BgHo$ eara H$m Vob OmXwB JwUm|
dmbm _mZm OmVm h& eara {MH$Zo naV(eH$) go T>H$m hmoVm h
VWm nyN> arT>Zw_m naV(eH$) go T>H$s hmoVr h Omo h{W`ma Ogm
H$m` H$aVr h& ò
naV(eH$) dMm go nmZr Ho$ mg H$mo H$_ H$aVr h& {XZ Ho$ J_ ^mJ _| `h {N>nH$br ~mby Ho$ AXa
{~b _| Kwg OmVr h& O~ bmo_S>r `m gmn mam BgH$m nrN>m {H$`m OmVm h, arT>Zw_m nyN>dmbr
{N>nH$br AnZo {~b _| a|JH$a Kwg OmVr h d AnZr nyN> go doema H$mo ~X H$a XoVr h&
{Q>S>S>m EH$ ~hV hr {dZmeH$mar H$sQ> hmoVm h$& òH$ Hw$N> gmbm| _| BZH$s OZg`m AMmZH$
~T> OmVr h VWm ~S>r g`m _| {Q>S>S>o Wma ao{JVmZ go CS>H$a ~mha Mbo OmVo h& ò {XZ _| gH$S>mo
_rb `mm H$aVo h& ò Ohm ^r H$Vo h; Cg OJh H$s g^r dZn{V`m Im OmVo h& EH$ dJ _rb _|,
212
bJ^J 300,000,000 {Q>S>S>o hmo gH$Vo h, EH$ gmW BZH$m ^ma bJ^J 500 Q>Z hmo gH$Vm h& òH$
{Q>S>S>m amoO AnZo ^ma Ho$ ~am~a nmYm| H$mo Im OmVm h&
ao{JVmZr nmYm| H$s N>moQ>r VWm H$mQ>oXma n{m`m hmoVr h Omo dmnmogOZ go hmoZo dmbr nmZr H$s
H$_r H$mo H$_ H$aVr h& Hw$N> nmYm| _|, Ogo H$Q>g _|, nmZr
gJ{hV H$aZo Ho$ {bEVZm _moQ>m hmo OmVm h & Wma ao{JVmZ Ho$
gm_m` nmYo h ~~yb VWm IoOar Ho$ H$mQ>oXma dj, aJS> Kmg
VWm Hw$N> ~oa Ho$ noS>& Hw$N> ~S>o OmZda ({M _| {XImò Jò
OmZdam| go {^) h OJbr JXhm, H$mbm {haU, qMH$mam {haU VWm
~Q>oa (Great Indian Bustard)& D$Q> ao{JVmZ H$m nmbVy OmZda h&
Io O ar dj Ho$ ~mao _| EH$ {MH$a H$hmZr :
nmM gm gmb nhbo _madmS> Ho$ Wma ao{JVmZ Ho$ _` _| EH$ AmX_r ahVm Wm {OgH$m Zm_ Jw
_hmamO O~mOr Wm& dh bmoJm| H$mo AnZo Amgnmg Ho$ noS>m| Ama OmZdam| H$s XoI^mb H$aZm {gImVm
Wm& CgHo$ _Vm| H$mo _mZZodmbo 29 bmoJm| H$m EH$ g_wXm` h {Ogo "{~ZmoB' (_Vb~ CZVrg) H$hVo h&
{~ZmoB AnZo mU ^r `mJ XoVo h bo{H$Z EH$ hao noS> H$mo H$mQ>Zo `m OJbr OmZdam| H$mo _maZo H$s
AZw_{V Zht XoVo h&
{~ZmoB`m| H$m g~go A{YH$ n{d dj IoOar (mogmo{ng {gZoam[a`m) h, Omo A~ amOWmZ H$m
mVr` dj h& H$hm OmVm h {H$ gZ 1731 _| OmoYnwa H$m amOm EH$ Z`m _hb ~ZmdmZm MmhVm Wm,
{OgHo$ {bE CgZo IoOXbr Ho$ {~ZmoB Jmd _| IoOar dj Ho$ N>moQ>o-go OJb H$mo H$mQ>Zo H$m AmXoe {X`m&
EH$ _{hbm A_Vm Xodr H$s AJwdmB _|, Jmddmbo AnZo eara go noSmo H$s ajm H$aVo hE noS>m| go {MnH$
Jò& CZH$m am` H$s goZm Ho$ gmW EH$ `w hAm {Og_| A_Vm Xodr Ho$ gmW-gmW 363 {~ZmoB _mao
Jò& O~ `h I~a amOm VH$ nhMr Vmo dh h$m-~$m ah J`m VWm ^m{dV hAm& CgZo AmXoe {X`m
{H$ A~ Ho$ ~mX CgHo$ am` _| {~ZmoB`m| H$s ^mdZmAm| H$m AmXa {H$`m OmEJm VWm {H$gr ^r {~ZmoB
Jmd go amOm Ho$ {bE bH$S>r `m OJbr Ord XoZo Ho$ {bE Zht H$hm OmEJm&
213
g^r gOrdm| H$m{ OrZ{ H{$ obE [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$ (1 H$mbme)
g^r gOrdm| _| [mZr hm{Vm h$& Ch| qOXm ahZ{ Ama ]T>Z{ H{$ obE [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$& h_mar dMm,
_mg[{oe`m|, IyZ, hoSS>`m| Ama `hm VH$ oH$ XmVm| _| ^r [mZr hm{Vm h$&

Obr` dZ[oV`m
Obr` OVw
XbXb
A`mg (8 H$mbme + JhH$m`; W B p. 97)

{ZarjUAmYm[aV A`mg
1. agXma \$b Ama VaH$moa`m

A{YH$me \$b VWm gpO`m agrbr hmoVr h& bo{H$Z {dm{W`m| Zo Va~yO, nnrVm, AJya, gVam VWm Xygao I>o \$b,
Q>_mQ>a Am{XH$m {OH$ {H$`m&
214
2. EH$ [mYm oOg{ oX`m J`m h

H$. [mZr o]Hw$b Zht
I. ]g O$aV â [mZr
J. ]hV `mXm [mZr
nmYm| Ho$ {bE b~o g_` VH$ ~hV `mXm `m ~hV H$_ nmZr hm{ZH$maH$ hmoVm h& gyIonZ VWm A{YH$ nmZr Ho$ bjU
H$^r-H$^r BVZo g_mZ hmoVo h {H$ h_ YmoIm Im OmE& XmoZm| H$s dOh go nmo nrbo hmo gH$Vo h, _waPm Ed {Ja gH$Vo
h& bo{H$Z gyIonZ H$s dOh go {gHw$S>Z VWm H$WB aJ AmVm h O~{H$ JrbonZ go nrbmnZ AmVm h VWm n{m`m Ama
VZo Jb OmVo h& Hw$N> nmYo ~hV gyIo `m ~hV Jrbr pW{V _| AnZo H$mo T>mb boVo h (n> 209-212 VWm 219 XoI|)&
[mZr o]H$wb Zht
]g O$aV â [mZr
]hV `mXm [mZr
215
oMH$a Z (WB p. 99)

1. _mZ bm{ oH$ Vw_ oH$gr [mY{ H{$ Mmam| Am{a O_rZ [a [mZr X{V{ hm{$& `m `h [mZr O_rZ H{$ D$[a [mY{ H{$
ohgm| VH$ [hMVm h?
2. `m [mZr [mY{ g{ ]mha ^r OmVm h? Vwh| H$g{ _mby_?
3. BZ_| g{ [mY{ H{$ oH$Z ^mJm| _| [mZr h? Vw_ E{gm `m| _mZV{ hm{?
OS>
VZm [Vr \y$b \$b ]rO YS>
4. BZ_| g{ oH$Z_| [mZr h? Vw_ E{gm `m| _mZV{ hm{?
gVa{ H$m ag
H{$bm _yJ\$br
am{Q>r Vwhmam eara
5. EH$ JQ>R>a Kmg H$m dOZ H$] `mXm hm{Jm, O] dh VmOm H$Q>r hm{ `m O] dh gyIr hm{? AZw_mZ
bJmAm{ `m|$&
6. ]agmV _| J{h g{ âr EH$ ]m{ar ^rJ J`r$& Hw$N> oXZ ]mX BgH$m `m hm{ gH$Vm h?
Z 1-6 {H$`mH$bmn 1 H$-N> Ho$ gmW {H$ò JE Wo&
7. Hw$N> Ord-OVwAm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ [mZr _| Va gH$V{ h b{oH$Z [mZr g{ ]mha ^r qOXm ahV{ h$&
g^r C^`Ma Ogo _|T>H$, Jmoh VWm gaQ>(BZ OmZdam| Ho$ bmdm nyar Vah nmZr _| ahVo h), Ho$H$S>m, H$Nw>Am, _Ja_N>,
K[S>`mb, CX{~bmd, X[a`mB KmoS>m VWm Hw$N> _N>{b`m ^r Ogo nH$bKr (mudskipper) VWm Amamohr nM (climbing
perch) &
8. Hw$N> Ord-OVwAm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ [mZr _| ahV{ h b{oH$Z [mZr g{ ]mha AmZ{ [a _a OmV{ h$&
A{YH$me _N>{b`m, H$Qo[e`Z> Xygao OmZda {OZHo$ Jb\$S>o hmoVo h Ogo _N>a VWm S>JZbmB bmadm,C^`Mam| H$s
bmdm Ho$ g_` H$s AdWmE ......
216
H$jm _| MMm
1. `m Jwbm] H$m [mYm H$_b H$s Vah [mZr _| ]T> gH$Vm h? `m `h a{oJVmZ _| ]T> gH$Vm h?
Bg{ `m hm{Jm?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
^mfm-AmYmnaV
A`mg
Bg MMm Ho$ XmamZ {dm{W`m| Zo _mZm {H$ Hw$N> nmYo Ho$db nmZr _| d{ H$aVo h O~{H$ Xygao nmYm| Ho$ {bE A`{YH$
nmZr hm{ZH$maH$ hmoVm h& Jwbm~ H$m nmYm `mXm nmZr _| Jb OmVm h- BgH$s OS> gmg boZo `mo` Zht ah OmVr- VWm
ao{JVmZ _| gyI OmVm h (AnZr n{m`m| go nmZr dmpnV H$aHo$)& {H$`mH$bmn 1 K _| {dm{W`m| Zo XoIm Wm {H$ H$go
EH$ ao{JVmZr nmYm Ogo H$Q>g, AnZo H$mo ewH$ dmVmdaU Ho$ AZwHy$b ~Zm boVm h- A` nmYm| Ho$ {dnarV {OZH$m
Chm|Zo narjU {H$`m Wm, H$Q>g AnZo nmm| mam {~Hw$b nmZr dmpnV Zht hmoZo XoVm h&

1. EH$ oXZ O] _wP{ Om{a g{ `mg bJr$&
_mby_ H$am{
1. EH$ oH$gmZ Z{ 50 oH$bm{Jm_ H$Q>r Kmg H$B oXZm| VH$ Yy[ _| aIm$& gyIZ{ [a Kmg H$m dOZ 15 oH$bm{Jm_
hAm$& V] CgZ{ Bg gyIr hwB Kmg H$m{ H$B KQ>{ VH$ ^QR>r _| aIm$& A] BgH$m dOZ 7 oH$bm{Jm_ hAm$&
dOZ _| \$H$ `m| Am`m? VmOm Kmg _| oH$VZm [mZr Wm?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Hw$N> {dm{W`m| Zo gmoMm {H$ Kmg, AmodZ (Myho _|) _| Ob J`r hmoJr& _Zo Ch| ~Vm`m {H$ AmodZ Ho$db BVZm hr J_
hmoVm h {Oggo Ho$db Kmg _| ~Mm hAm nmZr dmpnV hmo Omò& 50 {H$bmoJm_ Kmg _| 43 {H$bmoJm_ nmZr Wm&
2. A[Zm dOZ _mby_ H$am{$& Vwhma{ eara H$m Xm{-oVhmB dOZ Bg_| _mOyX [mZr H$s dOh g{ h$& A[Z{
eara _| _mOyX [mZr H$m AZw_mZ bJmAm{$&
gH$nZm_H$
$ g_`m
`h g_`m g_mZwnmV Ho$ kmZ VWm {^m_H$ JUZm H$s dOh go WmoS>r H${R>Z Wr & _Zo _yJ\$br Ama JwS> H$m CXmhaU
XoVo hE {^m_H$ _mm H$m dUZ {H$`m {Ogo {d{^ AZwnmV _| `moJ H$a {M$s ~Zm`r OmVr h& [\$a _Zo `m_nQ>>
217
na _mZd H$m {M ~Zm`m VWm Bgo VrZ ^mJm| _| {d^mm{OV {H$`m& 30 {H$Jm.^ma Ho$ AmX_r Ho$ {bE {dm{W`m| Zo
AZw_mZ bJm`m {H$ nmZr H$m ^ma eara _| 20 {H$Jm. hmoJm& Bgr Vah Chm|Zo 3 Ho$ Xygao JwUOm| Ho$ gmW {H$`m& CZHo$
Xygao Cma A{YH$meV: ghr Wo& _wPo bJVm h {H$ AVV: Chm|Zo {H$`mH$bmn go Hw$N> grIm &
oXImAm{ Ama ]VmAm{$

1. H$m{B E{gr dVw bmAm{ Om{ qOXm Z hm{ b{oH$Z Bg{ R>rH$ g{ H$m_ H$aZ{ H{$ obE [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr hm{$& Bg{
H$jm H$m{ oXImAm{ Ama BgH{$ ]ma{ _| ]VmAm{$&
{dmWuo Hw$N> H$ma Ho$ nn (Ogo `mhr H$m S>mna), Q>m|Q>r, Mm` N>r, `m MrO| Ogo {Jbmg (Bggo nr Zht gH$Vo O~
VH$ {H$ Bg_| nmZr Z hmo) `m bmQ>a, MyZm VWm gr_oQ> nmCS>a (ò Cn`moJ _| Zht bmò Om gH$Vo h O~ VH$ {H$ Bg_|
nmZr Z S> mbm OmE), {d{^ Im nXmW, Ogo AmQ>m, Mmdb, `m Mm`nVr, {Og_o nH$mZo Ho$ {bE nmZr H$s O$aV
nS>Vr h, bm gH$Vo Wo &
H$m{B Z [yN>m{ (WB p. 101)

[mZr Ama gOrdm| g{ OwS>{ Z [yN>m{$& gm{Mm{, Bg Zm| H{$ CVa Vw_ H$g{ [mAm{J{?
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Z
`m ZXr H$s _N>br g_w _| ah gH$Vr h?

gm_m`V:gmXo nmZr H$o gOrd Z_H$sZ nmZr _| Or{dV Zht ah gH$Vo - CZ_| nmZr H$s H$_r hmo OmVr
h - VWm Z_H$sZ nmZr _| ahZo dmbo gOrd gmXo nmZr _| Or{dV Zht ah gH$Vo - do AnZr H$mo{eH$mAm|
_| namgaU Ho$ H$maU nmZr âZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a|Jo& Hw$N> AndmX dmbo _N>{b`m Ogo Bb `m gmb_moZ
Z_H$sZ VWm gmXo nmZr Ho$ ~rM Ky_ gH$Vr h - ò g_w _| ahVr h bo{H$Z OZZ Ho$ {bE ZXr _| Am
OmVr h& amVo _| ò _N>{b`m m`: Imar ZXr _|, ZXr Ama g_w Ho$ ~rM (N>moQ>r ImS>r _|) _o AnZo
Amn H$mo ~XbVo hE dmVmdaU _| A`V H$aZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> g_` ahVr h&
218

_|T>H$ Ama ]VI A[Z{ ^m{OZ H{$ obE [mZr _| Sw>]H$s bJmZ{ H{$ [hb{ Jhar gmg b{V{ h!
g^r C^`Ma VWm {M{S>`m AnZo \o$\$S>m| mam AmgrOZ Ademo{fV H$aVo h& BgHo$ A{V[a$,
C^`Ma AnZr dMm VWm AnZo _wh Ho$ {N>X mam Amgnmg Ho$ nmZr go Jgm| H$m AmXmZ-XmZ H$a
gH$Vo h&
_N>ob`m [mZr _| Kwbr hB AmgrOZ H$m C[`m{J H$aVr h$& AmgrOZ Kwbm [mZr CZH{$ _wh _|
OmVm h Ama Jb\$S>m| g{ ]mha oZH$b AmVm h$& AmgrOZ Jb\$S>m| H{$ ^rVa g{ hm{V{ hE
_N>ob`m| H{$ IyZ _| [hMVr h$& H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS> IyZ g{ ]mha AmVr h Ama Amg[mg H{$
[mZr _| Kwb OmVr h$&
_N>{b`m AnZo Jb\$S>o _| a$ Ho${eH$mAm| mam nmZr go AmgrOZ Ademo{fV H$aVr h& Jb\$S>m| _|
aVdm{hZr Z{b`m gVh go BVZr ZOXrH$ hmoVr h {H$ `mdhm[aH$ $n go do ~mhar nmZr Ho$ gmW
gnH$ _| Am OmVr h & nmZr go AmgrOZ AmgmZr go _N>{b`m| Ho$ aV _| Am OmVr h&
h_ nmZr _| gmg Zht bo gH$Vo h, `m|{H$ _N>br Ho$ Jb\$S>m| H$s Vah h_mao \o$\$S>o nmZr
go hdm H$mo AbJ Zht H$a gH$Vo h& nmZr _| hdm H$s Anojm ~hV H$_ (30-40 JwZm)
AmgrOZ hmoVr h& AmgrOZ H$s BVZr H$_ _mm _N>br H$mo XjVmnydH$ Ademo{fV
Jb\$ S >o H$aZr hmoVr h& Eogm H$aZo Ho$ {bE, _N>br Ho$ Jb\$S>o _| CZHo$ gVh na nVbr aV Ho${eH$mAmo Ho$ ~S>o
gOmb Ho$ gmWAZoH$ _moS> hmoVo h & Jb\$S>o _| aV, nmZr Ho$ ~hmd H$s {Xem Ho$ {dnarV {Xem _| ~hVm
h, {OgHo$ H$maU Jb\$S>o Ho$ ~mha g^r OJh nmZr _| AmgrOZ H$s gmVm AXa Ho$ a$ H$s Anojm
A{YH$ hmoVr h& n{aUm_d$n _N>{b`m Jb\$S>o Ho$ nmg go JwOaVo hE nmZr go 80% AmgrOZ
Amdemo{fV H$a gH$Vr h; VwbZm_H$ $n go, h_mao \o \$S>m| _| OmZodmbr AmgrOZ H$m h_ Ho$db 25%
hr Ademo{fV H$aVo h& (nmR> 4, n> 124-125 XoI|)&
C^dmgr _rZ (Lungfish), Omo {N>N>bo VWm pWa nmZr _| ahVr h, hdm boZo Ho$ {bE gVh Ho$
ZOXrH$ AmVr h& `h hdm \o \$S>o-Ogo AJ _| OmVr h Ohm AmgrOZ a$ _| doe H$a OmVr h VWm
H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> ~mha {ZH$b OmVr h&
219
OS> g_{V [mY{ H{$ ha ohg{ gmg b{V{ h$& _Jm{d d{ [mY{ hm{V{ h Om{
Jrbr ^yo_ _| CJV{ h$& CZH$s OS>| gmg b{Z{ H{$ obE [mZr g{ ]mha
oZH$b AmVr h$&
g^r Jrbr^y{_ Ho$ nmYm| _| nmZr Ho$ AXa Sy>~r hB CZH$s OS>m| _| hdm nhMmZo H$r
{H$`m{d{Y hmoVr h& ZaH$Q>, H$_b VWm dmQ>a {bbr _|, hdm VZm| Ho$ mam OS>m|
_|, Z{b`m| Ho$ V dm`yVH$ (aerenchyma) Ho$ _m`_ go ôOr OmVr h&
nmYo Omo nyar Vah nmZr Ho$ AXa Sy>~o hmoVo h, do Omo AmgrOZ H$me gbofU
Ho$ g_` ~ZmVo h,Cgo AnZo eara Ho$ [aV$^mJm| _| gJ{hV H$aHo$ aIVo h VWm
BgH$m Cn`moJ dgZ Ho$ {bE H$aVo h&
[mZr H$s _H$S>r Vmbm]m| _| ahVr h$& `h
Vmbm] H$s [|Xr _| a{e_r MmXa Ogm
_H$S>Omb ]wZVr h$& o\$a `h gVh VH$
VaH$a AmVr h Ama A[Z{ o[N>b{ [am| H$m{
MbmH$a hdm H$m ]wb]wbm ]ZmVr h$&
]wb]wb{ H$m{ `h _H$S>Omb H{$ ZrM{ b{
OmH$a N>m{S>Vr h$& `h D$[a-ZrM{ Sw>]H$s
bJmVr ahVr h Ama A[Z{ Ka _| âZ{ H{$
obE ha ]ma Wm{S>r hdm b{ OmVr h$& ]mX
_| H{$db ^m{OZ [H$S>Z{ H{$ obE hr `h
Ka g{ ]mha oZH$bVr h$&
Ob_H$S>r AnZo ^moOZ H$mo nH$S>Zo Ho$ {bE AnZo Omb H$m Cn`moJ Zht H$aVr& O~ A`{YH$ H$m~Z
S>mBAmgmBS> Ho$ H$maU hdm _| Omb ~oH$ma hmo OmVo h Vmo ò Xygao Omb ~ZmVr h&
220
[mR> 7
[mZr Ama h_
[H$`mH$bmn
[mZr H$s_Vr h!
1. [mZr H$hm g{ Am`m? (2 H$mbme; TB p. 65, WB p. 102)

H$. CZ OJhm| H$s VmobH$m ]ZmAm{ Ohm Vw_Z{ [mZr X{Im h$& VmobH$m H$s ha OJh H{$ obE IwX g{ Z [yN>m{
oH$ `h [mZr H$hm g{ Am`m? O] Vwh| IwX CVa Z _mby_ hm{ Vm{ oH$gr Xyga{ g{ [yN>m{$(H$m`-[wpVH$m
[> 102)$&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Cma
Bg BH$mB H$s ewAmV H$s H$jm _| MMmAm| Ho$ XmamZ {dm{W`m| Zo Hw$N> WmZm| Ho$ Zm_ H$s gyMr ~ZmB Wr& Xygao
CXmhaU ~mX _| AmE& g`moJde Chm|Zo `mZ {X`m Wm {H$ {d{^ eham| VWm {d{^ moVm| Ho$ nmZr H$m dmX AbJAbJ hmoVm h VWm Bgo Bg V` go OmoS>m {H$ nmZr nWam| VWm {_>r Ho$ D$na go ~hVm h Omo jom| Ho$ AZwgma ~XbVo
h VWm `h {H$ nmZr EH$ Cm_ {dbm`H$ h&
WmZ Ohm _Zo nmZr XoIm
nmZr Ohm go Am`m
{Jbmg
nmZr Ho$ _J go
nmZr H$m OJ
Zb
Zb
^y{_JV nmZr H$s nmBn
nmZr H$s nmBn
Q>`y~dob
`h V` OmZZm _hdnyU h {H$ AVV: h_mao nmg VmOo nmZr H$m Ho$db EH$ moV h: dfm (`m Hw$N> OJhm| _| ~\$)&
{\$a ^r nmZr Ho$ moV H$s Va\$ H$B H$X_ nrN>o OmZo _| {dm{W`m| Zo H${R>ZmB _hgyg H$s & AJbo {H$`mH$bmn Zo CZH$s
_XX H$s&
I. [mZr ]agmV H{$ $[ _| oJaVm h$& Vwhma{ Kam| _| [hMZ{ VH$ `h b]r Xyar V` H$aVm h$& Vwhma{ oejH$
Vwh| BgH{$ ]ma{ _| ]Vm`|J{$& A] Vw_ ]VmAm{ oH$ ]agmV H$m [mZr [rZ{ H{$ obE Vwhma{ Ka VH$ oH$g Vah
bm`m OmVm h$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 102)$& Bg{ oXImZ{ H{$ ob`{ A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [R> 108 [a
EH$ oM ItMm{{$&
221
222
{ejH$ Ho$ H$m`
{ejH$ H$mo nmZr Ho$ moVmo H$m dUZ H$aZo Ho$ H$_ _|, WmZr` pW{V Ho$ gX^ _| ObXm` Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ moVm| Ho$ ~mao
_| OmZH$mar aIZm Mm{hE& jo _| nmZr H$m ~S>m moV ZXr, Prb, Hw$Am VWm ~mo[aJ hmo gH$Vm h& dhm ZJanm{bH$m
Q>H$s `m Xygar gJhU Q>H$s, {OgH$s XoI^mb WmZr` emgZ {ZH$m`m|| mam H$s OmVr h, hmo gH$Vr h& BZ g^r _|
nmZr `j `m A`j $n go dfm go AmVm h&
ndr na H$ar~ 109 KZ {H$bmo_rQ>a nmZr h & Bg_o go, 97.2% gmJa _| VWm 2% {h_IS>m| Ho$ $n _| O_m
hAm h& ndr na _mOyX nmZr H$m 0.63% nmZr hr gmXm nmZr h {Ogo h_ Cn`moJ H$a gH$Vo h&
O~ nmZr dfm Ho$ $n _| {JaVm h, BgH$m Hw$N> Ae O_rZ go dmpnV hmo OmVm h, `m nmYm| mam bo {b`m
OmVm h Ama V~ nmm| mam dmVmdaU _|
N>moS> {X`m OmVm h& dfm Ho$ nmZr (`m ~\$
Ho $ nmZr) H$m Hw $ N> ^mJ grYo - grYo
dmh(YmamAm|), Z{X`m|, Prbm|, Q>{H$`m| VWm
A` Xygao YamVb Ho$ moVm| _| Mbm OmVm
h& bo{H$Z dfm Ho$ nmZr H$m A{YH$me ^mJ
O_rZ _| [agVm h VWm nyao gmb Hw$E,
ZbHy$nm|, Q>{H$`m| Ed Zmbm|, Z{X`m| Ed Prbm|
(O_rZ Ho$ AXa go) _| CnbY ahVm h&
AJa `h O_rZ Ho$ AXa H$m nmZr Z hmoVm
Vmo g^r Zmbo Ama Z{X`m ~agmV Ho$ _mg_
Ho$ ~mX gyI OmVo& (n> 244-245 na
{dm{W`m| Ho$ Z XoI|)&
223
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
My{H$ ò {dmWr _w~B _| ahVo Wo, _Zo Ch| Prbm| Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m- [dhma, Vwbgr, VmZgm VWm dVaUm, Ohm go h_ nrZo
H$m nmZr m H$aVo h& ò Prb| g{ nhm{S>`m| _| pWV h& O~ nhm{S>`m| _| dfm hmoVr h V~ nmZr YmamAm| go ZrMo
H$s Amoa ~h OmVm h VWm Prbm| _| EH$ hmo OmVm h Ohm go `h nmBnm| Ho$ mam EH$ H$aZo VWm ew{H$aU H$aZodmbr
Q>{H$`m| VH$ bm`m OmVm h& _Zo Ch| hqJJ JmS>Z Ho$ ZrMo pWV ~S>r gJhU Q>H$s Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m Ohm CZ_| go
A{YH$me {nH${ZH$ Ho$ {bò Jò Wo& AVV: nmZr nmBnm| mam h_mao Kam| VH$ nhMVm h Ohm `h Q>{H$`m| _| nn {H$`m
OmVm h&
g_w _| nmZr H$hm go Am`m, BgHo$ ~mao _| Z hr _wPo VWm Z hr {dm{W`m|| H$mo R>rH$ go nVm Wm& H$ar~ 4.6 Aa~
gmb nhbo ndr H$s Cn{m EH$ J_ J|X H$s Vah hB Wr VWm Bg na nmZr H$s Cn{m O{Q>b ^m{VH$ VWm amgm`{ZH$
{H$`mAm| Ho$ mam hB Wr& ma^ _| g^r nmZr dmn Ho$ $n _| Wm bo{H$Z Ogo-Ogo ndr R>S> r hmoVr JB, `h dmn dfm
Ho$ $n _| {JaH$a gmJa Ho$ $n _| n[ad{VV hmo JB&
2. h_ oH$g Vah [mZr H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ h (JhH$m` + 1 H$mbme; TB p. 65,WB p. 103)
[hb{ IwX H{$ ob`{ BZ Zm| H{$ CVa Xm{$& o\$a A[Z{ _mVm-o[Vm, XmXm-XmXr `m Xyga{ ]S>{-]wOwJm~ g{ [yN>m{
oH$ d{ O] Vwhmar Vah N>m{Q>{ W{ Vm{ d{ H$m_ H$g{ H$aV{ W{ (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 103-104)$&
Am[ A[Z{ XmV H$g{ gm\$ H$aV{ W{? (XmVwZ, XV_OZ, Qy>W[{Q Ama ]e...)
Am[ H$hm ZhmV{ W{? (ZXr, Vmbm] `m Ka _|...)
Am[ A[Zm eara oH$g MrO g{ gm\$ H$aV{ W{? (]{gZ, gm]wZ...)
Am[ A[Z{ ]mb H$g{ Ym{V{ W{? (oeH$mH$mB, e[y ...)
Am[H${ [mZr H$m m{V (ZXr, Hw$Am, hS>[[, Zb...) `m Wm?
[mZr H$m m{V Ka H{$ AXa Wm `m ]mha? oH$VZm Xya Wm?
[mZr H$mZ bmVm Wm?
H$[S>{ H$hm Ym{`{ OmV{ W{?
224
H$[S>{ oH$g MrO g{ Ym{`{ OmV{ W{? (gm{S>m, gm]wZ, oS>Q>O}Q>...)

Am[ oH$g Vah H{$ emMmb` H$m BV{_mb H$aV{ W{? (I{V `m _XmZ, gyIm emMmb`, be emMmb`...)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dm{W`m| Zo AnZo _mVm-{nVm, XmXm-XmXr VWm Xygao ~S>o `{$`m| H$s ghm`Vm go dH$erQ> H$mo nyam {H$`m& Hw$N>
nmbH$m| Zo, AnZo _mVm-{nVm Ho$ g_` dVwE H$gr Wt, H$mo nwZ:_aU {H$`m& h_Zo H$jm _| MMm Ho$ XmamZ BZ AZw^dm|
H$mo O_m {H$`m& Omo {dmWr BZ gyMZmAm| H$mo m H$aZo _| Aj_ Wo Chm|Zo AnZr H$m`-nwpVH$m H$mo MMm Ho$ ~mX
nyam {H$`m&
3. \$gbm| H{$ obE [mZr
(1 H$mbme + j{ ^_U ; TB p. 66, WB p. 104)
_mby_ H$am{ oH$ Ohm Vw_ ahV{ hm{, dhm \$gbm| H$m{ H$g{ gtMV{ h$& `m ]agmV H$m [mZr H$m\$s hm{Vm h? `m
[mZr Xyga{ VarH$m| g{ I{Vm| VH$ bm`m OmVm h? H$g{? oH$Z \$gbm| _| [mZr H$_ bJVm h Ama oH$Z_| `mXm?
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 104)
]VmAm{, Bg oM _| `m hm{ ahm h?
225
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Jm_rU jom| _| {dmWr BZ Zm| H$m AmgmZr go Cma Xo gHo O~{H$ ehar jom| _| {dm{W`m| H$mo gm_m` {gMmB H$s
{d{Y`m|, {Ogo Amgnmg Ho$ jom| _| `moJ _| bm`m OmVm h, Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmZm nS>m & ~mY Ama {gMmB H$s Zha|, ZOXrH$
_| hmo gH$Vr h& O~ H${f na Hw$N> `mXm gyMZmE XoZr hmo Vmo jo ^_U Cn`moJr hmoVm h (nmR> 8 _|)& n> 224 H$m
{M XemVm h {H$ nmZr ZbHy$n go IoV _| nn {H$`m Om ahm h&
{H$gr {deof \$gb Ho$ {bò nmZr H$s Amd`H$Vm _mg_ H$s n[apW{V`m|, {_>r H$s JwUdmm VWm nmZr
Ho$ {ZH$mg na {Zâ H$aVr h& H$sMS>`w$ {_>r _| nmZr H$m âmd AmgmZr go hmoVm h bo{H$Z (Ho${eH$s`)
H${nbar {H$`m Ho$ H$maU `h AmgmZr go gyI ^r OmVr h& ~bwB {_>r _| go nmZr AmgmZr go {ZH$b
OmVm h & A{YH$ H$m~{ZH$ nXmW `w$ {_>r \$gbm| Ho$ {bE g~go Cn`w$ hmoVr h `m|{H$ `h gaY
ahVr h VWm A{YH$ g_` VH$ nmZr g{MV ^r H$a gH$Vr h&
~mOam Ama amJr Ja~agmVr (H$_ dfm dmbr) \$gb| h& Bh| H$_ nmZr H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h Amoa
Bg{bò ò ~bwB, H$_ JwUdVmdmbr${_r _| ^r CJ gH$Vr h>& Hw$N> \$gb| {Oh| A{YH$ nmZr H$s
O$aV nS>Vr h do h, Mmdb, Ho$bm VWm BI& YmZ Ama BI A`{YH$ Jrbr {_>r H$s \$gbo h, ò
qgMmB H$s _XX go CJm`r OmVr h&
H$B \$gbm| Ho$ {bE, Cn`w$ qgMmB H$s {d{Y H$m Cn`moJ H$a nmZr H$s Amd`H$Vm H$mo H$_ H$aZm
g^d h& {g {S>n qgMmB, Omo BOamBb _| `moJ H$s OmVr h, nmYm| H$s OS>m| _| {Z`{V _mm _|
nmZr CnbY H$amZo H$m VarH$m h- Ho$db dhm Ohm nmZr H$s Amd`H$Vm hmo&
4. [mZr H$m{ Zm[Zm (JhH$m` + 2 H$mbme; TB p. 66, WB p. 104)
H$. Oma, ]m{Vb|, [H{$Q>, oS>]{ `m Q>oH$`m Im{Om{ oOZ_| `h oXIm`m J`m hm{ oH$ CZ_| oH$VZm d goMV h?
d H$s _mm H$m{ Am`VZ H$hV{ h$&
Am`VZ H$m{ h_ brQ>a(br) Ama o_brbrQ>a(o_br) _| Zm[V{ h$&
1000 o_br = 1 brQ>a
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dm{W`m| Zo {H$`mH$bmn Ka na {H$`m& _Zo nm`m {H$ H jm _| EH$ bS>H$o Zo H$m` H$mo ~hV hr {d{YdV $n go {H$`m
Wm CgZo 25 ~VZm| H$mo CZH$s j_Vm Ho$ AZwgma ~T>Vo hE H$_ _| gyMr~ {H$`m Wm - 5 {_br VWm 10 {_br A{H$V
226
{H$`m hAm Xdm H$m H$n, H$ar~ 50 {_br H$s Xdm H$r ~moVb, Ho$e Vob Am{X 100 {_br Ho$ H$ar~, 300 {_br Ho erVb
no`, XyY Ho$ nHo$Q>, ImZm nH$mZodmbm Vob, 1 brQ>a H$m Xrdma H$m n|Q>, 2 brQ>a VWm 5 brQ>a Ho$ _moQ>a Ho$ Vob Am{X H$o ~S>o
nm, 5 1/2 brQ>a H$m oea Hw$H$a, 15 brQ>a H$s ~mQ>r, 70 brQ>a H$m S>_ VWm 400 brQ>a H$r {gQ>ogQ>H$r& _Zo
CgH$s gyMr H$m Cn`moJ H$a A` {dm{W`m| H$mo CZH$s {bIr hB g`mAm| Ho$ n[a_mU Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMZo Ho$ {bE
H$hm(N>moQ>m, ~S> m, EH$ _| {H$VZo Xygao g_m gH$Vo h Am{X)& Chm|Zo ^r Hw$N> AZw_mZ Ama JUZmE H$s-Ogo, Bg ~VZ
_| {H$VZm nmZr g_m gH$Vm h, Hw$m H$aZo, gpO`m YmoZo Am{X Ho$ {bE h_| {H$VZo nmZr H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h&
I. EH$ ]aVZ bm{ oOg_| EH$ brQ>a `m Cgg{ `mXm AmVm hm{$& Vwhma{ oejH$ Bg_| R>rH$ EH$ brQ>a [mZr
S>mb|J{$& [mZr H$m Va oXImZ{ H{$ obE g{bm{Q>{[ H$m EH$ Qw>H$S>m oM[H$mAm{ (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 105)$&
m`mo{JH$ gHo$V
_Zo EH$ _mnH$ {g{bS>a H$m Cn`moJ H$a Hw$N> `mdgm{`H$ $n go CnbY {S>~m| H$s j_Vm _mnZo H$s V`mar Bg
{H$`mH$bmn Ho$ {bE H$s&
{S> ~o
A{H$V j_Vm
_mnr JB j_Vm
~S>m nogr
1.5 brQ>a
1590 {_br
{~gbar nmZr
1 brQ>a
1050 {_br
~obr nmZr
1 brQ>a
1040 {_br
Wg An
300 {_br
320 {_br
gmoS>m
250 {_br
{dm{W`m| H$mo 1 brQ>a H$m {S>~m bmZo H$mo H$hm J`m Wm& My{H$ CZ_| go H$B ~o$AmgmZr go Eogo {S>~o Zht ImoO
gHo$, do Xygao AmH$ma Ho$ {S>~o boH$a AmE& Bg pW{V go {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ {bE _Zo 1000 {_br, 500 {_br VWm 250 {_br H$mo
_mnZo Ho$ {bE VrZ ~S>o _whdmbo {S>~m| H$mo _mZH$ ~Zm`m& {dm{W`m| Ho$ {S>~m| _| nmZr H$s _mnr hB _mm S>mbZo Ho$ ~mX
_Zo A{_Q> `mhr go Va H$mo {M{V {H$`m& h_ AmBbnoQ>, \o${dH$mb, Q>mgnoaogr _mH$a, _O~yV gobmoQ>on `m
_m{H$J Q>on ^r Cn`moJ H$a gH$Vo Wo&
227
h_Zo _mmAm| H$mo brQ>a VWm {_brbrQ>a _| `$ {H$`m& {dm{W`m| Zo A^r VH$ {^m_H$ Xe_bd AH$ n{V
Zht grIr Wr, bo{H$Z nHo$O na Xr JB gyMZm nT>Zo Ho$ ~mX CZ_| go Hw$N> Zo {bIZm ew$ {H$`m, Ogo 1 brQ>a 350 [_br
brQ>a H$mo 1.350 brQ>a VWm _Zo Ch| Eogm H$aZo {X`m&
5. h_| oH$VZ{ [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h? ( 2 H$mbme + JhH$m`; TB p. 66)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$. AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ EH$ oH$bm{Jm_ Mmdb CJmZ{ H{$ obE oH$VZ{ [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$& A[Z{ AZw_mZ H$m{
oejH$ H{$ AZw_mZ g{ OmMm{$& `m [yam [mZr YmZ H{$ [mY{ _| ah OmVm h? Vwhmar g_P g{ `h H$hm OmVm h?
nmR>`-nwpVH$m H$m nmR> 8 Mmdb H$s IoVr Ho$ pW{V`m| H$mo XemVm h& Mmdb Ho$ nmYo H$m CZHo$ ew$
Ho$ d{ Ho$ XmamZ A`{YH$ nmZr H$s O$aV hmoVr h& 1 {H$bmoJm_ Mmdb CJmZo Ho$ {bE H$ar~ 4500
brQ>a nmZr H$s O$aV hmoVr h& Xygao nmYm| Ogo, Joh Ama _o$ H$mo BgHo$ EH$ {VhmB nmZr H$s
Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h& Bg nmZr Ho$ Hw$b ^mJ H$m 1% nmYo Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE `moJ {H$`m OmVm h VWm
99 % dmVmdaU _| dmnmogOZ mam dmng N>moS> {X`m OmVm h&
I. AZw_mZ bJmAm{, Vwh| ZhmZ{ H{$ obE oH$VZ{ [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$& A[Z{ oZemZ bJ{ ]VZ g{ A[Z{
AZw_mZ H$s OmM H$am{$(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 105)$&
{H$VZm nmZr h_mao ZhmZo Ho$ {bE Amd`H$ h ,Bg Z na {dm{W`m| Ho$ AZw_mZ 4 brQ>a go 30 brQ>a VH$ Wo {OgH$s
~mX _| Chm|Zo Ka na OmM H$s&
gJde h_Zo `hm MMm H$s {H$ ZhmZm Amd`H$ `m| Wm& {dm{W`m| Zo H$hm {H$ Bggo R>S> H$ Ama VmOJr
_hgyg hmoVr h, h_ gm\$ ahVo h& h_| AnZo eara H$mo gm\$ aIZo Ama gm\$ H$nS>o nhZZo H$s Amd`H$Vm `m| hmoVr
h? ""_mQ> {XIZo Ho$ {bE'' ,""AN>r JY Ho$ {bE'', ""g~Ho$ mam ngX {H$E OmZo Ho$ {bE'', BZ_| go Hw$N> Cma Wo& _Zo
~Vm`m {H$ {g\$ AN>m {XIZo Ho$ {bE `m _mVm-{nVm mam O~aXVr H$aZo Ho$ H$maU ZhmZm O$ar Zht h& eara H$s
XwJY `h XemVr h {H$ Vwhmar dMm na gy_Ord ~T> aho h& Yyb _| gy_ gOrd hmoVo h Omo \$\y$X `m OrdmUwO{ZV
M_ amoJ H$m H$maU hmo gH$Vo h& H$~rO Ho$ gy_ KwZ dMm Ho$ AXa Kwg OmVo h& dW ahZo Ho$ {bE ZhmZm
Amd`H$ h& Ho$db A`{YH$ R>S> `m A`{YH$ J_ `m gyIo _mg_ _| amoO ZhmZm Amd`H$ Zht hmo gH$Vm h&
228
J. Vwhmam [nadma am{O oOZ-oOZ H$m_m| _| [mZr H$m C[`m{J H$aVm h, CZH$s EH$ gyMr ]ZmAm{$& AZw_mZ
bJmAm{ oH$ BZ AbJ-AbJ H$m_m| H{$ obE Vwhmam [nadma Hw$b oH$VZm [mZr BV{_mb H$aVm h$& A[Zm
AZw_mZ A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 105 [a brQ>a(br) Ama o_brbrQ>a(o_br) _| obIm{$&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Cma
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{H$`mH$bmn
H$m b`
{dm{W`m|(ehar) mam gyMr~ {H$ò Jò nmZr Ho$ X{ZH$ Cn`moJ: XmV gm\$ H$aZm, emMmb`(_y Ed _b), na YmoZm,
ZhmZm; H$nS>o YmoZm, ~VZ Ama \$e YmoZm, {IS>{H$`m gm\$ H$aZm; nrZo Ho$ {bò,gOr ~ZmZm, Mm` ~ZmZm, nyOm H$aZm;
nmYm| _| nmZr S>mbZm, gr_|Q> {_bmZm B`m{X&
5 J _| Hw$N> Cn`moJm| Ho$ {bE
{dm{W`m| Zo nhbo ~VZ `m ~mQ>r Ho$ $n _| JUZm H$s VWm {\$a Cgo brQ>a `m {_brbrQ>a
_| ~Xbm&
{H$`mH$bmn 6-8, Ob XyfU VWm H$go gm\$ nmZr m H$a|, H$s OmZH$mar XoVm h& ò {H$`mH$bmn h_mao dm` na
Xy{fV nmZr Ho$ ^md H$mo g_PZo H$m AmYma V`ma H$aVm h& H$jm 5 _| Bg H$aU na {dVV OmZH$mar Xr OmEJr&
6. [mZr oH$VZm gm\$ h? (1 H$mbme; TB p. 67, WB p. 106)

