A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Wars

Persian War
Athens & Sparta vs. Persian Empire

Peloponnesian War
Athens vs. Sparta

Geography
Mountainous
Isolated

Developed many different city-states

Created multiple cultures

Brief History of Greece

The first great civilization in Greece and Crete was the Minoan (2000 BCE 1400 BCE). Around 1400 BCE, the Mycenaean civilization supplanted the Minoan, and dominated Greece until about 1100 BCE, when barbarians known as Dorians invaded.

Emergence of the Polis, or Greek City-State

Starting around 800 BCE a new civilization, the Hellenic, became dominant in Greece. By 750 B.C. city-states (a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state) began to form This civilization gave rise to a new form of social/political organization: the polis

The Polis
The polis was an independent, selfgoverning city of between 50,000 and 300,000 people.
Several dozen polises (Greek poleis) dotted the Greek countryside In each polis, politics, religion, and social life were closely intertwined.

Types of Government
Two types of government were used in the Greek Polises. The Dorians generally had an oligarchic form of government. The Greek word oligarchy means rule by the few. The Ionians developed the first democratic form of government. Democracy means rule by the people.

Sparta and Athens

Generally speaking, the Dorians depended upon agriculture, while the Ionians were seafarers and merchants. The two primary poleis were Sparta and Athens. Sparta was Dorian, oligarchic, and had an agriculture-based economy.
Athens was Ionian, democratic, and depended on seafaring and trade.

Athens and Sparta were both poleis (plural of polis.)

Both were city-states, independent, with their own sub-culture and form of governance. No capital city of Greece

While you were Greek--and proud of it--your primary allegiance and loyalty were towards your city-state Many city-states in Greece and elsewhere.
Athens and Sparta mentioned the most because they emerged as the most powerful ones.

TERMS
1.Monarchy Rule by a king 2.Oligarchy Rule by a small group of people. Usually elites bound together by interests and wealth. 3.Aristocracy Rule by a small group of people, but in the classical definition, theyre chosen for their virtue and wise rule (though this wasnt always the case).

TERMS
4. Tyranny Rule by a individual with absolute power who took power by force, sometimes with popular support 5.Acropolis Center and citadel of city-state. Literally means high city or city at the top. Usually refers to the one in Athens today 6.Agora An open public area acting as a center of public life and also the marketplace

The Greeks were POLYTHEISTIC and did not all worship the same gods.
There were hundreds of Greek gods (perhaps around 1,000). Some of the most famous gods were Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Poseidon, Aphrodite, Athena, Demeter, Hermes, Ares, and Hades. ZEUS surpassed all other gods in spirit, wisdom and justice and his wife HERA was the queen of the gods.

Myths are symbolic stories created by the ancient peoples to explain their world. This is where the term mythology comes from.

The Hellenic Era

Founding of Mycenae on the Peloponnesus (2000-1250 B.C.) Mycenae (Greeks) battled for control of the Aegean Sea with Troy

Trojan War

Homer
Until writing, history was told through stories Greatest storyteller was a blind man named Homer Used epic, long, narrative poems

Wrote the most famous Iliad (about the ninth year in the Trojan war) and the Odyssey (about the Greeks returning home from the Trojan war)

Different Values
Spartan Values

Athenian Values

Strength
Duty

Individuality Beauty Freedom

Discipline

Athens-A city of the Wise

City located on southern portion of the Greek peninsula, not on the Peloponnesus A city run by thinkers and known for both its military might and wisdom in government and battle 140,000 in population (40,000 men citizens, 40,000 slaves) Appropriately named after Athena, goddess of wisdom in battle and counsel

Athens

Athens-Evolution of Democracy
Around 1300-700, Athens is ruled by kings. Over time it changes to an aristocracy (a few powerful, elite rule), Then a tyranny (one person takes control) Finally--by 450--a democracy (rule by many)

The Birthplace of Democracy

Elected officials including 10generals (strategos),magistrates ( archons), and others.

Council of 500 was charged with administering decisions made by the Assembly The Assembly open to all citizens (all citizens were eligible to attend such meetings and speak up). They passed laws and made policy decisions. The Assembly met on the Hill of the Pnyx at the foot of the Acropolis

Athens famous for being primary basis of Western Civilization

Its democracy wasnt always constant, and Its form slightly different than what were familiar with. Athens originally a kingdom which morphed into more of an aristocracy that became unstable, partially due to laws being oral and arbitrary

In 621 BC, Draco was appointed to codify the laws

Unpopular move because the laws (both as they already existed and were codified by Draco, but also most especially as designed by Draco) were extremely harsh.

