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THI CHN HC SINH GII
CP QUC GIA THPT MN TON
NM HC 2013 - 2014
LI GII CHI TIT V BNH LUN
Ngi thc hin : Trn Nam Dng
L Phc L
Phan c Minh
Thng 01 - 2014
Phn 1
THI
2
Ngy thi th nht : 03/01/2014
Thi gian : 180 pht
Bi 1 (5,0 im). Cho hai dy s dng (x
n
), (y
n
) xc nh bi x
1
= 1, y
1
=

3 v
_
_
_
x
n+1
y
n+1
x
n
= 0
x
2
n+1
+y
n
= 2
vi mi n = 1, 2, . . . Chng minh rng hai dy s trn hi t v tm gii hn ca chng.
Bi 2 (5,0 im). Cho a thc P(x) = (x
2
7x+6)
2n
+13 vi n l s nguyn dng. Chng
minh rng P(x) khng th biu din c di dng tch ca n + 1 a thc khc hng s
vi h s nguyn.
Bi 3 (5,0 im). Cho a gic u c 103 cnh. T mu 79 nh ca a gic v t mu
xanh cc nh cn li. Gi A l s cp nh k nhau v B l s cp nh xanh k nhau.
(a) Tm tt c cc gi tr c th nhn c ca cp (A, B).
(b) Xc nh s cch t mu cc nh ca a gic B = 14. Bit rng, hai cch t mu
c xem l nh nhau nu chng c th nhn c t nhau qua mt php quay
quanh tm ng trn ngoi tip a gic.
Bi 4 (5,0 im). Cho tam gic nhn ABC ni tip ng trn (O) vi AB < AC. Gi I
l trung im cung BC khng cha A. Trn AC ly im K khc C sao cho IK = IC.
ng thng BK ct (O) ti D (D = B) v ct ng thng AI ti E. ng thng DI
ct ng thng AC ti F.
(a) Chng minh rng EF =
BC
2
.
(b) Trn DI ly im M sao cho CM song song vi AD. ng thng KM ct ng
thng BC ti N. ng trn ngoi tip tam gic BKN ct (O) ti P (P = B). Chng
minh rng ng thng PK i qua trung im on thng AD.
3
Ngy thi th hai : 04/01/2014
Thi gian : 180 pht
Bi 5 (7,0 im). Cho tam gic nhn ABC ni tip ng trn (O), trong B, C c nh
v A thay i trn (O). Trn cc tia AB v AC ln lt ly cc im M v N sao cho
MA = MC v NA = NB. Cc ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic AMN v ABC ct
nhau ti P (P = A). ng thng MN ct ng thng BC ti Q.
(a) Chng minh rng ba im A, P, Q thng hng.
(b) Gi D l trung im ca BC. Cc ng trn c tm l M, N v cng i qua A ct
nhau ti K (K = A). ng thng qua A vung gc vi AK ct BC ti E. ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic ADE ct (O) ti F (F = A). Chng minh rng ng thng
AF i qua mt im c nh.
Bi 6 (7,0 im). Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
T =
x
3
y
4
z
3
(x
4
+y
4
)(xy +z
2
)
3
+
y
3
z
4
x
3
(y
4
+z
4
)(yz +x
2
)
3
+
z
3
x
4
y
3
(z
4
+x
4
)(zx +y
2
)
3
vi x, y, z l cc s thc dng.
Bi 7 (6,0 im). Tm tt c cc b s gm 2014 s hu t khng nht thit phn bit,
tha mn iu kin: nu b i mt s bt k trong b s th 2013 s cn li c th chia
thnh 3 nhm ri nhau sao cho mi nhm gm 671 s v tch tt c cc s trong mi
nhm bng nhau.
4
Phn 2
BNH LUN CHUNG
5
K thi VMO 2014 va din ra trong hai ngy 03 04/01/2014. Tnh hnh nm no cng
th, sau k thi l c nhng hy vng v tht vng. Gc nhng chuyn y sang mt bn,
ta th nh gi s b v thi nm nay. V cu trc , nm nay c 7 bi ton, bao gm
hai bi hnh hc, hai bi i s (a thc v bt ng thc), mt bi t hp, mt bi gii
tch, mt bi s hc (c yu t t hp).
V kh d th bi gii tch (bi 1) c coi l bi d nht. dng lng gic l kh r
rng. Nu khng dng lng gic th sau khi tnh vi s hng u cng nhn ra ngay
tnh cht x
2
n
+y
2
n
= 4.
Hai bi hnh cng tng i va sc v c th xp v tr th hai v kh. Cc 4a,
5a u c th c gii quyt bi hu ht cc th sinh bng vic s dng tnh cht ca
phng tch trc ng phng hay bin i gc, xt tam gic bng nhau. (b) ca
2 bi, do vic xy dng nhiu ng v im ngay trn m hnh lm cho bi ton c
phn ri rm hn v khin nhiu hc sinh b mt phng hng, nht l cc bn khng
t tin k nng hnh phng ca mnh. Tuy vy, v bn cht, cc vn khng qu kh
v c th lp lun mt cch t nhin i n li gii cui cng.
Bi t hp tng i th v, trong 3a l kh n gin, ai cng c th lm c. 3b
kh hn v cng d nhm ln cng nh kh lp lun cht ch. V th c th xp 3b vo
bi kh.
Bi a thc khng kh v khai thc mt vn kh kinh in, tc l tnh bt kh quy
ca a thc dng
_
(x a
1
)(x a
2
) (x a
n
)