A[Z{ Ka `m Hy$b H$s H$_ g{ H$_ Xm{ OJhm| g{ EH$-EH$ oJbmg [mZr BH$QR>m H$am{$&
H$. [mZr H$m aJ `m h?
I. [mZr gm\$ h `m YwYbm?
J. `m [mZr _| Hw$N> MrO| Va ahr h?
K. `m [mZr g{ JY Am ahr h? AJa hm, Vm{ Cg JY H$m dUZ H$am{$&
M.[mZr H$m{ Hw$N> X{a VH$ oJbmg _| ahZ{ Xm{$& `m H$m{B MrO [|Xr _| O_m hm{Vr h?
N>.[mZr H$m{ oH$gr H$[S>{ g{ N>mZm{$& `m H$m{B MrO H$[S>{ [a ]Mr ah OmVr h?
O>>.[mZr _| gm]wZ `m H$[S>m Ym{Z{ H$m [mCS>a S>mbm{$& Cg{ Oam Om{a g{ ohbmAm{$& `m Cg_| H$m{B PmJ h?
229
P.EH$ VVar _| Wm{S>m [mZr S>mbm{$& X{Im{, dm[Z H{$ ]mX `m ]MVm h?
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 106)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
h_Zo Xmo Vah Ho$ nmZr H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m: Zb H$m nmZr VWm Zmbo H$m nmZr&
ZJanm{bH$m Ho$ Zb H$m nmZr: gm\$, {~Zm {H$gr VaVr hB dVw Ho$ gmW Bg_| bmoarZ H$r hH$s JY Wr, O~ pWa
aIm J`m Vmo Hw$N> ^r ZrMo Zht O_m,N>mZZo na ^r H$moB Adeof Zht Wm, Bg_| AmgmZr go PmJ hAm VWm dmnZ Ho$ ~mX
gy_ g\o$X Adeof ~M JE&
Zmbo H$m nmZr: Hw$N> g\o$X, nH$`w$, hH$s bo{H$Z A{` JY Zht, Hw$N> H$sMS> Vbr _| ~R>m hAm Wm naVw {ZWmaZo
VWm N>mZZo na nH$`w$ hr ahm, gm~wZ Ho$ gmW H$_ PmJ {XE, dmnZ Ho$ ~mX ^yao-g\o$X aJ H$m Adeof ~Mm&
7. gm\$ [mZr H$g{ [m`| (2 H$mbme; TB p. 67)
H$. EH$ oJbmg _| Wm{S>m JXm [mZr aIm{$& X{Im{, `m H$m{B JXJr
ZrM{ ]R>Vr h? [mZr H$m{ D$[a g{ Yra{ g{ ]mha CS>{bm{$& Bg
Vah g{ [mZr gm\$ H$aZ{ H$m{ oZWmaZm H$hV{ h$&
`m oZWmam hAm [mZr gm\$ h? Bg{ Vw_ oH$Z VarH$m| g{ C[`m{J
_| bm gH$V{ hm{?(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 106)
`m Vw_ `h oZWmam hAm [mZr o[`m{J{? `m| `m `m| Zht?
`m Vwhma{ [mg H$m{B VarH$m h oOgg{ oH$ `h JXJr OXr g{
ZrM{ ]R> Om`$& A[Z{ _mVm-o[Vm `m oejH$m| g{ _mby_ H$am{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{H$`mH$bmn 6 M Ho$ {bE H$m`-nwpVH$m H$s gmaUr âVo g_` _Zo "{ZWmaZm' eX go n[a{MV H$am`m Wm& {ZWmaZo
go Hw$N> Aew{`m {ZH$b OmVr h& {\$Q>H$ar Ho$ EH$ Qw>H$S>o H$mo AJa nmZr _| Kw_m`m Om` Vmo `h JXJr H$mo erKVm go
ZrMo O_mZo _| _XX H$aVm h& {\$Q>H$ar Hw$N> OrdmUwAm| H$mo ^r _maVr h& {\$Q>H$ar H$s Vah hr, gyIo Ama MyU {H$ò
hò gwaOZo(_mo[aJm Amo{b\o$am) Ho$ ~rO ^r Yyb H$mo O_Zo _| _XX H$aHo$ O_mZo Ogm H$m` H$aVo h &
230
I. Bg [mZr H$m{ gyVr H$[S>{ g{ N>mZm{$&

gy_Xeu g{ X{IZ{ [a H$[S>m H$gm oXImB X{Vm h, Cg{ `hm ]m`t
Am{a oXIm`m J`m h$& `hm [> 60 H$s Vah Hw$N> gy_Ord ^r
oXIm`{ J`{ h$&
`m Vwhmar g_P g{ Bg H$[S>{ g{ N>mZm J`m [mZr gm\$ hm{Jm?
`m Vw_ g_PV{ hm{ oH$ `{ gy_Ord H$[S>{ g{ hm{H$a Ama-[ma
oZH$b Om`|J{? `m Vw_ `h [mZr o[`m{J{? `m| `m `m| Zht?
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 106)
N>mZZo go do VaVr hB Aew{`m {ZH$b OmVr h Omo N>ZZr Ho$ {N> go ~S>r hmoVr h& H$nS>o H$mo ~hV gmar Vhm| _| _moS>Zo
na `h EH$ A{YH$ ^mdH$mar N>ZZr ~Z OmVm h, bo{H$Z Cn`w$ {M {XImVm h {H$ gmYmaU H$nS>o mam A{YH$me
gy_ gOrd {~Zm N>Zo {ZH$b OmVo h& {H$`merb MmaH$mob go N>mZZm `mXm ^mdembr hmoVm h {Oggo gy_
Aew{`m VWm Hw$N> Kwbr hB Jg| ^r MmaH$mob _| {_b OmVr h& bo{H$Z gmYmaU N>Zm hAm nmZr nrZo Ho$ {bE gwa{jV
Zht h `m|{H$ Bg_o {\$a ^r gy_Ord ah OmVo h&
JXm nmZr
H$jm _o Cn`moJ _o bm`r OmZo dmbr
nmZr N>mZZo H$s Hw$N> gab [d[Y`m
`hm [XIm`r J`r h$&
nWa
H$H$S>
ao V
N>Zm hAm nmZr
231
8. [rZ{ H{$ obE [mZr (1 H$mbme; TB p. 68, WB p. 107)

H$^r-H$^r E{gm hm{ gH$Vm h oH$ [mZr X{IZ{ _| gm\$ bJ ahm hm{, b{oH$Z Cg_| gy_Ord _mOyX hm|$& E{gm
BgobE `m|oH$ hm{ gH$Vm h gy_Ord BVZ{ N>m{Q>{ hm| Om{ oH$ oXImB Z X{ ah{ hm|$&
`mXmVa gy_Ord dg{ Vwhma{ obE hmoZH$maH$ Zht h$& hm, ^m{OZ, [mZr `m gmg H{$ gmW ^rVa OmZ{
dmbr [mZr H$s ]yXm| _| _mOyX H{$db Hw$N> gy_Ord Vwh| ]r_ma O$a H$a gH$V{ h$& [> 60 [a Hw$N>
IVaZmH$ gy_Ordm| H{$ oM oX`{ J`{ h$& CZg{ hm{ gH$Z{ dmbr Hw$N> ]r_mna`m| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{$&
òX Vw_ [mZr H$m{ 20 o_ZQ> VH$ bJmVma C]mbm{ Vm{ `mXmVa gy_Ord _a Om`|J{$&
[rZ{ H$m [mZr gm\$ ]aVZ _| T>H $H$a aIm{$& JS>T>m| Ama Iwbr Q>oH$`m| _| [mZr _V H$Z{ Xm{$& _N>a Ama
ogH$Vm _Ir(gSbmB) R>ha{ hE [mZr _| AS>{ X{V{ h$& `{ H$sQ> ]r_mna`m \$bmV{ h$&
[rZ{ dmb{ [mZr H{$ m{V H{$ [mg `{ H$m_ H$^r Z H$a|$&
H$[S>{ Ama ]aVZ Ym{Zm
ZhmZm
Q>QQ>r H$aZm
H$maImZm| g{ Adoe> H$m{ [mZr _| o_bZ{ X{Zm [ewAm| H$m{ Ym{Zm
nmR> 6 _| {dm{W`m| H$mo Hw$N> nmZr-O{ZV gy_Ordm| go n[a{MV H$am`m J`m Wm {Oggo S>m`[a`m hmoVm
h& ò gy_Ord gm_m`V`m nmZr _| _b Ho$ gnH$ Ho$ mam doe H$aVo h& JmobmH$ma H|$MwE,MnQ>o
AmH$ma Ho$ H|$MwE Am{X Ho$ AS>o ^r g_mZ VarHo$ go doe H$a gH$Vo h& dm{hV_b (grdoO) mam
Xy{fV nrZo Ho$ nmZr go h_| S>m`[a`m, no{Me, A_r{~`mo{gg, hOm, Q>m`\$mBS> VWm {d{^ nmMZ V
Ho$ naOrdr/H${_ gH$_U hmo gH$Vo h& S>m`[a`b amoJm| na g{j OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE nmR> 10 (n> 327)
XoI|&
Xygao hm{ZH$maH$, amgm`{ZH$ XyfH$ hmo gH$Vo h - nmam, grgm `m Amg}{ZH$ `m{JH$ `m Oharbo
H$m~{ZH$ agm`Zm| _| H$moB ^r& ò mH${VH$ moVmo go Am gH$Vo h bo{H$Z m`: ò _mZd Ho$ {H$`mH$bmnm|,
Ogo CnmXZ `m H${f (D$daH$, H$rQ>ZmeH$> VWm h{~gmBS> - nmR> 8 XoI|(n> 278-279 VWm 286)) Ho$
232
n[aUm_ h& Ob Xm` Ho$ ~S>o moVm| _| bmoarZ, brqMJ nmCS>a `m nmoQ>o{e`_ na_ZoQ> H$m `moJ H$a
gH$_U_w$ {H$`m OmVm h& ò gH$_U_w$ H$aZo dmbo Vd OrdmUwAm| H$mo Z> H$a gH$Vo h bo{H$Z
{ZOud XyfH$mo H$mo Zht {ZH$mb gH$Vo h&
9. [mZr H$s ]MV H$am{ (4 H$mbme)
H$. CZ VarH$m| H${ ]ma{ _| gm{Mm{ oOZg{ Vw_ Ka, Hy$b `m [mg-[S>m{g _| [mZr H$s ]MV H$a gH$V{ hm{$&
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 107)
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Cma
AZoH$ VarHo$ gwPmò Jò Ogo Ho$db nrZo Ho$ {bE n`m nmZr boH$a, Zb `m nn Ho$ nmZr H$mo ~hZo go amoH$H$a, \$dmao H$s
~OmE ~mQ>r Ho$ nmZr go ZhmH$a VWm noS> bJmH$a& nmZr Ho$ ~Mmd na "Zm_ ~VmAmo Ama {M ~ZmAmo' nmoQ>a ~ZmE
JE Wo&
I. `m Vw_Z{ [mZr H$m{ ]a]mX hm{V{ X{Im h? [Vm H$am{ oH$ `m Amg[mg _| H$m{B [mB[ `m Zb nag ahm h$&
Cg nagV{ [mZr H$m{ BH$QR>m H$am{$& ]rV{ g_` Ama EH$oV
[mZr H$m ohgm] bJmH$a _mby_ H$am{ oH$ Zb g{ EH$ oXZ _|
oH$VZm [mZr ]a]mX hm{ ahm h$&
[mZr H$s Bg ]a]mXr H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$
obE Hw$N> H$am{$&
]e H$aV{ g_` `m ZhmV{ g_`
O$aV hm{Z{ [a hr Zb Im{bm{$&
]mH$s g_` Cg{ ]X aIm{$&
233
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
gm^m`de Hy$b _| H$moB [agmd Zht Wm, `{n {dm{W`m| Zo m`: Zb go nmZr Q>nH$Vo hE XoIm Wm& h_Zo Bgo _mnZo
Ho$ {bE nmZr H$s Q>H$s Ho$ Zb H$mo Hw$N> {_ZQ> VH$ [agZo Ho$ {bE aIm&
Xg {_ZQ> _| h_Zo 300 {_br nmZr O_m {H$`m & {dm{W`m| Zo JUZm H$s {H$ EH$ KQ>o _| 1800 {_br nmZr ~~mX hmoJm
VWm 24 KQ>o _| 43000 {_br `m 43 brQ>a go ^r `mXm nmZr ~~mX hmo OmEJm& BVZm nmZr em`X Mma bmoJm| Ho$ ZhmZo
Ho$ H$m_ Am gH$Vm h&
AJa h_mao Amgnmg $H$m hAm nmZr h Vmo h_| _bo[a`m (EZm{\${bO _N>a>m| go), \$mBbo[a`m (`ybog
_N>a>m| go) VWm OmnmZr EZgo\o$bmB{Q>g; H$mbmOma (gS>bmB go) hmo gH$Vm h& BZ IVaZmH$ VWm
{Or amoJm| H$mo OS> go CImS>m Om gH$Vm h, nmoIam| VWm Iwbo Zmbm| H$mo âH$a VWm _H$mZm| Ho$ N>Vm| na
Q>{H$`m| H$mo AN>r Vah T> H$H$a&
J. ]agmV H{$ [mZr H$m{ BH$QR>m H$aZ{ Ama CgH$m C[`m{J H$aZ{ H{$ VarH{$ gm{Mm{$&
[mY{ bJmAm{$& d{ [mZr H$s ]MV H$aZ{ _| _XX H$aV{ h$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Xw^m`de Ohm nmZr H$m gmdO{ZH$ Xm` h, dhm bmoJm| Zo dfm Ho$ nmZr H$mo ga{jV H$aZo VWm CgHo$ `moJ Ho$ ~mao _|
gmoMZm ~X H$a {X`m h& _oar H$jm Ho$ {dm{W`m| Ho$ {bE `h nyUV: EH$ Z`m {dMma Wm& _Zo CZgo H$hm {H$ Hw$N>
OJhm| _|, Jmdm| VWm ~S>o eham| _|, nmZr H$s H$_r H$m gm_Zm H$aZo dmbo bmoJm| Zo N>V Ho$ D$na go VWm ^y{_ _| [agZo XoH$a
dfm Ho$ nmZr H$mo gJ{hV H$aZm ew$ H$a {X`m h &
nmZr H$s AN>o ~YZ _| dfm Ho$ nmZr H$mo ~hZo go amoH$Vo h Vm{H$ gmbâ n`m nmZr Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE
aho& nanamJV $n go ^maVr`m| Zo dfm Ho$ nmZr H$mo gJ{hV H$aZo,CgHo$ n[adhZ VWm Cn`moJ H$s
AZoH$ VH$ZrH|$ {dH${gV H$s h& Ogm {H$ ""`m Vw_ OmZVo hmo?'' dJ _| Co{IV h, ò VH$ZrH|$ 10
go_r go H$_ dm{fH$ dfm dmbo jom| _| bmoJm| H$mo ahZo Ho$ `mo` ~ZmVr h, O~{H$ MoamnyOr _|, Ohm 1000
go_r go A{YH$ dm{fH$ dfm hmoVr h,Omo {H$ Am{YH$m[aH$ $n go XO h,dhm bmoJm| H$mo nmZr H$s H$_r
go OyPZm nS>Vm h &
234
O_rZr Ob Xm` H$mo ^r {Z`{_V $n go nwZOr{dV H$aZo H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h& Vmbm~ VWm Q>nH$Zo
dmbr Q>{H$`m Bg_| _XX H$aVo h VWm nmYo ^r Eogm H$aVo h& {H$gr dZn{V H$s d{,Mmho PmS>r, Kmg,
amonr JB \$gb `m OJb hmo, O_rZ na dfm Ho$ ^md H$mo H$_ H$aZo VWm nmZr Ho$ ~hmd amoH$Zo _| _XX H$aVr
h& OS| {_>r H$mo Wm_o ahVr h VWm Bgr H$o gmW Bgo T>rbm aIVr h {Oggo nmZr AXa Om gHo$ & nmYo
mam Cn AnK{Q>V hmoZo dmbm H$m~{ZH$ nXmW `m `y_g {_>r H$mo ~hZo go amoH$Vm h VWm nmZr H$mo
AXa OmZo XoVm h VWm O_rZ Ho$ AXa nmZr H$mo ^y{_JV Ob Ho$ $n _| BH$Q>R>m hmoZo XoVm h&
H$_ _mm _| O_m {H$ò Jò dfm Ho$ nmZr H$mo erKVm go Cn`moJ H$a boZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ `h pWa Vmbm~ Z
~Zm nmò$& ~Sr Q>{H$`m| _|, _N>am| Ama gS>bmB H$mo ~T>Zo go amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE h_ Img Vah H$r _N>{b`m
Ogo Jnr nmb gH$Vo h & Bg Vah Ho$ gm_wXm{`H$ H$m` AmnHo$ jo _| hmo gH$Vo h&
10
brQ>a

Vmbm]
Prb
ZXr
A`mg
Hw$Am
[[
ZbHy$[
]mY
Zha
qgMmB
XbXb
(12 H$mbme + JhH$m`; WB p. 107)

10
brQ>a
1. Vwhma{ Ka `m Hy$b _| [mZr aIZ{ H{$ H$m_ AmZ{ dmb{ ]aVZ$& BZ ]aVZm| H$s j_Vm H$m AZw_mZ bJmAm{$&
hm{ gH{$ Vm{ A[Z{ AZw_mZ H$s OmM H$am{$&
1.2
brQ>a
brQ>a
1800
o_br
250
o_br
235
2. Ama{I ItMH$a ]VmAm{ oH$ Vwh| [mZr oH$g Vah o_bVm h$&
{ejH$ {dm{W`m| H$s {H$`mH$bmn 1 I. _| _mby_ {H$ò Jò WmZr` ObXm` Ho$
{ddaU H$mo {M Ho$ $n _o A{^`$ H$aZo _| ghm`Vm H$a gH$Vo h&
236
3. EH$ [m{Q>a ]ZmH$a Cg_| oXImAm{ oH$ Vw_ oH$g Vah [mZr H$s ]MV H$a gH$V{ hm{$&
{H$`mH$bmn 9 Ho$ gmW {H$`m J`m&
oMH$a Z (WB p. 109)

1. Om{ [mZr Vw_ Ka [a [rV{ hm{ dh Hw$E, ZXr, Prb `m H$hm g{ AmVm h?
2. BZ Obm{Vm| H$m{ N>m{Q>{ g{ ]S>{ H{$ H$_ _| obIm{$&
Prb _hmgmJa
Am{g H$s ]yX
Vmbm]
Vb`m
g_w
Amog H$s ~yX, Vb`m, Vmbm~, Prb, g_w, _hmgmJa&

3. Hw$E g{ [mZr oZH$mbZ{ H{$ VrZ VarH{$ ]VmAm{$&
agr go ~Yr ~mQ>r, nwbr, nZMIu, OmZdam| H$s e{$, hS>nn, S>rOb VWm {dwV nn&
4. BZ_| g{ oH$gH{$ obE g]g{ gm\$ [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h? Om{ [mZr Iy] gm\$ Zht h CgH$m oH$Z H$m_m|
_| C[`m{J H$a gH$V{ hm{?
[rZm
[mYm| H$m{ gtMZm
ZhmZm
\$e Ym{Zm
nrZo Ho$ {bE h_| dN> nmZr H$s O$aV hmoVr h {Og_| OrdUwAm| H$s g`m H$_-go-H$_ hmo VWm Xygao XyfH$ ^r H$_
hm| (`{n Hw$N> I{ZO nXmWmo H$s _mm hm{Za{hV `m Cn`moJr hmo gH$Vr h) & ZhmZo H$m nmZr H$_ ew hmo gH$Vm h&
nmYm| _| JXm nmZr {X`m Om gH$Vm h hmbm{H$ amgm`{ZH$ XyfH$ Ogo H$maImZo H$s JXJr, nmYm| Ho$ gmW hr h_mao {bE
^r hm{ZH$maH$ hmoVo h& \$e YmoZo Ho$ {bE ^r h_| ~hV gm\$ nmZr H$s O$aV Zht hmoVr &
.
5. Vw_ ha oXZ H$ar] oH$VZ{ brQ>a [mZr [rV{ hm{?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$jm 3 _| {dm{W`m| Zo {JZVr H$s Wr {H$ EH$ {XZ _| do {H$VZo {Jbmg nmZr nr OmVo h& A~ Chm|Zo grIm Wm {H$ EH$
_`_ AmH$ma Ho {Jbmg _| 200 {_br nmZr Am gH$Vm h VWm {JZVr Ed Hw$N> JUZm Ho$ mam do Bg Z H$m Cma Xo
gH$Vo Wo& h_|1 1/2 brQ>a nmZr amoO nrZo H$s Amd`H$Vm nS>Vr h&
237
6. Vwh| XmV gm\$ H$aZ{ H{$ obE bJ^J oH$VZ{ o_brbrQ>a [mZr H$s O$aV [S>Vr h?
{H$`mH$bmn 5 K. Ho$ gmW {H$`m J`m&
7. agm{B _| [mZr H$m oH$Z-oH$Z VarH$m| g{ C[`m{J hm{Vm h?
YmoZm, {^JmoZm, {_bmZm, C~mbZm VWm dmn ~ZmZm n> Odm~ Wo& `hm VH$ {H$ ^yOZm, VbZm, nH$mZm VWm nmqnJ JoZ
{Og_| grYo-grYo nmZr H$m `moJ Zht hmoVm h, g^d hmoVm h `m|{H$ Im-nXmWm] Ho$ AXa nmZr hmoVm h&
H$jm _| MMm (WB p. 110)

1. `m Vwh| A[Z{ Ka H{$ [mg [rZ{ H$m gm\$ [mZr o_bVm h$? `m Vwhma{ Jmd `m H$]{ H{$ g^r bm{Jm| H$m{
[mZr AmgmZr g{ n_bVm h? bm{Jm| H$m{ gm\$ [mZr o_bZ{ _| `m H$oR>ZmB`m hm{Vr h? BZ H$oR>ZmB`m| H$m{
H$g{ Xya oH$`m Om gH$Vm h?
O~{H$ Hw$N> ~m| Ho$ {bE nmZr H$s H$_r OrdZ H$m EH$ AJ hmo gH$Vm h, Xygao {dmWr em`X eha Ho$ AN>o jo _| ahZo
Ho$ H$maU BZ g_`mAm| go n[a{MV Zht hmo gH$Vo h& Amgnmg Ho$ jom| _| gw{dYmAm| H$m {ZarjU H$aZm VWm ~S>m|
go MMm H$aZm Cn`moJr hmo gH$Vm h&
2. `m Vw_ H$^r [mZr H$m{ EH$ OJh g{ Xygar OJh T>m{ H$a b{ OmV{ hm{? Vwh| E{gm H$aZ{ H$s O$aV `m|
[S>Vr h?
jo Ho$ AZwgma Cma ~Xb gH$Vo h& AZoH$ Hy$bm| _| ^r nrZo H$m dN> nmZr CnbY Zht hmoVm h& {dmWr ^r `mm
H$aVo g_` nmZr boH$a Mb gH$Vo h&
3. Vwhma{ Ka _| [ya{ [nadma H{$ obE [mZr H$m{B EH$ gX` OwQ>mVm h `m `h H$m_ EH$ g{ `mXm bm{J H$aV{ h?
`m d{ `h gwoZpMV H$aV{ h oH$ g]H{$ obE gm\$ Ama [rZ{ `m{` [mZr C[bY h? `h H$m_ H$mZ H$aVm
h Ama Bg{ Xygam H$m{B `m| Zht H$aVm?
`h H$m` Amd`H$ hmoVm h {\$a ^r m`: gm_m` _mZm OmVm h& `h gm_m`V`m Kam| _| AmaVm| VWm bS>{H$`m| mam
{H$`m OmVm h&
4. `m Vwhmam [rZ{ H$m [mZr oZWmam hAm h? `m `h N>mZm J`m h? Bg{ H$mZ oZWmaVm Ama N>mZVm h?
H$hm? [mZr H$m{ N>mZZ{ H{$ AbJ-AbJ VarH{$ H$mZ-g{ h?
238
WmZr` Vma na `h gyMZm m H$aZo _| {ejH$ H$mo _XX H$aZr hmoJr & gm_m` OmZH$mar ZmJ[aH$em H$s nwVH$m|
_o WmZr` emgZ Ho$ H$m`m] Ho$ AVJV {_b gH$Vr h &
`m g_mZ h? `m h o^Z? (WB p. 110)

H$. Vmbm] Ama ZXr
XmoZm| nmZr Ho$ moV h& BZH$m nmZr gm_m`V`m
Z_H$sZ Zht hmoVm h & ZXr mH${VH$ hmoVr h,
Bg_| H$moB Xrdma Zht hmoVr h (O~ VH$ {H$ h_
KmQ>,~S> VWm ~mY Z ~ZmE)& Q>H$s bmoJm| Ho$ mam
~Zm`r OmVr h& ZXr _| nmZr ~hVm h, Q>H$s _|
`h pWa ahVm h&
{dwV Vma
gVhr`
Hw $ Am
n n
I. Hw$Am Ama ZbHy$[

XmoZmo H$mo bmoJm| mam ImoXm OmVm h, O_rZ Ho$ AXa go
nmZr m H$aZo Ho$ {bE; Hw$Am (gVhr` Hw$Am ^r H$hm
OmVm h) H$_ Jham hmoVm h - H$ar~ 5-10 _rQ>a O~{H$
ZbHy$n (~mo[aJ ^r H$hm OmVm h) 100 _rQ>a `m Cggo ^r
Jham hmo gH$Vm h; Hw$Am ZbHy$n H$s Anojm MmS>m hmoVm
h& ZbHy$n H$m nmBn gm_m`V`m H$ar~ 10 go_r MmS>m
hmoVm h& ZbHy$n Jham hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, Bg_| go nmZr
ItMZo Ho$ {bE EH$ nn H$s O$aV hmoVr h&
ZbHy$[
239
2. H$mZ h g]g{ AbJ?

H$. [mB[, Zha, Hw$Am, ZXr
I. g_w, Obme`, ZXr, _hmgmJa
J. _hmgmJa, ImS>r, Prb, g_w
HwN> g^m{dV Cma :
H$. Hw$Am, `m|{H$ BgH$m nmZr ~hVm Zht h&
I. Obme`, `m|{H$ `h bmoJm| mam ~Zm`m OmVm h&
J. ImS>r, `m|{H$ CgH$m nmZr ZrMo H$s Amoa ~hVm h&

1. O] h_ma{ [mg [mZr Zht Wm$&
{dm{W`m| H$m boIZ:""ha gw~h h_ Zb go nmZr boVo h & naVw EH$ {XZ EH$ ~S>m nmBn h_mao Ka Ho$ nmg \y$Q> J`m &
gS>H$ na nmZr Wm naVw Ka _| nmZr Zht Wm& _Zo 3 {XZm| VH$ Zht Zhm`m Wm& h_ Hw$E VH$ OmH$a nmZr bmò &''

1. Vwhma{ Jmd, H$]{ `m eha _| ]agmV H$m [mZr C[`m{J H{$ obE H$g{ BH$QR>m oH$`m OmVm h? `mXmVa ]S>{
eha ZoX`m| H{$ oH$Zma{ `m oH$gr Prb H{$ [mg hm{V{ h$& Hw$N> eham| H{$ Zm_ [Vm H$am{ Ama CZ ZoX`m| `m
Prbm| H{$ Zm_ _mby_ H$am{ Ohm `{ ]g{ h$&
Bg Z H$m Cma m H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dm{W`m| H$mo Zem XoIZm Mm{hE& Hw$N> ~S>o ^maVr` eha VWm ~S>r Z{X`m| Ho$
{H$Zmao pWV VrW WmZm| H$s gyMr Xygao n> na Xr J`r h& WmZr` OJhm| _| `mXm CXmhaU {_b gH$Vo h&
{dm{W`m| Zo Z{X`m| Ho$ {H$Zmao nm`r OmZo dmbr mMrZ g`VmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| VWm nyao {dd H$s OmZr-_mZr Z{X`m| na
pWV AZoH$ AmYw{ZH$ eham| Ho$ ~mao _| ^r gwZm hmo gH$Vm h&
240
Z{X`m| Ho$ {H$Zmao pWV Hw$N> ^maVr` eha:

`_w Z mm- {Xbr, _Wwam, AmJam, Bbmhm~mX
J J mm- F${fHo$e, h[ama, H$mZnwa, Bbmhm~mX, dmamUgr, nQ>Zm, ^mJbnwa
h J br
br- H$bH$mm, hpX`m
Z_ X mm- O~bnwa, hmoeJm~mX, ^M
Vmr
Vmr- ^wgmdb, gyaV
gm~a_Vr
gm~a_Vr- Ah_Xm~mX
_hmZXr
_hmZXr- H$Q>H$
Jmo X mdar
mdar- nMdQ>r, ZmXoS> , ^mMb_, amO_wXar
H $ Um
Um- gmJbr, gVmam, lreb_, Hw$aZyb, {dO`dmS>m
H$mdoarr- _gya, lraJn>Z_, Hw$~H$moU_, {V{Mamnr
Prbm| Ho$ {H$Zmao ~go Hw$N> ^maVr` eha:
S>b Prb
Prb- lrZJa
nrN>mobm Prb,\$Voh gmJa VWm CX` gmJa
gmJa- CX`nwa
~S>m Vmbm~ VWm N>moQ>m Vmbm~
Vmbm~- ^monmb
{MH$m Prb
Prb- ^wdZoda
2. `m H$B gmb [hb{ Vwhmam Jmd, H$]m `m eha [mZr H{$ Cht m{Vm| H$m C[`m{J H$aVm Wm Om{ AmO H$a
ahm h? Cg g_` [mZr H{$ m{V `m W{?
3. A[Z{ Amg[mg Hw$E Ama Vmbm] Og{ [mZr H{$ [wamZ{ m{V _mby_ H$am{$& [Vm H$am{ oH$ BZ m{Vm| H$m C[`m{J
AmO `m| Zht hm{Vm$&
AZoH$ jom| _| Ogo-Ogo OZg`m _| d{ hB h, nmZr Ho$ Zò moV ImoOo Jò h VWm nwamZo H$mo m`: N>moS> {X`m J`m h&
eham| _| h_ nwamZo Hw$E VWm Vmbm~ nm gH$Vo h Omo JbV `moJ Ho$ H$maU gXy{fV hmo Jò h& AZoH$ nwamZr Ob ~YZ
`dWmE jo H$s$^mJmo{bH$ pW{V H$mo `mZ _| aIH$a go ~Zm`r J`r Wr& ~hV AN>o Ob ~YZ VarH$m| Ho$ AZoH$
241
WmZr` CXmhaU hmo gH$Vo h & Xygar Amoa Eogo CXmhaU ^r hmo gH$Vo h Ohm nanamJV moVm| H$s Cnojm hB VWm Zò
moVm| H$m Hw$~YZ hAm {OgH$s dOh go gyIo H$s pW{V nXm hmo JB &
4. `m h_ ]mT> Ama gyI{ H$m{ Q>mb gH$V{ h? H$g{?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
nmR> 1 (n> 52) _| h_Zo ~mT> amoH$Zo Ho$ VarH$m| na MMm H$s Wr& BZ_| go AZoH$ VarH$m| _| ~mT> H$m nmZr Cg OJh H$s
Amoa _moS>Vo h Ohm `h nmZr H$o Vb H$mo D$Mm H$aZo H$s Anojm gyIo Ho$ g_` _| Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE BH$>m {H$`m Om gHo$&
Eogm H$aZo Ho$ {bE noS>m| H$m A{ddoH$nyU H$Q>md Zhr H$aZm Mm{hE VWm A{YH$ noS> bJmZo Mm{hE& Bgr Vah Ho$ H$m` gyIo
H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJr h&
_oar H$jm Ho$ ehar {dm{W`m| Zo gr{_V nmZr H$s CnbYVm H$mo drH$ma {H$`m& do J_u Ho$ {XZm| _| hmoZo dmbr nmZr H$s
H$_r H$mo OmZVo Wo, naVw Chm|Zo gyIo H$s pW{V H$m gm_Zm Zht {H$`m Wm& hmbm{H$ ChmoZo Xygar OJhm| _| gyIo Ho$ ~mao
_| gwZm Wm & _Zo Ch| ~Vm`m {H$ AJa nmZr BH$>m H$aZo VWm EH$ OJh go Xygao OJh bo OmZo H$s AN>r `dWm hmoVr
Vmo gyIm VWm nmZr H$s H$_r eham| _| H$_ hmoVr& hmbm{H$ h_mao Xoe _| A{YH$me OJhmo _| nmZr H$s H$_r _hgyg hmoVr
h& `{n AZoH$ eham| _| ObXm` Ho$db {ZMV g_` _| {H$`m OmVm h, Omo {H$ 5 `m A{YH$ {XZm| _| EH$ ~ma hmo
gH$Vm h& AN>r Ob ~YZ `dWm, eham| Ama Jm_rU jom| Ho$ {bE {dH${gV nmZr Ho$ Obme`m| Ho$ {Z_mU H$s
~hV A{YH$ Amd`H$Vm h&
_mby_ H$am{ (WB p. 112)

1. YaVr H$m gVmZd{ oVeV [mZr _hmgmJam| Ama gmJam| _| h$& Om{ [mZr Vw_ [rV{ hm{, dh hm{ gH$Vm h oH$
oH$gr g_` _hmgmJa _| ahm hm{! Cg g_` Bg_| Z_H$ Kwbm Wm$& Z_H$ [mZr g{ AbJ H$g{ hAm?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dmWu {VeV H$s gH$nZm go ~hV A{YH$ n[a{MV Zht Wo bo{H$Z _oao Bg ^mJ H$o dUZ Ho$ ~mX ^r do Zm| go ^{_V
hmo OmVo Wo& `{n do ObMH$ H$mo AN>r Vah OmZVo Wo, {\$a ^r do erKVm go Z H$m Bggo g~Y Wm{nV Zht H$a
242
nmò& Hw$N> Zo H$hm {H$ AJa g_w Ho$ nmZr H$mo N>mZm OmVm Vmo Z_H$ AbJ hmo OmVm& Xygam| Zo _erZm| Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMm
Omo nmZr H$mo Z_H$ go AbJ H$a Xo (dmnrH$aU `m "{dnarV namgaU' na AmYm[aV ImamnZ Xya H$aZo dmbo g`>Hw$N>
Aa~ Xoem| _| Cn`moJ {H$E OmVo h `{n ò ~hV _hJo hmoVo h)& AZoH$ gHo$Vm| Ho$ ~mX hr {dm{W`m| Zo AZw_mZ bJ`m
{H$ _ dmnZ H$mo gyaO H$s J_r go OmoS> ahr Wr& _opgH$mo Ama A\$sH$m H$s Hw$N> Om{V`m dmnZ Ho$ ~mX gKZZ mam
Imao nmZr go nrZo `mo` nmZr m H$aVr h&
2. [mZr gm{Vm H$mJO _| g{ hm{H$a JwOa gH$Vm h$& ]mby gm{Vm H$mJO _| g{ Zht JwOa
gH$Vm$& _wZr Z{ gm{Vm H$mJO H$m eHw$ ]ZmH$a Cg{ EH$ Hw$[r [a aIm$& CgZ{ Hw$[r _|
]bwAm [mZr S>mbm$& N>Z H$aH{$ ZrM{ `m Am`m?
H$. H{$db ]mby
I. H{$db [mZr
J. ]mby Ama [mZr
K. Hw$N> Zht
3. MwZy am{O gw]h EH$ _Q>H{$ _| gm\$ [rZ{ H$m [mZr âVm Wm$& Hw$N> oXZ CgZ{ [m`m oH$ [nadma Z{ _Q>H{$ H$m
[yam [mZr H$ar]-H$ar] I_ H$a oX`m h$& Hw$N> EH$ oXZ H$m\$s [mZr ahVm Wm$& MwZy Z{ EH$ hV{ VH$ am{O
_Q>H{$ _| ]M{ [mZr H$m{ H$aNw>b g{ Zm[m$Ama EH$ Jm\$ ]Zm`m$&
H$. 3 Ama 5 _B H$m{ Cg{ oH$VZ{ H$aNw>b [mZr o_bm?
3 Ama 5
H$aNw>b
I. EH$ oXZ CgH{$ `hm Hw$N> _{h_mZ Am`{ W{$& AZw_mZ bJmAm{ dh H$mZ-gm oXZ Wm$&
7 _B
J. EH$ oXZ d{ g] [ya{ oXZ _{b{ _| W{$& AZw_mZ bJmAm{ d{ oH$g oXZ _{bm J`{ W{$&
5 _B
243
amoO gw~h _Q>Ho$ _| {_bm nmZr
7
6
5
4
3
2
VmarI
oXImAm{ Ama ]VmAm{ (WB p. 113)

1. [mZr H$s g_`m [a AI]ma `m [oH$m _| N>[m H$m{B b{I bmAm{$& Bg{ H$jm H$m{ ]VmAm{$&
9 _B
8 _B
7 _B
6 _B
5 _B
4 _B
1
3 _B
_Q>Ho$ _| {_bo nmZr H$s _mm(H$aNw>b _|)
hmbm{H$ Z 3 H$$ AmgmZ Wm,

3 I VWm 3 J _| {dm{W`m| H$mo
gmoMZm Wm {H$ {H$gr gw~h nm`m J`m
nmZr {nN>bo {XZ Ho$ BgHo$ Cn`moJ
Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar XoVm h& `h
AZw_mZ AZoH$ {dm{W`m| Ho$ {bE
H${R> Z Wm& nmR> 1 (_mby _ H$amo
H$_mH$ 4) _| dfm Jm\$ _| {H$gr ^r
{XZ Ho$ nmZr H$s D$MmB H$s _mn
CgHo$ {nN>bo {XZ Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar
XoVr Wr, bo{H$Z dhm Z H$mo Ho$db
`h nyN>H$a gab ~Zm`m J`m {H$
{H$gr {deof {XZ {H$VZm nmZr nm`m
J`m Wm&
244
H$m{B Z [yN>m{ (WB p. 114)

1. h_ [mZr H$m oH$g Vah C[`m{J H$aV{ h CgH{$ ]ma{ _| Z [yN>m{$& gm{Mm{, BZ Zm| H{$ CVa Vw_ H$g{
[mAm{J{$&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Z
g_w H$m nmZr Z_H$sZ `m| hmoVm h?
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Cma
g_w H$m nmZr Z_H$sZ H$go hmo J`m BgHo$ ~mao _| {dm{W`m| Zo AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m ({Og na Cho AmYm {ddmg Wm) gwZ
aIr Wr& nmam{UH$ H$WmAm| _| AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m Wr, EH$ H$hmZr EH$ M$s Ho$ ~mao _| h Omo _hmgmJa Ho$ AXa h Ama
Z_H$ H$mo Hy$Q>Vr VWm CnmXZ H$aVr h VWm EH$ OhmO Omo Z_H$ bo OmVo hE Sy~ J`m& EH$ {dmWr Zo {damoY {H$`m
{H$ g_w _| Ho$db EH$ OhmO â Z_H$ go H$ht `mXm Z_H$ Wm& Xygao {dmWu Zo gwZm Wm {H$ YmamE Ama Z{X`m,
nWam| Ama {_>r go Z_H$ H$mo Kmob boVo h VWm Bgo g_w _| bo OmVo h& bo{H$Z V~ Z CR>m {H$ g_w H$m nmZr ZXr
Ho$ nmZr go ^r `mXm Z_H$sZ `m| h?
dfm go âr Z{X`m| _| nmZr {nN>bo gmb Ho$ XmamZ dfm {JaZo go hmo gH$Vm h& ha df Z{X`m Hw$N> Z_H$
_hmgmJa _| bo OmVr h& dkm{ZH$ {ddmg H$aVo h {H$ {Z`V dmnZ Ho$ gmW {Z`{_V $n go Z_H$
H$m gM` gmJam| H$mo h_oem Z_H$sZ ~Zmò aIVm h & {H$Vw Chm|Zo ~mX _| {XImZo Ho$ {bE _mU ImoOm
{H$ H$ar~ 2 go 1.5 Aa~ gmb nhbo go gmJam| H$m ImamnZ {Z`V h& dV_mZ _| dkm{ZH$m| H$m _mZZm
h {H$ gmJa _| Z_H$ 3.5 go2 Aa~ gmb nhbo, nWam| go Abm| Ho$ A{^{H$`m Ho$ \$bd$nAm`m &
òH$ gmb Ymam mam gmJa _| {OVZm Z_H$ bm`m OmVm h,CgHo$ ~am~a _mm gmJa Ho$ Vb _| O_m
hmoVr h {Oggo {Z`V $n go nmZr Imam ahVm h&
Z{X`m gyIo _mg_ _| H$hm go nmZr m H$aVr h?
{nN>br MMm Ho$ XmamZ Bg Zò Z H$m O_ hAm& h_mar dfm F$Vw df _| A{YH$meV: VrZ `m Mma
_hrZo ahVr h& ~mH$s Ho$ _hrZm| Ho$ XmamZ ^r ~S>r Z{X`m| _| nmZr ahVm h Omo {Z`{_V $n go g_w
_| ~hVr h& Bg nmZr H$m {Z`{_V Xm` H$hm go hmoVm h?
245
dfm go âr Z{X`m| _| nmZr, gyIo _mg_ _|, dmVd _| ^m_ Ob h Omo dfm Ho$ XmamZ [agH$a ZrMo Mbm
OmVm h& gyIo _mg_ Ho$ XmamZ `h Ho${eH$s` {H$`m mam Yrao-Yrao D$na AmVm h& dfm Ho$ Mbo OmZo
Ho$ ~hV ~mX `h nmZr nmYm| mam Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h; Hw$N> dmpnV hmo OmVm h VWm Hw$N> Z{X`m|
Ama YmamAm| _| ~h OmVm h& Cmar ^maV _| ~\$ O{ZV Z{X`m J{_`m| _| {h_mb` Ho$ ~\$ Ho$ JbZo go
nmZr m H$aVr h&
bmoJ H$go BVZm Jham Hw$Am ImoXVo h VWm H$go do dmng AmVo h?
`m Vw_ OmZV{ hm{?