More on Draco
Death was the penalty for even minor crimes, like stealing vegetables. Draco claimed that this was an appropriate punishment and if something even worse were found, he would have applied to greater crimes. Different classes were also treated differently debtors could be sold into slavery if in debt to a higher class. An upside is that murder was punished by the state instead of by blood-feud vendettas.

It is from Draco that the term draconian derives.

Social Classes
Aristocrats who had large estates and made up the cavalry or captained triremes Middle ranks were small farmers Lowest class was the thetes (urban craftsmen and trireme rowers). Metics those who came from outside the city; they were not allowed to own land, but could run industries and businesses

Slavery
Practiced throughout Greece and in Athens Rules governing it differed from city-state to city-state. Slaves usually barbarians, typically captured in war.

Others were born slaves or their free parents sold them into slavery for money.
Considered by some an abomination to enslave a fellow Greek. Greeks could be slaves, but many free Greeks didnt like the idea.

Treatment different than that associated with American slavery.

Slavery cont.

Relatively well-treated in Athens when compared with other places. Couldnt slap a slave because you might inadvertently hit a citizen instead.
A master could beat his slave, though.
Testimony was taken only under torture.

Could buy freedom or earn through fighting in war.

Masters could free their slaves.

Even then, though, they couldnt be citizens and there were still conditions on them.

In other city-states, treatment was much worse.

Women
Women didnt have the same rights as in Sparta Expected to take care of the home Boys were taught reading and writing and

Girls were taught domestic skills by slaves: like spinning and sewing
Not allowed out of the house except nearby travels

Main purpose was to produce healthy children

Unusual considering that women played an important role in some religious rites and the citys patron goddess was Athena

Military
Advanced Navy due to location
Not known for military tactics

Education
Boys:

reading, writing and mathematics, music, poetry, sport and gymnastics.

Based upon their birth and the wealth of their parents, the length of education was from the age of 5 to 14, for the wealthier 5 18sometimes Mid-twenties in an academy where they would study philosophy, ethics, and rhetoric. Finally, the citizen boys entered a military training camp for two years, until the age of twenty. Foreign metics and slaves were not expected to attain anything but a basic education in Greece, but were not excluded from it either

Girls received little formal education other than domestic art (spinning, weaving etc.)

Sparta
It was here:

SPARTA

Sparta
City is located on the South Peloponnesus. Land-locked by mountains, protecting it from invaders Located on Laconia River

Sparta- A City of Warriors

Those who lived around Sparta lived vastly different lives.
They were more focused on war and building up strength to fight An early slave revolt causes the Spartans to create strict laws that demanded public allegiance to the state. Although they did have artistic culture, much of their energy was spent tuning their military skills

Sparta- Rise of the Oligarchy

olig (few or little in Greek) arche (rule)

Rule by a few
Sparta develops a system where either the city-state was controlled by a king or by an oligarchy Citizens are not encouraged to speak freely, the few who rule were usually powerful military leaders.

Government
Two (hereditary) Kings, Five Ephors, Gerousia & Apella
Two kings equal in power & exercised various duties.
Eventually became less powerful/important, were primarily generals

Five Ephors: council elected for one year by the Apella. All citizens were eligible.
Gerousia: (Senate) a council of 30 elders (over 60 yrs) Elected for life by the Apella. Could veto the Apella. The Apella (lower legislative body). Every citizen over 30 could attend. Votes were taken by shouts.

Culture
Sparta was a military culture

The entire Spartan culture went towards developing and fielding a strong army
This was to preserve itself as well as to keep down the helots Children were taught at home until they were seven At Seven, began their training Exercises for them and all ages were always in the nude. At 13, they were dropped off in the woods in groups with nothinghad to survive (without theft)

Plutarch on Spartans
"They learned reading and writing for basic needs, but all the rest of their education was to make them well-disciplined and steadfast in hardship and victorious in battle. For this reason, as boys grew older, the Spartans intensified their training, cutting their hair short and making them used to walking barefoot and for the most part playing naked. When the boys reached the age of twelve, they no longer had tunics to wear, but got one cloak a year. Their bodies were tough and unused to baths and lotions. They enjoyed such luxury only a few special days a year. They slept, in packs, on beds which they got together on their own, made from the tops of the rushes to be found by the river Eurotas. These they broke off with their bare hands, not using

Spartan Military

Men married at the age of 20 Had to live in barracks for ten years If they wanted to see their wives, they had to escape At the age of 30, men could finally move home and were full citizens

Still ate every meal in the military dining hall

Food was sparse and plain

MILITARY SERVICE Spartan mother to her son as he goes off to war: Return with your shield, or on it.
Began military service at 20
Soldiers not allowed to trade or hold non-military occupations. Exercised full rights and duties of citizens at 30. Werent free from military service until 60. To help ensure the physical superiority of their people, babies were bathed in wine shortly after birth.
If they survived, they were taken to elders. If the elders deemed the baby unfit, it was left exposed to die on a hillside (other city-states practiced exposure).

