Application of CR equations

Lets see how the Cauchy-Riemann equation ( CR equations ) hereafter allows us to determine either the real or the imaginary part of an analytic function if the other part is provided. We show this with an example.

0.1

Example - 1
2 2

Let u(x, y ) = e(x y ) . To proceed with our goal - we rst rst check whether this function satises the Laplace equation or not. Otherwise the whole eort would be futile as both the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function must satisfy Laplace equation. Now we can easily see that
x ) 2u y 2 (xe (x2 y 2 ) = 2 e = 2 e (1 2x2 ) x2 x
2

In the same manner one can readily see

y 2u 2 2 x2 (ye ) = 2 e = 2e(x y ) (1 + 2y 2 ) 2 y y
2

Thus, 2u 2u + =0 x2 y 2 So u(x, y ), as given, cannot be identied neither as the real nor imaginary part of an analytic function. So, it would be futile to try to employ the CR equations to nd, for instance, v (x, y ).

0.2

Example - 2

To build on our previous experience let us now pick another function for x . u(x, y ) = x2 + y2 Proceeding as before u x2 y 2 2u 2x(x2 3y 2 ) = 2 = x (x + y 2 )2 x2 (x2 + y 2 )3 u 2xy 2u 2x(x2 3y 2 ) = = 2 y (x + y 2 )2 x2 (x2 + y 2 )3

So, u is a harmonic function as 2u 2u + =0 x2 y 2 trivially. Once the Laplace equation is satised only then can we proceed to nd the conjugate function v (x, y ) which is related to the functionn u(x, y ) u 2xy v = = 2 x y (x + y 2 )2 One could have had looked at the other CR equation but the numerator of this expression is simpler which will be a breeze to integrate v (x, y ) = x2 y + F (y ) + y2

where the integration constant is a function which can have y dependence. (y ) This constant is allowed as F = 0. It is clear that from the other CR x equation x2 y 2 u x2 y 2 v = 2 + F ( y ) = = y (x + y 2 )2 x (x2 + y 2 )2 or F (y ) = 0 F (y ) = c(a constant) Therefore v (x, y ) = y x iy 1 + c F ( z ) = = x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 x + iy

where we have taken the constant c = 0 without loss of generality. Note that F (z ) does not depend on z as required by the condition of analyticity , i.e. the CR equations.