AJa h_ [mZr H$m{ goMV H$a|, H$m`X{ g{ ]mQ>| Ama BgH$m oH$\$m`V g{ BV{_mb H$a| Vm{ ha òV
H{$ obE [`m [mZr C[bY hm{Jm$&
^maV _| ]agmV H{$ [mZr H$m{ BH$QR>m H$aZ{, T>m{Z{ Ama CgH{$ C[`m{J H$s H$B [wamZr [a[am`| ahr h$&
ngYwKmQ>r g`Vm(3000-1500 B.[y.) H{$ bm{Jm| Z{ ]mY ]Zm`{ W{, Hw$E Im{X{ W{ Ama Zha| oZH$mbt Wt$&
amOWmZ H{$ Hw$N> a{oJVmZr ohgm| _| ha gmb H{$db 10 g|Q>r_rQ>a ]agmV hm{Vr h$& bm{J `hm ]agmV
H$m [mZr BH$QR>m H$a b{V{ h Ama [ya{ gmb CgH$m BV{_mb H$aV{ h$&
b{oH$Z òX h_ [mZr BH$QR>m Z H$a| Vm{ ...?
M{am[yOr _{Kmb` H$s [hmoS>`m| _| ]gm EH$ Jmd h Ohm ]hV ]agmV hm{Vr h$& `hm gmb _| H$ar] 1140
g|Q>r_rQ>a ]agmV hm{Vr h$& o\$a ^r M{am[yOr _| [mZr H$s H$_r ahVr h$& E{gm BgobE `m|oH$ ]agmV
H$m [mZr [hmoS>`m| H$s T>bmZm| g{ ]h OmVm h Ama BV{_mb H{$ obE BH$QR>m Zht hm{ [mVm$&
A{V[a$ Z
1. {H$gr dVw H$m Zm_ ~VmAmo {Ogoo AJa Vw_ EH$ VarHo$ go aImo Vmo dh nmZr _| VaVr h, bo{H$Z AJa Vw_ Cgo CQ>o
VarHo$ go aImo Vmo dh Sy>~ OmVr h&
2. erem, YmVw Ama bmpQ>H$ Ho$ ~Zo VrZ MmS>o n|Xo Ho$ {Jbmgm| _| {H$VZm nmZr gK{ZV hmoVm h BgH$s Vw_ H$go VwbZm
H$a gH$Vo hmo?
246
3. Vw_ H$go nVm bJmAmoJo {H$ Xmo go~m| _| go {H$g_| `mXm nmZr h?
4. Vw_ H$go nVm bJm gH$Vo hmo {H$ EH$ Jrbo H$_rO Ho gyIZo na nmZr H$hm OmVm h?
5. {ZZ{b{IV _| go {H$g_| nmZr h? ~VmAmo {H$ `m òH$ MrO _| H$_, `mXm `m H$moB nmZr Zht h:
~X Jmo^r, bH$S>r H$r _oO, gJ_a_a, Am_, gyVr H$nS>m, H$m Amby, {VbMQ>Q>m, ~mb&
6. Vmbm~ `m ZXr H$s Anojm Vmbm~ `m ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao ImoXo JE Hw$E go {bò Jò nmZr H$m Cn`moJ H$aZm AN>m hmoVm
h& Eogm `m| hmo gH$Vm h?
(Vmbm~ `m ZXr _| nmZr JXm hmo gH$Vm h& Hw$E H$m nmZr mH${VH$ $n go {_>r H$s naVm| go N>Z MwH$m hmoVm h&
hmbm{H$ AJa gVhr Hw$E Ho$ nmg O_rZ _| JXm nmZr [agZo {X`m OmVm h Vmo `h Hw$E Ho$ nmZr H$mo ^r gXy{fV H$a
XoJm& ZbHy$nm| _| nmZr Jhar naVm| go AmVm h, AV: `h dN> hmoVm h&)
7. `m {d{^ moVm| Ho$ nmZr H$m dmX AbJ-AbJ hmoVm h? `m|?
(hm, Kwbo hE nXmWm] Ho$ H$maU&)
BH$mB 4
^m{OZ
[mR> 8
[mR> 9
[mR> 10
h_mam ^m{OZ Ohm g{ AmVm h

h_ma{ eara _| ^m{OZ
MrO| Om{ \|$H$ Xr OmVr h
248
BH$mB 4
^mo O Z
$naoIm
Co `
^moOZ Ho$ moV, eara _| ^moOZ H$o $nmVaU VWm h_mao Im An{e> Ho$ {ZVmaU Ho$ {df` _| OmZZm&
4.1 {d{^ H$ma Ho$ ^moOZ Ho$ {df` _| nyN>VmN> H$aZm: CZH$mo nmYm| d newAmo go {H$g H$ma m {H$`m OmVm h,
BgH$m A``Z H$aZm
A. Hw$N> ^moOZ XmZ H$aZo dmbo nmYo Ama CZHo$ Cn`moJr ^mJ
~. new h_mao ^moOZ Ho$ moV Ho$ $n _|
g. nmbVy newAm| H$s ^moOZ g~Yr Amd`H$VmE
4.2 WmZr` Imm \$gbm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZZm
4.3 YmZ H$s IoVr Ho$ {d{^ MaUm| Ho$ {df` _| OmZH$mar m H$aZm
4.4 ^mo` nXmWm] Ho$ CnmXZ Ama ggmYZ Ho$ nX
4.5 nmYm| Ho$ Hw$N> nrS>H$m| H$mo Ka Ho$ ^rVa d ~mhar dmVmdaU _| XoIZm& nrS>H$Zmer Ho$ Cn`moJ d Bggo hmoZo dmbo
ZwH$gmZ go AdJV H$amZm VWm \$gbm| d AZmOm| Ho$ gajU H$s dH$pnH$ {d{Y`m| na {dMma H$aZm
4.6 amgm`{ZH$ CdaH$m| Ho$ Cn`moJ d Bggo hmoZo dmbr hm{Z`m| Ho$ {V OmJ$H$ ~ZmZm VWm amgm`{ZH$ CdaH$ Ho$
{dH$nm| go AdJV H$amZm
4.7 h_mao d` Ho$ ^moOZ H$s InV H$m narjU H$aZm VWm ^moOZ `W H$aZo g~Yr d{m`m| go ~MZm& `h AZw^d
H$amZm {H$ ânya ^moOZ _mOyX hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX A` H$B bmoJ ^yIo _a aho h
4.8 h_mao nmMZ V H$s _yb^yV gaMZm H$mo g_PZm (ghm`H$ AJm| Ho$ {df` _| A{YH$ OmZH$mar {Xò {~Zm)
4.9 eara Ho$ AXa ^moOZ Ho$ $nmVaU d AdemofU H$mo OmZZm& (^m{VH$ Ama amgm`{ZH$ n[adVZm| na {dMma,
gmW hr g_`-_mnZr H$mo AZw^dm| Ho$ mam ~VmZm&)
4.10 `h _hgyg H$amZm {H$ ^moOZ H$m nmMZ g^r OmZdam| _| g_mZ hmoVm h
4.11 _Zw` mam `W {H$ò OmZo dmbo ^moOZ H$s _mm Ho$ {V OmJ$H$ ~ZmZm VWm `h nyN>Zm {H$ BZ `W
249
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
Bg BH$mB _|
Z`m `m h?
nXmWm] H$m {H$g H$ma {ZnQ>mam {H$`m Om gH$Vm h&

h_mao `W An{eQ> nXmWm] H$s InV _| A` OmZdam| H$s ^y{_H$m go AdJV H$amZm
nmYm| d newAm| Ho$ gy_Ordm| mam {dKQ>Z Ho$ {V OmJ$H$ ~ZmZm&
OrdmUwAm| go hmoZo dmbr hm{Z Ho$ {V gMoV H$aZm, gmW hr mH${VH$ ggmYZm| Ho$ nwZMH$sH$aU _| CZH$s
_hdnyU ^y{_H$m na H$me S>mbZm&
_bOb Ho$ {ZVmaU H$s {d{Y`m| H$m nVm bJmZm, `h OmZZm {H$ H$Mao d _bOb Ho$ AZw{MV {ZVmaU go h_mao
dm` Ama OrdZ H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhM gH$Vm h&
Eogr {H$`mAm| na Z CR>mZm Omo h_| d h_mao dmVmdaU H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhMm gH$Vr h&
hmo_r ^m^m nmR>`H$_ H$m EH$ Co`, mH${VH$ ggmYZm| Ho$ {dMma H$mo Bg H$ma o{fV H$aZm h {Oggo h_ d`
Cn`moJ mam BZ ggmYZm| H$m narjU H$a gH|$& h_ AnZo OrdZ _| AZoH$ dVwAm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h& ""ò dVwE
H$hm go AmVr h?'' VWm ""ò dVwE AVV: H$hm OmVr h?'' (""^moOZ'' Zm_H$ BH$mB _| Bg gmoM H$mo CXmhaUm| mam
g_Pm`m J`m h&)
Bg BH$mB _| X{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ AZw^dm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m h Ama H$B gm_m` $n go AbJ, H$Xm{MV
A{YH$ WH$mZo dmbo H$aUm| Ogo H${f, nmYm| d OmZdam| Ho$ Cn`moJ, ^moOZ H$s gwajm, gajU, {H$dZ, nmMZ, Hy$S>m
H$aH$Q> Ama _bOb H$m {ZnQ>mam, mH${VH$ ggmYZ Ama ZdrZrH$aU H$mo AmH$fH$ {Mm| Ho$ gmW g`mo{OV {H$`m
J`m h&
nmR> 8 _| Im CnmXZ Ho$ {df` _| MMm H$s JB h& `h H$aU Jm_rU {dm{W`m| Ho$ X{ZH$ OrdZ H$m EH$
AJ h naVw ehar {dmWu Bggo nyUV: An[a{MV h& g^r {dm{W`m| H$mo {ZarjU, {dbofU Ama H$m` H$s
A{^`{$ mam Bg nmR> H$mo g_PZm Mm{hE&
nmR> 9 _| nmMZ V H$s gaMZm H$mo g_Pm`m J`m h& nmMZ _| ^moOZ ^m{VH$ $n go N>moQ>o Qw>H$S>m| _|
AeV: Qy>Q>Vm h naVw amgm`{ZH$ {H$`m mam BgH$m Qy>Q>Zm _hdnyU h& nmR> 9 _| {dm{W`m| H$mo amgm`{ZH$
{H$`mAm| H$m AVkmZ H$am`m J`m h Ama `h ~Vm`m J`m h {H$ $nmVaU h_mao eara _| {H$g H$ma hmoVo h&
250
nmR> 10 CZ MrOm| na H|${V h Omo h_ \|$H$ XoVo h& Ogo Im ggmYZm| Ho$ {d{^ Vam| na EH${V hAm
H$Mam Ama AVV: Kaoby _bOb& `hm na gy_Ordm| mam `W nXmWm] Ho$ AnKQ>Z H$m {dMma _hdnyU h& nmR> 4
_| h_Zo XoIm Wm {H$ AnKQ>Z _| Jg| d XwJY nXm hmoVr h& h_Zo hdm Ama nmZr _| _mOyX OrdmUwAm| Ho$ ~mao _o ~Vm`m
Wm& A~ h_ grIoJo {H$ OrdmUw AnKQ>Z Ho$ {bò CmaXm`r h& AnH$m{bH$ $n _| AnKQ>Z EH$ ~mYm bJVm hmo
naVw AVV: `h EH$ O{Q>b d _hdnyU {H$`m h, {Og_| _V nXmWm] go Or{dV dVwAm| _| nmofH$ Vdm| H$m nwZ:
MH$U hmoVm h&
`h BH$mB {dm{W`m| H$mo gm\$-g\$mB Ama nm[apW{VH$ g~Yr AN>r AmXVm| Ho$ {df` _| OmJ$H$ ~ZmòJr& nhbr
VrZ BH$mB`m| _| Omo h_ nT> MwHo$ h, `hm na Omo Z h Cg_| d`H$m| H$mo ^r em{_b {H$`m J`m h, {Oggo {dm{W`m|
H$mo ~S>m| go Hw$N> grIZo H$m _mH$m {_bo, dm` g~Yr Ama n`mdaUr` gX^m] Ho$ gmW-gmW Hw$N> gm_m{OH$ Ama
amOZr{VH$ _wm| na ^r MMm H$s JB h&
g_`-gmaUr
: H$mbmem| H$s g`m

nmR> 8
P1-P16
-{H$`mH$bmn
P17-P28 -A`mg
nmR> 9
P29-P41 -{H$`mH$bmn
P42-P51 -A`mg
nmR> 10
P52-P68 -{H$`mH$bmn
P69-P76 -A`mg
P
Hw$N> A`mg {H$`mH$bmnm| Ho$ gmW VWm Jh-H$m` Ho$ $n _| {H$ò OmZo h &
251
Bg BH$mB Ho$ {bò EH$ H$s OmZo dmbr gm_{J`m d OmZH$mar

nmR> 8 : {d{^ H$ma Ho$ ^moOZ, AZmO VWm ~rO, gmW hr YmZ d gpO`m| Ho$ ~rO, H$_ao Ho$ AXa nmYo bJmZo Ho$
{bò OJh d CnH$aU; nrgZo Ho$ {bò MnQ>o d Jmob nWa, _mnZo Ho$ {bò ~moVb Ho$ T>$Z; AZmO d gpO`m| Ho$ Z_yZo/
nrS>H$ bJo hE nmYo, WmZr` `m Amgnmg CJmB OmZo dmbr \$gbm| H$s OmZH$mar, H${f g~Yr {H$`mH$bmn, ~rO ~moZo
d H$Q>mB Ho$ _mg_m| Ho$ {df` _| OmZH$mar Ama Cg_| Cn`moJ _| AmZo dmbo CnH$aU&
nmR> 9 : Q>mM Ho$ narjU Ho$ {bò An _mm _| ^moOZ Ho$ Z_yZo, Cn`moJ {H$ò Jò bmpQ>H$ Ho$ Wbo Ogo Imbr XyY
Ho$ nmCM; gobmo Q>on, Q>onba `m gwB d YmJm, nHo$ hE Ho$bo; òH$ g_yh Ho$ {bò 20 go_r gyVr H$nS>m; Wm{b`m d
M_M; 7 _r. b~r agr, {ZemZ bJmZo Ho$ {bò _m{H$J noZ&
nmR> 10 : AnKQ>Z Ho$ {bò An _mm _| ^moOZ, Mma Ho$bo Ho$ {N>Ho$ Ama Mma J_bo `m ~mhar WmZ; Amgnmg H$s
~Vr _| H$Mao d _bOb Ho$ {ZVmaU Ho$ {df` _| OmZH$mar, `{X H$Mao d _bOb Ho$ CnMma H$s `dWm hmo Vmo CgHo$
{df` _| OmZH$mar&
252
nmR>-8
h_mam ^moOZ Ohm go AmVm h?
{H`mH$bmn
^m{OZ H{$ ]ma{ _| OmZH$mar
1. ^m{OZ H$hm g{ AmVm h? (1 H$mbme + JhH$m`; TB 75)
_wZr Ama MwZy Z{ H$b [mbH$-[Zra Im`m Wm$& MwZy OmZZm MmhVm Wm oH$ `h oH$Z MrOm| g{ ]Zm Wm$& _m
Z{ ]Vm`m oH$ [mbH$-[Zra H{$ gKQ>H$ h - [mbH$, [Zra (XyY g{ ]Zm), `mO, bhgwZ, AXaH$, o_M, hXr
Ama Z_H$$&
Hw$N> ^m{OZm| H{$ Zm_m| H$s gyMr ]ZmAm{ oOh| Vw_Z{ Ama Vwhma{$Xm{Vm| Z{ hmb hr _| Im`m hm{$& `{ ^m{OZ oH$Z
gKQ>H$m| g{ ]Z{ hm{V{ h ? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 117)
_mby_ H$am{ oH$ ha gKQ>H$ dZ[oV`m| g{ Am`m `m OVwAm| g{$`m o\$a H$ht Ama g{ & CZ dZ[oV`m| `m OVwAm|
H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 118)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
"gKQ>H$' eX go n[aM` H$amZo Ho$ {bò EH$ N>moQ>r gr H$hmZr H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m& A{YH$me ~o nHo$ hwE Mmdb,
Mm`, Zt~y nmZr d Amby Ho$ {Mg Ho$ gKQ>H$m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZVo Wo; Hw$N> ~o H$T>r Am{X Ho$ gKQ>H$m| Ho$ ~mao _| ^r OmZVo
Wo& A{YH$me ~o agmoB _| _XX H$aVo Wo O~{H$ Hw$N> ~o ^moOZ Ho$ {ZarjU mam AZw_mZ bJm aho Wo& Ogo Vw_ gagm|
Ho$ ~rOm| H$mo gOr _| XoIVo hmo `m `{X `h nrbr h, Vmo Bg_o hXr hmoVr hAm{X & Chm|Zo A{YH$me ^moOZm| Ho$ Zm_
AnZr _mV^mfm _| {Xò, O~{H$ _Zo Ch| gm_m` AJoOr eXm| _| CZH$s dVZr Ho$ gmW ~Vm`m&
(XoIo Im nXmWm] H$s gyMr, hbH$m-\w$bH$m {dkmZ H$jm-3 {ejH$-nwpVH$m n> 232-243)
H$jm-3 _| {dm{W`m| Zo gm_m` Cn`moJ _| AmZo dmbo \$bm|, g{O`mo, AZmOm| d Xmbm| Ho$ Zm_ nT> o Wo & _Zo
CZgo H$hm {H$ Vw_ {d{^ H$ma Ho$ ^moOZ, Omo ~mOma _| {_bVo h, Ho$ Zm_ nVm H$amo d _mg, _N>br VWm eob{\$e Ho$
Zm_ Ty>T>m| d CZ g^r ^mo` nXmWmo Ho$ Zm_ ^r EH$ H$amo Omo Vwhmao gm_m` Amhma H$m ^mJ Zht h&
253
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Cma
{dmWr OmZVo Wo, {H$ amoQ>r Joh Ho$ AmQ>o go ~ZVr h, naVw do `h Zht OmZVo Wo {H$ _Xm d adm ^r Joh Ho$ AmQ>o H$m EH$
H$ma h VWm Eogo ^moOZ {OZgo do `mXm n[a{MV Zht Wo, Ho$ ~mao _| CZH$s HwN> AbJ H$nZmE Wr& Hw$N> ~m| H$m
`h {ddmg Wm {H$ ZyS>g gmnm| d B[b`m| go ~ZVo h (AV: do Ch| Zht ImVo Wo) `m {\$a nmYm| Ho$ VZo go ~ZVo h &
~m| H$mo Ka _| ~Zmò OmZo dmbo ^moOZ Ho$ {df` _| AN>r OmZH$mar Wr, Ogo {H$ CS> X Xmb H$m Cn`moJ S>mogm ~ZmZo
_| Ama MZo H$s Xmb Ho$ AmQ>o H$m Cn`moJ nH$mS>r ~ZmZo _| hmoVm h & ChmoZo H$m`-nwpVH$m _| Xr JB gmaUr AnZo
nmbH$m| H$s ghm`Vm go â br Wr, Hw$N> Zo nmYm| H$o ^mJm| H$m ^r CoI {H$`m Wm& Hw$N> Zo ^moOZ Ho$ gKQ>H$mo H$s gyMr
Ho$ gmW _gmbo Am{X Ho$ Imbr nHo$Q> ^r bmò Wo &
Hw$N> ^moOZ Omo h_Zo Imò Wo
g K Q> H $
adm d gm~yXmZo H$s Ira
adm, gm~yXmZm, XyY, e$a Ama Bbm`Mr
nmYo `m new H$m Zm_
g K Q> H $
nmYm `m new?
adm
nmYm
Joh H$m ~rO
gm~yXmZm
nmYm
eH$aH$X nmYo H$s OS>
XyY
new
Jm` `m ^gm| go
MrZr
nmYm
Jo H$m VZm
Bbm`Mr
nmYm
Bbm`Mr Ho$ nmYo H$m \$b
2. [{S>-[mYm| H{$ H$mZ-g{ ohg{ h_ ImV{ h? (JhH$m` + 1 H$mbme MMm)

Vwhmar H$m`-[wpVH$m _| [> 119 g{ 121 VH$ H$B [{S>-[mYm| H{$ oM h$oOZg{ ^m{OZ o_bVm h$& [{S>-[mYm|
H$m{ gyMr _| oX`{ hE CZH{$ Zm_m| g{ o_bmAm{$&
[{S>-[mYm| H{$ CZ ohgm| H$m{ Zm_moH$V H$am{ oOh| Vw_ [hMmZ gH$V{ hm{- Og{ OS>, YS>, VZm, S>mbr, [Vr,
\y$b, \$b `m ]rO$& [{S>-[mYm| H{$ oOZ ohgm| H$m{ Vw_ ImV{ hm{$CZH{$ Zm_m| H$m{ Jm{b{ _| K{am{ &
oH$Z [mYm| H{$ Xm{ `m Xm{ g{ `mXm ohg{ Im`{ OmV{ h?
254
H$m`nwpVH$m _| nmYm| H$m g{M dUZ {H$`m J`m h& (CZHo$ ImZo `mo` ^mJm| Ho$ Zm_ H$mo>H$ _| {Xò Jò h&):
H$m`nwpVH$m n> 119
n { $ 1 : Am_ (\y$b, H$m d nH$m \$b), gVam( nH$m \$b)
n { $ 2 : `mO (OS> , H$mo_b n{m`m, ~rO), Mmdb(~rO), _ybr (OS> , n{m`m)
n { $ 3 : \y$bJmo^r (\y$b), _Q>a(~rO, H$mo_b n{m`m), nmbH$ (n{m`m)
H$m`nwpVH$m n> 120
n { $ 1 : XmbMrZr(N>mb), dma (~rO), gy`_wIr(~rO), Joh (~rO)
n { $ 2 : JmOa(OS> ), AXaI$(^y{_JV VZm,n{m`m), Aa~r(^y{_JV VZm,n{m`m)
H$m`nwpVH$m n> 121
n { $ 1 : Jm (VZm>), ~mOam(~rO), Ho$bm(\y$b, \$b, AmV[aH$ VZm), Zm[a`b (H$mo_b d nHo$ hE \$b)
n { $ 2 : MwH$Xa$(OS>, n{m`m), MmbmB(n{m`m), IwagmemH$(n{m`m), Q>_mQ>a (H$o d nHo$ \$b), gagm|(~rO,
n{m`m)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dm{W`m| H$mo AnZo ^moOZ Ho$ kmZ H$mo, nmYm| Ho$ ^mJm| Ho$ ~mao _| AnZr OmZH$mar Ho$ gmW g`w$ H$aZm Wm & H$B ~m|
Zo `h W_ ~ma OmZm {H$ JmOa, `mO, Amby Am{X ^y{_ Ho$ AXa CJVo h & ChmoZo nm`m {H$ Ho$bo Ho$ nmYo Ho$ A{YH$
go A{YH$ ^mJ ImZo `mo` h &
nmYo Ho$ {d{^ ^mJm| go m hmoZo dmbo ^moOZ (H$m`-nwpVH$m _| {Xò Jò nmYm| Ho$ Zm_ _moQ>o Ajam|
_| {Xò Jò h):
OS> : JmOa, MwH$Xa
Xa, aVmby , _ybr, ebO_
`mO, bhgwZ, brH (leek)
H$X : `mO
Q>`y~a(`m ^y{_JV VZo-ò OS> go {^ h `m|{H$ BZH$s "AmIo' hmoVr h, gmW hr "H${b`m' ^r hmoVr
255
AXaI$, Aa~r
h, {OZgo EH$ Z`m nmYm AHw$[aV hmoVm h)-AXaI$,
Aa~r, Amby , `m_, eH$aH$X, hXr, AamamoQ>
VZm - Jm, e$a, Ho$bo H$m VZm
VZm, ham nmrXma VZm, H$_b H$m VZm(H$_bH$H$S>r)
H$mo_b amoh - gVmdar, ~mg, $~m~(aodVMrZr), hmWrMH$
N>mb - XmbMrZr
XmbMrZr, VoOnmm
nmr - nmoXma gpO`m Ogo nmbH$, IwagmemH$ Ama Mm b mB
mB, ~XJmo^r, Y{Z`m, H$T>rnmm, VoOnmm,
Mm`
\y$b - \y $ bJmo ^ rr, Ho$bo H$m \y$b, Ho$ga
\$b - g^r \$b, gVam, Ho$bm
bm, Amdbm, Am_ Am{X, H$, H$H$S>r, H$ydJr` gpO`m (Ogo bmH$s,
H$aobm, noR>m), Q>_mQ>a, ~JZZ, q^S>r, {_{M`m, go_, B_br, Hw$N> H$R>moa {N>bHo$ dmbo \$b
~rO - g^r AZmO Ogo Mmdb, Joh, dma Ama ~mOam
~mOam, Xmb|, _Q> a, Hw$N> H$R>moa {NbHo$ dmbo \$b,
{VbhZ Ogo {Vb, gy ` _ w I r Ama gagm|, Zm[a`b
Zm[a`b, H$m\$s
3. ^m{OZ Om{ h_| OmZdam| g{ o_bV{ h (2 H$mbme; TB 75, WB p. 122)
H$. Ord-OVwAm| g{ o_bZ{ dmb{ ^m{OZm| H$s A[Zr gyMr [T>m{$& BZ OmZdam| H{$ Zm_ H$mJO H$s [Mu [a
obIm{$& [Mu H{$ Xygar Am{a CZg{ o_bZ{ dmb{ ^m{OZ H{$ Zm_ obIm{ Og{, XyY, AS>m `m _mg$&
[oM`m| H$m{ AbJ-AbJ VarH{$ g{ g_yhm| _| N>mQ>m{$& OmZdam| H{$ Zm_ H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 122 [a Jm{bm|
H{$ ghr ^mJ _| obIm{$&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Cma
{dm{W`m| Zo AnZo AZw^dm| Ho$ AmYma na Cma {Xò Ama {MH$a Z 5 Ho$ {bò Cho nmbVy d OJbr newAm| _o
dJuH$V {H$`m
nmbVy : ~H$ar, ôS>, Jm`, gwAa, _wJr, ~VI, H$bhg, Q>H$s
OJbr new : {d{^ H$ma H$s _N>{b`m, g_wr Ho$H$S> o, Ho$H$S> o, grn, Km|Ko, {d{^ H$ma Ho$ njr Ogo OJbr _wJo,
H$~yVa, VrVa, IaJmoe, Iahm, OJbr gwAa, {haZ Hw$N> A` Ord Ogo emH$, H$mbo {haU Ama Hw$N> {H$_m| Ho$ VrVa
256
Omo A^r {dbw hmoZo Ho$ H$Jma na h& Hw$N> {dm{W`m| Zo Cg KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mao _| ^r ~Vm`m, {Og_o amOWmZ Ho$ {~ZmoB
g_mO Ho$ bmoJm| Zo EH$ {\$_ H$bmH$ma H$mo Ja H$mZyZr $n go H$mbo {haU H$m {eH$ma H$aVo hò nH$S>m Wm &
H$m`-nwpVH$m Ho$ n> 122 Ho$ A`mg _| doZ AmaoI VH$ZrH$s H$m nwZ: _aU H$am`m J`m h, Omo nmR> 1 _mby_ H$amo
_| ~VmB JB Wr& ~m`r Va\$ H$s AmH${V _| g^r mUr {~Zm {H$gr AndmX Ho$ "_mg' dmbo Jmobo _| AmVo h& Bgo Xygar
Vah go ^r ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h(Ogm {H$ Xm`r Va\$ ~Zm`m J`m h) {Og_o EH$ ~S>o Jmobo Ho$ AXa Xmo {VN>oX Z H$aZo
dmbo "XyY' d "AS>o' dmbo Jmobmo H$mo ~Zm`m J`m h& _Zo {dm{W`m| go CZ OmZdam| Ho$ Zm_ nyN>o Omo g^r Jmobm| Ho ~mha
AmVo h & (AWmV do OmZda {OZgo h_ ^moOZ m Zhr H$aVo&)
OmZda Omo
XyY XoVo h
OmZda Omo
XyY XoVo h
~H$ar
gwAa
Jm`
PtJm
OmZda Omo
D$Q>
_mg XoVo h
IaJmoe
Ho$H$S>m
_N>br
_wJr
OmZda Omo
AS>o XoVo h
~H$ar
D$Q>
Jm`
OmZda Omo
_mg XoVo h
Ho$H$S>m
IaJmoe
PtJm
_N>br
_wJr
OmZda Omo
AS>o XoVo h
gwAa
257
OmZdam| H$mo dJrH$V H$aZo Ho$ {bò EH$ A` _mZXS> H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m, {Og_o OmZdam| H$mo nmbVy d OJbr Xmo
^mJm| _| ~mQ>Zo Ho$ gmW hr, Ob _| ahZo dmbo, Wb `m hdm _| ahZo dmbo; njr, VZYmar mUr, _N>br d eb_N>br(H$dM
mUr) Ho$ AmYma na ~mQ>m J`m &
I. bm{Jm| H$m{ ^m{OZ AZ{H$ OmZdam| g{ o_bVm h$& `{ OmZda H$mZ-gm ^m{OZ H$aV{ h?
^g
]H$ar _wJu _N>br
AJa Vwh| Zht _mby_ h oH$ `{ OmZda `m ImV{ h Vm{ gm{Mm{ oH$ Vw_ Bg{ H$g{ _mby_ H$am{J{$&
Bg_| EH$ gm_m` {dMma `h h {H$ AVV: h_mam ^moOZ nmYm| go hr m hmoVm h& {OZ newAm| H$mo
h_ ImVo h, do ^r nmYm| H$mo ImH$a hr ~T> Vo h & nmbVy newAm| H$m Amhma mH${VH$ `m V`ma {H$`m
hAm hmoVm h& CXmhaUmW Jm`, ^g `m KmoS>m Kmg Ama n{m`m Ma gH$Vo h `m AZmO H$s ^ygr Ama
MmoH$a, Ibr, \$gbm| Ho$ VZm| Ho$ Qw>H$S> o, {VZHo$ `m Mmao go ~Zm ^moOZ Im gH$Vo h & ò gmar gm_{J`m
nmYm| go h_mao {bò Cn`moJr ^moOZ m H$aZo H$s {H$`m _| JmU CnmX Ho$ $n _| m hmoVr h&
Mmdb d Joh H$s nm{be hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ~Mm hAm MmoH$a new Amhma _| {_bm {X`m OmVm h & gm~wV Xmb
H$mo Xmo Qw>H$S>m| _| VmoS> Zo Ho$ XmamZ ~Zm hAm MyU VWm _yJ\$br, {Vb, H$nmg Ho$ ~rO Am{X go Vob
{ZH$mbZo Ho$ ~mX ~Mm Adeof (Bg_o moQ>rZ, {dQ>m{_Z, I{ZO, aoeo d dgm hmoVo h) XyYm$ newAm| Ho$
{bò nmofH$ Amhma H$m H$m` H$aVm h&
AmOH$b newAm| go m JmU CnmX Ogo _N>br, _mg, IyZ VWm h{>`m| H$m Myam Am{X emH$mhmar
newAm| H$mo {Ibm`m OmVm h & BZ OmZdam| H$mo _mg {IbmZo go (Ogo Jm` H$m _mg Jm` H$mo {IbmZm)
_ao hò newAm| go Or{dV newAm| _| ~r_m[a`m \$b gH$Vr h & (Ogo OmZbodm ""_S>H$mD$ amoJ'')
258
OmZda `m ImVo h?
mH${VH$ Amhma
OmZda
^g
Kmg, H$mo_b n{m`m
(OJbr `m IoV H$s)
~H$ar
V`ma {H$`m hAm Amhma

gyIr Kmg, VZo, AZmO Ama ~rO, Ibr(_yJ\$br,
{Vb, gagm| , gmo ` m~rZ, H$nmg go ) , XmbMw a r
({H${dV new ^moOZ go A{YH$ _mm _| XyY m
hmoVm h), _` Amhma, h{>`m| H$m Myam
`{n ~H$[a`m| H$m ^moOZ ^r Jm`m| d ^gm| Ho$ g_mZ hr hmoVm h, {\$a ^r do H$_
agrbr n{m`m| `m gyIr Kmg na ^r JwOmam H$a boVr h & h_mao Xoe _o Ch| Aga
MaZo Ho$ {bò N>moS> {X`m OmVm h &
_wJr
~rO, B{`m, H$sS> o
nmYm| d OmZdam| Ho$ JmU CnmX,C moQ>rZ`w$

AZmO, g_wr edmb, Myam {H$ò hò eI `m Imob
{Oggo Ch| AS>m| Ho$ Imob Ho$ {bò H$pe`_
{_b gHo$, N>moQ>o nWa Omo CZH$s nofUr _| ahVo h
^moOZ H$mo nrgZo _| _XX H$aVo h&
_N>br
nmZr _o pWV OrdmUw

(bmH$Q>Z), Obr` nmYo,
N>moQ>o H$Q>o{e`Z, N>moQ>r
_N>{b`m
nmYm| d OmZdam| Ho$ JmU CnmX _w`V:_N>br

Ama H$Q>o{e`Z
4. \$gb| H$g{ CJm`r OmVr h (4 H$mbme + j{ ^_U + JhH$m`; TB p. 76)

H$. Hw$N> ImZ{ H$s MrOm| Ama \$gbm| H{$ Zm_ obIm{ Om{ Vwhma{ BbmH{$ _| CJmB OmVr h$& oH$gr I{V _| OmAm{
Ama \$gbm| H{$ ]ma{ _| [Vm H$am{ oH$ d{ H$g{ CJmB OmVr h$&
259
jo ^_U
Jm_rU {dmb`m| _| jo ^_U H$m Am`moOZ H$aZm AmgmZ hmoVm h& Jm_rU {dmWr Omo nhbo go hr H${f g~Yr
J{V{d{Y`m| go n[a{MV h, {H$gmZm| go ~mVMrV H$aHo$ Ama A{YH$ kmZ m H$a gH$Vo h& ehar {dm{W`m| H$mo jo
^_U na bo OmZo _| Hw$N> H${R>ZmB Am gH$Vr h & ^_U Ho$ {bò Cm_ g_` _mZgyZ H$m h & `hm na n[adhZ Ama
R>haZo d {ZH$bZo H$s g_`m Am gH$Vr h; gmW hr EH$ ^_U _| {H$gr ^r {H$`mH$bmn H$m EH$ N>moQ>m gm ^mJ hr
XoIm Om gH$Vm h& VWm{n {H$gr Cn`w$ g_` na jo H$m ^_U H$aZm, dmV{dH$ IoV XoIZm, {H$gmZm| go ~mVMrV
H$aZm `m {\$a EH$ Mmdb H$s {_b na OmZm ^r Cn`moJr hmoVm h VWm nmR>`-nwpVH$m$_| {Xò Jò Hw$N> Zm| H$o Cma
XoZo _| ^r ghm`H$ hmoVm h&
I. BZ oMm| _| oXIm`m J`m h oH$ YmZ H$s I{Vr H$g{ hm{Vr h$& [Vm H$am{ oH$ ha EH$ oM _| `m hm{ ahm
h$(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 123-126) &
^maV Ho$ A{YH$me ^mJm| _| Mmdb Amhma H$m _w` KQ>H$ h& ^maV H$s Hw$b AZmO InV _| go 50% InV
Ho$db (Joh Ho$db 16% `moJXmZ XoVm h) Mmdb H$s hr hmoVr h & nyd _ogmo{b{WH$ H$mb (9000-8000 B.ny.) VWm
hS> nm gH${V (2300 B.ny.) _| JJm Ho$ _XmZm| _| Mmdb H$s IoVr H$s OmVr Wr& amOWmZ go A$UmMb Xoe
VWm Ho$ab go O_y H$_ra VH$ `h Iar\$ `m a~r H$s \$gb Ho$ $n _| CJm`m OmVm Wm& `{n `h EH$ J_
D$UH${Q>~Yr` Am ^y{_ H$s \$gb h, {\$a ^r `h R>S>o jom| Ogo MrZ, OmnmZ Ama AmQ>o{b`m _| ^r CJm`m
OmVm h& Xw{Z`m Ho$ g^r Xoem| _| go Ho$db ^maV _| gdm{YH$ ^y{_ jo\$b _| Mmdb H$s IoVr H$s OmVr h &
VWm{n {V hoQ>oà CnmXZ H$_ h & gmaUr _o MrZ d OmnmZ go VwbZm H$s JB h&
Xo e
Mmdb Ho$ {bò H${f ^y{_ Hw$b CnmXZ
CnmXZ/jo \$b
{_{b`Z hoQà _|
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{_{b`Z {_Q>rH$ Q>Z _|
{H$Jm/hoQ>oà
^maV
40
79
1975
MrZ
37
130
3534
OmnmZ
2.5
16
6250
Mmdb CJmZm, CgHo$ _mg_r H$m` VWm Cggo OwS>o `mhma Ogo ~wAmB Ho$ gmW Aj` VVr`m, amonmB VWm H$Q>mB
(nm|Jb Ama AmoU_) Ho$ _mg_ ^maVr` gH${V H$m EH$ {hgm h VWm BgH$m dUZ Aga JrVm| Ama H$hm[Z`m| _|
260
nmR>`-nwpVH$m _|
{Xò Jò {Mm|
H$s `m`m
{H$`m OmVm h& Hw$N> Img JrVm| Ho$ gwa d Vmb Ho$ gmW IoVr Ho$ H$m` {H$ò OmVo h& _oar H$jm Ho$ {dm{W`m| H$mo _amR>r
bmoH$JrV d Z` Ho$ nX AmVo Wo, {Og_o YmZ CJmZo H$s {H$`m H$m dUZ {H$`m J`m h&
gyIo jom| _| Mmdb {~Zm amonmB Ho$ CJm`m OmVm h& H$^r-H$^r Bg {d{Y _| O~ \$gb 1-2 _mh
nwamZr hmo OmVr h VWm {ZH$mB d CdaH$ S>mbZo H$m H$m` nyam hmo OmVm h, V~ BZ IoVm| _| dfm H$m Ob
EH$[V {H$`m OmVm h VWm `h EH$ AmX ^y{_ H$s \$gb _| n[ad{VV hmo OmVr h&
nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ n> 76-78 _| "Am' Umbr mam Mmdb H$s IoVr H$s {d{^ AdWmAm| H$mo {Mm|
mam ~Vm`m J`m h & (Am Umbr _| ~hV A{YH$ nmZr H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h, naVw BgHo$ H$B
bm^ h &) ò \$gb ma^ _| N>moQ>o CmZ `m Zgar _| CJmB OmVr h Omo EH$ ~S>o IoV Ho$ jo\$b H$m
1/10 ^mJ hmoVm h & Bg N>moQ>o go jo _| nmY H$m ~ohVa ~Y {H$`m OmVm h & qgMmB VWm nmYm| H$m
gajU AmgmZ hmoVm h VWm Ho$db dW nmYm| H$mo hr amonU Ho$ {bò MwZm OmVm h &
nmZr âZo d amonmB Ho$ nX Omo Ho$db Mmdb H$s IoVr _| hr hmoVo h, H$mo N>moS> H$a ~mH$s nX A` \$gbmo
H$s H${f Ho$ g_mZ hr hmoVo h&
(1) OwVmB H$aZm d ImX S>mbZm
Zgar _| nhbo nmQ>m Mbm`m d OmoVm OmVm h & (XoI|
n> 268) {M (1) d (2) _| hb VWm nQ>am {XIm`m
J`m h, Omo ~bm| H$s OmoS>r mam ItMm OmVm h&
~S> o IoVm| _| EH$ ~S> o hb H$mo ItMZo Ho$ {bò Q>>Q>a
H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h& (XoI| nmR>`-nw{VH$m$
Ho$ n> 79 Ho$ {M {Og_o hamo Ama hb {XImò Jò
h {Oho Q>>Q>a Ho$ mam ItMm OmVm h &) Zgar H$mo
nhbo ImX go âm OmVm h d {\$a Bg_o nmZr âm
OmVm h & nmZr go nwamZo Kmg\y$g d Ry>R> Am{X gp_{lV hmoH$a AnK{Q>V hmo OmVo h, {Oggo nmofH$ Vd m hmoVo h
VWm `h ~rOm| Ho$ {bò EH$ Z_ ^y{_ ^r V`ma H$aVo h &
261
(2) nmQ>m MbmZm ::-Zgar H$mo nmQ>o H$s ghm`Vm go g_Vb {H$`m OmVm h &
(3) AIwdmE ~rOm| H$mo Jrbr amonUr `mar _| {N>Q>H$Zm
~rO H$m g_rn X`

gm_m`V: amonZo Ho$ nhbo, ~rOm| H$mo EH$ {XZ Ho$ {bò nmZr _| {^Jmo`m OmVm h, nmZr {ZWmam OmVm h VWm AHw$am| H$mo
Am, J_ d AYoao WmZ _| AHw$[aV hmoZo Ho$ {bò aIm OmVm h & {M _| Am{eH$ $n go AHw$[aV ~rOm| H$mo {N>Q>H$Vo
hò {XIm`m J`m h, {Oggo do H$mo_b ^y{_ na g_mZ $n go \$b OmVo h &
ehar {dmWr {Ohm|Zo Ho$db nm{be {H$`m hAm Mmdb XoIm h, do YmZ Ho$ ~rO H$mo Zht nhMmZ nmVo & _oao
ehar H$jm Ho$ {dm{W`m| Zo hbH$m \w$bH$m {dkmZ H$jm 3 _| nT> Vo g_` nmR> 3 _| `h XoIm Wm {H$ nm{be {H$`m hAm
Mmdb AH$w[aV Zht hmoVm h & A{YH$me ~m| Zo Mmdb H$m nyam XmZm XoIm Wm& AmJo Ho$ {M g_yhm| _| Hw$Q>mB d
nm{be H$s {H$`m go JwOaZo dmbm nyam XmZm AWmV YmZ H$m ~rO {XIm`m J`m h&
262
(4) AHw$[aV hmoVm YmZ H$m ~rO :- W_ Mma AdWmAm| _|, ~moZo go nhbo {^Jmoò hò YmZ Ho$ ~rO H$m
AHw$aU {XIm`m J`m h& AHw$aU Ho$ ~mX H$s VrZ AdWmò {_>r _| gn hmoVr h & _Zo {dm{W`m| go
CJVo hE VZo d OS> m| H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bò H$hm VWm ~rO H$s Cg AdWm Ho$ {M H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bò H$hm,
O~ Bgo ~mo`m OmVm h &
(5) nmY (~ohZ) H$m ~T>Zm :- ~T> Vr hwB nmY H$s OS>m| H$mo Wm`r $n go nmZr _| Sy>~m
hmoZm Mm{hE &
O~ nmY _| Mma-nmM n{m`m Am OmVr h, V~ do amonmB Ho$ {bò V`ma

hmo OmVr h& Bg AdWm H$mo AmZo _| 14 go 40 {XZ H$m g_` bJVm
h, Omo YmZ Ho$ H$ma, Vmn_mZ VWm nmZr H$s CnbYVm na {Zâ
H$aVm h &
Bgr ~rM _| Xygao IoV _| nmQ>m Mbm`m OmVm h, IoV H$mo OmoVm
OmVm h VWm Cg na ImX `m CdaH$ S> mbm OmVm h & BgHo$ ~mX Bg Xygao IoV _| nmZr âm OmVm h& nhbr AdWm
_| Zgar _| nmZr XoZo VWm ~mX _| ~S>o IoV _| nmZr XoZo Ho$ H$B bm^ h& YmZ H$s nmY ~T>Zo bJVr h d IanVdma,
AZmd`H$ Kmg\y$g Am{X Ob_ hmoH$a g_m hmo OmVo h & ^y{_ Z_ hmo OmVr h VWm {_>r Ho$ nmofH$ Vd nmZr _|
Kwb OmVo h, Omo {H$ nmYm| Ho$ mam AmgmZr go Ademo{fV hmo OmVo h & YmZ Ho$ nmYo nmZr âo hò IoVm| _| Or{dV ah
OmVo h `m|{H$ YmZ _ybV: Am ^y{_ H$s \$gb h& Jo, H$_b d Hw$_w{XZr H$s Vah hr, BZ nmYm| _| Z{b`m| H$s
`dWm hmoVr h, Omo hdm H$mo n{m`m| go VZo d OS> m| VH$ nhMmZo H$m H$m` H$aVr h, {Oggo nmZr go âr AdWm _|
^r OS> m| H$mo gmg boZo _| ghm`Vm {_bVr h &(XoI| nmR> 7, n> 202 Ama 219)
263
6) amonUr `mar go nmY {ZH$mbZm :- nmY H$mo CgH$s OS> g_oV CImS>m OmVm h VWm V`ma IoV _| Cgo {\$a go
bJm`m OmVm h& Bgo nmY {ZH$mbZm H$hVo h&
7) nmZr âo hE IoV _| nmY amonZm(amonmB) ::-Mma `m nmM nmY EH$ JwN>o Ho$ $n _| EH$ OJh bJmB
OmVr h & EH$ n{$ _| {Z{MV Xyar na amonmB H$aVo h &
8) nrS>H$Zmer H$m Cn`moJ :- CJVr hB YmZ H$s \$gb nVJm|,
Bpb`m|, YmZ Ho$ Jw~abm| Ama CZHo$ bmadm, YmZ Ho$ {Q>>m| VWm
_mh Ho$ {bò AmH$fH$ ^moOZ hmoVm h& Hw$N> n{m`m ImVo h, Hw$N>
OS> VWm VZo _| gwaJ H$aVo h `m H$mo_b YmZ Ho$ H$Um| H$m ag nr
OmVo h& BZ nrS> H$m| na {ZÙ H$aZo Ho$ {bò, \$gbm| na
nrS> H$Zmer H$m {NS> H$md `m \$dmam {H$`m OmVm h & (nrS>H$m| Ho$
{ZÙ H$s A` gwa{jV {d{Y`m| Ho$ {bò, XoI|, nyN>mo Ama _mby_
H$amo nR> 286-288 na)
264
(9) {ZH$mB (IanVdma {ZH$mbZm) :- IanVdma VoOr go

~T> Vo h VWm `{X Ch| Z hQ>m`m Omò Vmo do WmZ Ama nmofH$
Vdm| Ho$ {bò YmZ Ho$ nmYm|| go {VnYm H$aZo bJVo h, \$gb
H$mo ~T>Zo Zht XoVo & H$^r-H$^r IanVdmaZmer(herbicides)
H$m Cn`moJ IanVdma H$mo g_m H$aZo Ho$ {bò {H$`m OmVm
h, naVw do {dfbo hmoVo h&
CdaH$, nrS> H$Zmer VWm IanVdmaZmer AVV:nmZr
mam Ywb OmVo h& nmZr, ^moOZ `m dm`w Ho$ mam do OmZdam|
Ho$ eara _| doe H$a OmVo h VWm Im lIbm _| WmZ nm
OmVo h {Oggo ~h V A{YH$ Zw H $gmZ hmo V m h &
(nrS> H$Zmer Ho$ IVao Ama CZHo$ {dH$n Ho$ {bò XoIo
n> 278-279 VWm 286-288)
(10) \y$b AmZm :- {M _| YmZ Ho$ nmYo Ho$ \y$b H$mo g_rn
go {>XIm`m J`m h&
\y$b H$m g_rn X`
(11) IoV gwImZm :- \$gb _| \y$b AmZo Ho$ EH$

_mh ~mX, nmYm| Ho$ \$b AWmV XmZo nH$ OmVo h& (~rO
~moZo d H$Q>mB Ho$ ~rM Hw$b 100 go 200 {XZ H$m g_`
hmoVm h &) nH$Zo Ho$ XmamZ IoV go nmZr {ZH$mb {X`m
OmVm h & YmZ (H$m YmZ) V^r H$mQ>m OmVm h O~
`h WmoS>m Jrbm hmo& `{X Bgo nmYo na nyao g_` nH$Zo
{X`m Omò Vmo XmZo AnZo Amn {JaH$a ZQ> hmo OmVo h&
265
12) YmZ H$s H$Q>mB :- YmZ H$s H$Q>mB H$aZo Ho$ {bò h{gò H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h `m `m[H$ $n go Q>Q>a d
hmdoQ>a Ho$ mam YmZ H$s H$Q>mB hmoVr h & H$Q>mB Ho$ nMmV AZmO H$mo IoV _| gyIZo Ho$ [bò aIm OmVm h & `{X YmZ
nyar Vah Z gyIm hmo Vmo Cg_o \$\y$X bJ OmVr h &
13) _S>mB
gyIo hE nmYm| Ho$ S>R>bm| H$mo H$R>moa gVh na nQ>H$m OmVm h, {Oggo YmZ AbJ hmo Omò & _S>mB _| ~bm| Ho$ mam S>R>bm|
H$mo Hw$MbH$a ^r AZmO AbJ H$aVo h & ~S>o IoVm| _| WoqeJ _erZ H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h & H$wN {H$gmZ hm{W`m|
H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h, Vmo Hw$N> {H$gmZ AZmO Ho$ S>R>bm| H$mo hmBdo na aI XoVo h, {Oggo Q>H$ CZ na go JwOaH$a AZmO
Ho$ XmZm| H$mo AbJ H$a Xo &
_S>mB Ho$ nMmV YmZ H$mo \$Q>H$m OmVm h& \$Q>H$Zo Ho$ XmamZ YmZ H$mo Q>moH$ar Ho$ mam D$MmB go {Jam`m OmVm
h & hdm (mH {VH$ `m nIo mam Cn) ^ygr, Yyb Ama hHo$ XmZm| H$mo EH$ Amoa CS>m bo OmVr h, O~{H$ ^mar AZmO
H$U ZrMo EH${V hmo OmVo h&
AJbo n> na {Xò Jò {Mm| _| YmZ Ho$ XmZo H$s Hw$Q>mB Ama nm{bqeJ H$s {H$`m _| hmoZo dmbo n[adVZm| H$mo H$_
go {XIm`m J`m h & Hw$Q>mB _| _moQ>r ^ygr Qy>Q>Vr h Ama {\$a AbJ H$s OmVr h & ~S> r AmoIbr _| Hy$Q>H$a `m IwaXwao
266
Hw$Q>mB Ama nm{be H$aZo Ho$ XmamZ `m hmoVm h:
_S>mB Ho$ ~mX Mmdb
Ho$ XmZ| S>R>b go
AbJ hmo OmVo h&
bH$S>r Ho$ nmQ>m| Ho$ ~rM aJS>H$a ^r YmZ H$s hmW go Hw$Q>mB H$s OmVr h&
Hw$Q>o hE YmZ H$m aJ hH$m ^yam hmoVm h& `h ImZo `mo`, dm{X> Ama ~hV hr
nm{H$ hmoVm h & naVw Bg ^yao YmZ _| AmgmZr go nrS> H$ Ogo H$sS> o Ama H$dH$ Am{X
bJ OmVo h & Mmdb H$mo A{YH$ g_` VH$ gwa[jV aIZo Ama g\o$X {XIZo Ho$ {bò
Bgo nm{be {H$`m OmVm h & nm{be H$aZo _| MmoH$a Ama Or{dV ^yU (H$sQ>mUw) AbJ
hmo OmVo h & BgHo$ gmW hr Hw$N> nmoQ>rZ d dgm Ama A{YH$me {dQ>m{_Z, I{ZO d aoeo
^r Z> hmo OmVo h & (XooIo hbH$m \w$bH$m {dkmZ H$jm 3 {ejH$-nwpVH$m n> 115)
MmoH$a H$m Cn`moJ OmZdam| Ho$ ^moOZ Ho$ {bò hmoVm h & (XooIo n 257-258)
14) Hw$Q>mB Ama nm{be H$aZo H$s _erZ
{M _| EH$ AmYw{ZH$ Hw$Q>mB d nm{be H$aZo H$s _erZ {XImB JB h, qH$Vw A{YH$Va
Xmo `m VrZ _{Obm {_bm| _| ~S> o n_mZo H$s _erZo hmoVr h, {Og_o Hw$Q>mB d nm{be
H$aZo H$m H$m` AbJ-AbJ
hmoVm h&
AVV: Mmdb Ho$ XmZo {dH$` Ho$
{bò ~mOma bo Omò OmVo h& Bg
{H$`m _| g^r WmZm| na YmZ
H$mo nrS> H$m| go Xya, gyIo WmZ na
aIm OmVm h&
Hw$Q>mB go YmZ H$r