Perioeci
Perioeci or "neighbors/outsiders" who were freemen; they included artisans, craftsmen, merchants; they could not vote or serve in the army; foreigners could be in this class. In charge of the domestic chores for women

Helot Land-bound serfs that worked Spartan land From surrounding land of Laconia and Messenia that were conquered. Owned by the state and not individual masters-masters could not sell them. Sparta got half of the helots crops. Significantly outnumbered the citizens. The potential threat they presented was another reason why the Spartans had such a potent army Spartans were reluctant to fight too far from Sparta lest the helots act up

Women
More independent than in other city-states

Learned reading/writing
Girls given similar harsh physical training as the boyswanted to produce women who could produce healthy babies Many domestic tasks were left to the helots & periokoi Received same amount/quality of food as boys Could own/control property and
Could overtake husbands property while he was @ war. Expected to defend it too and to put down revolts. Received a husband at 18

Plutarch, Greek Biographer on Spartans

The women did not bathe the babies with water, but with wine, making it a sort of test of their strength. For they say that the epileptic and sickly ones lose control and go into convulsions, but the healthy ones are rather toughened like steel and strengthened in their physique. The nurses displayed care and skill: they did not use swaddling-bands, making the babies free in their limbs and bodies. They also made them sensible and not fussy about their food, not afraid of the dark or frightened of being left alone, not inclined to unpleasant awkwardness or whining. So even some foreigners acquired Spartan nurses for their children.

Sparta- Athens in Conflict

Each city had a vastly different social and government structure. Although they agreed on issues such as the limited role of women and the role of slaves, they had many disagreements Athenians were interested in military strength, but also in art and culture. Spartans were only interested in military power. This type of rift leads to fighting across the Peloponnesus.

First Olympics
Motto: Citius, Altius, Fortius (Latin: Faster, Higher, Braver) in 1895 by Father Didon, a French Educator Goal: to contribute to a
peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport, which is practiced without discrimination of any kind and in the olympic spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.

Creed: The most important

thing in the Olympic Games is not to win, but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph, but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well.
First Olympics

The Persian Wars

Athens & Sparta

vs

Persian Empire

Why did the Persians invade Greece?

In 519 B.C. the Persians conquered a group of people who lived in Asia Minor called the Ionian Greeks. In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks asked the mainland Greeks to help them rebel against the Persians.
Were on the way

Those Greeks will pay for this

AGH!

Help!

Athens sent warships to help them, but they were not strong enough to defeat the Persian army.

This made the Persian King, Darius, very angry with Greece.

In 490 B.C. Darius sent 600 ships and thousands of soldiers to invade Greece. He wanted to punish the Athenians for helping the rebels.

The Persian army landed at Marathon, north of Athens, in 490 B.C. Persians greatly outnumbered Greeks. The Persians were amazed at the strong will of the small Athenian force. They had no horses or archers, only fierce foot soldiers. After a few days, the Persians decided to attack Athens by sea.
Persian Empire

Athens

Marathon

Sparta

While they were loading their ships, the Athenians attacked and defeated them. The Persians Retreated.

Marathon
The Greeks sent their fastest runner Pheidippides to carry home news of the victory.

He sprinted 26.2 miles from the battle site to the city-state of Athens.
He arrived and said, Rejoice, we conquer, and died from exhaustion The Marathon race is named after this event.

The Greek ruler Themistocles knew this was a temporary victory. He encouraged the Athenians to build up their fleet and prepare for battle with the Persians.

What Happened at Thermopylae?

In 480 B.C. Darius son Xerxes sent a larger force to conquer Greece. He sent ambassadors to request earth and water, the sign for submission.

He sent 200,000 soldiers and nearly 1,000 ships.

By this time Athens had convinced Sparta to join them in battle. Twenty Greek city-states joined together to meet the Persian invaders. Sparta took charge of the army.

Persia Invades Greece

The Persian army had little trouble as it moved through northern Greece. It came to a narrow mountain pass called Thermopylae...7,000 Greeks waited for the Persians. For several days they stopped the Persian army from moving forward Someone led the Persians behind the Greek army, the Spartan soldier began to retreat to their ships as the Persians marched forward.