2
+ 1. Vic nhiu hc sinh lng tng trc
bi ny l do khng c hc cn bn v a thc bt kh quy. V chuyn mn th bi
ny cng cha c hay lm do cha gii quyt c trit vn (t vn khng
phn tch c thnh tch ca n+1 a thc l khin cng, tc l do p n nh vy ch
khng phi do vn n nh vy. Thc ra, ta c th chng minh P(x) khng th l tch
ca 3 a thc h s nguyn, thm ch P(x) bt kh quy). y l im cha hay ca bi
ny.
Bi bt ng thc thc s rt xu x, cng knh, phm cm. Thc s, nhng bi ton
nh th lun khin hc sinh thm chn ton. Mc d c nhiu li gii cho bi ny nhng
nhng li gii nh th u cng knh, y tnh k thut. S t hc sinh lm tt bi ny,
v thc t l nhiu em mt rt nhiu thi gian cho n. y l bi ton d nht k thi.
Bi s hc t ra mt vn th v, c t hc sinh lm. Bi ny cng rn luyn kh
nng trnh by, kh nng bao qut cc trng hp. Ni chung y l mt bi ton tt, c
kh nng phn loi cao.
6
Phn 3
LI GII CHI TIT V BNH LUN
7
DXi i. OiAi ficn (DXv s6)
Cho hai dy s dng (x
n
), (y
n
) xc nh bi x
1
= 1, y
1
=

3 v
_
_
_
x
n+1
y
n+1
x
n
= 0
x
2
n+1
+y
n
= 2
vi mi n = 1, 2, . . . Chng minh rng hai dy s trn hi t v tm gii hn ca
chng.
Phn tch. Gi s hai dy s trn hi t v c gii hn tng ng l x, y th chuyn
cc ng thc bi qua gii hn, ta c xy x = 0, x
2
+ y = 2. T y suy ra hoc
x = 0, y = 2, hoc x = 1, y = 1. Tnh th vi s hng u tin:
x
2
=
_
2

3, y
2
=
1
_
2

3
=
_
2 +

3,
x
3
=
_
2
_
2 +

3, y
3
=
_
2

3
_
2
_
2 +

3
=
_
2 +
_
2 +

3,
ta thy dy (x
n
) gim cn (y
n
) tng, v th kh nng x = 1, y = 1 b loi, ch cn kh
nng x = 0, y = 2. Tuy nhin, vic chng minh trc tip (x
n
) gim v (y
n
) tng l kh
kh khn, do quan h truy hi kh phc tp. Ta phi da vo quy lut kh c bit ca
x
n
, y
n
. Di y trnh by hai cch tip cn cho bi ton.
Li gii. CCH 1. Ta chng minh bng quy np rng vi mi n nguyn dng th x
2
n
+y
2
n
=
4. Tht vy, vi n = 1, h thc ng do iu kin bi. Gi s ta chng minh c
x
2
n
+y
2
n
= 4.
Ta c
x
2
n+1
= 2 y
n
, y
2
n+1
=
x
2
n
x
2
n+1
=
4 y
2
n
2 y
n
= 2 +y
n
.
T suy ra x
2
n+1
+ y
2
n+1
= 4 v theo nguyn l quy np ton hc, mnh c chng
minh.
T chng minh trn ta cng suy ra y
n+1
=