^ygr {ZH$b
OmVr h &
Mmdb
^y g r
nm{be H$aZo go ~mhar naV

Ama ^yU {ZH$b OmVo h &
nm{be {H$`m
hAm Mmdb
~mhar naV
^ y U
267
H${f go Cn
Hw$N> g_`m`|
`mo-`mo _mZd Am~mXr ~T> Vr Om ahr h `m|-`m| A{YH$ go A{YH$ ^y{_ H$mo H${f ^y{_ _| ~XbZo Ho$ {bò X~md
~T> Vm Om ahm h VWm CnbY IoVm| go A{YH$ go A{YH$ CnO boZo na Omoa {X`m Om ahm h & OJb H$Q> aho h Ama
CZH$s OJh \$gb| bJmB Om ahr h, {Oggo {_>r H$m H$Q>md hmo ahm h& h[aV H$m{V Ho$ ~mX go, CV d AN>r CnO
j_Vm dmbo ~rOm| H$m Cn`moJ hmoZo bJm, {OZHo$ {bò amgm`{ZH$ CdaH$, nrS> H$Zmer VWm IanVdmaZmer H$s
Amd`H$Vm nS>r& AmO Xw{Z`m Ho$ H$B ^mJm| _| ò agm`Z A{V Amd`H$ hmo Jò h & qH$Vw ò h_mao n`mdaU H$mo
J^ra ZwH$gmZ nhMmVo h& BZ agm`Zm| H$s EH$ ~S>r _mm Vmbm~m|, Z{X`m| Ama g_wm| _| OmVr h, {Oggo h_mao Ob
moV Xy{fV hmoVo h VWm h_mao nmYm| d OmZdam| H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhMVm h& (XoI| n> 278-279 Im lIbm _|
nrS> H$Zmer) Hw$N> C CnO XoZo dmbr \$gbm| Ho$ {bò A{YH$ _mm _| qgMmB H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h& nmZr H$s `h
A{YH$ _mm {ZMbr ^y{_ go bdUm| H$mo Kmob boVr h VWm Cho gVh na bo AmVr h, {Oggo D$nar {_>r bdU`w$ hmo
OmVr h& {\$a `h {_>r H$B dfm] VH$ \$gb CJmZo Ho$ {bò Cn`moJr Zht ah OmVr& (EH$ CnMma `h h {H$ Jhar
OS> m| dmbo nmYo bJmò Om`| Omo nmZr H$s A{YH$ _mm H$mo gmoI bo &) H$sQ>ZmeH$ nrS> H$m| H$mo Vmo Z> H$a XoVo h naVw
gmW hr H$B Cn`moJr H$sQ>m| Ogo _Yw_pI`m (Omo \y$bm| Ho$ namJU _| ghm`H$ hmoVr h) Ama daQ> `m ~ao, BJmon, PtJwa,
`mYnVJ, damsel-flies, water striders, _H${S>`m VWm Jm|Oa `m H$ZIOyam (Omo nrS> H$m| H$mo ImVo h) H$mo
^r Z> H$a XoVo h& `{X ò mH${VH$ ghmaH$(predator) Z> hmo Omò Vmo nyam V Wm`r $n go H$sQ>ZmeH$m| na {Zâ
hmo OmòJm & nrS> H$Zm{e`m| H$m ~ma~ma Cn`moJ H$aZo go agm`Z {VamoYr gwna noQ(_hm nrS> H$) Cn hmo Om`|Jo &
(XoI| n 286-288, CdaH$m| Ama> nrS> H$Zm{e`m| na {ZâVm H$_ H$aZo H$s {d{Y`m)
I{Vr _| H$m_ AmZ{ dmb{ AmOma Ama _erZ| (TB p. 78, WB p. 124)
[Vm H$am{ oH$ BZ_| g{ Hw$N> AmOma oH$g Vah BV{_mb _| bm`{ OmV{ h$& Vwhma{ BbmH{$ _| I{Vr `m ]mJdZr _|
H$mZ-g{ AmOma BV{_mb _| bm`{ OmV{ h?
n> 78 na
{XImò Jò
CnH$aU (ZrMo)
CnH$aU H$m Zm_

A J o O r
grH$b
emodob (hmo)
nrH$ `m {nH$ Eg
Cn`mo J
qhXr
h{g`m
\$mdS>m
Hw$Xmb
AZmO H$s H$Q>mB, Kmg Ama A` nmYm| H$s H$Q>mB

ImoXZm, T>rbr {_>r H$mo hQ>mZm
H$R>moa {_>r H$mo ImoXZm, gS>H|$ ~ZmZm
268
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
n > 79 na {XImò
Jò CnH$aU
Ama _erZ|
ehar {dm{W`m| Zo ^r ò CnH$aU `m Eogo hr A` CnH$aU Ka _|, ~JrMo _|, {Z_mU H$m`m] _|, gS> H$ {Z_mU Am{X _|
XoIo Wo& ChmoZo Zm[a`b Ama A` \$b {dH$oVmAm| mam Cn`moJ {H$ò OmZo dmbo h{gò XoIo Wo& {H$`mH$bmn 5 _| Ch|
Hw N> CnH$aUm| H$mo Cn`moJ H$aZo H$m _mH$m {_bm&
hamo: {H$gr ^r O_rZ na IoVr H$aZo Ho$ nhbo, nwamZo IanVdma (Kmg nmV)
Am{X hQ>mò OmVo h VWm {_>r H$mo hamo H$s ghm`Vm go T>rbm {H$`m OmVm
h& `h EH$ H$ma H$m hamo(nmQ>m) h {Ogo Q>Q>a mam IrMm
`hm na EH$ hamo (nmQ>o) H$m {M
OmVm h&
h Omo ~bm| mam IrMm OmVm h&
Q>>Q>a: `h EH$ C e{$, H$_ J{V dmbm gmYZ h {OgH$m Cn`moJ IoV
(H$^r-H$^r ^dZ {Z_mU) _| H$m_ AmZo dmbr _erZm| H$mo IrMZo _|
hmoVm h& BgHo$ n{hò Bg H$ma ~Zo hmoVo h
{H$ do Z_ {_>r na ^r Mb gHo$&
bH$S>r H$m hb: `h ~bm| `m hmW go ItMm
Om gH$Vm h&
Q>>Q>a hb: `h ^mar hmoVm

h VWm Q>>Q>a mam
IrMm OmVm h&
269
`m Vwhma{ BbmH{$ _| YmZ H$s I{Vr hm{Vr h? òX Zht, Vm{ H$mZ-g{ ZOXrH$r BbmH$m| _| BgH$s I{Vr hm{Vr h?
Vwhma{ BbmH{$ _| `m CgH{$ Amg[mg YmZ H$s I{Vr oH$g Vah hm{Vr h, CgH{$ ]ma{ _| Ama [Vm H$am{$& BZ Zm|
H{$$ CVa [Vm H$am{$&
YmZ H$s [mY(]{hZ) m`: H$] am{[r OmVr h? [mY{ am{[Z{ g{ [hb{ oH$gmZ `m H$aV{ h? YmZ H$s H$Q>mB Aga
H$] hm{Vr h?
YmZ H$s am{[mB g{ b{H$a H$Q>mB VH$ oH$VZm g_` bJVm h?
YmZ H$s H$Q>mB H{$ ]mX `m hm{Vm h?
YmZ H$s I{Vr _| `mXmVa H$mZ H$m_ H$aV{ h, AmX_r `m AmaV|?
Vwhmar g_P g{ YmZ H$s I{Vr _| H$mZ-gm H$m_ g]g{ _{hZV H$m h? `m|?
Ama OmZH$mar _mby_ H$am{ Ama BZ oMm| H{$ ghma{ EH$ H$hmZr obIm{ oH$ YmZ H$g{ CJm`m OmVm h$&
`m Vwhma{ BbmH{$ _| Xygar \$gb| ^r Bgr Vah CJmB OmVr h? CZ_| `m AVa h?
BZ Zm| Ho$ Cma {dm{W`m| H$mo jo ^_U, nT>H$a Ama {Mm| Ho$ {ZarjU mam kmV H$aZo h&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
]rO ]m{Z{ H{$ [hb{ I{V Om{VZ{ H$s O$aV `m| hm{Vr h?
ha gmb O~ dfm hmoVr h Vmo {_>r AXa X~ OmVr h & VoO Yyn Ho$ ~mX hmoZo dmbr dfm {_>r H$mo H$R>moa
~Zm XoVr h & `{X {_>r Eogr hr aho Vmo AJbr dfm H$m nmZr AXa doe Zht H$a nmVm& ^y{_ Ho$ EH$
~S> o ^mJ H$mo ImoXZo H$m EH$ VarH$m OwVmB H$aZm h & Bggo nmZr {_>r _| AmgmZr go Mbm OmVm h Ama
{_>r H$mo T>rbm H$aVm h {Oggo nmYo H$s OS>| AXa AmgmZr go Om gHo$ & (`mZ XoZo dmbr ~mV `h h {H$
~hV gmao H|$MwE VWm A` {_>r _| ahZo dmbo Ord {_bH$a dhr H$m` H$aVo h, Omo hb H$aVm h &)
270
OmoVZo go {_>r _| hdm doe H$a nmVr h - hdm Omo {H$ OS>m| Ho$ gmg boZo Ho$ {bò Amd`H$ h VWm {_>r
_| CnpWV gy_ Ordm| Ho$ gmg boZo d d{ Ho$ {bò ^r Amd`H$ h & {d{^ H$ma Ho$ Ord Omo {_>r
_| nmò OmVo h, _ao hò nmYm| Ama OmZdam| H$m {dKQ>Z H$aVo h, {Oggo ImX ~ZVr h, Omo nmYm| H$s d{
_| ghm`H$ hmoVr h & OmoVr hB {_>r _| ~rOm| H$mo J_u, Z_r Ama AYH$ma {_bVm h {Oggo do AN>r
Vah go AHw${aV hmo gH|$ &
5. A[Zm ^m{OZ IwX CJmAm{ (2 H$mbme MMm + 2 H$mbme ]mha +

g_yh H$m`; TB p.80)
H$. `m{OZm ]ZmAm{ oH$ Vw_ \$gb H$g{ CJmAm{J{$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 126-127):
H$mZ-gr \$gb ]m{B OmZr h
oH$g o_QQ>r _|
I{V H$s OwVmB H$g{ H$aZr h
[mYm| H{$ ]rM _| oH$VZm \$mgbm hm{
H$] Ama oH$VZr ]ma [mZr X{Zm h
ZwH$gmZ g{ ]MmZ{ H{$ obE `m gmdYmoZ`m ]aVZr h
\$gb ]{hVa hm{ Ama V{Or g{ ]T>{, BgH{$ obE `m H$aZm hm{Jm?
\$gb H$s H$Q>mB H$] H$aZr h
`m Vwh| \$gb H$s _S>mB H$aZr h
`m Vwh| Bg{ gwImZm h, N>rbZm `m Hy$Q>Zm h, Ym{Zm `m [H$mZm h;
[mY{ H$m H$mZ-gm ohgm \|$H$Zm h
BZ ohgm| H$m `m hm{Jm
271
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
\$gb CJmZo H$s `moOZm ~ZmZm H$jm Ho$ {bò EH$ Cn`moJr {H$`mH$bmn h & {deof $n go ehar {dm{W`m| H$mo `h
\$gb CJmZo H$s {H$`m H$s H$nZm H$aZo _| ghm`Vm H$aoJm `m|{H$ Ch| Bgo {dmb` _| H$aZm g^d Zht hmoVm h&
I. A[Zr `m{OZm [a A_b H$am{ Ama O_rZ H{$ EH$ N>m{Q>{ Qw>H$S>{ [a, `m ]S>r VVar _| \$gb CJmAm{$&
`m
[H{$ Q>_mQ>a, H$H$S>r, o_M `m Xyga{ [mY{ H{$ ]rO ]m{Am{$&
\$b bJZ{ VH$ [mYm| H$m I`mb aIm{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
h_Zo ^y{_ Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o go Qw>H$S> o na IoVr H$aZo Ho$ {dH$n H$mo MwZm & ò ehar {dmWu Wo {OZ_o go Ho$db Hw$N> H$mo Jm`
OrdZ H$m Hw$N> AZw^d Wm& Cho OmoVmB, ~wAmB Ama qgMmB H$m AnyU kmZ Wm& Cho {ZH$mB, H$Q>mB, _S>mB Am{X
Ho$ {df` _| ~hV H$_ OmZH$mar Wr & _Zo Cho `h {Mmo Ho$ mam g_Pm`m& _Zo Cho `h `mX {Xbm`m {H$ Ho$db nyam
XmZm hr AHw$[aV hmoVm h, Qy>Q>r hB Xmb VWm Hw$Q>m hAm YmZ AHw$[aV Zht hmoVo& h_Zo _yJ, dma Ama gagm| {bò&
~mha H$m H$m`
O_rZ H$R>moa Wr d Cgo h_| Hw$Xmb go T>rbm H$aZm nS>m& _wPo AmM` hAm {H$ H$B {dmWr, `hm VH$ {H$ Hw$N> H$_Omoa
{XIZo dmbr bS>{H$`m ^r Hw$Xmb go AN>r Vah ImoX ahr Wt& ChmoZo h{gò H$s ghm`Vm go O_rZ _| Zm{b`m ~Zm
Xr; Hw$N> ~o h{gò H$s ghm`Vm go {_>r ImoXZo _| {ZnwU Wo (g^r {dmWu BZ CnH$aUm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aZm Zht OmZVo
naVw do AZw^dr {dm{W`m| d ~S> o bmoJm| H$mo XoIH$a grI gH$Vo h &)
{dmWu nhbo nmYo Ho$ CJZo na amo_m{MV hò & ChmoZo H$jm _| AmZo go nhbo `m _`m AdH$me _o {Z`{_V $n go
IoV H$m {ZarjU {H$`m& ha WmoS>o {XZm| ~mX ChmoZo IoV d nmYm| Ho$ {M ~Zmò, {Oggo CZHo$ {ZarjU _| {dMmaUr`
gwYma hAm& ~m g Ho$ XmamZ {dm{W`m| Zo AnZo bJmò hò nmYm| Ama Amgnmg Ho$ nmYm| H$mo nrS> H$m| mam hò
ZwH$gmZ H$mo XoIm& ({H$`mH$bmn 7 Ho$ {bò)
272
òH$ `{$ AbJ Vah go XoIVm h

`mZ X| {H$ Hw$N> {dm{W`m| Zo {H$VZo nmg go AHw$am| H$m {ZarjU {H$`m &
273
mogm{hV H$aZo na ha ~m {ZarjU H$a gH$Vm h, d Omo dh XoI ahm h CgH$m

{M ~Zm gH$Vm h& {OZ {dm{W`m| Zo `h {M ~Zmò do `h XoIH$a AmM`M{H$V Wo {H$ do `m H$a
gH$Vo Wo& (nhbo ChmoZo `h gmoMm Wm {H$ do {M Zht ~Zm gH$Vo) O~ do {M ~Zm aho Wo V~ _Zo Ch| `h ~ma-~ma
`mX {Xbm`m {H$ {ZarjU H$aVo ahmo d ~ZmAmo&
274
6. A[Zm IwX H$m AmQ>m ]ZmAm{ (Xm{ham H$mbme; TB p. 80)

H$m{B EH$ AZmO Og{ Mmdb, J{h `m _H$m `m o\$a H$m{B Xmb Og{ MZm `m CS>X H{$ XmZ| bm{$& BZ_| g{ Zm[H$a
XmZ| bm{$& AmQ>{ H{$ obE XmZm| H$m{ Xm{ [Wam| H{$ ]rM [rgm{$& Vw_ oH$g AmH$ma H{$ [Wa BV{_mb H$am{J{?(H$m`[wpVH$m [R> 127-128)
Zm[Z{ [a AmQ>{ H$m Am`VZ XmZm| H{$ ]am]a hm{Jm, `m H$_ `m AoYH$? `m|? Zm[H$a X{Im{$&
AmQ>{ _| [mZr o_bmH$a BgH$m Jm{bm ]ZmAm{$& Jm{b{ H$m{ X]mH$a am{Q>r ]ZmAm{$&
`m Vwhmar am{Q>r gm\$ h? `m Vw_ Bg{ ImAm{J{?
`m Hw$N> AZmOm| `m Xmbm| g{ am{Q>r AmgmZr g{ ]ZVr h? H$mZ g{? _m{Q>{ AmQ>{ Ama _hrZ AmQ>{ _| g{ oH$gg{ am{Q>r
]ZmZm AmgmZ h?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
_Zo {dm{W`m| mam AnZo gmW _| bmò Jò g^r AZmOm| d Xmbm| H$mo nhMmZZo _| ghm`Vm H$r & {H$`mH$bmn ma^
H$aZo go nhbo _Zo CZgo nyN>m {H$ `m Vw_Zo AmQ>m ~ZVo XoIm h & A{YH$me ~o AmQ>m M$s XoI MwHo$ Wo VWm Ch| `h
nVm Wm {H$ `h {~Obr go MbVr h & Chm|Zo nrgZo H$m nWa XoIm Wm, `{n do `h Zht OmZVo Wo {H$ Bgo qhXr _|
{gb~>m H$hVo h, EH$ {dmWu V{_b Zm_ OmZVm Wm& H$jm 3 _| B{Vhmg Ho$ nmR> _| {dm{W`m| Zo nmfmU `wJ Ho$ bmoJm|
Ho$ {df` _| nT>m Wm; ^maV _| nhbo nmfmU `wJ go A~ VH$ nrgZo dmbo nWa H$m d$n Zht ~Xbm h& {H$`mH$bmn
Ho$ {bò ChmoZo `h gwPmd {X`m {H$ EH$ ~S>m MnQ>m nWa (`m Q>mBg dmbr \$e) Ama EH$ Jmob nWa R>rH$ ahoJm&
{Oho Jmob nWa Zht {_bo ChmoZo A` AmH$mam| Ho$ nWam| Ho$ gmW H$m` {H$`m& nWam| H$mo Cn`moJ go nhbo Ymo`m d
gwIm`m J`m&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
{dm{W`m| Zo AnZr H$m`-nwpVH$m _| T>$Z âH$a AmQ>m {H$VZm hmoJm, BgHo$ ~mao _| AnZo AZw_mZ {bI|& Hw$N> Zo
AZw_mZ bJm`m {H$ `h T>$Z âH$a XmZm| Ho$ ~am~a hmoJm, Hw$N> Zo H$hm `h H$_ hmoJm (`m|{H$ AmQ>m ZrMo ~R> OmVm
h, `h EH$ H$maU {X`m J`m h) `m `h `mXm hmoJm(XmZm| _| nXmW KZo $n _| ~X ahVm h, `h IwbZo na T>rbm hmoJm)
~mX _| {X`m J`m VH$ ghr Wm & AmQ>o H$m Am`VZ {~Zm nrgo AZmO go A{YH$ hmoVm h& Omo {dmWu AZmO H$mo M$s
275
na bo Om MwHo$ Wo do AnZo AZw^d go `h OmZVo Wo & `h {H$`mH$bmn H$aZo _o ha Va na An _mm _| AmQ>m Z> hmo
OmVm h, AV: AmQ>o H$m Am`VZ AZmO Ho$ Am`VZ go H$_ hmo OmVm h&
H$B amo[Q>`m {XIZo _| Iam~ Wt: {dm{W`m| Zo AZw^d {H$`m {H$ Im ggmYZ gm\$ n[apW{V`m| _| hmoZm
Mm{hò& A` AZmOm| H$s VwbZm _|, Johy Ho$ AmQ>o H$mo AmH$ma XoZm AmgmZ Wm & Xmbm| Ho$ AmQ>o H$mo AmgmZr go AmH$ma
Zht {X`m Om gH$m& _moQ>o AmQ>o H$s VwbZm _| _hrZ AmQ>o H$mo AmH$ma XoZm AmgmZ hmoVm h& Joh ({Og_o {Mn{Mnm
moQ>rZ byQ>oZ hmoVm h) Ho$ AmQ>o H$mo AmH$ma XoZm AmgmZ Wm&
{dm{W`m| Zo AmQ>m ~ZmZo Ho$ ~S> o gwXa {M ~Zmò &
276
7. [rS>H$ Ama [rS>H$Zmer (Xm{ham H$mbme; TB p. 81, WB p. 128)

H$B Vah H{$ H$sS>{ [{S>-[mYm| H$s OS>|, VZm, [oV`m, \y$b Ama \$b ImV{ h$& Hw$N> BZ ^mJm| _| gwaJ ]ZmV{{ h$&
\$\y$Xr EH$ Vah H$s gy_Ord hm{Vr h$& `h [{S>-[mYm| [a CJVr h Ama Ch| ZwH$gmZ [hMmVr h$&
H$.
128)&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
Hw$N> {dmWu {Oh| IoV `m Cm{ZH$s H$m WmoS> m-gm ^r AZw^d Wm, do \$gb Ama CmZ Ho$ nrS> H$m| go n[a{MV Wo&
{H$`mH$bmn 5 _| h_Zo XoIm Wm {H$ h_mao _yJ Ho$ ~rO n[j`m| mam Im {bò Jò Wo & (~S>o n_mZo na, n[j`mo mam {H$`m
J`m ZwH$gmZ ghZ H$aZo `mo` h `m|{H$ do hm{ZH$maH$ H$sS>m| H$mo ^r ImVo h&) ~mhar gm| Ho$ XmamZ {dm{W`m| Zo
H$sS>m| d \$\y$Xr mam ZwH$gmZ nhMmò Jò nmYm| H$mo XoIm Wm&
n{m`m| _| ~Zo N>moQ>o gwamI Ama H$Q>r \$Q>r n{m`m H$sS>m| ~hYm Bpb`m| mam {H$ò Jò ZwH$gmZ Ho$ Jdmh h&
_go Ogr gaMZm `m \y$bo hò ^mJ _| H$moB H$sS>m hmo gH$Vm h & EH$ {gbdQ>Xma `m _wS> r hB nmr XoIZo go kmV hmoVm
h {H$ _mh CgH$m ag nrVo aho h & \$\y$Xr mam gH$_U nmr na g\o$X, H$mbo, nrbo `m ^yao Y~m| `m amoòXma `m MyU
H$s naV Ho$ $n _| {XImB XoVm h& OrdmUw `m {dfmUw mam gH$_U go H$B ~ma n{m`m aJhrZ hmo OmVr h & OS>m| _|
Ordm| mam gH$_U Ogo, B{`m| mam gwaJ ~ZmZm, H$sS>o `m \$\y$Xr O_rZ Ho$ D$na Zht {XImB XoVo, naVw Bggo nmYo
_waPm OmVo h &
ha nmYo na {deof H$ma Ho$ H$sS> o `m gOrd {Zâ hmoVo h & Bg H$ma Ho$ Hw$N> gmhM` nmYm| H$o {bò
Cn`moJr `m hm{ZH$maH$ ^r hmo gH$Vo h& (CXmhaU H$o {bò _pI`m namJU _| ghm`Vm H$aVr h& ~ao
`m VV`m VWm boS>r~g hm{ZH$maH$ H$sS>m| H$mo Im OmVo h&) N>moQ>r g`m _| nrS> H$ ^r `mXm
ZwH$gmZ Zht nhMmVo: OJb _| Vmo do nmYm| H$s g`m na {ZÙ H$aVo h & naVw A{YH$ g`m _| BZ
277
H$sS>m| Ho$ hmoZo go A`{YH$ ZwH$gmZ hmoVm h & IoVm| _| d djmamonU Ho$ g_` EH$ hr H$ma Ho$ nmYo ~S>r
g`m _| EH$ hr OJh bJmò OmVo h & Bggo nrS> H$m| H$mo EH$ nmYo go Xygao nmYo _| \$bZo _|, ~S>r g`m
_| Jw{UV hmoZo _| d \$gb H$mo Z> H$aZo _| gw{dYm hmoVr h&
H$sS>o g~go gm_m` H${f nrS> H$ h O~ ^moOZ Mwa _mm _| hmoVm h Vmo do OXr Jw{UV hmoVo h & ~mH$s
g_` do {ZpH$` hmoVo h `m CZH$s g`m H$_ hmoVr h& CXmhaU Ho$ {bò ao{JVmZr {Q>>r ^maV _|
{Z`{_V MH$m| _| AmVr h(XoIo n> 211-212)& XpIZr (Deccan) nIhrZ PtJwa Ho$db Iar\$ Ho$
_mg_ _| hr {XImB XoVo h & H$B nrS> H$ _mZgyZ _| Mwa _mm _| hmoVo h; _mg_ Ho$ AV _| do {_>r _|
AnZo AS>o XoVo h, {Oggo AJbo _mZgyZ _| AS>m| go ~o m hmo gHo$& Hw$N> H$rS> o Ogo _mh Ama
hmBQ>bmB, nmXn ag MygZo Ho$ gmW-gmW, {dfmUwO` gH$_U ^r \$bmVo h & \$gbm| Ho$ A` nrS> H$
h VZYmar Ord Ogo Myho, M_JmXS>, ~Xa, IaJmoe, {Jh[a`m Am{X, JmobH${_(amCS>dmo_),KwZ,
Ho$H$S> o, Jm|Oa, e~yH$ `m Km|Ko Ama bg ({~Zm AmdaU Ho$ Km|Ko)
I. gpO`m| Ama \$bm| _| Bob`m Ama Xyga{ H$sS>{ Im{Om{$& Vwh| _Q>a, g{_, \y$bJm{^r, [VmJm{^r, [mbH$,
Am_, g{] dJah _| H$sS>{ o_b gH$V{ h$&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
nmR> 6 _| h_Zo _Q>a H$s B{`m| Ho$ ~mao _| nT>m Wm& {dm{W`m| H$mo \y$bJmo^r, ~JZ Ama A` gpO`m| H$s B{`m VWm
gS>r hB go_ na bJr amoòXma \$\y$X `mX Wr& `mnH$ $n _| nrS> H$Zmer Ho$ Cn`moJ go nrS> H$m| H$s g`m _|, Hw$N> df
nhbo H$s VwbZm _| H$_r AmB h&
J. AZ, _gmbm| `m agm{B _| goMV Xyga{ Immm| _| H$sS>{ Ty>T>m{$&
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
nmR> 6 H$s MMm Ho$ ~mX {dmWu H$sS>m| go JV AZmO Ho$ XmZm| Ho$ Z_yZo XoI aho Wo & do AnZr H$jm _| BZ Z_yZm| H$mo bmò
Wo & h_Zo YmZ _| bmadm, `ynm Ama H$sS> m| H$s d`H$ AdWmAm| H$mo XoIm & H {f Ama Cm{ZH$s nrS> H$Zm{e`m| H$s
EH$ {dVV lIbm AmO ~mOma _| CnbY h& Hw$N> nmYm| Ogo Zr_, V~mHy$ Ama JwbXmCXr go ~Zmò OmZo dmbo
278
K. [rS>H$Zmer Oha hm{V{ h Om{ ZwH$gmZX{h H$sS>m| Ama Xyga{ N>m{Q>{ Ordm| H$m{ _maZ{ H{$ obE \$gbm| [a S>mb{ OmV{
h$& \$gbm| Ama ]mJ H{$ [mYm| [a S>mb{ OmZ{ dmb{ Hw$N> [rS>H$Zmer H{$ Zm_ _mby_ H$am{$&
`m Vw_ A[Z{ Ka _| oH$gr [rS>H$Zmer H$m BV{_mb H$aV{ hm{?`m Vw_ Ka _| aI{ AZmOm| _| H$m{B [rS>H$Zmer
S>mbV{ hm{?
`m [rS>H$Zmer h_ma{ obE ZwH$gmZXm`H$ hm{ gH$V{ h? Vw_ E{gm `m| gm{MV{ hm{?
`mZ aIm{!
[rS>H$Zmer Oharb{ hm{V{ h$& d{ Vwh| ]r_ma H$a gH$V{ h$&
[rS>H$Zmer VWm JXJr Ama H$sQ>mUwAm| H$m{ hQ>mZ{ H{$ obE g^r AZ,
gpO`m|, \$b Ama _mg H$m{ AN>r Vah Ym{Am{$&
nrS> H$Zmer A` Ordm| Ho$ {bò H$_ hm{ZH$maH$ h & A` AH$m~{ZH$ nrS> H$Zmer h Omo Amgo{ZH$, qOH$,
JYH$, \$m\$moag Ama bmoarZ Ho$ `m{JH$ hmoVo h& gm_m`V`m {d{^ H$ma Ho$ H$m~{ZH$, gbo{fV
nrS> H$Zmer Cn`moJ _| bmò OmVo h & BZHo$ Hw$N> CXmhaU h: S>rS>rQ>r (S>mB bmoamo S>mB {\$ZmBb Q>mB bmoamo
BWoZ), ~rEMgr(~|OrZ hogm bmoamBS>), bmoaS>oZ, ES>rZ, ES>rZ, BS>mog\$mZ Ama S>mE{OZmZ&
gm_m`V`m nrS> H$Zmer ~waHo$ `m {NS> Ho$ OmVo h O~{H$ Hw$N> H$ma Ho$ nrS> H$Zmer {_>r _| >S> mbo OmVo h &
Hw$N> nrS> H$Zmer {d{e> H$ma Ho$ nrS> H$m| na Aga H$aVo h naVw A{YH$me nrS> H$Zmer A`
Cn`moJr `m Ahm{ZH$maH$ OVwAm| Ho$ {bò ^r ZwH$gmZXm`H$ hmoVo h& gZ 1960 _| aoMob H$magZ Zo "gmBb|Q>
pJ' Zm_H$ nwVH$ {bIr {Og_o nrS> H$Zmer Ho$ IVam| H$s Amoa `mZ {Xbm`m J`m h& nrS> H$Zmer {_>r
`m nmZr _o _mOyX gy_ Ordm| Ho$ eara _| doe H$a OmVo h & O~ ò gOrd {H$gr A` Ord, _mZ bmo
_N>br, mam Imò OmVo h Vmo ò CZHo$ eara _| doe H$a OmVo h & `{n _N>{b`m| na Bg {df H$m J^ra
Aga Zht hmoVm naVw ha ~ma ^moOZ Ho$ gmW ò nrS> H$Zmer CZHo$ eara _| O_m hmoVo OmVo h & Omo njr BZ
_N>{b`m| H$mo ImVo h do gm KmVH$ IwamH$ boVo h & S>rS>rQ>r AS>m| Ho$ Imobmo _| EH${V hmo OmVm h d Cho
279
H$_Omoa ~ZmVm h {Oggo AS>o, ~o {ZH$bZo go nhbo hr \y$Q> OmVo h & `hm H$B VarH$m| _| go Xmo VarHo$
~Vmò h {Oggo nrS> H$Zmer Im lIbm _| doe H$aVo h VWm _mZd g{hV C Var` OVwAm| Ho$ eara
_| doe H$a OmVo h, {Oggo CZ_o ~r_m[a`m \$bVr h d H$B ~ma _`w VH$ hmo OmVr h&

OwVmB
[mZr bJmZm
oN>Q>H$Zm
am{[mB
oZH$mB
H$Q>mB
_S>mB
Hw$Q>mB
[mobe H$aZm
amgmòZH$ ImX
[rS>H$Zmer
A`mg (12 H$mbme + JhH$m`; WB p. 129)

{ZarjU
AmYm[aV A`mg

1. ]rO ]m{Z{ H{$ ha hV{ ]mX A[Z{ I{V `m [mY{ H$m oM ]ZmAm{$&
XoI| n> 272-273
2. A[Z{ BbmH{$ _| I{Vr `m ]mJdmZr _| BV{_mb hm{Z{ dmb{ oH$gr AmOma H$m oM ]ZmAm{$&
hb
Iwa[m/Iwa[r
\$mdS>m
280
oMH$a Z (WB p. 131)

1. ^m{OZ H{$ oH$gr E{g{ gKQ>H$ H$m Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ Z Vm{ [{S>-[mYm| g{ AmVm h Ama Z Ord-OVwAm| g{$&
BgH$m gab Cma h Z_H$& `mdgm{`H$ $n go nH$ {H$ò Jò ^moOZ _| Cn`moJ {H$ò OmZo dmbo Hw$N> gbo{fV gKQ>H$
Ogo ImZo H$m gmoS> m, {gaH$m Ama {gQ>rH$ Ab, ImZo H$m aJ, pWaH$ VWm A` `moOH$ Ama n[aajH$ ^r BgHo$
CXmhaU h&
2. ghr H$_ _| bJmAm{$&
_S>mB OwVmB H$Q>mB ]wAmB Hw$Q>mB qgMmB
OwVmB, (qgMmB), ~wAmB, qgMmB, H$Q>mB, _S>mB, Hw$Q>mB
3. ghr H$_ _| bJmAm{$&
q^S>r H$m \y$b
H$Q>r hB q^S>r
[H$mB hB q^S>r
[H$s hB q^S>r
[mY{ _| bJr H$Mr o^S>r

q^S>r H$m AHw$naV hm{Vm [mYm
q^S>r H$m Zhm nmYm, q^S>r H$m \y$b, nmYo _| bJr H$r q^S>r, nH$s hB q^S>r, H$Q>r hB q^S>r, nH$mB hB q^S>r
4. [mYm Ama CgH{$ CZ ohgm| H{$ Zm_ obIm{ oOZg{ h_| `{ MrO| o_bVr h$&
_H$m
Zmna`b H$m V{b
MrZr
_Q>a JmOa
\y$bJm{^r
({H$`mH$bmn 2 Ho$ gmW {H$ò Jò& XoI| n> 254-255)

5. Hw$N> [mbVy Ama Hw$N> OJbr Ordm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ oOh| bm{J ImV{ h$&
({H$`mH$bmn 3 Ho$ gmW H$a MwHo$ h& XoI| n> 255-256)
6. Hw$N> Obr` dZ[oV`m| Ama OmZdam| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ oOh| bm{J ImV{ h$&
qgJmS>m, H$_b, Hw$N> g_wr edmb, Ho$H$S>m, g_wXr Ho$H$S>m, Km|Km, bo_; ZXr H$s _N>br Ogo amoh (EH$ H$ma H$s
_rR>o nmZr H$r _N>br), _mera, {hgm; g_wr _N>br Ogo mo\o$Q>, gwa_mB, Bb, emH$ .......
281
7. Hw$N> `mhmam| [a ImE OmZ{ dmb{ ImZm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{$&

_mg_r ^moOZ nanamJV $n go df _| Cn`w$ g_`m| na ~Zmò OmVo h& Ogm {H$ Xoe Ho$ H$B ^mJm| _| `mhmam| Ho$
CXmhaUm| H$mo XoIZo go nVm MbVm h &
am_ Zd_r- JwbJwbm
JwS>r nS>dm - ZB nH$s B_br, H$oo hao Am_ Ama Zr_ Ho$ \y$b go ~Zm ÒZ
dQ> gm{dr - nHo$ hò Am_ ~mQ>o OmVo h&
da b_r - nyOm _| nm[aOmV Ama Ho$dS>o Ho$ \y$bm| H$m Cn`moJ hmoVm h & (AmY, H$ZmQ>H$ Ama V{_bZmSw> _|)
O_mQ>>_r - Om_wZ/A_$X
N>R> nyOm- R>oHw$Am
JUoe MVwWu - Z`m VmOm _$m, grVm\$b Ama Z`r har B_br H$s MQ>Zr, AmY _| Bg {XZ ~ZmB OmVr h&
Xeham - gOmdQ> Ho$ {bò J|Xo, Ho$bo,{MmrXma, nH$m hAm grVm\$b
_H$a gH$m{V - {IMS>r, {Vb H$o ~rOm| Ama Zò JwS> go ~Zm {VbJwS>; Jm, Z`m Mmdb, VmOr hXr, VmOm ham MZm,
Xoer JmOa, bmb H$, KodS>m Ama {_br Owbr gpO`m &
hmobr - Cma ^maV _| Zò Joh H$s ~m{b`m ^yOr OmVr h&
X{jU ^maV _| Zò H$Q>o YmZ Ho$ gmW nm|Jb _Zm`m OmVm h &
H$jm _| MMm (WB p. 132)

{ZarjU Ama
^mfm-AmYm[aV
A`mg
1. `m Vwhma{ Amg[mg g^r bm{Jm| H$m{ ImZ{ H{$ obE [yam ^m{OZ o_bVm h? Hw$N> bm{Jm| H$m{ [yam ^m{OZ `m|
Zht o_bVm? Bg ]ma{ _| d{ `m H$a gH$V{ h?
2. `m Vwhmar g_P g{ bm{J H$^r-H$^r ]hV `mXm ImZm ImV{ h `m o\$a JbV Vah H$m ImZm ImV{ h?
CXmhaU Xm{ Ama ]VmAm{ oH$ Vwhmar g_P g{ E{gm `m| hm{Vm h$&
282
BZ Xmo Zm| go AZoH$ _wo CR> gH$Vo h, Omo {dm{W`m| Ho$ AZw^dm| na AmYm[aV hm|Jo& {dmWr H$Xm{MV Bg ~mV Ho$
{V OmJ$H$ hm|Jo {H$ h_ _| go g^r H$mo n`m ^moOZ Zht {_bVm, Mwa _mm _| ^moOZ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r ^`H$a
^wI_ar Ama Hw$nmofU _mOyX h & `{n òH$ `{$ H$mo {IbmZo Ho$ {bò n`m ^moOZ h, V~ ^r Xw{Z`m _| H$ar~ 80
H$amoS> `{$`m| H$mo ghr nmofU Zht {_bVm& ^maV _| ^r h_ òH$ `{$ H$mo {IbmZo Ho$ {bò n`m ^moOZ CJmVo
h, A^r ^r ha {XZ ~m| g_oV20% ^maVr` ^yIo gmoVo h& `h g_`m Jr_ H$mb _|, O~ nmZr Ho$ moV gyIZo bJVo
h, V~ Ama ^`H$a $n YmaU H$a boVr h & ^yI_ar Ho$ H$maU Ho$db Am{WH$ Zht naVw nm[a{W{VH$, gm_m{OH$ Ama
H$B ~ma amOZ{VH$ ^r hmoVo h& h_mao d` Ho$ X{>H$moU Ama mW{_H$VmAm| H$mo ~XbH$a Ama h_mar {_>r d Ob
ggmYZm| H$m ~ohVa VarHo$ go n~Y H$aHo$ h_ Bg g_`m H$mo Xya H$aZo H$m `mg H$a gH$Vo h&
H$jm Ho$ {bò Hw$N> _w` Z h - `m {ZYZ bmoJm| H$m Amhma gm_m` `m A_ra bmoJm| go AbJ hmoVm h? {H$Z ~mVm|
_| AbJ hmoVm h? `m Vw_ ameZ H$s XwH$mZ go AZmO IarXVo hmo? `h AZmO H$hm> go AmVm h? Iwbo ~mOma H$s
VwbZm _| ameZ H$s XwH$mZm| _| AZmO H$m _y` d CgH$s JwUdmm; {d{^ bmoJm| mam Cn`moJ {H$ò OmZo dmbo gpO`m|
Ama \$bm| H$s _mm Ama JwUdmm; {dmWu `h gwPmd X|Jo {H$ ò gmar ~mVo IM H$aZo H$s j_Vm, mW{_H$VmAm|,
nanamJV `m AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ ebr `m nmofH$ _y`m| Ho$ {V OmJ$H$Vm na {Zâ H$a|Jr& `m bmoJ ^moOZ na
g_PXmar go IM H$aVo h d {H$g H$ma H$aVo h & YZr d {ZYZ Kam| _| g^dV: Imò OmZo dmbo ^moOZ Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMmo
VWm CZH$s H$s_V Ama nmofH$ _y`m| na {dMma H$amo & (A) nm{be {H$ò hò YmZ go ~Zm hAm emoa~m (~) Xmb,
amoQ>r, gOr Ama gbmX (g) nyao XmZo dmbm Mmdb Ama _N>br (X) nwbmd, nH$moS>o Ama a~S>r (B) {nmm Ama ho~Ja
Am{X & X{ZH$ Amhma Ho$ {bò H$mZ go ^moOZ AZwn`w$ h Ama `m|? A{YH$ ImZo Ho$ `m n[aUm_ hmo gH$Vo h, Eogm
^moOZ Omo ~hV ^mar h, naVw {Og_o nmofH$ Vdm| H$m A^md hmo& h_ CZ bmoJm| H$s ghm`Vm {H$g H$ma H$a gH$Vo
h Omo ^yI go _a aho h& `m h_ ^moOZ H$m {dVaU Bg H$ma H$a gH$Vo h {H$ g^r H$mo Hw$N> ^moOZ {_b Omò; `m
h_ ^moOZ Ho$ An`` H$mo H$_ H$a gH$Vo h; h_ {H$g H$ma AnZr ^y{_ Ama Ob ggmYZm| H$mo ga[jV H$a| {Oggo
òH$ `{$ Ho$ {bò ^moOZ CJm`m Om gHo$?
3. OwVmB H{$ obE Q>Q>am| `m OmZdam| H{$ BV{_mb H{$ `m \$m`X{ Ama ZwH$gmZ h$&
N>moQ>o IoVm| Ho$ {bò OmZda gVo nS> Vo h & OmZda H$_ IMubo hmoVo h Cho {IbmZo _|, Q>>Q>a Ho$ {bò bJZo dmbo BYZ
H$s VwbZm _| H$_ IM AmVm h Ama do A` Cn`moJr CnmX Ogo ImX, XyY, _mg Ama M_S>m ^r XoVo h & Q>Q>a ~S> o
IoVm| Ho$ {bò Cn`moJr h Ohm do g_` Ama l_ H$s ~MV H$aVo h&
283
`m g_mZ h? `m h o^Z? (WB p. 133)

1. \$b Ama gOr _| `m AVa h? `m H$m{B \$b gOr ^r hm{ gH$Vm h? Hw$N> CXmhaU Xm{$&
\$b nmYo H$m EH$ ^mJ h (`h VH$ZrH$s nX h) O~{H$ "gOr' ^moOZ H$m EH$ ^mJ h (`h {XZ-{V{XZ Cn`moJ _|
AmZo dmbo eX h); EH$ "gOr' \$b ^r hmo gH$Vr h Ogo Q>_mQ>a `m `h nmYo H$m H$moB A` ^mJ ^r hmo gH$Vr h&
(XoI|, n> 254-255)
H$. H$Mm [[rVm Ama [H$m [[rVm (`m H$m{B Xygam \$b)
I. H$Mm [[rVm Ama AmM [a [H$m`m [[rVm (`m H$m{B Xygar gOr)
nnrVo H$mo H$. VWm I. XmoZm| _| `h ~VmZo Ho$ {bò Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m h {H$ EH$ \$b gOr ^r hmo gH$Vm h Ama "H$m'
H$mo X{ZH$ ~mobMmb _| "AYnHo$' `m "{~Zm nH$mò' Ho$ {bò Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h & `{X {dmWu nnrVm go n[a{MV
Zht h Vmo A` CXmhaU BgHo$ WmZ na Cn`moJ _| bmò Om gH$Vo h& nH$Zo Ama nH$mZo H$s {H$`mAm| _| Hw$N>
g_mZVmE h& AYnH$m `m {~Zm nH$m`m ^moOZ M~mZo _| H$R>moa hmoVm h, XmVm| Ho$ ~rM {MnH$ gH$Vm h, dmX _|
H$Sw>Am hmoVm h `m H$^r-H$^r Bgo ImZo go noQ> _| XX ^r hmoVm h &
3. bm{J Hw$N> hr Vah H$s dZ[oV`m Ama OmZda ImV{ h$& oH$ht [mM dZ[oV`m| Ama [mM OmZdam| H$s
gyMr ]ZmAm{ oOh| Vwhmar g_P g{ H$m{B Zht ImVm$& ha EH$ H{$ obE ]VmAm{ oH$ bm{J Cg{ `m| Zht ImV{$&
ò AVa gmdYmZr (`m ò Oharbo h), nMZo _| gabVm (h_ Kmg Ogo go`wbmoO H$mo Zht nMm gH$Vo), dmX, d$n
`m `hm VH$ {H$ gm_m{OH$ nanam (EH$ g_yh Ho$ bmoJ H$moB dVw ImVo h, O~{H$ A` bmoJ Cgr dVw H$mo ImZo go
amoH$Vo h) H$s dOh go hmo gH$Vo h &
^mfm AmYm[aV
A`mg