A Small Spartan force of about 300 men commanded by King Leonidas, guarded the mountain pass of Thermopylae. They held out heroically against he enormous Persian force for three days.

They were betrayed when someone told the Persians how to get behind the army.
They were defeated, but won valuable time for the rest of the Greeks.

Hoplites- heavily armed foot soldiers

Fought as a unit phalanx

Who won at Salamis?

The Persians marched south after their victory at Thermopylae and destroyed the city of Athens. The Athenians had already moved to Salamis, a small nearby island. More than 800 Persian ships attacked the Athenian navy near the island.

Thermopylae Salamis Athens

The large Persian ships could not maneuver in the water.The smaller Greek ships destroyed them.

Results of the Persian Wars

The Greek sense of uniqueness was increased.
Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state in Greece. Athens takes credit leading the victory.

Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with other Greek city-states.
Athens used the league to assert power and build an Athenian Empire. They moved the treasury to Athens, and forced people to stay in the league against their will. Persia still exists. Greek cities in Asia Minor are still controlled by Persia.

Athens in the Age of Pericles

The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age in Athens.
This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of Pericles.

Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government. He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled the poor to serve in the government. The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take a vote. This was direct democracy, a large number of citizens took part in the day to day affairs of the government. Pericles stated, We alone, regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, but as a useless character.

Pericles rebuilt the Acropolis and turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece.

Athens-Democratic Principles
New, democratic ideas emerge from Athenian culture and society: Direct Democracy: Citizens elect their representatives

Public Debate: Becomes an art in Athens to discuss and argue specifics of government Duties of the Citizen: All citizens have responsibilities such as voting, participating in the government process

Architecture
built between 447 BC and 432 BC The Parthenon was built to honor Athena The building was built based on the discovery of a ratio that created pleasing proportions.

Drama and History

Greek Drama was invented as an art form with two types of shows Tragedy- serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. Usually features a tragic hero Comedy- contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor.

First well known historians: Herodotus-book on the Persian War Thucydides- believed that certain types of events and political situations recur over time.

Greek Philosophers
Philosophers lovers of wisdom Sophists workers of wisdom Teachers phileo = love sophia = wisdom
If sophia = wisdom and moron = fool, then a sophomore is a wise fool.

The Three Most Famous Philosophers

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

Socrates 469 - 399 B.C.

Critic of the Sophists Encouraged students to think Left no writings skeptical Dialectic method
Popular among the youth a gadfly in Athens Placed on trial for impiety and corrupting the youth Was executed in 399 drank poison hemlock
Conversational Based upon reason and logic

Socrates 469 - 399 B.C.

The unexamined life is not worth living.

- Socrates -

Socrates 469 - 399 B.C.

Socratic Method:
I. II. III. IV. V.

Admit ignorance. Never rely on tradition. Continuously question. Formulate your own opinions. Test your opinions with others.

Socrates 469 - 399 B.C.

Socrates dialectic method was a departure from earlier philosophers.

Earlier philosophers were interested in the nature of the universe and basic elements. Socrates approach was more rigorous and was the forerunner of logic. Most famous student: Plato

Socrates 469 - 399 B.C.

The unexamined life is not worth living.

Plato 427 - 347 B.C.

Preserved and perpetuated the work of Socrates Most important source of info on Socrates Founded the Academy Wrote dialogues Universal Forms was a recurring theme The Republic most important dialogue

Those things which are beautiful are also difficult.

Aristotle 384 - 322 B.C.

Most famous student of Plato Most famous teacher of Alexander the Great Developed Logic as a field of study Devised a complex system of classification Views on Government
Used in biology

Aristotle 384 - 322 B.C.

Views on Government 3 Good Governments: Monarchy Aristocracy Democracy 3 Bad Governments: Tyranny Oligarchy Mob Rule

Aristotle 384 - 322 B.C.

All things in moderation

Man is by nature a political animal.

Socratic Seminar
You will be given a partner to read and discuss readings with

You will then discuss with the class

Your partner will evaluate you in your discussion

What does Socratic mean?

Socrates lived in Athens from 470 to 399 BC He was a philosopher and teacher who believed the best way to attain knowledge was through dialogue

What was the Socratic method?

Socrates believed that it was more important to enable students to think for themselves than to merely fill their heads with "right" answers. He used to lounge around the marketplace of Athens, asking fellow citizens about their beliefs. He would ask students a series of questions and challenge their answers.

So, what is a Socratic Seminar?

