CHNG III

QU TRNH CHO SN PHM VO BAO B - BI KH - GHP KN

I. QU TRNH CHO SN PHM VO BAO B

1. S lc bao b hp
1.1. Loi bao b Trong sn xut hp thng s dng 2 nhm bao b : - Bao b gin tip : ng cc hp thnh phm, to thnh cc kin hng, thng l nhng thng g kn hay nan tha hay thng carton. - Bao b trc tip : tip xc vi thc phm, cng vi thc phm to thnh mt n v sn phm hng ha hon chnh v thng nht, thng c gi l bao b hp. Trong nhm ny, cn c theo vt liu bao b, li chia lm cc loi : bao b kim loi, bao b thy tinh, bao b bng cht trng hp, bao b giy nhiu lp v.v.... * Bao b kim loi c u im l nh, truyn nhit tt, c bn c hc tt, nhng c bn ha hc km, hay b r v b n mn. * Bao b thy tinh th bn vng v mt ha hc, hnh thc p, nhng c nhc im c bn l nng, d v v truyn nhit km. * Cht trng hp c loi chu c tc dng ca nhit cao, c loi khng chu c tc dng ca nhit. C u im l nh, d gia cng, r tin. * Bao b giy nhiu lp, vi 2 tnh cht: chng thm v chu ng (va chm v s tip xc vi thc phm) l loi bao b mng ghp, gm c cc lp sau ( dng bao b phc hp ): o Lp ngoi cng l PE: chng m o Lp mc in (cellophane): d in o Lp giy: tng cng cho bao b o Lp PE: ni kt gia lp giy v lp nhm trong cng o Lp nhm: ngn m, gi mi, ngn sng. o i vi loi ng chai th s dng HDPE Hin nay, bao b hp ph bin nht vn l bao b kim loi, trong ch yu l st ty, hp nhm. Cht trng hp cng c dng nhiu lm bao b thc phm. Theo xu th chung ca th gii ngi ta ang thay dn mt cch hp l bao b thy tinh bng bao b cht trng hp, g bng carton ln sng, giy bi cng bng cht trng hp do, kim loi bng cht trng hp cng hoc do.

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1.2. Kiu np bao b thy tinh - Kiu PRESS-TWIST (Phng php xon c): Np v c bao b c rnh xon c. u im : M np d v tin Nhc im Hn ch nng sut ghp, Cu trc v s dng my phc tp, Kh gia cng Tn kim loi lm np Bao b phi lm c xon, kh gia cng, khng m bo kn khi bo qun - Kiu TWIST-OFF : dng cho bao b ming rng, c ngn, np st. Vng m t y np. Khi y v tho np ch cn xoay vng np u im : M np d v tin Nhc im Hn ch nng sut ghp, Cu trc v s dng my phc tp, Kh gia cng Tn kim loi lm np Bao b phi lm c xon, kh gia cng, khng m bo kn khi bo qun - Kiu EUROCAP : dng cho bao b ming rng. Vng m t y np v vt cht ly ming bao b. u im t tn km kim loi lm np D m np Nhc im Hn ch nng sut ghp, Ch to np phc tp, Khng m bo kn khi bo qun lu di - Kiu PRY-OFF (ghp nn) : dng cho c loi ming rng v ming hp. Np kim loi c m cao su t quanh thnh, s b ko cng v dnh st vo ming chai khi trong chai c chn khng. u im Nng sut ghp cao, ghp d My ghp dng cho nhiu c bao b Np gi nguyn vn v d m m bo kn Bao b t b v v gia cng d

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Hnh 3.1. Bao b kim loi

Hnh 3.2. Bao b thy tinh

3.3. Kiu np bao b thy tinh

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2. Yu cu bao b hp
Phi p ng cc yu cu : - Khng gy c cho thc phm, khng lm cho thc phm bin i cht lng, khng gy mi v, mu sc l cho thc phm. - Bn i vi tc dng ca thc phm. - Chu c nhit v p sut cao. - Truyn nhit tt, chc chn, nh. - D gia cng, r tin. - Hnh thc hp dn, thch hp vi sn phm. - S dng vn chuyn, bo qun tin li. Bng 3.1. Quy cch cc loi lon ph bin
S TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

KCH C mm
153 x 178 153 x 178 153 x 178 153 x 178 153 x 114 99 x 119 99 x 119 99 x 119 83 x 113 83 x 113 74 x 113 74 x 113 74 x 113 50 x 132 52 x 132 30 oz 30 oz 30 oz 20 oz 20 oz 15 oz 15 oz 15 oz 250 ml

TRNG VECNI Trong

Khng Vng, 1 lp Vng, 2 lp Xm, 1 lp Xm, 2 lp Khng Vng, 1 lp Xm, 2 lp Khng Vng, 1 lp khng Vng, 1 lp