1. \$gbm| H$s am{[mB, H$Q>mB `m I{Vr H{$ Xyga{ H$m_m| g{ OwS>{ `mhma, JrV `m Z` H{$ ]ma{ _| _mby_ H$am{$&
284
2. AmO _Z{ Om{ Im`m- H$[Zm H$am{ Ama H$hmZr H{$ $[ _| ]VmAm{ oH$ Hw$N> ^m{OZ H$hm g{ Am`{$&
3. A[Z{ Xm{V g{ H$hm{ oH$ dh oH$gr ^m{OZ H{$ ]ma{ _| gm{M{$& Cgg{ Z [yN>m{ oOgg{ Vwh| Cg ^m{OZ H{$ Zm_
H{$ ]ma{ _| AZw_mZ bJmZ{ _| _XX o_b{$& Vwhmam Xm{V og\$ hm `m Zht _| CVa X{ gH$Vm h$& Vwh| ghr
AZw_mZ bJm [mZ{ VH$ oH$VZ{ Z [yN>Z{ [S>{?
CXmhaU: `h nH$m`m hAm ^moOZ Wm? (Zht) (AZw_mZ bJmAmo - `h H$m Im`m OmZo dmbm nXmW h) `m ò nmYo
go m hmoVm h? (hm) `m `h EH$ \$b h `m \$b H$m EH$ ^mJ h? (Zht) `m `h nmr h? (hm)
(AZw_mZ bJmAmo - `h nmr Omo H$r Im`r OmVr h&) MwH$Xa? (hm)
AmAm{, eXm| g{ I{b|

eXm| g{
I{b|
1. A[Z{ Xm{Vm| H{$ gmW `h I{b I{bm{$& [hbm oIbmS>r oH$gr ^m{OZ H$m [hbm Aja H$hVm h$& Xygam
oIbmS>r AJbm Aja H$hVm h Ama Bg Vah eX [yam hm{Vm h$& (Bgg{ H$m{B \$H$ Zht [S>Vm oH$ [hb{
oIbmS>r H{$ _Z _| Om{ eX Wm, `h eX Cgg{ AbJ h$&) Om{ oIbmS>r AJbm Aja Zht gm{M [m`{ dh I{b
g{ ]mha hm{ Om`{Jm$& Om{ ImZ{ H$m eX [yam H$a{Jm Cg{ EH$ AH$ o_b{Jm$&
nhbm {IbmS>r
Xygam {IbmS>r
Vrgam {IbmS>r
a(a~S>r)
ag(agJwm)
ag_(ag_bmB) Am{X&
AH$ XoZo H$m EH$ A` VarH$m h {H$ Omo eX H$mo nyam H$ao dmo EH$ AH$ ImoòJm {Oggo ha {IbmS>r CZ eXm| H$mo gmoMZo
H$s H$mo{ee H$aoJm Omo Cgr eX na g_m Z hmoVo hm| `m `{X H$moB b~m eX (Ogo Jwbm~Om_wZ) {OgH$m N>moQ>m ^mJ
(Jwbm~) h, V~ N>moQ>o ^mJ H$mo nyam H$aZo na, AmJo ~T>mo, H$hZm Mm{hò &
285

1. Ia-[Vdma `m hm{Vm h? oZH$mB H$m `m _Vb] hm{Vm h?
2. X{gr ImX `m hm{Vr h? `h oH$g Vah ]Zm`r Ama BV{_mb _| bm`r OmVr h? amgmòZH$ ImX `m
hm{Vr h? Hw$N> amgmòZH$ ImXm| H{$ Zm_ _mby_ H$am{$&
ImX nmYm| Ama OmZdamo Ho$ `W nXmW h, {Oggo nmYm| H$s d{ Ho$ {bò nmofH$ Vd m hmoVo h & ImX H$s
~ZmdQ> `m aMZm Eogr hmoVr h {Oggo {_>r T>rbr ahVr h d nmZr H$mo gmoIZo Ama YmaU H$aZo H$s j_Vm ~T>mZo
_| _XX H$aVr h & H$m~{ZH$ nXmW Cn`moJr gy_Ordm| H$s d{ H$mo ~T>mdm XoVm h Ama hm{ZH$maH$ gyH${_
(gy_ gyH${_ Omo nmYm| H$s OS>m| _| gwaJ ~ZmVo h) H$s g`m H$mo H$_ H$aVm h &
nmYm| Ho$ {bò H$mZgo nmofH$Vd Amd`H$ hmoVo h? H$m~Z, hmBS>moOZ Ama AmgrOZ (Omo nmYo hdm
Ama nmZr go m H$aVo h) Ho$ gmW nmYm| H$s d{ Ho$ {bò _w` $n go Amd`H$ Vd ZmBQ>moOZ(N),
\$m\$moag(P) Ama nmoQ>o{e`_ (K) h & BZ Vdm| H$mo EH$ gmW NPK H$hm OmVm h& BZHo$ gmW hr An
_mm _| Hw$N> Amd`H$ Vd Ogo _r{e`_, H${e`_ Ama g\$a Ama A` ~hV go Vd Ogo bmohm, _ZrO,
H$pe`_, ~moamZ, qOH$, H$mna, _mbrS>oZ_, bmoarZ, {Z{H$b, gmo{S>`_, H$mo~mQ> Ama {g{bH$mZ ~hV hr H$_
_mm _| Amd`H$ hmoVo h &
nmYm| d OmZdam| Ho$ eara _| ò gmao Vd CnpWV ahVo h & O~ {_>r _| ahZo dmbo Ord Ogo Ho$MwE, Jw~abo
Ama AVV: OrdmUw _ao hò nmYm|, OmZdam| Ama CZHo$ `W nXmWm] H$mo CZHo$ KQ>H$m| _| VmoS> XoVo h & (XoIo nmR>
10), Vmo ò Vd dmng {_>r _| {_b OmVo h & {_>r _| _mOyX ZmBQ>moOZ pWarH$aU OrdmUw Ama Hw$N> Omo
b`y{_Zogr Hw$b Ho$ nmYm| (Ogo _Q>a Ama go_ H$s OS>m| _| nmò OmVo h, hdm go ZmBQ>moOZ boVo h Ama Bgo
ZmBQ>moOZ `m{JH$m| _o ~Xb XoVo h & b`y{_Zogr nmYo ImX Ho$ _y`dmZ moV h & (H$nmoQ> ImX Ho$ {bò XoIo n>
339-340)
amgm`{ZH$ CdaH$ : ò `m{JH$ hmoVo h {OZ_o nmYm| Ho$ {bò Amd`H$ EH$ `m A{YH$ nmofH$ Vd _mOyX ahVo h
CXmhaU Ho$ {bò CdaH$ _| `m Vmo A_mo{Z`_ ZmBQ>oQ> `m `y[a`m, ZmBQ>moOZ Ho$ {bò, \$m\$moag Ho$ {bò gwna\$m\o$Q>
Ama nmoQ>o{e`_ Ho$ {bò nmoQ>o{e`_ g\o$Q> H$m {_lU hmoVo h & H$pe`_ Ama _Zr{e`_ H$s ny{V Ho$ {bò MyZm
286
{_bm`m OmVm h & CdaH$m| H$m {Z_mU MyU, XmZm|, N>moQ>r Jmo{b`m| `m `mo Ho$ $n _| {H$`m OmVm h&
3. `m amgmòZH$ ImX Ama [rS>H$Zmer h_ma{ obE hmoZH$maH$ hm{ gH$V{ h? oH$g Vah? O] ]agmV hm{Vr
h Vm{ amgmòZH$ ImX Ama [rS>H$Zmer Ywb H$a H$hm OmV{ h?
CdaH$m| H$m Cn`moJ ghr _mm _o {H$`m OmZm Mm{hò: A{YH$ _mm _| BgH$m Cn`moJ H$aZo na nmYm|
H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhM gH$Vm h & H$B amgm`{ZH$ CdaH$m| _| Ab _mOyX ahVo h Omo OrdmUwAm|, Ho$MwAm|
Ama {_>r _| ahZo dmbo A` Cn`moJr Ordm| H$mo Z> H$a XoVo h& ~ma-~ma amgm`{ZH$ CdaH$m| H$m
Cn`moJ H$aZo go ZmBQ>moOZ pWarH$aU OrdmUw ^r Z> hmo OmVo h & CdaH$ Vdm| H$mo ^y{_ _| OmZo go
amoH$Vo h; ^y{_ _| Vdm| H$s H$_r hmoZo go nmYm| _| \$\y$Xr Ama OrdmUwAm| g~Yr ~r_m[a`m hmo OmVr h&
CdaH$m| H$m Cn`moJ nmZr H$s A{YH$ _mm Ho$ gmW H$aZm n>S>Vm h {Oggo [_>r H$m H$Q>md jmar`Vm
Am{X g_`mE Cn hmo OmVr h& ( XoI| n> 267)
ZmBQ>oQ> nmZr _| A`{YH$ KwbZerb hmoVo h, ò {_>r go Ywb OmVo h Ama Z{X`m| Ama ^y{_JV ObmoVm|
_| BQ>R>o hmo OmVo h & aJhrZ Ama JYhrZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bho AmgmZr go Ty>T>m Zht Om gH$Vm Ama Cho
N>mZH$a `m C~mbH$a Xya ^r Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& nrZo Ho$ nmZr _| A`{YH$ _mm _| ZmBQ>oQ> hmoZo go
noQ> H$o H$ga hmoZo H$m IVam ahVm h & N>h _mh go N>moQ>o ~m| _| ò a$ H$s AmgrOZ bo OmZo H$s j_Vm
H$mo H$_ H$a XoVo h, {Oggo CZH$m X_ KwQ>Zo bJVm h& A{YH$ _mm _| N d P nmZr _| hmoZo go edmb
A{YH$ _mm _| AmZo bJVr h {Oggo A` Obr` Ordm| H$mo AmgrOZ H$s ânmB H$_ hmo OmVr h &
nrS> H$Zmer Ho$ IVao n> 278-279 _| d{UV h &
4. `m E{g{ [rS>H$Zmer ^r$ h Om{ h_ma{ obE hmoZH$maH$ Zht h? AZ H$m{ H$sS>{-_H$m{S>m| g{ ]MmZ{ H{$ obE
Zr_ H$s [oV`m| H{$ BV{_mb Og{ gwaojV C[m` ]VmAm{$&
mH${VH$ nrS> H$Zmer Zr_, bhgwZ, n{e`Z ~H$m`Z, nm|J_ Am{X go ~Zo hmoVo h& ò h_mao {bò
hm{ZH$maH$ Zht hmoVo h& ^S>m[aV AZmOm| Ho$ gajU Ho$ Hw$N> {dfa{hV VarHo$ h; gyIr Zr_ H$s n{m`m|
Ho$ gmW {_bmH$a aI XoZm `m AaS>r H$m Vob bJmZm Omo {H$ YmoZo na {ZH$b OmVm h &
287
H$^r-H$^r EH$ \$gb H$mQ>Zo Ho$ ~mX {H$gmZ IoV _| ~Mo hE Ry>R>mo H$mo {Z`{V $n go ObmVo h & Xw^m`de
Eogm H$aZo go, do nmofH$ Vd Omo _Xm H$mo g_ ~Zm gH$Vo Wo, Z> hmo OmVo h & naVw BgH$m bm^ `h h {H$
{_>r _| _mOyX H$sS>m| Ho$ AS>o Ama `ynm _a OmVo h {Oggo CZ nrS> H$m| na {ZÙ hmo OmVm h Omo AJbr
\$gb H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhMm gH$Vo Wo&
nrS> H$Zm{e`m| na {ZâVm H$_ H$aZo Ho$ {bò dkm{ZH$ ZB {d{Y`m| H$m A{dH$ma H$aZo _| bJo h Ogo Od
{ZÙ (A` Om{V`m| H$o Cn`moJ go nrS> H$mo na {ZÙ H$aZm) VWm AZwdm{eH$ A{^`m{H$s H$m
Cn`moJ H$aHo$ nrS> H$ {VamoYr \$gbo CmmZm & dkm{ZH$ {d{^ H$ma Ho$ nrS> H$mo H$mo nwZ: Cn hmoZo go
amoH$Zo Ho$ {bò Zò VarHo$ ImoOZo _| bJo h& BZ {d{Y`m| Ho$ AN>o `m ~wao n[aUm_m| H$m nyU $n go narjU
H$aZo H$s Amd`H$Vm h & CXmhaU Ho$ {bò, Xygam| H$m {eH$ma H$aZo dmbo H$sS> o {S>oQ>a BgoQ> nrS> H$m| Ho$
gmW-gmW \$gb VWm A` Cn`moJr H$rS>o ^r Im OmVo h & Zò {VamoYr OrZ, A` Om{V`m| _| AZXoIo
VarH$m| go o{fV hmo OmVo h&
OodH$ H${f:
Bg Xa`mZ Hw$N> {H$gmZ mH${VH$ {d{Y`mo H$s Amoa dmng bmQ> aho h& OodH$ H${f _| nmYm|, {_>r Ama
A` Ordm| Ho$ ghm`H$ `dhmam| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h O~{H$ {dfbo amgm`{ZH$ CdaH$ Ama
nrS> H$Zmer`m| H$s Cnojm H$s OmVr h & OodH$ H$fH$ H$sQ> {VH$fu (H$sS>m| H$mo {VH${fV H$aZo dmbo)
nmYm| Ogo bhgwZ, `mO, Zr_ Ama J|Xo H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h; do {_>r _| CnpWV OrdmUwAm|, Xygao H$sS>m| H$m
{eH$ma H$aZo dmbo H$sS>m|, {M{S>`m| Am{X na nrS> H$mo na {ZÙ Ho$ {bò {Zâ ahVo h & Cg g_` O~ ^y{_
na _w` \$gb Zht br Om ahr hmo V~ Kmg d b`yg Ogo {VZn{V`m Kmg CJm`r OmVr h Omo newAm| Ho$
MaZo Ho$ {bò Cn`moJr h & OmZda ImX XoVo h Ama O~ ~mX _| OwVmB H$s OmVr h Vmo ò nmYo {_>r _| {_b
OmVo h VWm _Xm H$mo g_ ~ZmVo h & \$gbm| H$m MH$U {H$`m OmVm h {Og_o H$moB XbhZ \$gb Ogo Aaha
`m gmo`m~rZ, Mmdb H$s \$gb H$mQ>Zo Ho$ ~mX ~Mr hB Z_r _| bJmB OmVr h: Xmbo b`yg hmoVr h Omo ^y{_
_| ZmBQ>moOZ H$s _mm _| d{ H$aVr h& \$gbm| H$m EH$ gw{Z`mo{OV g`moJ(g_d`) Ama MH$U mH${VH$
$n go IanVdma na {ZÙ H$aVm h& OodH$ {d{Y go CJmò Jò nmYo ~hYm dW hmoVo h Ama H$sS>m| mam
ZwH$gmZ d ~r_m[a`m| Ho$ {V A{YH$ {VamoYr hmoVo h&
288
Hw$N> H$m~{ZH$ IoVr H$aZo dmbo H$fH$ Bg hX VH$ OmVo h {H$ do ^y{_ H$s OwVmB ^r Zht H$aVo h & Cho Eogm bJVm
h {H$ Eogm H$aZo go H|$MwAm| H$s Ama A` {_>r _| ahZo dmbo Ordm| H$s g`m ~T>Vr h {Oggo {_>r mH${VH$ $n
go T>rbr d g_ hmoVr h & (XoI| _Zmogmo~w \w$Hw$AmoH$m mam {b{IV nwVH$ "{X dZ Q>m [admo`yeZ')
n[a_mUm
_H$
n[a_mUm_H$
qMVZ
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
_mby_ H$am{ (WB p. 135)

ò g_`mE H$jm 4 Ho$ ~m| Ho$ {bò Z`r Ama WmoS>r ~hV H${R>Z h& _oar H$jm _| Ho$db EH$ {dmWr Zo _oar ghm`Vm
Ho$ {~Zm Bho hb {H$`m naVw A` ~o ^r Hw$N> hX VH$ g\$b hò& _ gmoMVr h Amd`H$ OmZH$mar ImoOZo VWm
g_`m Ho$ Am{eH$ hb m H$aZo Ho$ XmamZ ^r g^r ~m| Zo Hw$N> Z Hw$N> grIm&
1. _mZ bm{ oH$ Mma bm{Jm| H{$ EH$ [nadma _| am{O 250 Jm_ Mmdb [H$Vm h$& 30 oXZm| _| d{ oH$VZm Mmdb
BV{_mb H$a|J{? (`mX ah{{, EH$ oH$bm{Jm_ _| 1000 Jm_ hm{V{ h) Vwhmam [nadma Mmdb H$hm g{ bmVm
h? Vwhmam [nadma EH$ _hrZ{ _| oH$VZm Mmdb BV{_mb _| bmVm h?
EH$ {XZ _| EH$ n[adma 250 Jm_ Mmdb Cn`moJ H$aVm h&
30 {XZm| _| do Cn`moJ H$a|Jo 250 u30 = 7500 Jm_ = 7 1/2 {H$Jm Mmdb
{dmWr EH$ _hrZo _| CZHo$ Kam| _| bJZo dmbr Mmdb H$s _mm H$m AZw_mZ bJmVo h Omo {H$ 1 {H$bmo go 10
{H$bmo Ho$ ~rM hmoVr h&
2. EH$ _rQ>a b]r Ama 1 _rQ>a MmS>r O_rZ EH$ dJ_rQ>a hm{Vr h$& òX Vw_ ha dJ_rQ>a O_rZ [a 5 oH$bm{
Jm_ Mmdb CJm gH$V{ hm{ Vm{ Vwhma{ [nadma H{$ obE EH$ gmb H{$ obE oH$VZ{ dJ_rQ>a O_rZ H$s O$aV
hm{Jr?
_mZm{H$, Cn`w$ JUZm Ho$ g_mZ hr h_mam n[adma EH$ _hrZo _| 7.5 {H$Jm Mmdb Cn`moJ H$aVm h &
12 _hrZm| _| h_ Cn`moJ H$a|Jo 12 u 7.5 = 90 {H$Jm Mmdb
`{X 5 {H$Jm Mmdb 1 dJ _rQ>a ^y{_ na CJVm h&
90 {H$Jm Mmdb CJoJm 90/5 = 18 dJ _rQ>a ^y{_ na
(`mZ Xo {H$ `h AZw_mZ EH$ AmemdmXr AZw_mZ h VWm `h Z Ho$db Amhma Ho$ Mmdb dmbo ^mJ H$m h& `dhma _| EH$
n[adma H$s ^moOZ Amd`H$VmAm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bò Amd`H$ ^y{_ H$m jo\$b Bggo H$B JwZm A{YH$ hmoJm&)
289
jo\$b H$s Hw$N> gm_m` BH$mB`m:

EH$S>:- BgH$s Cn{m BbS> _| hB Omo EH$ {XZ _| EH$ ~b OmoS>r mam OmoVr JB ^y{_ H$s _mm H$mo
~VmVr Wr; ~mX _| Bgo _mZH$sH$V H$a 160 amoS> Ho$ ~am~a _mZm J`m, Ohm
1 amoS> = 16.5 \$sQ> Vmo,
1 EH$S> = 43,560 dJ \$sQ> = 4,047 dJ_rQ>a
Eà Ama hoQ>oà: jo\$b H$s {_Q>rH$ BH$mB`m (Xe_bd _mZH$ BH$mB`m)
1 Eà = 100 dJ_rQ>a
1 hoQ>oà = 10,000 dJ_rQ>a
jo\$b H$s Hw$N> gm_m` ^maVr` BH$mB`m h ~rKm, JwWm Ama g|Q>
{d{^ jom| _| CZ_o WmoS>m ~hV n[adVZ hmoVm h naVw Hw$N> H$pnV n[a_mU Bg H$ma h &
1 ~rKm = 5/8 EH$S>
1 JwWm = 1/40 EH$S> = 121 dJ JO
1 g|Q> = 1/100 EH$S>
oXImAm{ Ama ]VmAm{

1. Hw$N> E{gm ^m{OZ b{ AmAm{ oOg{ Vw_ b]{ g\$a [a gmW b{ Om gH$V{ hm{$& A] Hw$N> E{g{ ^m{OZm| H{$ Zm_
]VmAm{ oOh| Vw_ b]{ g\$a [a gmW Zht b{ OmAm{J{$& H$jm H$m{ ]VmAm{ oH$ `m{?
XoIo nmR> 10 ${MH$a Z 2 Ama 6 (n> 337 Ama 338)
H$m{B Z [yN>m{ (WB p. 136)

1. h_mam ^m{OZ H$hm g{ AmVm h, CgH{$ ]ma{ _| Z [yN>m{$& gm{Mm{, BZ Zm| H{$ CVa Vw_ H$g{ [mAm{J{?
{dm{W`m| Ho$ Z: "C~bm hAm Mmdb' `m h ?
`h AYyao nHo$ `m dmW {H$ò hò Mmdb Ho$ Zm_ go ^r OmZm OmVm h & ^maV _| CJZo dmbo Mmdb H$m
bJ^J AmYm ^mJ dmW {H$`m hwAm Mmdb h& YmZ H$s ~m{b`m| H$mo R>S>o nmZr _| {^Jmo`m OmVm h, {\$a
290
C~mbm `m ^mn Xr OmVr h Ama AV _| H$^r-H$^r Hw$N> Xoa J_ aoV _| ^yOm OmVm h & gyIZo Ho$ ~mX
^ygr AmgmZr go AbJ hmo OmVr h& dmW H$aZo H$s {H$`m _| Mmdb H$s D$nar naV `m {N>bHo$ go
Hw$N> {dQ>m{_Z Ama I{ZO nXmW Mmdb mam Ademo{fV H$a {bò OmVo h, {Oggo nm{be H$aZo H$s
{H `m _| Ho$db H$wN> nmofH$ Vd hr Z> hmoVo h&
`m Vw_ OmZV{ hm{?

EH$ oH$bm{Jm_ AZ CJmZ{ H{$ obE H$B hOma brQ>a [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h$&
Bg_| g{ `mXmVa [mZr [oV`m| mam hdm _| N>m{S> oX`m OmVm h$&
XoI| n> 197 Ama 227
291
nmR>-9
h_mao eara _| ^moOZ
H$hmZr (1 H$mbme; TB p. 85)

Xm{[ha H$m ImZm
""_m, _wP{ bmH$s AN>r Zht bJVr!'' MwZy Z{ oeH$m`V H$s$& ""AmO _ Xm{[ha _| ImZm Zht
ImD$Jm$&''
""Cg{ OmZ{ Xm{ Ama I{bZ{ Xm{ _m,'' _wZr Z{ H$hm$& ""AJa dh AmO ImZm Zht Im`{Jm Vm{ `m \$H$
[S>{Jm?''
""Bgg{ \$H$ [S>{Jm _wZr$&'' _m Z{ H$hm$& ""Vw_ OmZV{ hm{ MwZy oH$ Vwhmam eara EH$ H$maImZ{ H$s
Vah h$& Bg{ D$Om [Xm H$aZ{, oKg{-o[Q>{ H$b[wOm~ H$s _a_V H$aZ{, ]T>Z{ Ama Vwh| ]r_mna`m| g{
]MmZ{ H{$ obE ^m{OZ H$s O$aV [S>Vr h$& `mX H$am{, o[N>b{ gmb Vw_Z{ `{ g] [T>m Wm$&''
""AJa dh EH$ ]ma ImZm Zht Im`{Jm Vm{ `m hm{ Om`{Jm?'' _wZr Z{ OmZZm Mmhm$& ""CgZ{ gw]h
H$m ZmVm Vm{ ob`m hr h$& Cgg{ Cg{ D$Om Ama ]mH$s MrO| o_b Om`|Jr$&''
""Aa{ _wZr, dh D$Om ]hV X{a VH$ Zht MbVr$& Vw_ Oam A[Zm H$mZ MwZy H{$ [{Q> H{$ [mg bJmAm{
Ama gwZm{! `m Vwh| JwS>JwS>mhQ> gwZmB X{ ahr h? CgH$m [{Q> H$h ahm h oH$ dh Imbr h Ama Cg{
ImZm MmohE$&''
_wZr Z{ gwZm Ama CgH{$ oX_mJ _| H$B gdmb CR>Z{ bJ{$& ""JwS>JwS>mhQ> H$s AmdmO `m h? Mma KQ>{
_| hr ZmVm H$hm Mbm J`m?''
""_ OmZVm hy,'' MwZy Z{ eamaV g{ _wHw$amV{ hE H$hm$& ""Vwh| _mby_ h `h oN>: oN>: _| ]Xb J`m,
QQQ>r Om{ h_ am{O gw]h H$aV{ h$&''
292
_wZr A] gM _| oOkmgw hm{ J`r, ""b{oH$Z _m, ^m{OZ g{ D$Om H$g{ o_br? Om{ ImZm h_ ImV{ h Cgg{ h_mar
QQQ>r oH$VZr AbJ oXImB X{Vr h Ama Cgg{ AbJ Vah H$s JY ^r AmVr h$&
Hw$N> Vm{ O$a hm{Vm hm{Jm h_ma{ eara H{$ ^rVa$&''
""Vw_ _mby_ H$a bm{J{,'' _m Z{ H$hm$& ""h_ma{ eara _| h_{em ]hV gmar ]mV| hm{Vr ahVr h$& AmAm{, [Vm H$a|
oH$ h_ma{ ^m{OZ H$m `m hm{Vm h$&''
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
hbH$m \w$bH$m {dkmZ H$jm 3 _|, _ "eara Ho$ Qy>Q>o \y$Q>o ^mJm| H$s _a_V' Bg gH$nZm H$mo g_Pm MwH$s h naVw EH$ df
~mX _Zo nm`m {H$ `h {dMma A^r ^r ~hV go ~m| H$mo n> Zht hAm h& _Zo g_Pm`m {H$ Ogo OyVo Ama d
Cn`moJ H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr {Kg OmVo h dgm hr eara Ho$ gmW ^r hmoVm h & _mZbmo h_Zo Mnb Zht nhZr hmo, Vmo `m
Mnb H$s OJh na {Kg Zht Om`|Jo? ò {Kgo {nQ>o ^mJ ^moOZ go nwZ: {Z{_V hmoVo h& AmV[aH$ d ~m AJ ^r {Kg
OmVo h & gmW hr ~m| H$m eara AmH$ma _| ^r ~T> Vm h & AV: h_o eara {Z_mU H$aZo dmbo ^moOZ H$s Amd`H$Vm
hmoVr h &
{dm{W`m| Zo ^moOZ Ama _b Ho$ ~rM AVa aJ, AmH$ma Ama d$n Ho$ AmYma na ~Vm`m& ChmoZo `h
AZw^d {H$`m {H$ eara Ho$ AXa ^moOZ _| AZoH$ ~S> o n[adVZ hmoVo h & (ChmoZo _b Ho$ {bò A` eXm| H$mo ^r `mX
{H$`m-""nmImZm'', ""_b_y-CgJ'', ""_bnXmW'', ""{d>m'' Am{X) Bg MMm go H$B H${R>Z Z CR>o & `{n _
CZ Zm| H$m Cma VH$mb Zht Xo gH$s, na _ `h XoIH$a Iwe Wr {H$ {dmWu {~Zm {H$gr gH$moM Ho$ em[a[aH$ H$m`mo
Ho$ {df` _| dkm{ZH$ $n go gmoM {dMma H$a aho Wo &
ImZo H$m H$moB ^r aJ hmo, _b H$m aJ h_oem nrbm `m| hmoVm h? Cg_o ~X~y `m| AmVr h? (XoIo n> 306 Ama
310) noQ> `m| JwS> JwS> mVm h? (XoIo {H$`mH$bmn 3 K, n> 303)
{H$`mH$bmn
1. h_ Om{ ImZm ImV{ h, CgH$m hm{Vm `m h?
(2 H$mbme + JhH$m`; TB p. 86)
Om{ ImZm h_ ImV{ h dh grY{ eara H{$ g^r ^mJm| VH$ Zht [hM gH$Vm$& `h [hb{ [mMZ _mJ g{ JwOaVm
OmVm h$& amV{ _| ImZm _W OmVm h VWm H$B [mMH$ ag Cg_| o_b OmV{ h$& ag H$s dOh g{ ImZm _hrZ
H$Um| _| Qy>Q> OmVm h$&
293
^m{OZ H{$ N>m{Q>{ H$U Ama [mZr [mMZ _mJ H$m{ N>m{S>H$a h_ma{ aV dmh _| d{e H$a OmV{ h$& aV Ch| eara
H{$ g^r ^mJm| _| [hMmVm h$& g^r ^mJm| H$m{ ]T>Z{ Ama qOXm aIZ{ _| BZH$m C[`m{J hm{Vm h$&
Adoe> ^m{OZ oOgH$s h_| O$aV Zht hm{Vr, dh h_ma{ [mMZ _mJ _| AmJ{ ]T>Vm ahVm h$& AV _| dh
_bma g{ eara H{$ ]mha \|$H$ oX`m OmVm h$&
BZ oMm| H{$ A``Z H{$ ]mX([mR>`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 86-87 [a) H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 137 Ama 143 [a
oXE JE A`mg H$m{ [yam H$am{$&
nmMZ `m h?
nmMZ _| ^moOZ Ho$ ~S> o AUw N>moQ>o AUwAm| _| Qy>Q>Vo h, {Oggo do a$ _| Kwb gHo$& ^moOZ Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJ
Ogo gmYmaU eH$am (byH$moO), {dQ>m{_Z Ama I{ZO H$mo {dK{Q>V hmoZo H$s Amd`H$Vm Zht hmoVr
h & ò g^r KQ>H$ nmZr _| KwbZerb hmoVo h AV: a$ _| grYo Ademo{fV hmo OmVo h Ama eara Ho$
{d{^ {hgm| _| bo Omò OmVo h qH$Vw O{Q>b H$m~m}hmBS>oQ>m| Ho$ ~S> o AUw , dgm Ama moQ>rZ nmZr _| Zht
KwbVo h & Cho gmYmaU KwbZerb nXmWm] Ho$ N>moQ>o AUwAm| _| VmoS> Zo H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h {Oggo
ò N>moQ>r AmV H$s Xrdmam| H$mo nmaH$a a$ _| Om gHo$ &
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
ma{^H$ $n go Z nyN>Zo na _Zo nm`m {H$ CZ_o go ~hVm| H$s ~hV hr gab gr gmoM h {H$ Omo ^moOZ h_ ImVo h dh
grYo `j $n _o `m noQ> Ho _mJ go nyao eara _| OmVm h & EH$ ~X Zbr `m nmMZ _mJ H$m {dMma CZHo$ {bò Z`m
Wm& _Zo Cho A_o[aH$s goZm Ho$ e` {M{H$gH$ {d{b`_ `y_mQ> H$s H$hmZr gwZmB {OgZo gZ 1820 _| dmV{dH$
$n _| `h XoIm {H$ noQ> _| `m hmo ahm h? dh EH$ _arO H$m BbmO H$a ahm Wm {Ogo XwKQ>Zm _| Jmobr bJZo go noQ> _|
Kmd hmo J`m Wm& Kmd â J`m naVw noQ> H$s Xrdma _| EH$ {N> hmo J`m Omo grYo noQ> Ho$ ^rVa Ho$ ^mJ _| OmVm Wm&
`y_mQ> Zo N>oX _| Z{b`m S>mbH$a noQ> Ho$ AXa H$o nXmWm] Ho$ Z_yZo {bò & CgZo nm`m {H$ noQ> Ho$ AXa ^moOZ _| Hw$N>
n[adVZ hmoVo h &
294
nmMZ _mJ
{M _| nmMZ _mJ {XIm`m Om ahm h & (`h Amhma `m ^moOZ
Zmb Ho$ Zm_ go ^r OmZm OmVm h&) n> 295 na ~Zo AZwH$_ _|
Amhma Zbr go hmoH$a OmVo hò Q>_mQ>a _| `m-`m n[adVZ hmoVo
h `h {XIm`m J`m h & Bg {H$`m H$mo ~VmVo g_` _Zo {dm{W`m|
H$mo mogm{hV {H$`m {H$ do H$B {H$`m eXm| Ama dm`mem| H$s H$nZm
H$ao Ogo \$mS>Zm, H$mQ>Zm, nrgZm, {_bmZm, YHo$bZm, _WZm, N>moQ>o
H$Um| _| {d^$ hmoZm, a$ H$s Ymam _| doe H$aZm Ama AVV:
eara Ho$ ~mha \|$H$m OmZm& "_WZm' eX ~VmZo Ho$ {bò
"N>mN> ~ZmZo Ho$ {bò Xhr H$mo _Wm OmVm h' ^moOZ Zbr
`h CXmhaU {X`m&
Am_me`
`H $ V
{nmme`
A`me`
~S>r AmV
An|{S>g
N>moQ>r AmV
_bma
295
Q>_mQ>a ImZ{ [a CgH$m `m hm{Vm h?

^m{OZ \$mS> oX`m OmVm h, Qw>H$Sm| _| H$mQ> oX`m
OmVm h, [rg oX`m OmVm h Ama _wh _| bma g{
o_bm oX`m h$&
^m{OZ Zbr ^m{OZ H$m{ Am_me` VH$ [hMmVr h
_wh
5-30 g{H|$S>
^m{OZ Zbr
10-15 g{H|$S>
^m{OZ Am_me` _| _W oX`m OmVm h, [mMH$ agm| H{$

Am_me`
gmW o_bm oX`m OmVm h Ama _hrZ H$Um| _| Vm{S> oX`m 3-5 KQ>{
OmVm h$&
N>m{Q>r AmV _| ^m{OZ _hrZ H$Um| _| Vm{S> oX`m OmVm h
N>m{Q>r AmV
oOgg{ dh aV _| OmH$a AmgmZr g{ eara H{$ g^r ^mJm| _| 3-4 KQ>{
[hM Om`$&
^m{OZ H{$ Vm{S>{ J`{ H$U aV H{$ mam
eara H{$ ha ^mJ VH$ b{ Om`{ OmV{ h$&
o]Zm [Mm hAm ^m{OZ Ama [mZr ]S>r AmV

_| OmVm h& d [XmW ]S>r AmV g{ hm{H$a
]S>r AmV
aV dmh _| Mb{ OmV{ h$&
8 KQ>{ -3 oXZ
R>m{ g Im
d-Adoe> [{em] H{$ $[ _| oZH$mb oX`{ OmV{ h$&
A[oe> _bma g{ ]mha
\|$H$ oX`{ OmV{ h$&
296
nmMZ {H$`m H$m {dVV dUZ :_wh Ho$ AXa: H$mQ>Zo dmbo XmV `m "H$XV' Omo _wh _| gm_Zo H$s Amoa ahVo h, ^moOZ Ho$ Qw>H$S>m| H$mo
H$mQ>Vo h, "aXZH$' ^moOZ H$mo Qw>H$S>m| _| \$mS> Zo d MraZo _| _XX H$aVo h O~{H$ MdUH$, Omo O~S> o _|
nrN>o H$s Amoa hmoVo h, Bgo nrgH$a _hrZ noQ> (bwXr) _| ~Xb XoVo h & O~ XmV ^moOZ H$mo \$mS> Zo Ama
nrgZo Ho$ H$m_ _| bJo hmoVo h, V~ ^moOZ H$mo bma mam Jrbm d Z_ {H$`m OmVm h Ama Or^ mam BgH$s
N>moQ>r Jmo{b`m ({Zdmbm) ~ZmB OmVr h&
bma _| "Q>m`brZ' Zm_H$ EOmB_ hmoVm h Omo _S>(Q>mM) H$mo eH$am _| ~Xb XoVm h& _wh _|
bma J{W`m| Ho$ 3 OmoS> o hmoVo h Omo amoO 1 go 1.5 brQ>a bma {V{XZ ~ZmVo h& bma _| bgXma bof_b
^r hmoVm h Omo ^moOZ H$mo J{gH$m Ho$ AXa {\$gbZo _| _XX H$aVm h&
Amhma Zmb _| nrgo hò ^moOZ Ho$ _hrZ H$U nmMH$ agm| H$r ^mdr {H$`m Ho$ {bò dhV jo
XmZ H$aVo h& M~mZo H$s {H$`m _| 5 go 30 goH$S> H$m g_` bJVm h, Omo ^moOZ Ho$ H$ma na {Zâ
H$aVm h & `{X h_ ^moOZ H$mo OXr-OXr M~m`| Vmo bma mam _S> H$m nmMZ nyar Vah go Zht hmoVm&
A` ag ^r ^moOZ Ho$ BZ T>obm| `m qnS>mo na AmgmZr go {H$`m Zht H$a nm`|Jo {Oggo ò noQ> _| H$m\$s
b~o g_` VH$ ahoJm {Oggo E{g{S>Q>r(AbVm) d AdWVm hmoJr &
O~ h_ Jmg {ZJbVo h Vmo EH$ N>moQ>m nm dmg Zbr H$mo ~X H$a XoVm hOmo J{gH$m Ho$ nmg
hmoVr h & `{X ^moOZ H$m H$U JbVr go no na Am Omò `m dmgZbr _| doe H$a Omò Vmo h_o Imgr
AmVr h d dh H$U PQ>Ho$ go ~mha Am OmVm h& ^moOZ H$mo J{gH$m Ho$ AXa go J{gH$m H$s _mgno{e`m|
Ho$ gHw$MZ mam YHo$bm OmVm h O~ VH$ `h noQ> _| nhM Zht OmVm& (10-15 goH|$S> _|)
Am_me` Ho$ AXa : noQ> Ho$ AmdaU _| _mOyX N>moQ>r J{W`m| mam {Z{_V OR>a(Am_me`) ag H$mo
^moOZ Ho$ gmW {_bm`m OmVm h & amoO noQ> _| H$ar~ 2-3 brQ>a OR>a ag {Z{_V hmoVm h, AV: noQ> Ho
AXa Ho$ nXmW d AdWm _| hmoVo h &
OR>a ag "nopgZ', Omo moQ>rZm| H$m nmMZ ma^ H$aVm h,"ao{ZZ' Omo XyY H$m W$m O_m XoVm h
{Oggo `h noQ> _| Hw$N> g_` ahVm h Ama "hmBS>mobmo[aH$ Ab' Omo nopgZ Ho$ H$m` H$aZo Ho$ {bò
297
Abr` dmVmdaU XmZ H$aVm h, go {_bH$a ~Zm hmoVm h& hmBS>mobmo[aH$ Ab A{YH$me OrdmUwAm|
H$mo Z> H$a XoVm h {Oggo ^moOZ noQ> _| {H$pdV Zht hmoVm VWm ~r_m[a`m| go h_mao eara H$m ~Mmd
hmoVm h &
noQ> H$s Xrdmam| Ho$ {Z`{_V $n go {gHw$S>Zo Ama \$bZo go ^moOZ H$mo _WZo _| _XX {_bVr
h & AeV: nMm hAm ^moOZ ~mX _| N>moQ>r AmV _| doe H$aVm h & EH$ gm_m` ^moOZ noQ> _| 4 go
5 KQ>o VH$ ahVm h & Xmo ^moOZm| Ho$ ~rM _| 5-6 KQ>m| H$m AVamb noQ> H$mo AnZm H$m` H$aZo Ho$ {bò
n`m g_` XoVm h Ama AJbo ^moOZ Ho$ nhbo noQ> H$mo WmoS> m {dlm_ ^r {_b OmVm h &
N>moQ>r AmV : `h EH$ b~r gH$ar Hw$S>{b`m| Ho$ $n _| _wS>r hB Zbr hmoVr h & nhbo ^mJ _|, {Ogo
ndme` (duodenum) H$hVo h, ^moOZ {nm (`H$V _| {Z{_V hmoVm h Ama Jmb boS>a _| g{MV
ahVm h, dgm H$mo nMmZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVm h Ama _b H$mo {d{e> aJ XmZ H$aVm h) Ama Ame`
ag (Ame` _| {Z{_V hmoVm h, _S>, moQ>rZm| Ama dgm Ho$ nmMZ H$mo Omar aIVm h) Ho$ gmW {_bm`m
OmVm h & ^moOZ N>moQ>r AmV _| 3-4 KQ>o VH$ ahVm h & nmMZ, AmV agm| H$s {H$`m mam nyam hmoVm h
Omo {H$ N>moQ>r AmV _| _mOyX J{W`m| mam m{dV hmoVm h&
N>moQ>r AmV H$s ~mhar Xrdma a$ dm{hZr Z{b`m| Ho$ Omb go T>H$s ahVr h& nMo ^moOZ H$m
A{YH$me Cn`moJr ^mJ N>moQ>r AmV H$s Xrdmam| go a$ _| doe H$aVm h& ^moOZ Ho$ Bg ^mJ H$m
Cn`moJ, h_mao eara _| D$Om XoZo, eara {Z_mU H$aZo Ama ~r_m[a`m| go bS> Zo _| hmoVm h&
~Mm hAm ^mJ {Og_o _w`V: `W nXmW hmoVo h, ~S>r AmV _| OmVm h & `hm na Hw$N> bdUm|
Ama {dQ>m{_Zm| Ho$ gmW nmZr H$s A{V[a$ _mm a$ _| Ademo{fV hmo OmVr h & O~ ò a$$ JwXm] go
hmoH$a OmVm h Vmo nmZr H$s A{V[a$ _mm Ho$ gmW eara _| {Z{_V hE A` `W nXmW Ogo `y[a`m
a$ go AbJ H$a {Xò OmVo h Ama ò _yme` _| EH${V hmo OmVo h & AVV: A{V[a$ Ob A{YH$
_mm _| _y mam Ama Hw$N> _mm _| ngrZo Ho$ mam ~mha {ZH$mbm OmVm h &
Bgr ~rM R>mog ^mJ, _b H$o$ $n _| `mJo OmZo go nhbo, ~S>r AmV _| 12 go 48 KQ>m| VH$ ah
gH$Vm h& `{X `W nXmW AmVm| _| b~o g_` VH$ aho Vmo Cggo A{YH$ go A{YH$ nmZr Ademo{fV
H$a {b`m OmVm h Ama _b H$R>moa hmo OmVm h&
298
2. [mMH$ ag ^m{OZ H$m{ Qw>H$S>m| _| Vm{S> X{V{ h (2 Xm{ha{ H$mbme; TB p. 88)