A Socratic seminar is a discussion about a common text.

We review the text carefully and come up with discussion questions about it.
Students divide into two groups and take turns in the inner and outer circle.

Inner circle, outer circle

The inner circle has a dialogue about the text and tries to fully understand it while the outer circle listens. After about 10 minutes, the groups switch.

Guidelines for Socratic Seminar

1. Refer to the text often during the discussion. 2. It's OK to "pass" when asked to contribute. 3. Do not stay confused; ask for clarification. 4. Stick to the point currently under discussion; make notes about ideas you want to come back to. 5. You don't need to raise hands; take turns speaking. 6. Listen carefully and make sure everyone gets to talk. 7. Speak up so that all can hear you. 8. Talk to each other, not just to the leader or teacher.

How will I be graded?

Each student in the A group will be assigned a partner in the B group.
Whoever is in the outer circle will observe their partner and grade them. Record a check for each time your partner contributed in a meaningful way.

Socratic Seminar Rubric

On a scale of 1-5, with 5 being the highest, how well did your partner do at the following? Analysis and Reasoning Did your partner.

Cite reasons and evidence for his/her statements with support from the text? Demonstrate that they had given thoughtful consideration to the topic? Provide relevant and insightful comments? Demonstrate organized thinking? Move the discussion to a deeper level?

Socratic Seminar Rubric

On a scale of 1-5, with 5 being the highest, how well did your partner do at the following? Discussion Skills Did your partner

Speak loudly and clearly? Stay on topic? Talk directly to other students rather than the teacher? Stay focused on the discussion? Invite other people into the discussion? Share air time equally with others (didnt talk more than was fair to others)?

What happened to Socrates?

Many Athenians thought his questions threatened accepted traditions. At age 70, he was accused of corrupting the citys youth and was forced to drink poison. Most of what we know about Socrates comes from his most famous student, Plato.

Todays Text: Crito by Plato

Crito describes the final night of Socrates life.

Socrates tells his friend Crito why he is refusing to go against the legal ruling of Athens and accepts his death. This has become known as the social contract between a government and its citizens. We will discuss whether or not Socrates should have escaped.

The Peloponnesian War

Athens & Delian League

vs

Sparta & the Peloponnesian League

Greek against Greek

Many Greeks resented the Athenian domination. The Greek world split into rival camps.

To counter the Delian League, Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the Peloponnesian League.
Sparta encouraged an Oligarchy (government run by business) in the states of the Peloponnesian League, and Athens supported democracy.
A 27 year war broke out in 431 B.C. engulfing all of Greece

Peloponnesian War
Athens faced a serious geographic disadvantage from the start. Sparta was located inland, the Athenian navy was no good against them. When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed people from the countryside to move inside the city. Overcrowding led to a plague that killed a third of the people. Internal struggles undermined the Democratic government of Athens. Sparta even allied with Persia, their old enemy, against the Delian League. Finally, in 404 B.C., with the help of the Persian navy, the Spartans captured Athens and stripped it of its fleet and empire.

The Peloponnesian War

Sparta attacks Athens

Sparta has no Navy

Athenians hide inside walls.

Athens controls the ocean, from Delian League.

Athens gets greedy, attacks Sicily & LOSES. Sparta builds small navy, stops food from getting in. Eventually, Athens surrenders.

The Aftermath of War

The Peloponnesian war ended Athenian greatness. In Athens Democratic government suffered: Corruption and selfish interests replaced order. Fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world. Sparta itself suffered defeat at the hands of Thebes, another Greek city-state. Greece was left vulnerable to invasion. Cultural development was arrested.

Sparta Controls Greece

Sparta gets respect, seems to rule.
But other city-states gain control.
Corinth, then Thebes

Greece is left weak. City-States fight, use up resources. Greece conquered by Philip II from the region of Macedon to the North. Philip unites, son Alexander takes over

Macedonia and Alexander the Great

In 338 B.C. King Phillip II of Macedonia led his army from the north and conquered Greece. Philip II saw the weakened state of Greece He valued Greek culture his son Alexander was educated in Athens

Alexander the Great

Philip died before attacking Persia

His son, Alexander, at age 20, took over and Persia fell to his armies
Alexander showed his military training and went on to conquer many land giving him the nickname Alexander the Great.

Alexanders Empire

Alexander the Great

Alexander marched into Egypt, where he was named pharaoh.

He founded the city of Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile.

He went on to attack the rest of the eastern Persian empire- stretching into their Asian territories. Rather than stop, Alexander the Great kept east into the Indus Valley.