Trng lng
108 oz 108 oz 108 oz 108 oz

Ngoi
Khng Khng Khng Khng Clear 1 lp Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng

PHM VI S DNG
Da, rau qu mu nh Nm, rau qu mu m, mng Rau qu n mn cao C, m C, m Da, rau qu mu nh Thc phm kh: sa bt, caf bt Nm, rau qu mu m, mng C, m Da, rau qu mu nh Nm, rau qu mu m, mng Thc phm kh: u phng chin Da, rau qu mu nh Nm, rau qu mu m, mng C, m Nc yn, nc tri cy

Vng, 2 lp

Clear 1 lp

15

57 x 91 65 x 91 62 x 91

250 ml

Vng, 2 lp

Clear 1 lp

Nc tng lc, nc tri cy

16

52 x 89

150 g

Vng hay xam, 2 lp

Clear 1 lp

C mi, c trch

(Cng ty hp st Tovecan)

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3. Chun b bao b ng sn phm

Trc khi s dng, cc loi bao b phi kim tra li phm cht v ra sch. - Bao b kim loi tiu chun c ra sch bng nc l, nc nng, khi cn thit c th dng dung dch kim long hay nc x phng long, soa, lm sch tp cht bi ct, du khong cn dnh v hp khi gia cng, ro hoc sy kh. - Cc loi bao b thy tinh thng nhim bn v kh ra sch hn bao b kim loi, phi ra k bng ha cht. Cc dung dch kim (NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3) thng lm cho thy tinh b m v to ra trn mt thy tinh cc hp cht Calci carbonat. Dung dch hn hp ca NaOH 3 %, Na3PO4 1 % v Na2SiO3 khng lm m thy tinh. st trng chai l thy tinh, dng ha cht c cha Cl2 vi lng Cl2 hot ng phi t 100 mg/l. Sau khi ra ha cht, st trng, ra li bng nc nng hay nc l sch, sy kh hoc ro. - i vi nt chai c lp m bng cht do khng chu c tc dng ca nhit cao v nc lu. Sau khi ra sch bng nc l, ngm vo dung dch acid benzoic hay Natri benzoat c nng 1 - 5 %.

4. Thnh phn v trng lng tnh ca sn phm cho vo bao b

a. Thnh phn a s cc loi hp gm c phn rn chim t 60 - 70 % v phn lng chim t 30 - 40 %. Phn rn bao gm nhiu nguyn liu ch bin khc nhau nh rau, qu, tht, c cng vi gia v. Phn lng nh nc ng, nc mui, nc gim, nc luc, du, nc st (sauce). C loi hp ch l mt khi c ng nht nh nc qu, pat... T l cc thnh phn nguyn liu trong mt loi hp c ngha rt quan trng n vic ch bin hp c cht lng cao. Khi thnh phn nc rt trong hp d nhiu s lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca hp v hm lng cht kh thp. Nhng nu khng thnh phn nc rt th gim gi tr cm quan, lm cho mt phn sn phm b kh, kh thanh trng. Do phi m bo ng t l phn rn v phn lng trong hp, t l ny cn gi l t l ci - nc, y l ch tiu phm cht quan trng ca hp. Khi nh gi ch tiu ny, ngi ta xc nh hp thnh phm thanh trng v n nh t nht 15 ngy. V trong thi gian thanh trng v bo qun, cc thnh phn cht kh trong sn phm s khuch tn, tin ti n nh phn rn v lng. Nn t l ci - nc khi bo qun s thay i. Thng t l ci vo hp phi cao hn t l ci quy nh trong thnh phm t 10 30 %, ty theo loi nguyn liu. b. Trng lng tnh L tng s trng lng sn phm cha trong hp. Trong sn xut ta phi m bo trng lng tnh ca hp. Trng lng tnh ca tng c hp ph thuc vo tng loi mt hng, c php sai s t 1 - 3 %.

5. Cho sn phm vo bao b

Trong nhiu dy chuyn sn xut hp, cc sn phm cho vo bao b c c kh ha. Nhng a s cc loi rau, qu, c, tht cn phi cho vo hp bng th cng.
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- Cng nhn cho sn phm vo hp phi thc hin y cc quy nh v v sinh v cc yu cu ca quy trnh k thut quy nh. - Cng nhn lm vic ni vo hp phi c trang phc (qun, o, m, khu trang, giy dp, gng tay...) gn gng, sch s trnh tp cht. - Phi ra tay bng thuc st trng nh nc c cha Chlorin v phi khng c bnh truyn nhim. - Dng c ch bin ty theo mc b nhim bn, phi lm v sinh nhiu ln trong 1 ca sn xut hay mi ca 1 ln. - Cn phi xp loi ng u v kch thc, mu sc, hnh dng. Tm li, khi cho sn phm vo bao b, phi t cc yu cu sau : * m bo khi lng tnh v thnh phn ca hp theo t l quy nh. * C hnh thc trnh by p. * m bo h s truyn nhit. * Khng ln cc tp cht.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Thng cha cht lng Bm chn khng ng dn cht lng vo thng Phao Mm ng ray Bnh xe Piston Soupap L xo ng dn cht lng vo chai