^m{OZ H$m{ Vwhma{ _wh _| XmVm| g{ Qw>H$S>m| _| Vm{S> oX`m OmVm h VWm [rg oX`m OmVm h$& Vwhmar Or^ ^m{OZ
H$m{ o_bmZ{ Ama Sw>bmZ{ _| _XX H$aVr h$& ^m{OZ _wh _| bma (WyH$) g{ o_b OmVm h$& bma EH$ [mMH$ ag h
Om{ ^m{OZ H$m{ N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ Qw>H$S>m| _| Vm{S>Z{ _| _XX H$aVm h$&
H$. am{Q>r, [mdam{Q>r `m C]b{ hE Amby H$m EH$ Qw>H$S>m 2-3 o_ZQ> VH$ M]mAm{$& dmX _| hm{Z{ dmb{ ]Xbmd H$m
dUZ H$am{$&$(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 137)$&
AmQ>{ Ama Amby _| _S> Iy] [m`m OmVm h$& bma Bg _S> H$m{ Vm{S>H$a H$m{B Ama MrO ]ZmVr h$& `m Vw_
AZw_mZ bJm gH$V{ hm{ oH$ dh H$mZ-gr MrO h?
òX Vw_ ^m{OZ H$m{ AN>r Vah M]mAm{ Vm{ bma Cg{ AN>r Vah [Mm`{Jr!
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
gH$nZm_H$
g_`m
{dmWu amoQ>r, ~oS> `m Mmdb bmò Wo & Omo ~o d` Hw$N> Zht bmò Wo `m {OZHo$ {Q>{\$Z ~mg H$s nmd/amoQ>r Om_ Am{X
H$s dOh go _rR>r hmo J`r Wr, Chm|Zo AnZo XmoVm| go EH$ Qw>H$S>m {b`m& _OoXma ~mV `h Wr {H$ H$B {dm{W`m| Zo ~oS>
Ama Mmdb H$mo M~mZo na AmZo dmbo _rR>o dmX na `mZ hr Zht {X`m& _rR>o dmX H$s$CZH$s gH$nZm {_R>mB `m e~V
Ho$ _rR>o dmX go Wr& dmX _| `h n[adVZ, ^mIar _| (dma Ama ~mOam go ~Zr _moQ>r amoQ>r) A{YH$ `mZ XoZo `mo`
Wm, g\o$X ~oS> Ama Mmdb H$s VwbZm _|& _Zo {dm{W`m| H$mo ~Xbmd Ho$ {bò H$H$S>r H$m Qw>H$S> m M~mZo Ho$ {bò {X`m, `h
g_PZo Ho$ {bò {H$ BgH$m dmX Zht ~XbVm naVw Hw$N> ~m| Zo H$hm {H$ M~mZo na H$H$S>r H$S> dr bJZo bJVr h&
Cn hB {_R>mg na `mZ XoZo dmbr Eogr hr EH$ g_`m ~mX _| AmB (nmR> 10 `m Vw_ OmZVo hmo?) O~ `h g_Pm`m
Om ahm Wm {H$ Xhr OrdmUwAm| mam XyY _| _mOyX eH$am Ho$ Cn^moJ H$aZo VWm EH$ I>o Ab Ama H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS>
XoZo go ~ZVr h& _Zo {dm{W`mo go XyY H$s {_R>mg MIZo H$mo H$hm Omo ~mX _| I>r Xhr ~Z J`m& `hm ^r (H$)
{dm{W`m| Zo `mZ Zht {X`m {H$ {~Zm e$a {_bm gmXm XyY ^r dmX _| _rR>m bJVm h Ama (I) CZH$m `h H$hZm
Wm {H$ A^r-A^r bJm hAm VmOm Xhr I>o Ho$ WmZ na _rR>m bJVm h & V~ _wPo `h Am^mg hAm {H$ dmX Ho$ n{V
gdoXZerbVm `{${ZR> h Ama A` dmXm| go VwbZm H$a AeV: ~VmB Om gH$Vr h, Omo {H$ ha `{$ Ho$ AZw^d Ho$
AmYma na {^ hmoVr h&
299
I. Am`m{S>rZ _S> H$m{ Zrbm `m H$mbm H$a X{Vr h$& Wm{S>m-gm H{$bm `m Xygam H$m{B \$b bm{ Ama AmQ>m, _yJ\$br,
am{Q>r, XyY, [H$m`m hAm Mmdb, Amby, _IZ, [mdam{Q>r, [VmJm{^r, AbJ-AbJ Vah H{$ AZmO, [H$m`m
J`m AS>m, Q>_mQ>a, o]Hw$Q> B`moX bm{$& CZ [a EH$-EH$ ]yX Am`m{S>rZ H$m Km{b S>mbH$a X{Im{ oH$ oH$Z_| _S>
h$(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 138)$&
m`mo{JH$
g H o $ V
{H$gr XdmB H$s XwH$mZ go bm`m J`m qQ>Ma Am`moS>rZ ~oS> na S>mbZo na H$mbm aJ XoVm Wm& Bgr Am`moS>rZ H$s EH$ ~yX
H$mo O~ nmZr H$s 10 ~yXm| Ho$ gmW Kmob H$a VZw ~Zm`m J`m Vmo BgZo ~oS> na Zrbm-~JZr aJ {X`m &
{ZarjU
Ama `m`m
A` ${MH$a AZw^d: AZmO Ho$ nyao XmZo VWm Xmb Ho$ gm~wV XmZo Am`moS>rZ Ho$ gmW Zrbm aJ Zht XoVo& `m|? Joh H$m
XmZm Am`moS>rZ Ho$ gmW Zrbm aJ Zht XoVm naVw Joh go ~Zr ~oS> Am`moS>rZ Ho$ gmW Zrbm aJ XoVr h? EH$ {dmWu H$mo
bJm {H$ ~oS> _| _mOyX nmZr Ho$ H$maU Am`moS>rZ Zrbm hmo J`m, A` ~m| Zo gmoMm {H$ Joh H$mo nrgZo Ho$ H$maU Eogm hAm
hmoJm& ~mX _| bJm`m hAm AZw_mZ ghr {ZH$bm Hw$Mbo hE Joh _| Zrbm aJ Am`m & h_Zo `h {ZH$f {ZH$mbm {H$ Joh
H$s ~mhar (Ama A` AZmOm| H$s) naV _| _S> Zht hmoVm O~{H$ AXa _S> hmoVm h &
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{ZZ{b{IV ^moOZ Am`moS>rZ Ho$ gmW Zrbm aJ XoVo h: AmQ>m, ~oS>, amoQ>r, nH$m hAm Mmdb, Amby, nmnS>, g^r AZmO
Ama Xmb| Omo h_ m H$a gH$Vo h Ogo Joh, Mmdb, _H$m, dma, ~mOam, amJr Ama {d{^ Xmb| (AZmO `m Xmb H$m
EH$ nrgm hAm `m Hw$Mbm hAm XmZm narjU Ho$ {bò n`m h), {~Hw$Q>, go~ Ama Ho$bm&
{ZZ{b{IV nXmW Am`moS>rZ Ho$ gmW Zrbm aJ Zht XoVo:
Q>_mQ>a, gVam, Va~yO, XyY&
J. EH$ H$M{ Amby H{$ Qw>H$S>m| H$m{ Hy$Mm{ & Bg_| 3-4 M_M [mZr o_bmAm{$& Amby H{$ Qw>H$S>m| H$m{ ZrM{ ]R> OmZ{
Xm{$& YwYb{ o_lU H$m{ ]mha CS>{bm{$& EH$ M_M o_lU b{H$a _S> H$m [arjU H$am{ (H$m`-[wpVH$m [>
138)$&
EH$ M_M o_lU H$m{ A[Z{ _wh _| aIm{$& Cg{ 5-6 o_ZQ> VH$ _wh _| aIH$a Sw>bmV{ ahm{$& o\$a Bg{ EH$ oJbmg
_| WyH$ Xm{ Ama _S> H$m [arjU H$am{$(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 138)$&
300
m`mo{JH$
g H o $ V
Bg `moJ go Ano{jV n[aUm_ mV H$aZo Ho$ {bò, Hw$N> gmdYm{Z`m ~aVZr Mm{hE :
x `moJ go nyd {Jbmg H$mo AN>r Vah Ymo b| {Oggo AXa `{X _S> bJm hmo Vmo dh {ZH$b Omò &
x EH$ {Zdmbo _| _mOyX _S> H$s ~S>r _mmAm| H$mo bma nMm Zht nmVr & AV: hHo$ YwYbo _S> Ho$ {Zb~Z H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m OmVm h& d _| Amby H$s {H$gr ^r {N>nr H$mo Z ahZo X| &
x 5-6 {_{ZQ> VH$ d H$mo AnZo _wh _| aIH$a Sw>bmVo ahmo {Oggo gmao _S> H$mo nMZo _| _XX {_boJr&
x BZ gmdYm{Z`m| Ho$ ~mX ^r H$^r-H$^r _S> H$m nmMZ nyar Vah Zht hmoVm& Cg pW{V _o, Vwho AeV: nMo hE
{db`Z _| hH$m Zrbm aJ {_boJm, _yb $n _| `h aJ JmT>m Zrbm hmoVm h &
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$B g_yhm| H$mo hH$m Zrbm aJ m

hAm & ChmoZo {ZH$f {ZH$mbm {H$
Hw $ N >_ S > A^r ^r ~Mm h &
gm_m`V`m `h ~Mm hw A m _ S >
Am_me` `m N>moQ>r AmV _| nM OmVm
h& nmR> Ho$ AV _| h_Zo _S> H$o XmZo
XoIZo Ho {bò gy_Xeu mam Am`moS>rZ
{_bm hAm Hw$N> YwYbm {db`Z XoIm &
_S> Ho$
XmZo
gy_Xeu go XoIZo na nmXn H$mo{eH$m _| _S> Ho$ XmZo &
3. H$g{ OmVm h [mMZ _mJ g{ ^m{OZ? (Xm{ham H$mbme + JhH$m`)

Amd`H$ gm_Jr
({dm{W`m| Ho$ òH$ g_yh Ho$ {bò) Xmo `m VrZ Cn`moJ {H$ò hò bmpQ>H$ Ho$ Wbo Ogo XyY Ho$ Imbr nmCM; gobmoQ>on,
Q>onba `m gwB Ama YmJm; AmYm nH$m Ho$bm; 20 dJ _rQ>a gyVr H$nS>m; Wmbr Ama M_M
301
H$. O] Vw_ ^m{OZ H$m{ oZJbV{ hm{, dh Vwhmar ^m{OZ

Zbr g{ hm{H$a ZrM{ OmVm h$& (TB p. 89)
A[Zr ^m{OZ Zbr H$m EH$ Z_yZm ]ZmAm{$& bmpQ>H$
H$s Wbr g{ EH$ b]r [QQ>r H$mQ>m{ (H$ar] 20 g|Q>r_rQ>a
MmS>r Ama 40 g|Q>r_rQ>a b]r)$& Bg{ AmY{ [a g{
_m{S>m{, oH$Zmam| H$m{ b[{Q>m{ Ama o[Z bJm Xm{ `m ogb Xm{
oOgg{ EH$ b]r Zbr ]Z Om`$&
_gbm hAm EH$ H{$bm Zbr H{$ EH$ N>m{a g{ S>mbm{$&
Vw__| g{ VrZ bm{J Bg Zbr H$m{ _woQR>`m| g{ [H$S>|J{$&
_wo>>`m| H{$ ]rM _| OJh _V N>m{S>m{$& _mZ bm{ oH$ Vwhma{
hmW ^m{OZ Zbr H$s _mg[{oe`m h$&
_wo>>`m| H$m{ ]mar-]mar g{ X]mH$a Ama T>rbm N>m{S>H$a
H{$b{ H{$ Qw>H$S>{ H$m{ D$[a g{ ZrM{ H$s Am{a oIgH$mAm{$&
Bgr Vah ^m{OZ Vwhmar ^m{OZ Zbr, N>m{Q>r AmV Ama
]S>r AmV H{$ AXa g{ JwOaVm h$&
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 139-140)$
302
I. A[Z{ Am_me` H$m EH$ Z_yZm ]ZmAm{$& ]Zm`r hB ^m{OZ Zbr g{ oZH$b{ ^m{OZ H$m{ EH$ gm\$ bmpQ>H$
H$s Wbr _| Wm{S>{ [mZr H{$ gmW S>mbm{$& òX Vw_ Mmhm{ Vm{ Cg_| Wm{S>m ]Mm hAm ImZm Og{ Mmdb, Xmb, gm]a
`m _wbm`_ gOr S>mbm{$&
Wbr H$m _wh ]mYm{$& `mZ ah{ oH$ Wbr _| `mXm hdm Z ah Om`$& _mZ bm{ oH$ Vwhma{ hmW Am_me` H$s
_mg[{oe`m h$&
oOg Vah g{ [{Q> H$s _mg[{oe`m| mam ^m{OZ _Wm OmVm h Cgr Vah ^m{OZ H$m{ A[Z{ hmWm| g{ o_bmAm{$&
E{gm dmVd _| `m h Om{ Am_me` _| hm{Vm h b{oH$Z Bg Z_yZ{ dmb{ ]ZmdQ>r Am_me` _| Zht hm{ ahm h?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Am_me` H$m _mS>b EH$ bmpQ>H$ ~J Wm {Ogo ^moOZ Zbr Ho$ Z_yZo Ho$ ZrMo Ho$ {gao na aIm J`m Wm {Og_o go Hw$Mbm
hAm Ho$bm Bg Am_me` Ho$ _mS>b _| {Jam`m J`m& {dm{W`m| Zo nmMH$ agm| H$s H$nZm H$aZo Ho$ {bò Bg_o Hw$N> nmZr
{_bm`m& ChmoZo AnZo hmW go Wbo H$mo X~mH$a ^moOZ H$mo _Wm & (`h _mS>b AYyam h `m|{H$ Bg_o ^moOZ H$mo
amgm`{ZH$ $n go VmoS> Zo Ho$ {bò nmMH$ ag _mOyX Zht h&)
J. A[Zr AmVm| H$m EH$ Z_yZm ]ZmAm{$& Am_me` H{$ Z_yZ{ dmbm Jrbm ^m{OZ EH$ H$[S>{ _| aIm{$& H$[S>{ H$m{
]mYm{ Ama Yra{ g{ oZMm{S>m{$&
Bgg{ `m ]mha AmVm h Ama `m AXa ah OmVm h?
`h N>m{Q>r Ama ]S>r AmV _| hm{Z{ dmbr oH$`m g{ oH$g Vah g_mZ h? `h CZg{ oH$g Vah AbJ h?
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$nS> o go [agm hAm `h d, AmVm| H$s Xrdmam| go nmofH$ Vdm| Ama Ob H$m AdemofU {H$g H$ma hmoVm h, BgH$m EH$
H$m {M VwV H$aVm h & dmVd _| eara _| ò d a$ _| Mbo OmVo h & Hw$N> {dm{W`m| Zo JbVr go `h gmoMm {H$
~S>r AmV go {ZH$bZo dmbm d _y h & _Zo Ch| ~Vm`m {H$ `h JbV h & ~mX _| {H$S>Zr _| a$ go _y AbJ {H$`m
OmVm h&
303
K. A[Z{ [mMZ _mJ H$s AmdmO gwZm{$& A[Zm H$mZ A[Z{ Xm{V H{$ [{Q> [a aIH$a Xm{ o_ZQ> VH$ `mZ g{ gwZm{$&
Vwh| `m gwZmB X{ ahm h? Bg{ ImZm ImZ{ H{$ [hb{ Ama ]mX _| H$aH{$ X{Im{$& H$[Zm H$am{, `{ AmdmO| H$g{ Ama
oH$g H$maU g{ hm{ ahr hm|Jr$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$B {dm{W`m| Zo em{V go d `mZ bJmH$a AnZo gmWr Ho$ noQ> _| hmoZo dmbr AmdmOm| H$mo gwZm& ò MQ>MQ>mhQ> `m
JwS>JwS>mZo H$s hH$s AmdmO| Wr, H$^r-H$^r ò H$mJO _amoS> >Zo Ho$ Ogr bJVr Wr&
noQ> `m| JwS>JwS>mVm h?
Am_me` H$s _mgno{e`m gm_m`V`m Vmb~ $n go EH$ {_{ZQ> _| 3 ~ma gHw${MV Ama gm[aV
hmoVr h naVw `{X noQ> b~o g_` go Imbr h Vmo ò gHw$MZ 2-3 {_{ZQ> VH$ ~Zo ahVo h & Jgm| d nmMH$
agm| Ho$ Kmob Ho$ {_{lV hmoZo go EH$ d{Z Cn hmoVr h Omo noQ> Ho$ ImbrnZ go Ama A{YH$ ~T> OmVr
h & (~hV Hw$N>, Ogm h_ nmR> 3, {H$`mH$bmn 7 _| XoI MwHo$ h, d{Z ~mg H$s ghm`Vm go EH$ dm
` H$s d{Z H$mo ~T>m`m OmVm h &)
4. oH$VZm b]m hm{Vm h [mMZ _mJ? (Xm{ham H$mbme + JhH$m`)

[mMZ _mJ h_ma{ eara g{ ]hV `mXm b]m hm{Vm h$& BgH{$ b]{ ^mJ eara H{$ AXa _wS>{ hm{V{ h oOgg{
oH$ d{ AXa g_m gH|$$& H$ar] 7 _rQ>a b]r EH$ agr bm{$& _mZ bm{ oH$ `h Vwhmam [mMZ _mJ h$&
agr [a BZ b]mB`m| H{$ ]am]a oZemZ bJmAm{$&
5 _rQ>a
8 g{_r
15 g{_r
25 g{_r
N>m{Q>r AmV
1 _rQ>a 20 g{_r
]S>r AmV
_wh
^m{OZ Zbr
Am_me`
N>m{Q>r AmV
]S>r AmV
8 g|Q>r_rQ>a
25 g|Q>r_rQ>a
15 g|Q>r_rQ>a
5 _rQ>a
1 _rQ>a 20 g|Q>r_rQ>a
304
[mMZ _mJ H$s Hw$b b]mB oH$VZr h? agr H$m{ Zm[m{ Ama Om{S> H$s OmM H$am{$&
IoS>`m g{ \$e [a A[Z{ Xm{V H{$ eara H$m oM ]ZmAm{$& oOg Vah g{ [mMZ _mJ eara H{$ AXa _wS>m hAm
h Cgr Vah agr H$m{ _m{S>H$a oM H{$ AXa aIm{$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 140)$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Bg {H$`mH$bmn go b~mB Ho$ _mnm| (g|Q>r_rQ>a Ama _rQ>a) Ho$ Cn`moJ H$mo ~T>mdm {_bm& Bggo {dm{W`mo H$mo _mnZ d
JUZm H$aZo H$m A`mg H$aZo H$mo {_bm Ama AV _| Bggo Cho nmMZ _mJ, {deofH$a N>moQ>r AmV H$s, AmMÒZH$
b~mB H$m AZw_mZ {_bm&
YmJo H$mo eara H$s ~m AmH${V Ho$ AXa O_mVo hE _wPo AmM` hAm {H$ noQ> H$s Imoh Ho$ AXa
Am_me` Ama AmV| AnZr OJh go gaH$Vr `m| Zht? eara Ho$ AJVm| Ho$ AbJ-AbJ {Mm| H$mo
{Oho h_ XoIVo h H$s VwbZm _| CXa Ho$ AXa AJ A`{YH$ nmg-nmg {MnHo$ hmoVo h & Am_me`
Ama AmVm| H$mo Mmam| Amoa H$s _mgno{e`m Cho AnZr OJh nH$S>o a>IVr h Ama ò eara H$s Xrdma go
`moOH$ VVwAm| H$s nVbr MmXam| mam OwS> o ahVo h & BZ `moOH$ VVwAm| _| dgm, a$ Ama {b\$ dogog
Ama {eamE hmoVr h & Or{dV nmMZ _mJ H$s Hw$b b~mB bJ^J 7 _rQ>a hmoVr h & _`w Ho$ ~mX O~
eara Ho$ ^mJ AnZr `mWVm Imo XoVo h Vmo do 9 _rQ>a VH$ qIM OmVr h&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
[mMZ _mJ H{$ ha AJ H$m AmH$ma AbJ hm{Vm h$& ^m{OZ Zbr EH$ N>m{Q>r Zbr hm{Vr h, [{Q> Wb{
H$s Vah hm{Vm h, O]oH$ AmV| b]r Ama _wS>r hB Zob`m hm{Vr h$& `m hm{Vm òXH$. ^m{OZ Zbr Hw$S>obV hm{Vr?
I. Am_me` EH$ grYr Zbr Ogm hm{Vm?
J. AmV| N>m{Q>r Ama grYr hm{Vt?
305
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
`hm {dm{W`mo H$mo AJm| H$s gaMZm H$mo CZHo$ H$m`m] go g~ H$aZm Wm& H$B {dm{W`m| Zo noQ> Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ ~mao _|
Vm{H$H$ Cma {Xò & (Ogo Zbr Ogm Am_me` A{YH$ ^moOZ H$mo YmaU Zht H$a gHo$Jm) ~hV H$_ ~o `h H$nZm
H$a nmò {H$ ^moOZ H$mo Hw$S>{bV J{gH$m go hmoH$a OmZo _| AZmd`H$ g_` bJVm& b~r AmVm| Ho$ bm^ (nmMZ Ama
AdemofU Ho$ {bò A{YH$ jo {_bVm h Ama Hw$S>br`w$ aMZm eara Ho$ AXa AmgmZr go `dpWV hmo gH$Vr h)
{dm{W`m| H$mo g_PmZm H$m\$s H${R>Z Wm naVw Eogm H$aHo$ CZH$s g_P H$mo ~T>mZo _| H$m\$s _XX {_br& (H${_H$
{dH$mg Ho$ gmW hr h_mao eara H$m `h A`V lo> AmH$ma {dH${gV hAm h, `h V` H$jm 4 Ho$ {bò A{V gy_ h)
5. ^m{OZ Vwhma{ eara _| oH$g Vah ]XbVm h?

{H $ `mH$bmnm|
H$m Co`
(1 H$mbme + JhH$m` ; TB p. 91)
Vw_Z{ X{Im h oH$ ^m{OZ Vwhma{ _wh _| oH$g Vah ]XbVm h$& `m Vw_ OmZV{ hm{ oH$ ^m{OZ Vwhma{ Am_me`
Ama AmVm| _| H$gm oXImB X{Vm h? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 167)
H$jm 4 _| {dm{W`m| H$mo ^moOZ _| hmoZo dmbo amgm`{ZH$ n[adVZm| H$m H$moB kmZ Zht hmoVm & nmMZ Ho$ ~mao _| nT>Zo
Ho$ ~mX CZ_| Ho$db `h YmaUm {dH${gV hB {H$ eara _| ^moOZ Ho$db Hw$Mbm `m _gbm OmVm h, AWmV ^m{VH$ $n
go N>moQ>o Qw>H$S>m| _| Qy>Q>Vm h & Cho `h Am^mg Zht hmoVm {H$ nmMH$ ag AnZm H$m` H$aVo h Ama ^moOZ A` nXmWmo
_| $nmV[aV hmo OmVm h& D$Q>r Ama _b _| AmYo nMo ^moOZ H$m {ZarjU H$amZo H$m Co` Bg $nmVaU H$s Amoa
`mZ {XbmZm Wm& ^moOZ _| Xygao H$ma Ho$ ^r AZoH$ amgm`{ZH$ n[adVZ hmoVo h & Ogo \$bm| H$m nH$Zm, nH$mZm,
{H$dZ `m VZw Abm| Ogo Zt~y, {gaH$m Ama B_br H$mo {_bmZo Ho$ n[aUm_d$n ^moOZ H$m aJ n[adVZ hmoVm h Ama
_wbm`_ hmo OmVo h Ogo AMma ~ZmZo Ho$ XmamZ ò g^r ~mV| `mX AmVr h Vmo ^r amgm`{ZH$ n[adVZ H$s gH$nZm
g_PZo _| _XX {_boJr&
H$. O] H$^r Vw_ ]r_ma ah{ hm{J{ Vm{ hm{ gH$Vm h oH$ Vwh| CQ>r hB ahr hm{$& `h AY[Mm ^m{OZ Vwhma{
Am_me` `m H$^r-H$^r N>m{Q>r AmV g{ ]mha Am OmVm h$&
]VmAm{, dh H$gm oXImB X{ ahm Wm Ama _wh _| CgH$m dmX Vwh| H$gm bJm Wm?
H$^r-H$^r A{YH$ ImZo `m nrZo go {H$gr Ho$ grZo _| ObZ H$s AZw^y{V hmoVr h& `h AZw^y{V
Am_me` `m noQ> Ho$ AXa _mOyX gm_Jr Ho$ Abr` OR>a ag Ho$ ^moOZ Zbr _| {NS> H$Zo go hmoVr h&
D$Q>r _|, Am_me` Ho$ gmW-gmW N>moQ>r AmV _| _mOyX AeV: nMm ^moOZ ~mha \|$H$m OmVm h&
306
D$Q>r H$s ^`H$a XwJY Ama dmX `yQ>mBb Ab Ho$ H$maU hmoVr h Omo N>moQ>r AmV _| ~ZVm h& My{H$
^moOZ _| _mOyX eH$am `m Vmo grYo Ademo{fV hmo OmVr h `m OXr hr nM OmVr h, AV: D$Q>r
dmX _| _rRr Zht bJVr&
I. Vwhmar Q>QQ>r H$m aJ `m h? `m `h aJ am{O AbJ-AbJ hm{Vm h? `mZ Xm{ oH$ oOg nXZ Vw_Z{
[VrXma gpO`m, MwH$Xa `m T>{a-gm Q>_mQ>a Im`m h, Cg oXZ CgH$m aJ H$gm h$&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
bm{J H$^r-H$^r H$hV{ h oH$ òX Vw_ H$m{B ]rO oZJb OmAm{ Vm{ dh Vwhma{ [{Q> _| OmH$a CJ
Om`{Jm Ama CgH$s S>mob`m Vwhma{ H$mZm| g{ hm{H$a ]mha oZH$b Am`|Jr$& `m E{gm hm{ gH$Vm h?
`m| `m `m| Zht?
h_mao _b H$m aJ _w` $n go nrbm hmoVm h & `h {nm {nJ_|Q> H$s CnpW{V Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h Omo
{H$ `H$V _| _mOyX _V bmb a$ H$mo{eH$mAm| Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo go Cn hmoVr h & _b _| nmMZ Ho$ XmamZ ~Zo
`W nXmW Ho$ gmW-gmW {~Zm nMm hAm ^moOZ ^r hmoVm h & Hw$N> nmMZ {H$`m g~Yr Xmofm| _| _b
_| {~Zm nMo ^moOZ H$s _mm ~T> OmVr h & `hm VH$ {H$ gm_m`V`m N>moQ>o ~m| Ho$ _b _| {~Zm nMo
^moOZ Ogo JmOa Am{X XoIo Om gH$Vo h & Hw$N> {dm{W`m| Zo AnZo _b _| q^S>r Ama Xmbm| Ho$ ~rOm|
H$mo XoIm Wm&
6. Xyga{ Ord-OVw ^r ^m{OZ [MmV{ h (1 H$mbme + JhH$m`)

`{{ Hw$N> Xyga{ Ord-OVwAm| H{$ [mMZ _mJ H{$ oM h$&
A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 141-142 [a ^m{OZ _mJ H$m{ oXImZ{ H{$ obE Vra H{$ oZemZ bJmAm{$&
BZ_| g{ oH$Z OmZdam| H{$ _wh Ama _bma hm{V{ h?
oH$ZH{$ Am_me` hm{V{ h?
oH$g OmZda H$m [mMZ _mJ H$ar]-H$ar] h_ma{ [mMZ _mJ Ogm oXImB X{Vm h?
307
OrdmUw Ama H$dH$ ^moOZ H$m AVJhU Zht H$aVo h& do nmMH$ ag ~mha N>moS>Vo h& ^moOZ H$m nmMZ
CZHo$ eara H$o ~mha hmoVm h Ama {\$a `h eara _| Ademo{fV hmoVm h O~{H$ `W nXmW ~mha {ZH$b OmVo
h& A_r~m H$m H$moB {ZpMV _wh `m JwXm ma Zht hmoVm & `h ^moOZ H$m AVJhU AnZo eara Ho$ {H$gr
^r ^mJ go H$aVo h Ama {H$gr q~Xw go `W nXmW ~mha N>moS>Vo h & bQ>d_ _| ^moOZ boZo Ama `W nXmW
~mha {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bò EH$ hr N>oX hmoVm h & nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ n> 92 na ~Zo {Mm| _| Hw$N> C OVwAm|
Ho$ nmMZ _mJ H$mo {XIm`m J`m h& BZ g~_o Ho$MwE H$m V hr gaMZm H$s X{> go gabV_ h&
_wh (XmV Zht)
Ho$MwAm
\$[ag(^moOZ AXa Ademo{fV H$aVm h )
H$mn (^moOZ gJ{hV H$aVm h )
nofUr (^moOZ _| {_bo N>moQ>o nWam| H$s ghm`Vm go Bgo nrgm OmVm h )
^moOZ Zbr
Myhm
AmV (^moOZ H$m nmMZ Ama AdemofU hmoVm h )
JwXm ma (`W nXmW ~mha

{ZH$mbo OmVo h - nmYm| Ho$
{bò AN>r ImX hmoVr h )
_w h
^moOZ Zbr
JwXm ma
Am_me`
N>moQ>r AmV
~S> >r AmV
308
{M{S>`m
H$mn (^moOZ H$m gJhU)
Am_me` (^moOZ Ho$ nmMZ Ho$ {bò OR>a ag d EOmB_m| H$m mdU hmoVm h)
nofUr (^moOZ H$H$S> d JX mam nrgm OmVm h)
Mm| M
(XmV Zht)
^moOZ Zbr
JwXm (`W nXmW ~mha {ZH$mbo OmVo h,

AS>o ^r `ht go {Xò OmVo h)
AmV (^moOZ H$m

nmMZ Ama AdemofU)

oH$dZ, [mMZ
^m{OZ Zbr([mMZ _mJ H{$ ob`{ A` Zm_)
_wh, Am_me`, N>m{Q>r AmV, ]S>r AmV
bma, [mMH$ ag
A`mg (10 H$mbme + JhH$m` ; WB
nmMZ Ho$ ~mao _|
OmZH$mar
H$m ge$sH$aU
p. 142)
E{gm H$aH{$ X{Im{

1. [mMZ H$s ZH$b CVmam{$& ha EH$ N>m oH$gr AJ Og{ _wh, XmV, ^m{OZ Zbr, Am_me`, N>m{Q>r AmV Ama
]S>r AmV H$s ^yo_H$m H$a gH$Vm h$& H$mJO H$m EH$ Jm{b Qw>H$S>m am{Q>r H$m H$m_ H$a gH$Vm h$& am{Q>r H$m{
"[mMZ _mJ' _| g{ hm{H$a OmZ{ Xm{$& Cg XmamZ Bg{ Om{ hm{Vm h, CgH$m Ao^Z` H$am{$&
309
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Bg {H$`mH$bmn _| {dm{W`m| H$mo Iy~ AmZX Am`m Ama Bggo CZ_o aMZm_H$ ZmQ>H$ IobZo H$s `mo`Vm H$mo ^r ~T>mdm
{_bm& "^moOZ Zbr'(nmMZ _mJ) go OmZo Ho$ XmamZ, H$mJO H$mo AZoH$ N>moQ>o Qw>H$S>m| _| \$mS>m J`m& H$mJO Ho$ A`V
gy_ Qw>H$S>o N>moQ>r AmV mam nyao eara _| ôOo Jò O~{H$ ~S> o Qw>H$S>o JwXm ma go ~mha ôO {Xò Jò &
oMH$a Z (WB p. 142)

1. Vwhmar H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 143 [a EH$ oM oX`m h$& CgH{$ Ny>Q>{ hE ohgm| H$m{ [yam H$am{ Ama AJm|
H{$ Zm_ AoH$V H$am{ &
H$jm _| MMm (WB p. 144)

1. ^m{OZ Vwhma{ eara _| oH$Z-oH$Z $[m| _| ]XbVm h? _mZ bm{ oH$ ^m{OZ Ogm Wm dgm hr ah J`m hm{ Vm{
`m eara BgH$m BV{_mb H$a [mEJm? `m| `m `m| Zht?
XoIo n> 293 na ""nmMZ `m h?''
2. _mZ bm{, Vw_Z{ EH$ H$Q>m{a{ _| Wm{S>m Hy$M{ hE ^m{OZ Ama A[Z{ eara H{$ AXa H{$ [mMH$ ag o_bmE$Ama Ch|
AN>r Vah g{ _W oX`m$& `m H$Q>m{a{ H$m ^m{OZ [M{Jm? `m| `m `m| Zht?
{dm{W ` m|
H$s dH$pnH$
YmaUmE
`h Z {H$`mH$bmn 2 Ho$ gmW {b`m J`m & _wPo AmM` hAm O~ {dm{W`m| Zo EH$ _V go Omoa XoH$a H$hm {H$ nmMZ
eara Ho$ ~mha Zht hmo gH$Vm& ChmoZo AZw^d {H$`m {H$ nmMH$ ag n`m Zht h, eara H$o AXa _mOyX Hw$N> Ama MrO
Amd`H$ h - H$Xm{MV Am_me` H$s J_u `m H$moB OmXwB e{$ & _Zo CZHo$ {dMmam| H$mo MwZmVr Xr {Oggo EH$
OmoaXma dmX{ddmX hAm& EH$ ~o Zo Vmo `h gwPmd {X`m {H$ {H$`mH$bmn 2 J (bma Ho$ mam _S> H$m nmMZ) _|, Amby
Ho$ Kmob H$mo _wh _| Sw>bmZo Ho$ ~Om` h_| Cgo bma Ho$ gmW EH$ {Jbmg _o {_bmZm Mm{hE &
3. `m O] h_ gm{`{ hE hm{V{ h, Cg g_` ^r [mMZ hm{Vm h? Vw_ E{gm `m| _mZV{ hm{?
4. `m hm{Jm òX h_ O$aV g{ `mXm ImZm Im`|? `m Bgg{ h_| AnVnaV D$Om o_b{Jr `m h_ `mXm
_O]yV hm|J{?
310
nmMZ V H$m H$m` _pVH$ mam hr {ZXo{eV hmoVm h, H$^r-H$^r hm_moZ V Ho$ mam ^r hmoVm h&
Am_me` go _pVH$ VH$ OmZo dmbo gHo$V h_o ~VmVo h {H$ H$~ dh âm hAm h Ama {ZfoY gHo$V `h
~VmVo h {H$ h_o ^moOZ H$aZm ~X H$a XoZm Mm{hE & H$B ~ma h_ BZ gHo$Vm| H$s Cnojm H$a XoVo h&
`{X Am_me` ~hV A{YH$ âm hAm h, V~ nmMH$ ag nyao ^moOZ na C{MV $n go {H$`m Zht H$a
gH$Vo&
5. `m Vwh| ]XhO_r hB h? Cg g_` Vwhma{ [mMZ _| `m JS>]S>r hB ahr hm{Jr? `m Vw_Z{ A[Z{
Am_me` `m AmV g{ Jg oZH$bV{ _hgyg oH$`m h? Jg [mMZ$_mJ _| H$g{ [hMr?
~hV A{YH$ ImZo, Eogm ^moOZ H$aZo go Omo nMZo _| H${R>Z hmo `m ~r_mar nXm H$aZo dmbo OrdmUwAm|
mam gH${_V ^moOZ H$aZo go AnM hmo gH$Vm h & (XoIo n> 231)
nmMZ _mJ _| Jg: `{X h_ ~hV OXr ImVo h Vmo h_ ^moOZ Ho$ gmW hdm ^r {ZJb boVo h & `h hdm
^moOZ Ho$ Hw$N> g_` ~mX J{gH$m go S>H$ma Ho$ $n _| {ZH$bVr h& ~Mm| Ho$ noQ> _| Bg Vah H$s hdm
AXa V~ OmVr h O~ do XyY nrVo h & h_o ^moOZ Ho$ ~mX Ch| ghmam XoH$a IS>m H$aZm nS>Vm h {Oggo
noQ> H$s hdm ~mha {ZH$b OmVr h&
AmVm| _| CnpWV Jg OrdmUwAm| mam ~ZmB OmVr h & `h V~ ~ZVr h O~ AmVm| _| ^moOZ b~o g_`
Ho$ {bò ahVm h& `hr AnM Ho$ XmamZ ^r hmoVm h & Hw$N> ^moOZ Ogo go_, ~XJmo^r Ama `mO {deof
$n go Jg nXm H$aZo dmbo OrdmUwAm| H$s d{ Ho$ {bò {O_oXma hmoVo h &
`m g_mZ h? `m h o^Z? (WB p. 145)
n[a_mUm_H$
gmo M
1. `m h_mam [mMZ V agm{B H{$ ogb-]QQ>{ Ogm h? H$g{? `h Cgg{ AbJ H$g{ h? [mMH$ V _|
^m{OZ H$m{ E{gm `m hm{Vm h Om{ ogb-]QQ>{ _| Zht hm{Vm?
_mby_ H$am{ (WB p. 145)
1. _wZr Ama CgH$s Xm{V H$ar Z{ gm{_dma H$m{ Xm{[ha 3 ]O{ Am_ Im`m$& ZrM{ Jm\$ _| oXIm`m J`m h oH$
Am_ H$m{ [MZ{ _| oH$VZm g_` bJm$&
311
ò$$
Am_ H$m [mMZ

_wfir
H$ar
3 ]O{ Xm{[ha 9 ]O{ amV 3 ]O{ ^m{a 9]O{ gw]h 3 ]O{ Xm{[ha
gm{_dma
9 ]O{ amV 3 ]O{ ^m{a 9]O{ gw]h 3 ]O{ Xm{[ha 9 ]O{ amV
_Jbdma
]wYdma
g_`
Am_me` _| g_`
N>m{Q>r AmV _| g_`
]S>r AmV _| g_`
Jm\$ H$m{ X{Im{ Ama BZ Zm| H{$ CVa Xm{$&
H$. gm{_dma H$m{ Xm{[ha 4 ]O{ Am_ _wZr H{$ [mMZ _mJ _| H$hm Wm?
Am_me`
I. gm{_dma H$m{ Xm{[ha 4 ]O{ Am_ H$ar H{$ [mMZ _mJ _| H$hm Wm?
Am_me`
J. gm{_dma amV 10 ]O{ Am_ _wZr H{$ [mMZ _mJ _| H$hm Wm?
N>moQ>r AmV
312
K. gm{_dma amV 10 ]O{ Am_ H$ar H{$ [mMZ _mJ _| H$hm Wm?
Am_me`
M. `m _wZr Ama H$ar H$m{ Am_ [MmZ{ _| ]am]a g_` bJm?
Zht
N>. ha bS>H$s H$m{ Am_ [MmZ{ _| oH$VZ{ KQ>{ bJ{?
_wr - 39 KQ>o ; H$ar - 50 KQ>o
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
A{YH$me ~m| Zo H$, I Ama J Zm| Ho$ Cma ghr {Xò naVw Cho J, K Ama N>$H$m Cma XoVo g_` H${R>ZmB AmB$&
n[apW{V H$mo eXm| _| dUZ H$aZm, Jm\$ na òH$ aoIm H$mo {JZZm, gw~h, em_ Ama amV H$mo nhMmZZm, {XZ H$m
~XbZm Am{X CZHo$ {bò H$m\$s _XXJma gm{~V hAm& Bg g_`m go ~m| H$mo ^r EH$ AZw_mZ {_b OmVm h {H$
nmMZ _mJ Ho$ {H$g {hgo _| ^moOZ {H$VZo g_` VH$ ahVm h$& `h g_` Cg `{$ Ho$ _wVm{~H$ WmoS>m ~hV {^
hmo gH$Vm h, {H$ `m do g{H$` Wo `m {ZpH$`, ChmoZo Am_ Ho$ gmW Ama `m Im`m Wm, Am{X &
AmAm{, eXm| g{ I{b| (WB p. 146)

1. _wZr MwZy H$m{ EH$ dJ [h{br [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE X{Zm MmhVr h$& H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [R> 146 [a Xr JB
[h{br Cg{ oH$gr [wamZ{ AI]ma g{ o_br Wr$& oH$gr Z{ [hb{ hr Cg{ [yam oH$`m Wm b{oH$Z Hw$N> gy Jm`]
W{$& dJ [h{br H{$ gy obIZ{ _| Oam _wZr H$s _XX H$am{$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
Ho$db Hw$N> {dm{W`m| H$mo gab dJ nhobr hb H$aZo H$m AZw^d Wm & _Zo Cho {d{^ H$ma Ho gHo$Vm| H$m {Z_mU H$aZo
Ho$ {bò o[aV {H$`m Ogo AJm| H$s gaMZm H$m dUZ H$aZm `m CZHo$ AXa hmoZo dmbr {H$`m `m {\$a Xmo eXm| H$mo EH$
gHo$V _| OmoS>Zm (Ogo ""^moOZ H$m ......Ho$ AXa ......hmoVm h'') {H$gr eX Ho$ Ajam| H$mo Bg H$ma ~XbZm {H$ Z`m
eX ~Z Omò Ogo ""{H$`mZnmM'', ""nmMZ {H$`m'' Ho$ {bò &
gHo$Vm| Ho$ {Z_mU Ho$ ~mX do dJ nhobr ~Zm gH$Vo h Ama Xygam| H$mo hb H$aZo Ho$ {bò Xo gH$Vo h & {JS> H$s
ZH$b H$aZm dVwV: EH$ MwZmVrnyU A`mg Wm&
313
H$m{B Z [yN>m{ (WB p. 147)

1. ^m{OZ H{$ [mMZ H{$ ]ma{ _| Z [yN>m{$& gm{Mm{, BZ Zm| H{$ CVa Vw_ H$g{ [mAm{J{?
{dm{W`m| Ho$ Z :
`m nH$m hAm ^moOZ H$o ^moOZ H$s VwbZm _| nMmZo _| `mXm gab hmoVm h? `m|?
`h {dmWu g^r gpO`m H$r ImZm MmhVr Wr naVw CgH$s _m Cgo Eogm H$aZo Zht XoVr Wr, `h H$hH$a {H$
ò nMZo _| H${R>Z h Ama `{X dh ~hV `mXm _mm _| H$r gpO`m Im boJr Vmo CgH$m noQ> XwIZo bJoJm&
(A) nH$mZo go ^moOZ _| _mOyX ~r_m[a`m| Ho$ OrdmUw Ama naOrdr B{`m| Ho$ AS>o _a OmVo h&
(~) nH$mZo go ^moOZ AeV: Qy>Q> OmVm h - `h H$m` agmoB _| ma^ hmoVm h Ama AmJo nmMZ V _| nyam
hmoVm h$&
nH$mZo go gpO`m| H$s go`wbmoO H$mo{eH$m H$s Xrdma| Qy>Q> OmVr h$& `{n go`wbmoO Zht Qy>Q>Vm h,
H$mo{eH$m Ho$ Mmam| Amoa pWV _O~yV aoeo _wbm`_ hmo OmVo h& nmXn H$mo{eH$m`| \y$Q>H$a Iwb OmVr h
Ama Hw$N> H$mo{eH$m Ho$ AXa H$s gm_Jr ^r ~mha AmVr h Ogo CXmhaU Ho$ {bò _S> Ho$ XmZo&
n[aUm_d$n eara Ho$ AXa CnpWV nmMH$ ag H$mo{eH$m H$s gm_Jr na A{YH$ ^mdr {H$`m H$a
nmVo h& O~ _mg nH$m`m OmVm h Vmo _mg H$o H$R>moa aoeo Qy>Q> OmVo h, {Oggo _mg M~mZo _| AmgmZ
hmo OmVm h Ama Bg{bò nMZo _| ^r AmgmZ hmoVm h$&
(g) nH$mZo go ^moOZ _| {deof dmX Cn hmoVm h Omo ^yI OJmZo Ama nmMH$ agm| Ho$ md _|
ghm`Vm H$aVm h&
`m Vw_ OmZV{ hm{?

]hV g{ ]rO oMoS>`m| mam \$bm`{ OmV{ h$& oMoS>`m ]rOm| H$m{ oZJb OmVr h Ama `{ ]rO CZH{$
_b H{$ gmW ]mha oZH$bV{ h$& Jm` Ama ]H$na`m ^r ]rO ImVr h Ama o]Zm [Mm hAm ]rO
]mha AmH$a Z`{ [mY{ H{$ $[ _| CJVm h$&
314
nmR> 10
MrO| Omo \|$H$ Xr OmVr h
h_mam ^m{OZ H$hm OmVm h?

{H$`mH$bmn
1-4 H$m Co `
ma{^H$ {H$`mH$bmn 1 H$.-K. Ho$db EH$ ~mV H$s Amoa gHo$V H$aVo h {H$ h_ {H$gr ^moOZ, nmYo `m OmZda H$m EH$
N>moQ>m ^mJ hr ImVo h$& h_o CZ ^mJm| Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMZm Mm{hE Omo h_ \|$H$ XoVo h &
1. ohg{ Om{ h_ \|$H$ X{V{ h ( Xm{ Xm{ha{ H$mbme; TB p. 96, WB p. 148)

H$. A[Zr H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 119-121 [a oX`{ J`{ ^m{OZ dmb{ [mYm| H$m{ o\$a g{ X{Im{$&
BZ [mYm| H{$ oH$Z ohgm| H$m{ h_ Zht ImV{$& BZ ohgm| H$m{ h_ `m| Zht ImV{?
n{m`m Ama VZo, `{X do ~hV H$mo_b Z hm| Vmo, ~S> r _mm _| go`wbmoO go ~Zo hmoVo h& OmZdam| Ho$
nmMH$ ag go`wbmoO H$mo VmoS> Zht gH$Vo naVw emH$mhmar OmZda Ogo Jm`, ~H$ar Ama {haU Kmg
Ama VZo ImVo h O~{H$ N>moQ>o Xr_H$ bH$S> r VH$ Im OmVo h & VZo Ama bH$S> r H$m nmMZ gy_Ordm|
mam hmoVm h Omo Mmnm`m| Ama Xr_H$m| Ho$ nmMZ _mJ _| ahVo h & gy_Ordm| mam N>moS>o Jò agm| go
go`ybmoO eH$am _| Qy>Q> OmVm h, Omo {H$ ~mX _| OmZdam| Ho$ eara mam Ademo{fV H$a {b`m OmVm h&
gy_Ord ^r AnZo {hgo Ho$ ^moOZ H$mo Ademo{fV H$a boVo h & (gy_O{dH$ {dKQ>Z go Bg nmR> Ho$
XmamZ h_ n[a{MV hmo Om`|Jo&)
I. Bg [mR>`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 76-78 [a YmZ H$s H$Q>mB, _S>mB, Hw$Q>mB Ama [mobe H$aZ{ H{$ H$m_ oXIm`{ J`{
h$& BZH{$ XmamZ YmZ H{$ [mY{ H{$ H$mZ-g{ ohg{ \|$H$ oX`{ OmV{ h$& [Vm H$am{ oH$ `m `{ ohg{ C[`m{Jr h?
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 149)
H$Q>mB Ho$ g_` OS>| Ama VZm| Ho$ ^mJ {_>r _| hr ah OmVo h& ZB \ gb Ho$ {bò V`mar H$aVo g_` ò
ImoXo `m Obm {Xò OmVo h$& `{X ^y{_ H$mo {~Zm \$gb ~moò Eogm hr N>moS> {X`m Omò Vmo ò ^mJ
AnK{Q>V hmo OmVo h Ama AJbr \$gb Ho$ {bò ImX XmZ H$aVo h&
315
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
_S>mB Ho$ ~mX, AZwn`moJr ^mJ Ogo VZo Ama n{m`m| H$mo H$mQ>H$a Mmao Ama ImX ~ZmZo Ho$ H$m_ _| {b`m
OmVm h & ~S>r n{m`m Ama gyIr Kmg N>na bJmZo Ho$ {bò Cn`moJr hmoVr h & Hw$Q>mB Ho$ XmamZ Cn
hE AZwn`moJr ^ygo H$mo {_>r Ho$ gmW {_bmH$a BQ>o ~ZmB OmVr h- BQ>o nH$mZo Ho$ XmamZ ^ygm Ob OmVm
h {Oggo BQ>| gaY ~ZVr h$& AZmO H$s nm{be H$aVo Ama AmQ>o H$mo _hrZ ~ZmVo g_` Cn hE
MmoH$a H$m Cn`moJ h_mao Ama A` OmZdam| Ho$ {bò ^moOZ ~ZmZo _| {H$`m OmVm h & (XoIo n> 257-258)
J. Hw$N> OmZdam| H$s gyMr ]ZmAm{ oOZH$m _mg h_ ImV{ h$& OmZdam| H{$ H$mZ-g{ ohg{ h_ Zht ImV{? BZ
ohgm| H$m{ h_ `m| Zht ImV{?
OmZdam| Ho$ Cn`moJr ^mJ CZH$s _mgno{e`m h & ^mJ Omo Zht Imò OmVo do h - AS>m| Ho$ {N>Ho$, H$Rmoa `m _wbm`_
~m AJ - gtJ, ~mb, dMm, nI, na(gw\$Zm), Jb\$S>o, M_S>o H$s D$nar naV, AmI|, h{>`m Ama AmV[aH$ AJ &
Hw$N> AmV[aH$ AJ Ogo `H$V({OJa), X` Ama _pVH$ gm_m`V`m Imò OmVo h, O~{H$ nmMZ AJ gm_m`V`m
Zht Imò OmVo (AZw_mZ bJmAmo: `m| Zht?)& Bg MMm H$m EH$ Cn`moJr n[aUm_ `h Wm {H$ {dmWu AnZo _mg
ImZo Ho$ AZw^dm| H$mo AJm| Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ gmW OmoS> gH|$ Omo ChmoZo {dmb` _| grIo Wo &
K. [Vm H$am{ oH$ Vwhmar agm{B _| EH$ oXZ _| oH$VZm Hy$S>m-H$Mam [Xm hm{Vm h$& `h g] Hy$S>m-H$Mam H$hm
OmVm h?
Hw$N> {dm{W`m| H$mo N>moSH$a, Omo AnZo Ka _| Hy$S>mXmZ Ho$ AXa H$mJO H$s Wbr bJmZo H$Mam \|$H$Zo _| _XX H$aVo Wo,
A` ~m| Zo CZH$s agmoB Ho$ H$Mao H$s {Z`{V na H$moB `mZ Zht {X`m Wm & A~ ChmoZo AnZo Hy$S>mXmZ Ho$ Am`VZ
go AnZo X{ZH$ H$Mao Ho$ Am`VZ H$m AZw_mZ bJm`m Ama `h AZw_mZ ^r bJm`m {H$ Hy$S>mXmZ {H$g Va VH$ âm
ahVm h & nhbo h_Zo {dMma {H$`m {H$ ^ma H$m Cn`moJ _mn Ho$ {bò H$aZm A{YH$ {ddgZr` ahoJm$& (Am`VZ H$m
_mZ âr OmZo dmbr gm_Jr H$mo {H$VZm Ry>g-Ry>g H$a âm h BgHo$ AZwgma AbJ-AbJ hmoJm) naVw AVV: h_Zo
Am`VZ Ho$ AZw_mZ H$aZo H$m M`Z {H$`m `m|{H$ `h H$aZm AmgmZ Wm Ama {dm{W`m| H$mo nhbo Eogm H$aZo H$m AZw^d
^r Wm& (nmR> 7, {H$`mH$bmn 4 Ama 5 -n> 225-228)
{dm{W`m| Zo nVm bJm`m {H$ `m CZH$m H$Mam ZJa {ZJ_ Ho$ Hy$S> oXmZ (T>H$m `m Iwbm) _|, WmZr` T>oa _| `m
H$ht Amoa \|$H$m OmVm h, `m dh dhm go hmW go, JmS>r go `m Q>H$ mam bo Om`m OmVm h& _Zo Cho ~mX Ho$ ^mJ H$m
316
nVm bJmZo _| _XX H$s {H$, `m H$Mam (H$Xm{MV KZo $n _|) ~mX _| {H$gr JXo WmZ na \|$H$ {X`m OmVm h, EH$
^y^mJ _| S> mbm OmVm h `m {H$gr ^_H$ _| S> mbm OmVm h& ^mo` nXmWm] Ho$ `W ^mJ Ho$ Cn`moJ - H$nmoQ> ImX,
~m`moJg Am{X na h_ ~mX _| MMm H$a|Jo (n> 325, 339-340, 130)&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
h_ A[Zm ^m{OZ V`ma H$aV{ g_` [{S>-[mYm| Ama Ord-OVwAm| H$m H$m\$s ohgm Hy$S>{ _| \|$H$
X{V{ h$& `m `{ ohg{ oH$gr Vah C[`m{Jr hm{ gH$V{ h? AZw_mZ bJmAm{$&
H$aUm| Ho $
~rM g ~ Y
nhbo H$s Om MwH$s H$B MMmAmo H$mo nwZ: Xmoham`m J`m$& nmR> 8 _| {dmWu nT> MwHo$ h {H$ nmYm| Ama OmZdam| Ho H$Mao
H$m Cn`moJ nmbVy OmZdam| Ho$ {bò ^moOZ ~ZmZo _| hmooVm h& Bgr nmR> Ho$ ""nyN>mo Ama _mby_ H$amo'' (n> 285) _|
ChmoZo `h nVm bJm`m Wm {H$ nmYm| Ama OmZdam| Ho$ An{e> nXmW, nmYm| H$s d{ Ho$ {bò nmofH$ Vd XmZ H$aVo
h& (XoI| H$nmopQ>J Ama d_uH$Ma Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar) nmR> 4 _| {H$`mH$bmn 4 I.(n> 130) _| _Zo CoI {H$`m
Wm {H$ ~m`mo Jg g` Ohm na nmYm| Ama OmZdam| Ho An{e> nXmWm] H$o {dKQ>Z go Jgo ({deofH$a _rWoZ) Cn
hmoVr h {OZH$m Cn`moJ ImZm nH$mZo Ho$ {bò BYZ Ho$ $n _| Ama H$me Ho$ {bò {H$`m OmVm h & Adeof H$m Cn`moJ
ImX Ho$ $n _| hmoVm h& h_Zo H$Mao Ho$ {ZnQ>mZ na ~mX _| H$jm _| d ""nyN>mo Ama _mby_ H$amo'' _| MMm H$s h&
(n> 339-340)
2. h_mam ]{H$ma Ama ]Mm-IwMm ImZm H$mZ ImVm h? ( 1 H$mbme; TB
p. 96, B p. 150)
Hw$N> OmZdam| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ h_mam \|$H$m hAm ImZm ImV{ h$&
Hy$b H$s o[H$oZH$ H{$ XmamZ _wZr Ama CgH$s Xm{V Z{ H{$b{ Im`{$& Chm|Z{ H{$b{ H{$ oN>bH{$ EH$ PmS>r H{$ [mg
oJam oX`{$& EH$ ]H$ar dhm g{ JwOar Ama CgZ{ EH$ oN>bH$m Im ob`m$&
Xygam oN>bH$m gS>Z{(A[KoQ>V hm{Z{) bJm$&
A[KoQ>V hm{ ah{ oN>bH{$ H$m{ _pI`m, Jw]ab{, MroQ>`m, Km|K{, oJOB Ama H|$MwE ImZ{ Am`{$&
Hw$N> hV{ ]mX oN>bH$m Ama A[KoQ>V hm{ J`m$&
Hw$N> _hrZ{ ]mX oN>bH$m [yar Vah A[KoQ>V hm{ J`m Wm$& CgH{$ ohg{ o_QQ>r Ama hdm _| o_b MwH{$ W{$&
317
E{gm H$g{ hAm? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 150)

{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
Ho$bo Ho$ {N>Ho$ H$s H$hmZr go CZ ~S>o OmZdam| H$s ^y{_H$m X{eV hmoVr h Omo h_mao `W {H$ò Jò ^moOZ H$mo ImZo _|
ghm`Vm H$aVo h& H$hmZr _| _mOyX ~H$ar Ho$ Abmdm {dm{W`m| Zo Jm`, Hw$mm|, Myho, gwAa, H$mAm| Ama {Jm| H$m
CoI Eogo OmZdam| Ho$ $n _| {H$`m Omo h_mao mam \|$Ho$ Jò ^moOZ na Or{dV ahVo h & Jw~abo, Km|Ko, JmoOa Ama Ho$MwE
H$_ ~m| Zo hr XoIo Wo O~{H$ {VbM>o, Mr{Q>`m, _pI`m Ama \$b_pI`m Eogo H$sS>o Wo Omo ehar {dm{W`m| mam
A{YH$ XoIo Jò Wo& _moQ>o Vma na ~S>o OmZda EH$ _hdnyU H$m` H$aVo h naVw _mZd Amdmgm| Ho$ nmg do A{YH$Va
H$Mao H$mo \$bmH$a, H$Mam BQ>R>m H$aZo _| ~mYm Cn H$aVo h, gmW hr ~r_mar \$bmZo dmbo OrdmUw ^r \$bmVo h &
(AV: H$Mao H$mo T>H$H$a aIZm A`V Amd`H$ h)
_Zo {dm{W`m| H$mo ~Vm`m {H$ _ao hE nmYm| Ama OVwAm| H$o g^r ^mJ AVV: AnK{Q>V hmo OmVo h; H$R>moa
^mJ Ogo h{>`m Am{X AnK{Q>V hmoZo _| A{YH$ g_` boVo h & EH$ {dmWu Zo `mX {H$`m {H$ CgZo EH$ gwXa _ao hE
nVJo H$mo EH$ ~go _| aIm Wm - Ama H$B _hrZm| ~mX CgZo nm`m {H$ nVJo Ho$ nI Ama eara Qw>H$S> o-Qw>H$S> o hmoH$a MyU
_| ~Xb Jò$& {dKQ>Z _| OrdmUwAm| H$s ^y{_H$m AJbo Xmo {H$`mH$bmnm| _| AmòJr$&
3. gy_Ord MrOm| H$m{ H$g{ A[KoQ>V H$aV{ h ( Xm{ Xm{ha{ H$mbme + gVV oZarjU; TB p. 97,
WB p. 150)
\$\y$Xr Ama OrdmUw Og{ gy_Ord h_ma{ Mmam| Am{a _mOyX h$& ha ^m{OZ _| Hw$N> Z Hw$N> gy_Ord hm{V{ h$&
Mmam| Am{a H$s hdm, [mZr Ama o_QQ>r g{ gy_Ord Bg_| Am OmV{ h$& Om{ Ord-OVw Bh| ImZ{ AmV{ h, d{ Hw$N>
Ama gy_Ord gmW bmV{ h$&
gy_Ord [mMH$ ag N>m{S>V{ h$& `{ ag ^m{OZ H$m{ Qw>H$S>m| _| Vm{S> X{V{ h$& gy_Ord Bg ^m{OZ H$m C[`m{J A[Z{
Am[ H{$ OrZ{ Ama ]T>Z{ H{$ obE H$aV{ h$& `{ gy_Ord ]hV OXr gdoYV hm{H$a Ama `mXm gy_Ord ]ZmV{
h$& gy_Ordm| mam ]Zm`{ J`{ A[oe> Ama Jgm| g{ ^m{OZ Iam] oXImB X{Vm h Ama ]X]y H$aVm h$&
Hw$N> hV{ `m _hrZ{ H{$ ]mX ^m{OZ [yar Vah A[KoQ>V hm{ MwH$m h$& BgH{$ ohg{ H$hm Mb{ J`{?
318
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dmWu nhbo hr nT> MwHo$ h {H$ "AnKQ>Z' AWmV "gS> Zm' (XoI| nmR> 4, {H$`mH$bmn 4; {d{^ H$ma H$s Jgo H$hm
go AmVr h?) do `h ^r OmZVo h {H$ {dKQ>Z Ho$ XmamZ {d{^ Jg| nXm hmoVr h (_Zo H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS>, _rWoZ,
hmBS>moOZ g\$mBS>, g\$a S>mBAmgmBS> Ama ZmBQ>moOZ S>mBAmgmBS> Am{X Jgm| Ho$ Zm_m| H$m CoI {H$`m Wm&)
ò Jg| nmYm| Ama OmZdam| Ho$ Adeofm| Ho$ {dK{Q>V hmoZo go ~ZVr h &
A~ _Zo "AnK[Q>V' eX H$m AW "{d^mOZ' hmoVm h, `h g_Pm`m& ò "{d^mOZ' gy_ Ordm| mam Cn
agm| (EOmB_m|) H$s {H$`m go hmoVm h & `h nmR> 9 _| Omo ChmoZo nT>m Ho$ g_mZ hr Wm {H$ ^moOZ nmMZ Ho$ XmamZ nmMH$
agm| (EOmB_m|) H$s {H$`m Ho$ mam Qy>Q>Vm h & h_ `h ^r H$h gH$Vo h {H$ OrdmUw ^moOZ H$mo ImVo `m nMmVo h$&
{H$`mH$bmnm| 2 Ama 3 _| {dmWu AnKQ>Z H$mo H$ar~ go XoI nmò Ama ChmoZo Cgo {d^m{OV hmoVo hE `j $n _|
XoIm$& Jw{UV hmoZm Bg nX H$mo {H$`mH$bmn 4 _| g_Pm`m J`m h&
H$. Xm{ VVna`m bm{, ha EH$ _| am{Q>r H$m Qw>H$S>m `m Xygam H$m{B [H$m`m hAm ImZm hm{$& EH$ VVar H$m{ T>H$H$a
aIm{ Ama Xygar H$m{ Iwbm N>m{S> Xm{$& ]Mm| H$m ha Xb A[Zr VVna`m AbJ-AbJ OJhm| [a aI{$Og{ oH$
]mha Yy[ _|, H$_a{ H{$ AXa, Amb_mar `m o\$O _|$& AJb{ Hw$N> oXZm| VH$ CZ [a ZOa aIm{$&
`m oH$gr OmZda Z{ ImZm Im`m? `m ^m{OZ H{$ Qw>H$S>m| _| H$m{B ]Xbmd Am`m? `m T>H{$ Ama Iwb{ hE
^m{OZm| _| H$m{B \$H$ h?
`m Vwh| ^m{OZ [a H$m{B MrO CJVr hB oXImB Xr? Vwh| Bg [a ^ya{, H$mb{, ha{ `m [rb{ aJ H{$ Y]{ oXImB
X{ gH$V{ h$& `h EH$ Vah H$s \$\y$Xr h$& \$\y$Xr Yra{-Yra{ ^m{OZ H$m{ A[KoQ>V H$a ahr h Ama Im ahr h$&
\$\y$Xr H$m{ hS>b{g g{ X{Im{$& Bg{ Wm{S>r Xyar g{ gyKm{$&
Bg ^m{OZ [a V_m_ OrdmUw VWm gy_Ord h$oOh| Vw_ Zht X{I gH$V{$& `m Vw_ `h ImZm ImAm{J{? `m|
`m `m| Zht? AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ `h ImZm H$B _hrZ{ ]mX H$gm oXImB X{Jm$&
(H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 150-151)$&
319
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ {ZarjU
nmR>`-nwpVH$m _| Xr JB g^mdZmAm| Ho$ gmW hr {dm{W`m| Zo CZ OJhm| H$mo ^r gwPm`m Ohm do ^moOZ aI gH$Vo Wo:
N>V na `m IobZo Ho$ mJU _|(gy` Ho$ H$me _|), N>m`m _|, {IS> H$s H$s Xohbr na, J_ agmoB _| Am{X & ChmoZo amoQ>r
H$m EH$ Qw>H$S>mAma Mdbr H$s EH$ N>moQ>r emIm H$mo EH$ bmpQ>H$ Ho$ Wbo _| aIm Ama Xygao Eogo hr g_yh H$mo Iwbm aIm&
amoQ>r H$mo `m hAm ?
H$jm _o
N> V na
Iw b m
T> H $m
Iwbm
T>H$m
Mr{Q>`m| Zo Cgo Qw>H$S>m| _|
g^dV: H$mE mam
Wbo Ho$ AXa nmZr gyI JB, \$\y$X Zht
VmoS> {X`m Ama bo JB &
bo Om`r JB &
H$s ~yXo Wr&
(Ho$db Hw$N> Myam H$s hB
amoQ>r na \$\y$X CJ
amoQ>r Ama 5-6 Mr{Q>`m
JB Wr
Wbo _| ~Mr Wr$&)
Omo amoQ>r gyI MwH$s Wr Cg na \$\y$X Zht {XImB Xr& \$\y$X Ama A` OrdmUwAmo H$mo d{ Ho$ {bò nmZr Ama J_u H$s
Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h & AV: nmZr Ama J_u AnKQ>Z H$mo VoO H$aVo h &
EH$ {dmWu Zo nyN>m {H$ \$\y$Xr EH$ gy_Ord H$go hmo gH$Vm h O~{H$ h_ Bgo XoI gH$Vo h? _Zo Cma {X`m
{H$ h_ \$\y$X H$mo Ho$db V^r XoI gH$Vo h O~ ò 10-20 \$\y$Xm| Ho$ JwN>o Ho$ $n _|, CZH$r ~mbm| Ogr gaMZm
moOoeg Ho$ gmW Jw{UV hmo OmVr h& h_ Ho$db EH$ OrdmUw H$mo Zht XoI gH$Vo, naVw 100,000 OrdmUwAm| H$m JwN>m
EH$ N>moQ>o Y~o Ho$ $n _o {XImB XoVm h O~{H$ 100,000,000 OrdmUw EH$ aJrZ n>r Ho$ $n _| {XIVo h & CZH$s ew
g`m gmW hr gmW ag md Ama ^moOZ na CZHo$ {dKQ>Z ^md Ho$ H$maU AmgmZr go XoIo Om gH$Vo h & (XoI|, Jbm
{H$`mH$bmn: "gy_Ord H$go Jw{UV hmoVo h')
I. Hy$S>{XmZ H$s JY H{$ ]ma{ _| ]VmAm{$& `m Hy$S>{XmZ _| S>mbZ{ g{ [hb{ Hy$S>m-H$Mam E{g{ hr ]X]y H$aVm Wm?
A] `h oH$g H$maU ]X]y H$aVm h?
AJa Vw_ A[Z{ XmVm| H$m{ ]e Z H$am{ Vm{ `m Vwhma{ _wh g{ JY AmVr h? AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ `m|?
{dm{W`m| Zo Kaoby _pI`m| Ama \$b_pI`mo H$mo H$Mao Ho$ Amgnmg {^Z{^ZmVo hE XoIm Wm & ( ew$AmV _| do BZHo$
Ama R>hao hE nmZr Ho$ D$na {XIZo dmbo _N>am| _| ôX Zht H$a nmò) _Zo Cho ~Vm`m {H$ _pI`m Ama A` H$sS> o
320
H$Mam ImVo h Ama do AnZo gmW OrdmUw ^r bmVo h& A` gy_Ord (amoJmUw) hdm go AmVo h `m ^moOZ _| nhbo go
_mOyX ahVo h&
Hw$N> Zo nmR> 4 _| H$s JB MMm H$mo `mX {H$`m ({H$`mH$bmn 4 :{d{^ H$ma H r Jgo H$hm go AmVr h?) Bg
Z H$m Cma XoZo Ho$ {bò {H$ Hy$S>m ~X~y `m| H$aVm h? : gy_Ordm| mam ^moOZ Ho$ {dKQ>Z H$s {H$`m _o Jg| Cn
hmoVr h& {dm{W`mo H$mo `h g_P _| Am`m {H$ `{X H$Mao H$m {S>~m {Z`{_V $n go Ymo`m VWm gm\$ {H$`m Z Omò
Vmo Hw$N> {dK{Q>V hmo ahm ^moOZ Cg_| ah OmVm h, {Oggo Hy$S>oXmZ go ha g_` XwJY AmVr ahVr h Ama `h dm`
Ho$ {bò hm{ZH$maH$ ^r h&
ò g^r ~mV| dm^m{dH$ h& naVw _Zo `h nm`m {H$ `{X BZ na n> $n go MMm Zht H$s JB Vmo {dmWr nmR>` H$m
nyam AZwN>oX `mX H$a boVo h, Ogo, ""^moOZ Iam~ hmo OmVm h O~ Cg_o OrdmUw Ama \$\y$Xr CJ OmVr h ...B`m{X&''
AnZo X{ZH$ AZw^dm| go BgH$m `m g~Y h do `h g_P Zht nmVo&
XmVm| _| {MnH$m hAm ^moOZ AnK{Q>V hmoVm h & _wh _o ahZo dmbo gy_Ord Bg ^moOZ na Or{dV ahVo
h$& do Ab ~ZmVo h Omo XmVm| Ho$ BZm_ob (H$R>moa ~mhar naV) H$mo Kmob XoVm h, AXa nhMVm h Ama
XV j` H$aVm h$&
J. H{$b{ H{$ Mma oN>bH{$ bm{$& ha oN>bH{$ H$m{ Z_ O_rZ _| [hb{ g{ V` OJh [a JmS> Xm{$& ha hV{ EH$ oN>bH{$
H$m{ Im{XH$a oZH$mbm{ Ama oZarjU H$am{$& (TB p. 98)
O] oN>bH{$ [yar Vah A[KoQ>V hm| Vm{ Vwh| o_QQ>r _| `m o_b{Jm? AZw_mZ bJmAm{ oH$ oN>bH$m| H$m{ o_QQ>r
Ama hdm _| [yar Vah o_b OmZ{ _| oH$VZm g_` bJ{Jm$&
A[KoQ>V hm{ ah{ oN>bH{$ o_QQ>r _| Hw$N> C[`m{Jr MrO| o_bmV{ h$& `{ MrO| [m{fH$ Vdm| _| Qy>Q> OmVr h oOZH$m
[{S>-[mY{ BV{_mb H$a gH$V{ h$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 150-151)$&
`mZ aIm{!
A[KoQ>V hm{ ah{ ^m{OZ H$m{ Ny>Z{ H{$ ]mX A[Z{ hmWm| H$m{ AN>r Vah Ym{Am{$& ^m{OZ [a CJ ah{ Hw$N>
gy_Ord Vwh| ]r_ma H$a gH$V{ h$& CZ_| g{ Hw$N> Oha ]ZmV{ h Om{ Vwh| ]r_ma H$a gH$V{ h$&
321
m`mo{JH$ gHo$V
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
{dKQ>Z go
o[aV Hw$N> hmBHy$
nHo$ `m A{YH$ nHo$ hE Ho$bo Cn`w$ ah|Jo `m|{H$ CZHo$ {N>Ho$ OXr {dK{Q>V hmoVo h & {N>H$m| H$mo ~VZ _| \|$H$Zo Ho$
~Om` Iwbo _| \|$H$Zm A{YH$ ~ohVa h `m|{H$ ~mha do mH${VH$ n[apW{V`m| Ogo gy`, dfm Ama {d{^ H$ma Ho$
~S> o Ama N>moQ>o AnKQ>H$m| mam AnK{Q>V hmo OmVo h& `{X _mg_ Ama {_>r ewH$ h V~ dh OJh, Ohm {N>bHo$ Obmò
OmVo hmo, H$mo amoO nmZr go YmoZm Mm{hE & Jrbr {_>r _| {Og_o Z_r H$s _mm A{YH$ hmo, {N>bHo$ EH$ gmh _| nyar
Vah AnK{Q>V hmo OmVo h, O~{H$ A`V ewH$ {_>r _| do gyI OmVo h Ama {dK{Q>V hmoZo Ho$ {bò _hrZm| `m gmbm| bJ
OmVo h &
h_Zo `h {H$`mH$bmn dfm Ho$ _mg_ _| {H$`m& EH$ gmh ~mX Ho$bo H$m {N>H$m {gHw$S> J`m Ama H$mbm nS> Zo Ho$ gmW
g\o$X \$\y$X Ama N>moQ>o Jw~abo CgHo$ Mmam| Amoa a|J aho Wo & AJbo hVo `h 4-5 Qw>H$S>m| _| Qy>Q>m hAm nm`m J`m$& {XZ
~rVZo Ho$ gmW-gmW Qw>H$S> o N>moQ>o hmoVo Jò Ama CZH$s g`m ^r ~T>Vr JB & Mma gmh ~mX Ho$db Hw$N> H$mbo H$U XoIo
Jò & h_ `h AZw_mZ ^r Zht bJm gH$Vo Wo {H$ ò Ho$bo Ho$ Adeof Wo &
_aU bm gH$Vm h
`h Hw$Hw$a_wmm h; Ama, gM_wM
`h EH$ `mar MrO h
(Bgm, 1762 - 1826)
Ho$bo H$m {N>H$m
Qy>Q>Vr hB n{m`m| na {Jam Ama H$mbm hmo J`m
Ama {g\$ n{m`m&
-H$aoZ hS>mH$
4. OrdmUw oH$VZr V{Or g{ VmXmX _| ]T>V{ h! (Xm{ham H$mbme; TB p. 99, WB p. 152)

X{Im{, Bg H$Q>m{ar H$s Xmb H$m `m hAm$&
322
MwZy EH$ oXZ o_QQ>r _| I{bZ{ H{$ ]mX hmW Ym{Zm ^yb
J`m$& gw]h 10 ]O{ CgZ{ VmOm Xmb H$s H$Q>m{ar _| `h
OmZZ{ H{$ obE CJbr S>mbr oH$ dh oH$VZr Ja_ h$&
_mZ bm{ Bg dOh g{ og\$ EH$ OrdmUw MwZy H$s CJbr
g{ Xmb _| Mbm J`m$&
Cg{ Ja_ Ama Z_ OJh o_b J`r Ohm H$m\$s ^m{OZ
_mOyX Wm$& 20 o_ZQ> ]mX OrdmUw ]T> J`m
Ama Xm{ Z`{ OrdmUwAm| _| od^moOV
hm{ J`m$&
oXZ _|10 ]O{
oXZ _| 10 ]OH$a
20 o_ZQ> [a
AJb{ 20 o_ZQ> _| ha EH$ OrdmUw

Xm{ Z`{ OrdmUwAm| _| od^moOV hm{
J`m$& Xg ]OH$a Mmbrg o_ZQ>
[a Hw$b oH$VZ{ OrdmUw W{?
oXZ _| 10 ]OH$a
40 o_ZQ> [a
323
11 ]O{ oXZ _| oH$VZ{ OrdmUw W{?
H$m`-[wpVH$m H{$ [> 152 [a VmobH$m _| âH$a ]VmAm{ oH$ òX OrdmUw Bgr aVma g{ VmXmX _| ]T>V{ ah{
Vm{ oH$VZ{ OrdmUw hm|J{$&
Xm{ ]O{ Xm{[ha H$m{ _wZr H$m{ Xmb _| Hw$N> ]wb]wb{ oXImB oX`{$& `{ ]wb]wb{ H$hm g{ Am`{? òX _wZr `h Xmb
ImVr Vm{ `m hm{Vm?
MwZy H$m{ ]mha g{ I{b H$a Ka AmZ{ H{$ ]mX g]g{ [hb{ `m H$aZm MmohE Wm? Xmb Ja_ Wr `m R>S>r, Bg{
OmZZ{ H$m `m H$m{B ]{hVa VarH$m Wm?
gH$nZm_H$
g_`mE
g_`mE
{dmWu A~ VH$ `h OmZ Jò Wo {H$ OrdmUw Ama (H$dH$)\$\y$Xr hdm mam bmò OmVo h naVw `h nyN>Zo na {H$ \$\y$X
H$s n>r AnK{Q>V hmoVr hB amoQ>r na amoO `m| ~T>Vr OmVr h? Hw$N> Zo Cma {X`m {H$ EH$ hr H$ma H$s A{YH$ go
A{YH$ \$\y$X hdm go AmH$a amoQ>r _| {MnH$Vr OmVr h & gy_Ordm| Ho$ OZZ H$m {dMma g^r Ho$ {bò AmMÒZH$
Wm Ama `hm VH$ {H$ `m`m Ho$ ~mX H$B {dm{W`mo H$mo Bgo nhbo Ho$ n> na ""gy_Ordm| Ho$ JwUZ'' H$mo {XImZo dmbo
{M go OmoS> Zo _| H${R>ZmB hB & _Zo AZw_mZ bJm`m {H$ ò gH$nZmE g_` Ho$ gmW Yrao-Yrao {dH${gV hmo Om`|Jr&
g`m Ama g_` Ho$ ~rM MaKmVmH$s g~Y A^r do g_P Zht nm`|Jo$& (hH$o Vma na: OrdmUw ""{d^mOZ'' mam
""Jw{UV'' hmoVo h&)
`mX aIZo
`mo` ~mV|
_Zo g_Pm`m {H$ _oO na Ny>Q>r hB Xmb \$\y$X Ama OrdmUwAm| mam {dK{Q>V hmoJr Omo Cg_o nhbo go hr _mOyX Wo `m Omo
hdm Ho$ mam Amò Wo & Any H$mo AnZr D$Jbr (Ywbr `m {~Zm Ywbr) Xmb _| Sw>~moZo go ew$AmV H$aZo H$s Amd`H$Vm
Zht Wr & `h H$hmZr `h {XImZo Ho$ {bò H$hr JB (H$) IVaZmH$ gy_ OrdmUw Xy{fV ^moOZ Ho$ mam WmZmV[aV
hmoVo h & (I) do AH$nZr` VrdVm go Jw{UV hmoVo h, Ama (J) ~S> r g`m _| do OrdmUw AmIm| go {XImB Zht XoVo;
`hm VH$ {H$ do ^moOZ Ho$ d$n _| {dMmaUr` n[adVZ ^r Zht bmVo & ^moOZ {Og_o IVaZmH$ g`m _| OrdmUw `m
{dfbo nXmW hmo, dh ^r {XIZo _| Ama gwJY _| AN>o ^moOZ Ogm hr bJVm h& `mhmam| na {_R>mB ImZo `m {ddmh
^moO go Im {dfm$Vm Ho$ ~hV go H$aU h_ amoO AI~mam| _| nT>Vo h Omo Bg V` Ho$ Jdmh h & (gm_m`V`m BgHo$
H$maU gmb_moZobm Ama ~mQw>{b_ h)
324
{dm{W`m| H$mo Am^mg hAm {H$ Xmb H$mo Iam~ hmoZo go ~MmZo Ho$ {bò CgH$m erVZ H$aZm Mm{hE naVw gm_m`
erVH$ (`dhma _o 12 0C `m A{YH$) Ho$db Hw$N> {XZm| VH$ hr ^mdr hmoVm h; gy_Ordr `{n Yrao-Yrao gVV
Jw{UV hmoVo ahVo h &
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
(TB p. 100, WB p. 153)
""_wP{ gy_Ord [gX Zht !'' MwZy Z{ H$hm$& ""d{ JX{ hm{V{ h Ama ]X]y H$aV{ h$& d{ h_| ]r_ma H$a
X{V{ h$&''
""gy_Ord JX{ Zht hm{V{!'' _wZr Z{ H$hm$& ""d{ ha MrO H$m{ gm\$ H$aV{ h$& d{ Hy$S>{-H$Ma{ H$m{ Im
OmV{ h VWm Cg{ N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ Qw>H$S>m| _| Vm{S> X{V{ h$& `{ Qw>H$S>{ dm[g o_QQ>r _| o_b OmV{ h Ama [mYm|
H$m{ ]T>Z{ _| _XX H$aV{ h$! ''
Bg ]ma{ _| Vw_ `m gm{MV{ hm{?
gy_Ordm| H$m{ A[Zm H$m_ H$aZ{ _| g_` bJVm h$& òX AZ{H$ bm{J A[Z{ ^m{OZ H$m ]Mm-IwMm ohgm am{O
EH$ hr OJh \|$H|$ Vm{ Cg{ [yar Vah A[KoQ>V hm{Z{ _| H$m\$s g_` bJ{Jm$& _oI`m, oVbM>{ Ama Myh{ \|$H$m
J`m ImZm Im`|J{ Ama ]T>|J{$& d{ ha OJh ]r_mna`m| H{$ gy_Ord \$bm`|J{$&
gm{Mm{, h_ ^m{OZ H{$ Bg H$Ma{ H$m `m H$a|? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 153)
`mZ _| bmò
OmZo dmbr ~mV|
_wr Ama Any Ho$ ~rM hE dmVmbmn _| AZmnMm[aH$ ^mfm H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m& eX ""JXo'' Ama ""~X~yXma''
AeV: {dK{Q>V ^moOZ Ama {ZH$bZo dmbr Jgm|, Omo gy_Ordm| H$o CZ na {H$`m H$aZo go Cn hmoVr h H$m dUZ
H$aVo h&
Cg AW _| Any Ama _wr XmoZm| ghr h& h_o gy_Ordm| go hmoZo dmbo IVam| H$mo nhMmZZm Ama Bg ~mV Ho$
[V AmdV hmoZm Mm{hE {H$ {Og hdm _| h_ gmg bo aho h, {Og Ob H$mo h_ nr aho h Ama Omo ^moOZ h_ Im aho
h, Cg_o ò ~hV A{YH$ g`m _| Z hmo & naVw h_o `h nhMmZZm Mm{hE {H$ gy_Ord ^r h_mao {_ h& CZHo$ {~Zm
h_mao H$Mao Ama {d>m H$m h_mao Mmam| Va\$ T>oa bJm ahVm& gy_Ord h_mao `W nXmWmo Ho$ nwZMH$U Ho$ {bò Ama
CZ_o _mOyX nmofH$ Vdm| H$mo nwZ: Cn`moJ Ho$ {bò dmng {_>r _| ôOZo Ho$ {bò Amd`H$ h &
325
gH$nZm_H$ $n go `hm na ~hV go H${R>Z {dMma h; N>moQ>o AX` gy_Ordm| H$s ~S>r g`m Ama {d{^
H$ma, CZH$s M`mnM` {H$`mE, ^moOZ H$m amgm`{ZH$ {dKQ>Z Am{X & {OZ gy_Ordm| go h_o IVam h, do gmnoj
$n go ~hV H$_ H$mam| (_mZm 100) Ho$ hmoVo h Omo _Zw`m| _| ~r_m[a`m Cn H$aVo h & ~Mo hE Xg hOma H$ma
hm{Za{hV hmoVo h & g^r gy_Ord AnZo Mmam| Amoa _mOyX nXmWm] Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo _| ^mJ boVo h - Hw$N> A` gy_Ord d
CZHo$ `W nXmWm] H$mo VmoS>Vo h- ò g^r Ag` O{Q>b Ama AmMÒZH$ {H$`mAm| mam hmoVm h &
`hm na `yZV_ Co` `h h {H$ {dmWu `h g_Po {H$ Hy$S>m H$aH$Q> (Ama _bOb {Og na ~mX _| MMm
H$s JB h) H$m ~Y {H$g H$ma {H$`m Omò {H$ gy_Ordm| H$mo AnKQ>Z Ho$ H$m` Ho$ {bò n`m g_` Ama WmZ {_b
gHo$ & ^moOZ Ho$ H$Mao Ho$ {bò WmZr` Cnm` gab h: H$Mao H$mo Toa bJmZo Ho$ WmZ na Cgo EH$ J>o _| aImo Ama {_>r
go T> H$ Xmo & {_>r _| Cn hmoZo dmbo Ho$MwE BZH$m VoOr go AnKQ>Z H$a X|Jo & (XoImo H$nmoQ> Jm, n> 339-340)
5. QQQ>r _| gy_Ord (Xm{ham H$mbme; TB p. 100, WB p. 153)

Vw_Z{ grIm h oH$ Q>QQ>r g{ AmZ{ H{$ ]mX AN>r Vah hmW Ym{Zm MmohE$& Vw_ OmZV{ hm{ oH$ Q>QQ>r H$m{{ ^m{OZ `m
[rZ{ H{$ [mZr H{$ g[H$ _| Zht AmZm MmohE$& h_| Bg ]ma{ _| gmdYmZr ]aVZ{ H$s O$aV `m| h?
QQQ>r H$m{ JXm `m| _mZm OmVm h? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 153-154)
òX Vw_ gm_m` Ama dW òV hm{ Vm{ Vwhma{ eara _| 10,00,00,00,00,00,000 (EH$ hOma Ia])
gy_Ord hm{ gH$V{ h$& d{ `mXmVa Vwhmar AmVm| _| ahV{ h$$& d{ H$m{B hmoZ Zht [hMmV{$& H$^r-H$^r d{
_XXJma ^r hm{V{ h$& b{oH$Z Hw$N> Vah H{$ gy_Ord E{g{ ^r h Om{ `mXm VmXmX _| hm{Z{ [a Vwh| ]r_ma H$a
gH$V{ h$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
_Zo {dm{W`mo go nyN>Zo H$s ew$AmV Bg gdmb go H$s {H$ `m gy_Ord Vwhmao eara H$o AXa Om gH$Vo h? {H$Z
^mJm| _|? Ama do dhm H$go OmVo h? nmR> 3 Ama 9 _| (n> 115, 127-128 Ama 310) h_ Bg {ZH$f na nhMo Wo {H$
\o$\$S>m| Ama Amhma Zbr _o (Omo {H$ ~mha H$s Amoa Iwbo h), hdm hmoVr h naVw dh ({H$gr MmoQ> H$mo N>moS> H$a) hdm
_mgno{e`m|, a$ `m h{>`m| VH$ Zht nhM nmVr& `hr VH$ gy_Ordm| Ho$ {bò ^r bmJy hmoVm h&
326
nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ Zm| na AmVo hE _Zo {dm{W`m| H$mo dN>Vm Ho$ {Z`_mo Ho$ H$maUm| Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMZo Ho$
{bò o[aV {H$`m Ama ~mX _| AmVm| _| _mOyX gy_Ordm| H$r Cn`mo{JVm Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m & ""`mZ aImo'' dJ _| h_Zo
S>m`[a`m(A{Vgma) go ~Mmd Ama gwajm na MMm H$s Wr & (`h _hdnyU OmZH$mar hbH$m \w$bH$m {dkmZ H$jm 5
_| XmohamB JB h&)
A{YH$me gy_Ord Omo h_mao ^moOZ Ho$ gmW h_mao eara _| doe H$aVo h, Am_me` _o nmMH$ agm|
mam _ma {Xò OmVo h& naVw Hw$N> AmVm| _| doe H$a OmVo h Ohm do ~S> r VoOr go d{ H$aVo h & h_mar
AmVm| _| J_u hmoVr h, ânya ^moOZ Ho$ gmW Z_r ^r hmoVr h & `h gy_Ordm| H$r d{ Ho$ {bò Cn`w$
WmZ h & nmR> 6 _| (nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ n> 60 na) h_Zo A_r~m Ama Hw$N> OrdmUw Omo h_mar AmVm|
_| ah gH$Vo h, Ho$ {M XoIo Wo (n> 209 na XoIo OmZH$mar) B. H$mobmB Ama Hw$N> A` H$ma Ho$
OrdmUw h_mao ^moOZ H$mo nMmZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVo h Ama Hw$N> Amd`H$ {dQ>m{_Zm| H$m {Z_mU H$aVo
h & h_mar AmVm| _| ~S>r g`m _| _mOyX hm{Za{hV gy_Ord, hm{ZH$maH$ gy_Ordm| H$mo ~T>Zo Zht
XoVo(gm_m`V`m hm{ZH$maH$ OrdmUw N>moQ>r g`m _| _mOyX ahVo h)
`{X hm{ZH$maH$ OrdmUwAm| H$s g`m ~T> Omò Vmo do h_o ~r_ma H$a XoVo h & Hw N> H$ma Ho$ A_r~m,
B.H$mobmB Ama Q>o\$mBbmoH$moH$g, gmo_moZobm Ama H$mbam Omo {H$ nmR>`-nwpVH$m _| {XImò Jò h
g^r {d{^ H$ma H$s A{Vgma g~Yr ~r_m[a`m \$bmVo h& (XoIo nmR> 7 , n> 231) EH$ H$_ gm_m`
VarH$m {Oggo gy_Ord h_| ZwH$gmZ nhMm gH$Vo h dh h `{X do XwKQ>Zmde h_mao CXa H$s Jwhm _|
`m a$ _| doe H$a Om`|& (Ogm {H$ An|{S>g \y$Q>Zo na hmoVm h) - Cg pW{V _| do mUKmVH$ hmo
gH$Vo h&
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{! (WB p. 142)
`m Vw_Z{ H$^r A[Zr AmVm| _| _mOyX Jg AZw^d H$s h? `h Jg H$hm g{ Am`r hm{Jr?
`h {ZarjU {\$a go Bg V` H$mo ~VmVm h {H$ gy_Ord Jg Cn H$aVo h & H$jm _| MMm, nmR> 9 ^r XoIo &
(n> 310)
327
`mZ aIm{!
h_mar QQQ>r _| V_m_ gy_Ord hm{V{ h$& gy_Ord QQQ>r _| ]S>r V{Or g{ ]T>V{ h$& Q>QQ>r g{
_pI`m OwQ>Vr h Om{ gy_Ordm| H$m{ h_ma{ ^m{OZ VH$ b{ AmVr h$& òX h_ E{gm ^m{OZ H$a|
Vm{ ]r_ma hm{ gH$V{ h$&
h_| A[Z{ A[oe> [XmWm~ H{$ oZVmaU H$m H$m{B gwaojV VarH$m Im{OZm MmohE$&
Ia~m| OrdmUw , H$dH$ Ama moQ>moOmoAm {d>m Ho$ gmW ~mha {ZH$mbo OmVo h & `{X Vw_ nmZr AbJ H$a Xmo
Vmo h_mar {d>m H$m EH$ {VhmB ^ma gy_Ordm| H$s dOh go hmoVm h& h_mam _y (`{X h_o H$moB gH$_U
Z hmo) OrdmUwa{hV hmoVm h& naVw eara H$o ~mha _b Ama _y XmoZm| gy_Ordm| H$s d{ Ho$ {bò A{V
Cm_ _m`_ h& AV: _b `{X ^moOZ `m nrZo Ho$ nmZr H$o gnH$ _| AmVm h Vmo ò ~r_m[a`m \$bmVm
h&
A{Vgma g~Yr ~r_m[a`m
{dm{W`m| H$mo A{Vgma g~Yr amoJm| H$m Hw$N> AZw^d O$a hmoZm Mm{hE& Cho `h Ad` ~Vm`m OmZm
Mm{hE {H$ nmZr Ama ^moOZ H$mo gm\$ gwWam aIH$a BZ ~r_m[a`m| go ~Mmd {H$`m Om gH$Vm h&
H$jm 3 d 4 _| ChmoZo Hw$N> ANr AmXV| grIt Ogo gm\$ nmZr nrZm, VmOm ^moOZ ImZm, H$o ^moOZ
H$mo ~hV `mXm Ob go YmoZm, emM Ho$ ~mX Ama ImZm ImZo Ho$ nhbo hmW YmoZm Am{X & A[Vgma H$mo
amoH$Zo H$m g~go ^mdr VarH$m OrdZajH$ Kmob (Oral Rehydration Solution, ORS) h& EH$ gab
nwZOb`moOZ Kmob 1 `mbm ew Ob+1 N>moQ>m M_M e$a+1 MwQ>H$s Z_H$ go {_bH$a ~Zm hmoVm h&
H$B `mbo Kmob ~ZmZm Mm{hE Ama WmoS>r-WmoS>r _mm _| _arO H$mo bJmVma XoVo ahZm Mm{hE&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
6. h_mam A[oe> H$hm OmVm h?(3 H$mbme; TB p. 101, WB p. 154)

H$. Ohm Vw_ Q>QQ>r H$aV{ hm{, CZ OJhm| H{$ ]ma{ _| gm{Mm{$& `m Q>QQ>r Ama [{em] Ohm H{$ Vhm [S>{ ahV{ h?
`m Vw_ [mZr ]hmV{ hm{ `m be H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ hm{? Vwhmar g_P g{ A[oe> H$hm OmVm h?
_oar H$jm Ho$ {dm{W`m| Ho$ Ka na be Q>m`boQ>g Wo Ama ChmoZo A` Vah Ho$ emMmb` AnZo Jmd Ama eha go ~mha
H$s `mm _| XoIo Wo & _Zo nyN>m {H$, {Og _b H$mo ~hmd Ho$ mam ~hm {X`m OmVm h CgH$m `m hmoVm h? {dm{W`m|
328
Zo H$nZm H$s {H$ `W nXmW nmBn Ho$ mam {ZH$b OmVo h Ama AVV: g_w _| N>moS> {Xò OmVo h & g_w VQ>r`
BbmH$m| _| `hr g` h&
^maV Ho$ Xmo {VhmB eham| _| nmZr H$s Amny{V nmBn mam hmoVr h naVw 10% go ^r H$_ eham| _| n`m
^y{_JV _b{ZH$mg V h& `h {dS>~Zm h {H$ 2500 B.ny. H$s qgYw KmQ>r g`Vm g^dV:{dd H$s
nhbr g`Vm Wr {Og_o Kam| Ho$ AXa ZmZKa Ama emMmb` Wo & Cg g_` ^y{_JV Zmbm| Ho$ gmW
_Zhmob Ama _bHw$S> ^r Wo & dhm na _w` Zmbr Ho$ _wh na bH$S>r H$s Om{b`m Wr, {Oggo R>mog An{e>
H$mo AbJ {H$`m Om gHo$ &
AmO A{YH$ OZg`m Ama ^mar Am`VZ _| _bOb Ho$ H$maU h_o A{YH$ ~ohVa gw{dYmAm| H$s
Amd`H$Vm h naVw 1993 Ho$ am>r` {VXe gd}jU _| ^maVr` Kam| _| {ZZ{b{IV emMmb` gw{dYm`|
nmB JB : {~Zm emMmb` - 30.6%, godm emMmb` - 7.4% , gopQ>H$ Q>|H$ - 29.6%, ~hmdXma emMmb`
- 28.5%, A` - 3.8%
I. BZ_| g{ H$mZ-gm oM Vwhma{ mam BV{_mb hm{Z{ dmb{ emMmb` Ogm h? ha oM H{$ obE BZ Zm| H{$
]ma{ _| gm{Mm{$&
Vwhmar Q>QQ>r Ama [{em] H$m `m hm{Vm h? `m A[oe> H$m H$m{B ohgm Q>QQ>r H$aZ{ H$s OJh g{ H$ht Ama b{
Om`m OmVm h?
ha ]ma BV{_mb H{$ ]mX emMmb` H$m{ gm\$ H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$VZ{ [mZr H$s O$aV hm{Vr h?
`m Vw_ gm{MV{ hm{ oH$ Bg emMmb` H{$ [mg _pI`m Ama ]X]y hm{Jr? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 154)
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
òH$ H$ma Ho$ emMmb`m| na _Zo MMm H$s & (_bm) H$hm OmVm h, emMmb` H$mo gm\$ H$go aI gH$Vo h, Bgo gm\$
H$aZo Ho$ {bò {H$VZm nmZr Amd`H$ h Ama `m H$moB gr_m h {H$ EH$ {XZ _| {H$VZo bmoJ EH$ emMmb` H$m Cn`moJ
H$a gH$Vo h&
(1) ]mha Q>QQ>r H$aZm (TB p. 101)
]mha Q>QQ>r H$aZ{ H{$ obE I{V `m OJb _| gwZgmZ OJh R>rH$ ah{Jr$&
329
`mZ aIm{!
oH$gr Vmbm], ZXr `m Hw$E H{$ [mg QQQ>r _V H$am{! (`m| Zht?)
Ohm bm{J ahV{ hm|, Cg OJh H{$ [mg Q>QQ>r _V H$am{! (`m| Zht?)
AJa Vw_ ]mha Q>QQ>r H$am{ Vm{ Q>QQ>r H$m{ o_QQ>r g{ T>H$ Xm{$& Bg Vah _pI`m Q>QQ>r g{ Xya ah|Jr Ama QQQ>r _|
_mOyX gy_Ord Zht \$b|J{$& gy_Ord Q>QQ>r H$m{ o_QQ>r H{$ ZrM{ Yra{-Yra{ A[KoQ>V H$a|J{$&
A[KoQ>V Q>QQ>r g{ o_QQ>r _| Hw$N> C[`m{Jr MrO| o_b OmVr h$& `{ MrO| [m{fH$ Vdm| _| Qy>Q> OmVr h oOZH$m [{S>[mY{ BV{_mb H$a gH$V{ h$&
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
g^r {dm{W`m| H$mo H$^r Z H$^r ~mha emM H$aZo H$m Adga {_bm hr hmoJm & nhbo _Zo, BgHo$ dN>Vm Ama dm`
g~Yr nhbwAm| na Omoa {X`m, {deofH$a YmoZo d {_>r go T>H$Zo na, Ob moVm| H$mo Xy{fV hmoZo go ~MmZo na Omoa {X`m
Ama `h `mX {Xbm`m {H$ _b H$m A`j $n go ^r, ^moOZ Ama nrZo Ho$ nmZr go H$moB g~Y Zht hmoZm Mm{hE &
(XoIo nmR> 7, n> 231 _b Ho$ O[aò ~r_m[a`m| H$m \$bZm)
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Cma
~mX _| _ _b Ho$ gy_O{dH$ {dKQ>Z na AmB & _Zo nyN>m, _b H$mo T>H$Zo Ho$ ~mX `m dmo {_>r Ho$ AXa hr ahVm h?
(AZw_mZ bJmAmo) `m AJbo {XZ dmo dhr na ahVm h? `m EH$ gmh ~mX ^r dmo dhr na ahVm h? EH$ _mh ~mX?
EH$ df ~mX? {dm{W`m| Zo H$nZm H$s {H$ _b Yrao-Yrao {_>r _| {_b OmVm h & `{n Cho ^mo` An{e> H$m
AnKQ>Z `mX Wm, na do _b Ho$ AnKQ>Z Ho$ {V AmdV Zht Wo & (ò JXm _b {H$gr Or{dV mUr Ho$ {bò ^moOZ
H$go hmo gH$Vm h?) AV _| ChmoZo Bg {dMma H$mo drH$ma H$a {b`m&
{_>r _| _b Ho$ {dKQ>Z H$s Xa Vmn_mZ na, {_>r Ho$ H$ma na Ama CnbY Z_r na {Zâ H$aVr h &
J_, Z_ n[apW{V _o _Xm CnOrdm| Ho$ gmW {dKQ>Z VoOr go hmoVm h$& `hm VH$ {H$ ~r_mar \$bmZo
dmbo Ord ^r hm{Za{hV CnmXm| _| _b H$mo AnK{Q>V H$a XoVo h$&
330
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!