Hnh 3.4. Cu to h thng rt cht lng ca my rt chn khng

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II. BI KH
1. Khi qut
Trong cc qu trnh ch bin c hc nh nghin, ch, lc, p v.v... v vn chuyn cc bn ch phm nh bm chuyn t thng cha ny sang thng cha khc, khi cho thc phm vo trong bao b, u lm cho mt s khng kh xm nhp, ha ln vo cc sn phm . Trong cc gian bo ca thc phm lc ng hp cng cn tn ti cc cht kh nh khng kh, hi nc, kh carbonic v.v...Sn phm cho vo bao b khng hon ton chim y c dung tch ca hp m cn li mt khong khng gian trong hp kn, cha khng kh v hi nc. Trc khi ghp kn hp, cn ui bt cc cht kh tn ti trong hp y i. Qu trnh ny gi l bi kh.

2. Mc ch
Tin hnh bi kh trong sn xut hp nhm cc mc ch sau y : a. Gim p sut bn trong hp khi thanh trng Nguyn nhn lm tng p sut bn trong hp khi thanh trng, ch yu l do tn ti lng khng kh trong hp sau khi ghp kn. p sut trong hp khi thanh trng bng tng p sut ring phn ca khng kh, p sut ring phn ca hi nc v p sut do sn phm dn n. Khi p sut tng cng y bng 1,96 3,92.105 N/m2 (2 4at) c th lm hng hp. Bi kh s lm gim p sut trong hp, nn hp khi thanh trng khng b bin dng hay h hng hp. b. Hn ch s oxy ha cc cht dinh dng ca thc phm Oxy ca khng kh cn li trong hp lm cho cc qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong hp lm cho cc qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong hp mnh, lm cho cc sinh t, nht l sinh t C b tn tht, cc cht hu c b oxy ha lm thay i hng v mu sc ca thc phm trong hp . c. Hn ch s pht trin ca cc vi khun hiu kh cn tn ti trong hp Sau khi thanh trng hp, trong s cc loi vi sinh vt cn sng, tn ti cc vi sinh vt hiu kh v nha bo ca n. Nu trong mi trng cn nhiu Oxy, cc vi sinh vt c iu kin pht trin, gy h hng hp. Khi bi kh, cc vi sinh vt hiu kh khng c iu kin pht trin, nn d cn sng cng khng gy h hng hp. d. Hn ch hin tng n mn st ty Hp st ty, nu trong mi trng acid yu, cc l nh khng ph thic trn b mt, s to ra nhng cp pin li ti, m hai in cc l st v thic. Khi dng in chy t cc dng sang cc m, y hydro thot ra dung dch n bm vo cc m, to thnh mt mng bo v cc m, hn ch s phn cc ca pin v tin ti lm ngng qu trnh n mn. Nhng nu trong hp cn oxy, oxy phn ng ngay vi hydro ph hy mng bo v, dng in tip tc chy v din ra qu trnh n mn. Do , bi kh th hin tng n mn s b hn ch
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e. To chn khng trong hp khi lm ngui hp thc phm cn phi c mt chn khng nht nh, khi vn chuyn, bo qun trong cc iu kin kh hu khc nhau. hp khng c cc biu hin phng y, np, ngi s dng c th phn bit c hp tt hay xu do cc vi sinh vt to thnh kh gy ra. V vy chn khng c coi l mt ch s phm cht ca hp. chn khng thng l 3,22 5,98.104 N/m2 (250 450 mmHg) trng hp c bit mi ti 8,65 9,05.104 N/m2 (650 680 mmHg) Nht Bn, p sut trong hp yu cu ch cn 1,06.104 N/m2 (hay 80 mmHg)