AJa H{$db Wm{S>{ g{ bm{J ]mha Q>QQ>r H$a| Vm{ A[oe> hQ>mZ{ H$s H$m{B O$aV Zht h&
`m hm{Jm òX ]hV g{ bm{J am{O ]mha EH$ hr OJh Q>QQ>r H$a|?
`h g_`m nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ n> 100 na CR>m`r JB H$Mao H$s _mm H$s g_`m Ho$ g_mZ hr Wr &
Hw$N> bmoJ ~mha, AnZo {Zdmg WmZ Ama nrZo Ho$ nmZr Ho$ moVm| go Xya, emM H$aVo h & Bggo H$moB
g_`m Zht hmoVr & {_>r Ama _b _| _mOyX gy_Ord AVVmoJdm Cho AnK{Q>V H$a XoVo h & O~
bmoJ ~S>r g`m _| EH$ gmW ahVo h, Vmo CZHo$ An{e> H$m {ZnQ>mam EH$ ~S>r g_`m ~Z OmVr h &
(2) g{dm emMmb` (TB p. 102)
g{dm emMmb` H$m [mImZm H$mZ bm{J T>m{H$a b{
OmV{ h? Vwhmar g_P g{ d{ Bg{ H$hm b{ OmV{
h? BgH$m `m oH$`m Om gH$Vm h?
`m `h H$m_ IVaZmH$ h? `m|? Bg{ H$mZ
H$aZm Mmh{Jm?
h_mar gaH$ma Z{ H$hm h oH$ g{dm emMmb`
Adm`H$a hm{V{ h$& Om{ bm{J [mImZm T>m{V{
h Ch| A_mZdr` H$m_ H$aZm [S>Vm h$& E{g{
emMmb`m| H$s AZw_oV Zht hm{Zr MmohE$& Bg
]ma{ _| Vwhmam `m odMma h?
godm emMmb` go nmImZm EH$ Q>H$s (M|~a) _| {JaVm h Ohm go Bgo T>moH$a bo Om`m OmVm h & H$^rH$^r dhm na EH$ ~mQ>r `m Q>moH$ar hmoVr h {Og_o Bgo bo Om`m OmVm h Ama _bm {H$gr IoV _| \|$H$
{X`m OmVm h & H$nmoQ> H$aZo Ho$ ~mX (gp_lU) BgH$m Cn`moJ ImX Ho$ $n _| {H$`m OmVm h &
331
`h H$m` ^maV _| ZrMr Om{V Ho$ `{$`m| mam {H$`m OmVm h, ^Jr `m PmSy> dmbm| mam {H$`m OmVm
h; `h A`V {ZZ Va Ho$ Ama Adm`H$a H$m`m] _| go EH$ h & _b `m nmImZo H$mo ZJo hmWm| go
CR>m`m OmVm h d {ga na T>mo`m OmVm h & gS> H$m| H$r Iam~ pW{V Ho$ H$maU R>obm H$m Cn`moJ ^r Zht
{H$`m Om gH$Vm & godm emMmb` H$mo g_m H$aZo Ama _bm T>moZo Ho$ A_mZdr` H$m` H$m ~{hH$ma
H$aZo Ho$ {bò 1993 _o ggX Zo ""_bm T>moZo dmbm| Ho$ amoOJma Ama ewH$ emMmb`m| H$m {Z_mU({ZfoY)
A{Y{Z`_'' nm[aV {H$`m & gwb^ emMmb` gWmZ Ogo gJR>Z CV emMmb`m| go n[a{MV H$amZo
Ama ^{J`m| H$mo dH$pnH$ amoOJma XoZo Ho$ {bò H$m` H$a aho h naVw A^r ^r h_mao Xoe _| godm emMmb`
H$m Cn`moJ hmoVm h &
(3) JV> emMmb`
(4) gO_ Q>H$s H$m emMmb`
JV emMmb` _| A[oe> H$m
(X{I| AJbm [>)
`m hm{Vm h?
JV emMmb` _| Ho$db O_rZ _|
ImoXm hAm EH$ J>m hmoVm h
{Og_o R>mog Ama d An{e>
grYo EH$ {H$ò OmVo h & d
^y { _ _| [ag OmVm h &
Am{IaH$ma J>m â OmVm h Ama
EH$ Z`m J>m ImoXZm nS> Vm h&
An{e> nXmWmo Ho$ AnKQ>Z go
Omo Jgo Cn hmoVr h, do J>o Ho$
mam D$na AmVr h Ama gS>mY
_maVr h&
Zmbm
emMmb`
dmohV_b
gO_ Q>H$s
332
X{I{ gO_ Q>H$s g{ A[oe> H$g{ b{ Om`m OmVm h? Vwhmar g_P g{ `h H$hm OmVm h?
dmohV_b AJa ZoX`m| Ama Vmbm]m| _| o_b Om` Vm{ Bgg{ [mZr [rZ{ dmbm| H$m{ ZwH$gmZ [hM gH$Vm h$& Bg_|
_mOyX Oha OVwAm| Ama dZ[oV`m| H$m{ ZwH$gmZ [hMm gH$Vm h$&
gO_ Q>H$r dmbo emMmb` _|, An{e> EH$ Q>H$s _| {JaVm h Omo {H$ BQ>m| go ~Zr hmoVr h & H$^r-H$^r Q>H$r
H$m {Z_mU Bg H$ma {H$`m OmVm h {H$ d nXmW {_>r _| gmoI {bò Omò & H$^r-H$^r A{V[a$ d
nXmW nmBn Ho$ mam Q>H$s Ho$ D$nar ^mJ _| pWV nmBn go ~mha \|$H$m OmVm h& gm_m`V`m `h Zmbr
{H$gr ~S> o Zmbo _| {JaVr h Omo {H$ {H$gr ~S> o Vmbm~ _|, ZXr `m g_w _| {_b OmVm hmo& (dH$pnH$ $n _|,
Bgo gwa{jV $n go gaY nmBnm| mam ^y{_JV AndhZ jo _| Imbr H$a gH$Vo h naVw BgHo$ {bò A{YH$
WmZ Mm{hE &) gO_ Q>H$s _| R>mog An{e> EH${V hmoVm h Ohm na ò AnK{Q>V hmoZo bJVm h d _rWoZ
Ogr Jgo Cn hmoVr h, {Ogo H$^r-H$^r EH${V H$a {b`m OmVm h Ama BYZ Ho$ $n _| EH${V H$a
{b`m OmVm h & AVVmoJdm (H$B dfm] ~mX) JS>T>m â OmVm h Ama Cgo gm\$ H$aZm nS> Vm h & H$nmoQ> H$m
Cn`moJ D$daH$ Ho$ $n _| {H$`m Om gH$Vm h & Xmo JS>T>o dmbo V _| (CXmhaU Ho$ {bò gwb^ emMmb`) EH$
J>o _| An{e> H$mo AnK{Q>V hmoZo Ho$ {bò N>moS> {X`m OmVm h, Cg g_` Xygao J>o H$mo Cn`moJ _| bo boVo h&
`mZ Xo {H$ Jgo nmBn mam D$na AmH$a emMmb` _o Zht Am nmVr `{X emMmb` _| "dmQ>a bmH$ {gQ>_'
hmo, Ogm {H$ `hm {XIm`m J`m h & (Hw$N> nmZr emMmb` H$s Vbr _| pWV U AmH$ma H$s Zbr _| h_oem
ahVm h)
(5) ]hmdXma (be) Ama _bZb (grda) dmb{ emMmb` (TB p. 103)
]hmdXma emMmb`m| g{ A[oe> [XmW ]S>{ _bZb _| Om o_bVm h$& ]S>{ eham| _| bmIm| bm{J ahV{ h$&
h_ CZH{$ A[oe> H$m `m H$a gH$V{ h? (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 156)
Ohm A` emMmb` 1-2 brQ>a nmZr go gm\$ hmo OmVo h, ~hmdXma emMmb` _| ha ~ma 5 go 15 brQ>a nmZr
(emMmb` Ama Q>H$s Ho$ AZwgma) H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h & emMmb` H$m An{eQ>, ZmZKa, agmoBKa
Am{X Ho$ An{e> Ob Ho$ gmW Ka Ho$ ~mha ^y{_JV _bZb (grda) Ho$ mam ~mha bo Om`m OmVm h&
333
nmR>`-nwpVH$m Ho$ n> 103 na {Xò {M _| `h {XIm`m J`m h {H$ H$go {d{^ Kam| go {ZH$bZo dmbo
_bZb(grda) EH$ ~S> o grda _o OwS> OmVo h & grda `m Vmo ZrMo H$s Amoa OmVo h `m CZHo$ amVo _|
nqnJ Q>oeZ hmoVo h &
AmXe $n _| `h An{e> dm{hV_b CnMma g` _| bo OmZm Mm{hE & qH$Vw h_mao Xoe _| CnMma
gw{dYm`| gm_m`V`m An`m h & ~hYm ~S>o {nS> m| H$mo hQ>mH$a Ama Hw$N> R>mog ^mJ H$mo Vbr _| O_m
N>moS>H$a, _bOb H$mo ghOVm go {H$gr ZXr, Vmbm~ `m g_w _o N>moS> {X`m OmVm h & `h EH$ ~hV
hr IVaZmH$ VarH$m h & (XoIo ZrMo)
7. gy_Ord A[oe> [XmWm~ H{$ A[KQ>Z _| _XX H$aV{ h (1 H$mbme + j{ ^_U;TB p.103)
oOg Vah gy_Ord h_ma{ ^m{OZ H{$ H$Ma{ H$m{ A[KoQ>V H$aV{ h, R>rH$ Cgr Vah d{ h_ma{ _b H$m{ ^r A[KoQ>V
H$aV{ h$& d{ A[oe> H$m{ N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ Qw>H$S>m| _| Vm{S> X{V{ h Om{ dm[g o_QQ>r _| o_b OmV{ h Ohm [{S>-[mY{ CZH$m
o\$a g{ BV{_mb H$a gH$V{ h$& A[oe> H$m{ A[KoQ>V hm{Z{ H{$ obE h_| Cg{ OJh Ama g_` X{Zm [S>{Jm$&
h_mar H$m{oee hm{Zr MmohE oH$ gy_Ord ]mha Z \$b| Ama [rZ{ H{$ [mZr Ama ^m{OZ VH$ Z [hM| Ama bm{Jm|
H$m{ ]r_ma Z H$a X|$&
bmIm| bm{Jm| mam [Xm A[oe> H$m C[Mma EH$ ]S>{ dmnhV_b C[Mma g` _| H$a gH$V{ h$& [Vm H$am{ oH$
`m Vwhma{ Amg[mg H$m{B dmohV_b C[Mma g` h$& Cg{ OmH$a X{IZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$am{$&
[Vm H$am{ oH$ Ohm Vw_ ahV{ hm{, dhm _b Ama dmohV_b H$s dOh g{ `m BgmZm| Ama Xyga{ OrdYmna`m| H$m{
H$m{B IVam h$& (H$m`-[wpVH$m [> 156)
h_mao {bò _bOb {ZVmaU H$s EH$ A{V dhV g_`m h & h_mao Jmd, H$~o Ama eha ZXr Ho$
{H$Zmao ~go hE h & Kam| _|, CmoJm| _| Ama H {f _| {d{^ H$ma H$m An{e> Ob Cn hmoVm h &
`m hmoJm `{X `h _bOb ZXr _| N>moS> {X`m Omò? nmZr _| AmgrOZ hmoVr h Omo nmYm|, _N>{b`m|
Ama A` Or{dV dVwAmo Ho$ {bò Amd`H$ hmoVr h & _bOb _| _mOyX gy_Ord Bg AmgrOZ H$m
OXr go Cn`moJ H$a boVo h &
334
_bOb _| _mOyX H$m~{ZH$ Ama AH$m~{ZH$ nXmW O~ AmgrH$V hmoVo h Vmo do ^r AmgrOZ H$m Cn`moJ
H$a boVo h& H$^r-H$^r ò AmgrH$aU gy_Ordm| H$s ghm`Vm go hmoVm h& `{n hdm H$s AmgrOZ
bJmVma nmZr _| KwbVr ahVr h naVw `h ~S>r _mm _| _bOb mam _mJ H$s JB AmgrOZ H$s ny{V Zht
H$a nmVr&
_bOb Xygao VarH$m| go ^r ZwH$gmZXm`H$ h& h_mao _b _| {dfbo nXmW Ama ~r_mar \$bmZo dmbo
gy_Ord hmoVo h; Ammo{JH$ An{e> Ama Kaoby agm`Z Ogo An_mOH$, Ab Ama Jrg ^r gOrdm| Ho$
{bò {dfbo hmoVo h; An_mOH$m| Ama D$daH$m| _| _mOyX \$m\o$Q> Hw$N> {deof H$ma Ho$ edmbm| H$s d{ H$mo
~T>mdm XoVr h Omo A` Ordm| H$mo ~T>Zo Zht XoVo&
AV: _bOb Ho$ CnMma H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h& CnMma H$m W_ MaU (AJbo n> na {M
XoIo) h, _bOb H$mo N>ZZr _| go ~hZo XoZm {Oggo ~S> o nXmW Ogo n{m`m, H$mJO, {MWS> o Ama bmpQ>H$
AbJ hmo Om`|& {\$a ò EH$ H$S> o ado dmbo ({JQ>) M~a _| OmVm h Ohm na JX Ama ~mby Vbr _o O_ OmVo
h Ama AbJ H$a {Xò OmVo h &
BgHo$ ~mX _bOb nmW{_H$ AdgmXZ Q>H$s _| OmVm h Ohm R>mog nXmW ZrMo O_ OmVo h Ama
AbJ H$a {bò OmVo h& `h $j `m H$m _bm H$hbmVm h & BgH$m Cn`moJ _bm nmMZ Q>H$s _| CnMma
Ho$ ~mX CdaH$m| Ho$ $n _| hmoVm h& dhm na Adm`dr` OrdmUw An{e> H$mo VmoS> XoVo h {Og_o _rWoZ Jg
{ZH$bVr h (Jmo~a, ~m`mo Jg g` H$s Vah) {OgH$m Cn`moJ _bOb CnMma g` H$mo {dwV XmZ
H$aZo Ho$ {bò BYZ Ho$ $n _| hmoVm h& $j _bo H$mo gwIm`m Om gH$Vm h Ama BYZ Ho$ $n _| Obm`m ^r
Om gH$Vm h&
mW{_H$ AdgmXZ Q>H$s go {ZH$bo d nXmW H$m CnMma H$B VarH$mo go hmoVm h & EH$ {d{Y h Bgo
pWarH$aU nmoIa _| N>moS> XoZm & `hm VH$ {H$ AZwnMm[aV _bOb Ama _bo H$m CnMma ^r H$^r-H$^r
pWarH$aU nmoIa _| {H$`m OmVm h & `h Ho$db EH$ ~S>m nmoIa h Omo {H$ Hw$N> _rQ>a Jham hmoVm h d
{OgHo$ AmYma H$m jo\$b H$B EH$S> hmoVm h & nmoIa _| OrdmUw, edmb Ama nmYo _bOb Ho$ AnKQ>Z _o
ghm`Vm H$aVo h & (nmYo Ob _| AmgrOZ N>moS> Vo h {Oggo dm`wOrdr OrdmUw An{e> H$mo VmoS> XoVo h)
d An{e> H$mo CnMm[aV H$aZo H$r EH$ A` {d{Y h nIm| `m dm{Vmo H$m Cn`moJ H$aZm {Oggo
335
dm{hV_b
CnMma
g `
336
AmgrOZ H$mo Bg_o {_bm`m Om gHo$, AV: dm`wOrdr OrdmUw mam AnKQ>Z H$mo VoO {H$`m Om gHo$ &
dm{V XbXb _w~B Ho$ {ZH$Q> dgm}dm _| {Z{_V {H$ò Jò h & BZ_o dm{Vm| Ho$ {bò ~hV gmar OJh
Ama {dwV Ymam H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h& Hw$N> dm{hV _b CnMma g`m| _| _bOb {Vr`H$ AdgmXZ
Q>H$r`m| _o OmVm h {Og_o _bm H$sMS> AbJ H$a {X`m OmVm h Ama nwZMH$U Ho$ ~mX dmVZ Q>H$s _| ôOm OmVm
h & AV _| \$m\o$Q>m| H$mo AbJ H$aZo Ho$ {bò A{^d{YV CnMma {H$`m OmVm h Ama ~Mo hE OrdmUwAm| H$mo
AbJ H$aZo Ho$ {bò Ob H$m amgm`{ZH$ CnMma {H$`m OmVm h &
dm{hV _b CnMma g` _| ~S>r _mm _| nmZr H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h Omo {H$ dV_mZ _| H$B eham|
_| CnbY Zht h & dm{hV _b CnMma g` H$m ^maV _| Hw$N> OJhm| na Cn`moJ {H$`m Om ahm h & (ò g`
ZmJnwa pWV am>r` n`mdaU A{^`m{H$s Ama emoY gWmZ mam {S>OmBZ {H$ò Jò h)
gm{Mm{! Oam gm{Mm{!
`m hm{Vm òX Vwhmar Q>QQ>r A[KoQ>V Zht hm{Vr?

JXm [mZr oOg_| _b Ama _y Kwb{ hm{V{ h, Cg{ dmohV_b H$hV{ h$&
dmohV_b b{ OmZ{ dmb{ [mB[ Ed Zmob`m _bZb H$hbmVr h$&
MrO| gS>Vr h V] CZH$m A[KQ>Z hm{Vm h &
A`mg ( 8 H$mbme + JhH$m`; WB p. 157)

{ZarjU
AmYm[aV A`mg

1. EH$ VmOm [Vr
2. EH$ A[KoQ>V hm{ ahr [Vr
337
oMH$a Z (WB p. 157)

1. H$m{B dImX` Og{ em{a]{ H$m{ `nX E{g{ Iwbm N>m{S> X| Vm{ dh ]X]y X{Z{ bJVm h$Ama hm{ gH$Vm h oH$ Vwh|
Cg_| ]wb]wb{ ^r oXImB X|$& Vw_ gy_Ordm| H{$ ]ma{ _| Om{ OmZV{ hm{ CgH{$ AmYma [a Bg ]mV H$m{g_PmAm{$&
{dm{W`m| H$mo {ZZ{b{IV V`m| H$m Cn`moJ H$aZm h : (A) gy_Ord g^r OJh CnpWV h & (~) do Ohm ^r nmZr,
^moOZ Ama CUVm nmVo h VoOr go Jw{UV hmoVo h & (g) gy_Ord Jg Cn H$aVo h Omo d _| ~wb~wbo nXm H$aVr
h& (X) BZ_o go Hw$N> Jgo gyKr Om gH$Vr h&
2. Hw$N> ^m{OZm| H{$ Zm_ ]VmAm{ Om{ OXr Iam] (A[KoQ>V) hm{ OmV{ h Ama d{ Hw$N> Om{ H$m\$s g_` VH$
MbV{ h$&
`h Z nmR> 8 H$s {XImAmo Ama ~VmAmo {H$`mH$bmn go g~{YV h & `hm na Ho$db ^moOZ H$s gyMr hr Mm{hE naVw
h_ `h ^r AZw_mZ bJm gH$Vo h {H$ `m| Hw$N> ^moOZ b~o g_` VH$ {Q>H$Vo h : H$Xm{MV CZ_o H$_ nmZr `m A{YH$
_mm _| Z_H$ hmoVm h Bg{bò CZ_o OrdmUw d{ Zht H$a nmVo & (XoIo Z 6) Cnm{XV ^moOZ _| n[aajH$ nXmW
gm_m`V: _mOyX ahVo h &
3. òX Vw_ AmQ>{ H$m{ Iwbm aIm{ Vm{ dh Iam] hm{ OmVm h$& b{oH$Z òX Bg{ oS>]{ _| T>H$ H$a aIm{ Vm{ dh o]Zm
Iam] hE H$m\$s g_` VH$ MbVm h$& `m|?
hdm _| VaVo gy_Ord Iwbo ^moOZ _| AmgmZr go doe H$a OmVo h & N>moQ>o Ord Omo Iwbo ^moOZ _| OmVo h A{YH$ g`m
_| OrdmUw, H$sS>m| Ho AS>o Am{X bmVo h &
4. òX Vw_ XyY H$m{ Iy] R>S>m aIm{ Vm{ `h OXr Iam] Zht hm{Vm$& `m|?
A{YH$me OrdmUwAm| H$mo d{ Ho$ {bò CUVm H$s Amd`H$Vm hmoVr h &
5. òX ImZ{ H$s Hw$N> MrO| Vw_ Yy[ _| gwImH$a aIm{ Vm{ d{ _hrZm| `m gmbm| VH$ Iam] Zht hm{Vt$& `m|?
{dm{W ` m|
Ho$ Cma
{dmWr OmZVo Wo {H$ gwImò hE Am_, Zm[a`b Ama _N>br, VmOo ^moOZ H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ b~o g_` VH$ ahVo h&
gy` H$s grYr {H$aUo OrdmUwAm| H$mo Z> H$a XoVr h & gy` H$s D$_m go Ob H$m dmnZ hmo OmVm h, Omo OrdmUwAm| H$mo
Or{dV ahZo Ama d{ H$aZo Ho$ {bò Amd`H$ h&
338
Hw$N> \$b {Oh| gwImH$a ga{jV {H$`m J`m h: Am_, Ho$bm, Amdbm, ~oa, B_br,H$Q>hb, AJya, IOya, AOra,
Iy~mZr, Zm[a`b, gwnmar& gwImH$a ga{jV H$s JB Hw$N> gpO`m h: Q>_mQ>a, {^S>r, H$aobm, {_{M`m, _Q>a, Amby,
H$_b H$H$S>r& {d{^ H$ma H$s _N>{b`m, H$dMmUr Ama _mg Z_H$ bJmH$a gwImò OmVo h& Z_H$sZ Ogo nmnS>,
AZmO Ama Xmbm| go ~Zmò OmVo h Ama {\$a gwImò OmVo h &
gwPm`m J`m
{H$`mH$bmn
6. Hw$N> E{g{ VarH{$ ]VmAm{ oOZg{ ^m{OZ H$m\$s g_` VH$ Iam] Zht hm{Vm$& AZmOm|, Xmbm|, \$bm|, goO`m|,
_N>br Ama _mg H{$ CXmhaU _mby_ H$am{ Om{ AbJ-AbJ VarH$m| g{ gaojV oH$`{ OmV{ h$&
H$B ^moOZ _mg_r hmoVo h Bg{bò gmb Ho$ {H$gr {deof g_` na CZH$s ~S>r _mmò CnbY ahVr h O~
CZH$s nyar Vah InV Zht hmo nmVr & ^moOZ H$mo n[aa{jV H$aZo Ho$ Hw$N> VarHo Bg H$ma h & ^moOZ H$mo
T>H$H$a Ama dm`wamoYr ~VZm| _| aImo {Oggo OrdmUw Cg_o Z nhM gHo$; ^moOZ H$mo erVH$ _|/nmZr _|
aIZm/ {_>r Ho$ ~VZ _| Jrbr aoV _| aIZm Ogo VarH$m| go R>S>m aIH$a OrdmUwAm| H$s d{ H$s J{V H$mo Yr_m
H$aZm, nmMwarH$aU mam OrdmUwAmo H$mo _ma XoZm Ama ~mX _| ^moOZ H$mo dm`wamoYr ~VZm| Ogo {Q>Z _|,
bmpQ>H$ Ho$ Wbm| _| Ama Q>oQ>mnH$ _| aIZm; J_ Vob go OrdmUwAm| H$mo ZQ> H$aZm, Z_H$ `m {gaHo$ Ho$ gmW
AMma ~ZmZm, MmeZr _| nH$mZm `m {g{Q>H$ Ab {_bmZm& OrdmUw BZ n[apW{V`m| _| Jw{UV Zht hmo
nmVo; gwImZo go gy_Ordm| Ho$ {bò Amd`H$ Ob {_b Zht nmVm ( XoI|, D$na CXmhaU)
EH$ Zt~y `m H$o Am_ Ho$ Qw>H$S> o H$amo & AmYo Qw>H$S>m| H$mo Z_H$ Ho$ gmW {_bmAmo Ama XmoZmo Z_H$ bJo hE Ama {~Zm
Z_H$ bJo hE Qw>H$S>m| H$mo T>Ho$ hE H$mM Ho$ _V~mZm| _|, gyaO H$s amoeZr _| H$B {XZmo VH$ aImo & {~Zm Z_H$ bJo Qw>H$S> o
AmgmZr go Iam~ hmo Om`|Jo O~{H$ Z_H$ bJo hE Qw>H$S> o Iam~ Zht hm|Jo&
7. Vwhmar g_P g{ H$mZ V{Or g{ A[KoQ>V hm{JmH$. [mdam{Q>r `m bH$S>r
I. gyIr [mdam{Q>r `m Z_ [mdam{Q>r
J. Ja_ WmZ [a aIr [mdam{Q>r `m R>S>{ WmZ [a [mdam{Q>r
K. ]agmV H{$ _mg_ _| \|$H$m J`m H{$b{ H$m oN>bH$m `m J_ Ama gyI{ _mg_ _| \|$H$m J`m H{$b{ H$m oN>bH$m
${MH$a Z 1 _| gyMr~ {H$ò Jò H$maH$ XoImo&
339
{ZarjU Ama
^mfm AmYm[aV
A`mg
H$jm H$m
AZw^d
H$jm _| MMm (WB p. 158)

1>. ]M{-IwM{ ^m{OZ H{$ Abmdm Hy$S>{-H$Ma{ _| Ama H$mZ-gr MrO| \|$H$s OmVr h? `m Vwhma{ H$Ma{ _| Hw$N>
MrO| E{gr h oOh| em`X gy_Ord A[KoQ>V Z H$a [m`|$? h_ BZ MrOm| H$m `m H$a gH$V{ h?
2. Hy$S>{-H$Ma{ H$m{ Amg[mg [S>{ ahZ{ X{Zm hmoZH$maH$ `m| h? H$B EH$ Kam| g{ oZH$b{ Hy$S>{ H$m `m oH$`m Om
gH$Vm h?
H$B Vah Ho$ bmpQ>H$, nrdrgr Ama Zm`bmZ gy_Ordm| mam Zht Imò Om gH$Vo & `{n do amgm`[ZH$
$n go `m D$_m go AnK{Q>V hmo gH$Vo h & Hw$N> noQ>mo{b`_ nXmW(CnmX), H$B dfm] ~mX, OrdmUwAm| mam
{dK{Q>V hmo gH$Vo h& nmbrWrZ H$s W{b`m mH${VH$ $n go AnK{Q>V hmoZo Ho$ {bò Hw$N> gm ~ag H$m
g_` bo gH$Vr h O~{H$ _moQ>o bmpQ>H$ go ~Zr dVwE hOmam| df ^r bo gH$Vr h & Bgr ~rM h_mao H$Mao
Ho$ ò nXmW AZoH$ ~S>r g_`mE Cn H$a XoVo h; ò nXmW Mmnm`m|, _N>br Ama grb _N>{b`m| mam Im
{bò OmVo h {Oggo CZH$m X_ KwQ> OmVm h `m do _a OmVo h & bmpQ>H$ _o _mOyX agm`Z Ama aOH$ {_>r
_| [ag OmVo h Ama nmYm| d OmZdam| H$mo {dfJV H$a XoVo h &
`h ~ohVa hmoJm `{X h_ BZ gm_{J`m| H$m Cn`moJ H$_ go H$_ H$ao & CXmhaU Ho$ {bò h_ ~mOma _| H$nS> o
Ho$ Wbo bo Om gH$Vo h, `mbm| d VV[a`mo H$mo `hm dhm \|$H$Zm ~X H$a| Am{X & bmpQ>H$, H$mM, YmVw Ama
H$mJO H$m H$Mam Im An{e> go AbJ {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE &
{dmWu H$~mS>r dmbo `m ar dmbo H$mo OmZVo Wo Omo CZHo$ Ka AmVm Wm Ama nwamZo AI~ma, ~moVbo Ama {Q>Z Am{X
EH${V H$a bo OmVm Wm& CZHo$ BbmHo$ _| H$mM, H$mJO Ama bmpQ>H$ Ho$ {bò AbJ-AbJ Hy$S> mXmZ CnbY H$amò
Jò Wo& {dmWu OmZVo Wo {H$ H$mM, H$mJO Ama bmpQ>H$ H$m Bht gm_{J`m| Ho$ nwZ: CnmXZ _| {\$a go Cn`moJ
{H$`m Om gH$Vm h&
1. Hy$S>{-H$Ma{ g{ ImX ]ZmZ{ _| H|$MwE oH$g Vah _XX H$a gH$V{ h?
nmR> 4 _| h_Zo MMm H$s Wr {H$ nmXn An{e> H$mo ObmZm `m| Amd`H$ Zht h& nmY Ama new An{e
nXmWmo H$m {ZnQ>mam H$aZo H$m g~go C{MV VarH$m h EH$ H$nmoQ> JS>T>m ~ZmZm& ^mo` An{e, OmZdam|
340
H$m Jmo~a Am{X JS>T>o _| S>mb {X`m OmVm h & gyIr n{m`m|, {_>r Ama bH$S>r H$s amI H$s Cmamoma
naVo Bg_o S>mbr OmVr h Ama Bg nyao {_lU H$mo Jrbm aIm OmVm h & Hw$N> _hrZm| _| hr `h `y_g
go g_ hmo OmVr h & Ho MwE ^r Bg {H$`m _| _XX H$aVo h & Ho$MwAmo H$m Bg Vah OZZ d_uH$Ma
H$hbmVm h &
2. A[Z{ Jmd, H$]{ `m eha H$s Am]mXr _mby_ H$am{$& BVZ{ bm{Jm| mam EH$ oXZ _| [Xm H$Ma{ H$m AZw_mZ
bJmAm{$& Bg H$Ma{ H$m `m oH$`m OmVm h?
~hYm H$Mam {H$gr ^y^mJ _| \|$H$ {X`m OmVm h & AmXe $n _| `h {dfbo nXmWmo H$mo AbJ H$aZo Ama
~S> o Am`VZ _| ghV H$aZo Ho$ ~mX hmoZm Mm{hE & BgHo$ ~mX H$Mao H$mo {_>r H$r Vh go T>H$ XoZm
Mm{hE & ò ^y^mJ Ob moVm| go Xya pWV hmoZm Mm{hE & H$Mam EH$ ^_H$ _| ^r Obm`m OmVm h,
{dfbo Yy_m| H$m nwZMH$U H$aVo hE, {Oggo do dm`w H$mo Xy{fV Z H$a gHo$ &
3. Vwhma{ Jmd, H$]{ `m eha _| dmohV_b H$m `m oH$`m OmVm h$&
4. A[Vmbm|, N>m{Q>{ Cm{Jm| `m H$maImZm| g{ oZH$b{ A[oe> Img Vma [a IVaZmH$ hm{ gH$V{ h$& [Vm H$am{
oH$ `m Vwhma{ Amg[mg Bg Vah H{$ WmZ h Ama CZH{$ A[oe> H$m `m oH$`m OmVm h$&
gaH$ma Zo {deof H$ma Ho$ An{e Ho$ {ZnQ>mao Ho$ {bò {Z`_ ~Zmò h& Ogo Od {M{H$gH$s`
Ad{e, Ammo{JH$ Ad{e, Vmn {~Obr g`m| H$s amI Am{X& BZ_o go Hw$N> Ad{em| H$m nwZMH$U
hmo OmVm h & A` H$m ~S>r gmdYmZr go {ZnQ>mZ {H$`m OmVm h, {Oggo dmVmdaU na nS> Zo dmbo
hm{ZH$maH$ ^md H$mo H$_ {H$`m Om gHo$ & BZ WmZm| Ho$ H$Mao Ama An{e Ob H$mo Kaoby An{e
Ho$ gmW H$^r ^r Zht \|$H$Zm Mm{hE &
oXImAm{ Ama ]VmAm{

1. Ohm Vw_ ahV{ hm{, dhm A[Z{ Amg[mg X{Im{$& òX H$m{B OJh o_b{ Ohm Hy$S>m-H$Mam hm{ `m
Ohm dmohV_b oZVmaU H$s g_`m hm{, Vm{ Cg{ H$jm H$m{ ]VmAm{$&
341
H$m{B Z [yN>m{ (WB p. 159

A[oe> Om{ h_ [Xm H$aV{ h Ama CgH$m h_ `m H$a gH$V{ h, Bgg{ g]oYV Z [yN>m{$&
`m Vw_ OmZV{ hm{?

gy_Om{dm| H$s g`m, YaVr [a o_bZ{ dmb{ ]mH$s g^r gOrdm| H$s Hw$b g`m g{ `mXm h$&
Hw$N> Vah H{$ gy_Ord Xhr, [mdam{Q>r, BS>br, T>m{H$bm Ama ^Q>yam Og{ I_ra dmb{ ^m{OZ ]ZmZ{
_| BV{_mb oH$`{ OmV{ h$& gy_Ord BZ ^m{OZm| _| _mOyX eH$am H$m{ Vm{S> X{V{ h Ama H$B Jg|,
_w`V: H$m]Z S>mBAmgmBS> N>m{S>V{ h$&
Xhr XyY H$m AeV: {dK{Q>V $n h & `h XyY H$s VwbZm _| nMmZo _| AmgmZ h & {H$pdV ^moOZ Ho$
ImZo `mo` hmoZo Ho$ {bò Amd`H$ h {H$ `h {H$`m ghr Vah Ho$ gy_Ordm| mam hmo & `{X Eogm Z hmo
Vmo h_ H$hVo h {H$ ^moOZ Iam~ hmo J`m h & (XoI| {H$`mH$bmn 3)
342
dV_mZ _| hmo_r ^m^m mW{_H$ {dkmZ nmR>`H$_ H$m Cn`moJ H$a aho {dmb`
AJoOr _m`_(_mb gmBg)
{ddoH$ hmB Hy$b, MS>rJT>; Or.B.E.Ama.\$mCS>oeZ H$m {_amS>m {dmb`, ~Jbma;
Oo. H$U_y{V \$mCS>oeZ H$m gh`m{ {dmb`, nwUo
_amR>r _m`_(hbHo$ \w$bHo$ {dkmZ)
A{dH$ma {dmb`, Zm[eH$; H$_bm {Z~H$a ~mb ^dZ, \$mQ>Z, Jm_ _Jb, Am`Zo,
{Obm WmZo, _hmam>
qhXr _m`_ (hbH m \w$bH$m {dkmZ);
_` Xoe _| EH$b` mam {dV[aV$&
{ejH$m| Ho$ {bò gX^ nwVH|$ $
BH$mB 1 : Amg_mZ Ama _mg_
H$m_mjr ~mbgw~_`_: doqQ>J \$ma X aoZ, EZ.~r.Q>r., ZB {Xr, 1990 (N>moQ>o ~m| Ho$ {bò)
nr. Ho$. Xmg: X _mZgyg, EZ.~r.Q>r., ZB {Xr, 1968
gwH$`m Xmm: aoZ aoZ H$_ AJoZ, ZomZb BQ>rQ>`yQ> Am\$ gmBg H$`w{ZHo$eZ (gr.Eg.AmB.Ama.), ZB {Xr, 1996
nr. E. _oZZ: Amda doXa, EZ.~r.Q>r., ZB {Xr, 1989
nr. E. _oZZ: doO Am\$ X doXa, EZ.~r.Q>r., ZB {Xr, 1989
Amo. Or. gyQ>Z: X Mob|O Am\$ X EQ>_m{\$à, hmna _mS>Z gmBg grarO, gnmXH$, Oog, Ama.`y_Z, hmna ES>
~Xg, `y`mH$, 1961
XrnH$ Io_mZr: gmBO Am\$ X Omo{S>EH$, ^maV kmZ {dkmZ g{_{V, ZB {Xr, 1995
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{Xbrn E_. gmdr: {_Q>a gZ Q>og A hm{bS>o (_rQ> X \$moa Ebr_|Q>g grarO)
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gr. dr. ~mÒ: gmon ~~g- XoAa H$bg ES> X \$mogog {M _moS> Xo_, S>mda npbHo$eg, BZH$mnmoaoQ>oS>,
`y`mH$, 1959
amOrd dVH$: gm~UmMo \w$Jo (gmon ~~g, _amR>r _|), _amR>r {dkmZ n[afX, 1991
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gwXeZ Im, JrVm dmo\$ Ama AZwH$m a{deH$a: Q>mÒ ES> Q>og {dW EdarS>o _Q>o[a`g, Q>mQ>m npbqeJ VWm>
EZ.AmB.S>r., 1999
~r. gr. Xod: `w[OH$b BQ> _|Q>g, EZ.~r.Q>r., ^maV, 1993
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_ram aKwZmWZ Ama __Vm nS>`m: nO{bJ AmCQ> nmo`yeZ, g|Q>a \$ma BZdmà_|Q> EOyHo$eZ, \$ma gmCW E{e`m
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BH$mB 3 : Ob
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Q>>{S>eZb dmQ>a hmdopQ>J {gQ>g, Q>oQ> Am\$ B{S>`mO BZdmàZ_|Q> - A {gQ>rOg [anmoQ>, g|Q>a \$ma gmBg ES>
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E.Eb.d{bAnm: X Q>moar Am\$ Amda [adg(^mJ 2, [adg Am\$ gmCW B{S>`m), Zoh$ ~mb nwVH$mb`,
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{Xbrn E_. gmdr: BZ gM Am\$ dmQ>a (_rQ> X \$moa Ebr_|Q>g grarO)
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QS>S> 5 Qw> 8, g|Q>a \$ma BZdmàZ_|Q> EOwHo$eZ, Zoh$ \$mCS>oeZ \$ma S>odbn_|Q>, Ah_Xm~mX, 1988
\$Ob AbH$mOr (O`lr AmoPm, r{V OZ Ama H$me`m am_Xmg Ho$ gmW): ZZmO {dboO, g|Q>a \$ma gmBg ES>
BZdmà_|Q>, ZB {Xr, 1992
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EOyHo$eZ EQ>r{dQ>rO H$jm 3 go 5, gr.B.B., 1986
__Vm nS>`m Ama _rZm aKwZmWZ: Amoeg AmoZr~g, g|Q>a \$ma BZdmàZ_|Q> EOwHo$eZ, 1996
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Ho$. Q>r. AMm`m: `moa \y$S> ES> `y , EZ.~r.Q>r., ZB {Xr
Ho$. Q>r. AMm`m: EdarS>o B{S>`Z mogoS> \y$S>g , EZ.~r.Q>r.,ZB {Xr 1984
_gmZmo~w \w$Hw$AmoH$m: dZ Q>m [admo`weZ, amoS>ob og, 1978; {X AXa B{S>`m ~wH$ Q>moa (Amo.AmB.~r.Eg.) 1997 &
(AJoOr, qhXr Ama _amR>r gH$aUm| _| H$m{eV& A{YH$ {dVV {ddaU \w$Hw$AmoH$m H$s Xygar nwVH$ _| {X`m J`m
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B. H$mobmB OrdmUw 207, 209
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EbnrOr 151
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OmZda 204, 209-211, 215, 217-219, 255-259, 315
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nmYo 194-199, 213, 215-217, 259-273
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hdm 129-151
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\o$\$S>o H$m Am`VZ 127-128
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nmZr H$m Am`VZ 225-227
~agmV H$m Am`VZ 40-43, 57-62
gmg amoH$Zo H$m g_` 125-126
gy`m}X` Ama gy`mV H$m g_` 64-66
hdm H$s {Xem 34-37
{_>r Ho$ nmofH$ Vd 285-286
_y`(hbH$m-\w$bH$m {dkmZ _|) 5
_y`mH$Z 6, 14-21
_y`mH$Z 6, 14-23
_y`mH$Z Ho$ {bò AH$ n{V 6, 16-23
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fQ> H$moU 162-163
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gy`m}X` Ama gy`mV H$m 64-66
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gmb_moZbo m OrdmUw 207, 209
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gyIm 46, 52, 241
gyaO
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gy_Ord
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