3. Phng php bi kh
Trong sn xut hp ngi ta dng nhiu phng php bi kh khc nhau, nhng ch yu l dng phng php bi kh bng nhit v dng thit b chn khng. a. Bi kh bng nhit Phng php n gin v thun li nht bi kh bng nhit l cho sn phm vo bao b khi cn nng. Cho sn phm vo bao b khi un nng ti khong 850C ri ghp kn ngay. b. Bi kh bng thit b chn khng Ngi ta dng bm chn khng ht khng kh ra khi hp trong mt phng ca my ghp kn. Hin nay bin php ny c s dng ph bin to chn khng c hiu qu nht trong hp. c. Phng php bi kh khc Ngoi cc phng php trn, ngi ta cn tin hnh bi kh bng phun hi. Dng hi nc nng phun vo khong khng gian trong hp, trc khi ghp kn, hi nc y khng kh ra ngoi. Sau khi ghp kn v lm ngui, hi nc ngng t v to chn khng trong hp. Phng php ny ch p dng cho loi hp lng, cn cc sn phm c th s lm xu hnh thc trn mt ca sn phm

4. Gii thiu thit b bi kh

Trong sn xut nc qu, c th dng cc thit b bi kh chn khng : - Thit b bi kh ly tm : Nc qu a vo phng chn khng c ngn quay ri theo rnh vng i ra ngoi. - Thit b bi kh kiu phun : nc qu c phun thnh tia to thnh cc git rt nh trong mt thng kn c ht chn khng. - Thit b bi kh kiu mng : dng vi phun mnh nc qu vo thnh mt bnh c b ht chn khng to thnh mng cht lng rt mng trn thnh bnh. Cc thit b ny lm vic vi chn khng rt cao c th ti 740 mmHg nn tc dng bi kh rt mnh.

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III. GHP KN
Trong qu trnh ch bin hp, qu trnh ghp kn np vo bao b ngn cch hn sn phm thc phm vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi, l mt qu trnh quan trng, c nh hng ti thi gian bo qun lu di cc thc phm . Np hp phi c ghp tht kn, chc chn.

1. Mi ghp
Tin hnh ghp kn np vo bao b st ty hay thy tinh, hu ht ngi ta dng np bng kim loi, ch yu l st ty. - Khi ghp kn hp st ngi ta ghp kn bng mi ghp kp, tc l ch m hp th c thn v np u cun li. - Khi ghp kn np bao b thy tinh bng st, ghp kn bng mi ghp n.

Con ln cun

Con ln p

Mi ghp k
Hnh 3.5. C cu ghp
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Mi ghp n

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Cho vo my ghp

Qua con ln cun

Qua con ln p

Hnh 3.6. Qu trnh thc hin mi ghp kp

Hnh 3.7. Mt ct ngang ca hp ghp kn

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2. Gii thiu my ghp np

Hin nay c rt nhiu loi my ghp c cu to khc nhau, tuy nhin qu trnh to ra mi ghp v nguyn tc truyn ng u ging nhau. C th chia cc my ghp np lm 4 loi chnh: - My ghp th cng : Nng sut ca my l 6 - 10 hp /pht, cao nht khng qu 20 hp /pht. - My ghp bn t ng : Nng sut 20 - 25 hp / pht. - My ghp t ng : Nng sut 120 hp / pht. - My ghp t ng chn khng.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

ng c in Bnh rng Con ln Hp Mm Trc mm C cu a con ln tin st vo my Bn p

Hnh 3.8. Cu to h thng ghp np hp kim loi (Bn t ng)

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Hnh 3.9. My ghp np bn t ng

Hnh 3.10. My ghp np t ng

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3. Th kn ca hp
hp sau khi ghp kn thng cn phi kim tra kn theo tng chu k ca thi gian sn xut. Trong mt ca sn xut phi ly mu 2 - 3 ln kim tra kn. C th tin hnh th kn ca hp theo mt trong cc phng php sau : - Phng php ngm trong nc nng: Dng kim tra kn ca hp st trong iu kin phn xng: Ra sch hp bng nc nng v x phng, ng thnh mt lp trong chu thy tinh to c ng nc nng nhit khng di 850C. Lng nc nng gp khong 4 ln th tch cc hp, mc nc phi trn mt hp t 25 - 30 cm. Hp trong nc nng t 5 - 7 pht. Lc u y xung, sau lt ngc, np xung di. Sau quan st, nu thy bt kh trong hp thot ra hng lot hoc thot ra u n cng mt ch, th hp coi nh b h. - Phng php ht chn khng: t hp ng sn phm trong mt bnh ht chn khng vi chn khng 50 mmHg. Do chnh lch p sut gia bn trong v bn ngoi hp, lm cho np hp phng ln nu hp kn. V nc trong sn phm c th theo ch h r ra ngoi trong trng hp mi ghp khng kn. * X l hp h - Trng hp pht hin uc hp ghp khng kn trc khi thanh trng, cn phi iu chnh my ghp kp thi v c th m hp ch bin li hay ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph. - Trng hp pht hin c hp ghp khng kn sau khi thanh trng, th cc hp a i ch bin thnh sn phm ph.

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