2 +y
n
. Ta chng minh dy (y
n
) tng v b
chn trn bi 2. Tht vy, v y
1
=

3, y
2
=
_
2 +

3 nn r rng ta c y
1
< y
2
< 2. Gi s
ta c y
n1
< y
n
< 2 th ta cng c 2+y
n1
< 2+y
n
< 4, suy ra

2 +y
n1
<

2 +y
n
< 2,
tc l y
n
< y
n+1
< 2. Theo nguyn l quy np ton hc, ta c iu phi chng minh.
Dy (y
n
) tng v b chn trn bi 2 nn c gii hn hu hn y. Chuyn ng thc y
n+1
=

2 +y
n
qua gii hn, ta c y =

2 +y. T suy ra y = 2, tc l limy
n
= 2. Cui cng,
ta c limx
n
= lim

2 y
n1
=
_
2 limy
n1
= 0.
Vy (x
n
), (y
n
) c gii hn hu hn v limx
n
= 0, limy
n
= 2.
8
CCH 2. Ta nhn thy x
1
= 1 = 2 sin

6
, y
1
=

3 = 2 cos

6
. Ta s chng minh bng quy
np rng vi mi n nguyn dng th
x
n
= 2 sin

3 2
n
, y
n
= 2 cos

3 2
n
. (1)
Tht vy, vi n = 1 mnh ng. Gi s ta c (1). p dng cng thc truy hi, ta c
x
n+1
=
_
2 y
n
=
_
2 2 cos

3 2
n
=
_
4 sin
2

3 2
n+1
= 2 sin

3 2
n+1
,
y
n+1
=
x
n
x
n+1
=
2 sin

3 2
n
2 sin

3 2
n+1
= 2 cos

3 2
n+1
.
Theo nguyn l quy np ton hc, ta c (1) ng vi mi n. T y ta c
limx
n
= lim
_
2 sin

3 2
n
_
= 0 v limy
n
= lim
_
2 cos

3 2
n
_
= 2.
Vy cc dy (x
n
), (y
n
) c gii hn hu hn v limx
n
= 0, limy
n
= 2.
Nhn xt.
y l bi ton d nht ca k thi. Tuy nhin, nu khng nhn xt c tnh cht
c bit ca x
1
, y
1
th vic chng minh y
n
tng khng n gin. Thc t l nhiu
bn khng vt qua c bi ny v l do .
C hai li gii trn u c th p dng cho trng hp x
1
, y
1
tha mn iu kin
x
2
1
+y
2
1
= 4. Mt cu hi rt t nhin t ra l vi nhng cp gi tr ban u (x
1
, y
1
)
no th hai dy s hi t.
9
DXi . \i s6 (A fnuc)
Cho a thc P(x) = (x
2
7x + 6)
2n
+ 13 vi n l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng
P(x) khng th biu din c di dng tch ca n + 1 a thc khc hng s vi h
s nguyn.
Phn tch. a thc P(x) c bc 4n v khng c nghim thc. Nh thc x
2
7x +6 c hai
nghim 1 v 6; 13 l s nguyn t, chnh l nhng nhn xt ban u ca chng ta.
gii bi ny, ha ra ch cn vy.
Hng tip cn t nhin i vi cc bi a thc bt kh quy l phn chng. Gi s
P(x) = P
1
(x) P
n+1
(x) th P
i
(x) c bc chn. V tng cc bc ca P
i
(x) bng 4n nn phi
c t nht hai a thc, gi s l P
1
(x), P
2
(x) c bc bng 2. n y ta c mt s cch x
l nh sau:
Li gii. CCH 1. (Theo tng ca V Quc B Cn, c chnh l) L lun nh phn
phn tch, ta c c hai tha s P
1
(x), P
2
(x) l cc a thc bc hai. Do P(x) c h s cao
nht l 1 nn ta c th gi s P
1
(x), P
2
(x) c h s cao nht l 1: P
1
(x) = x
2
+ax+b, P
2
(x) =
x
2
+cx +d. V P
1
(x), P
2
(x) khng c nghim thc nn P
1
(x) > 0, P
2
(x) > 0 vi mi x.
Ta c 13 = P(1) = P
1
(1)P
2
(1) P
n+1
(1), 13 = P(6) = P
1
(6)P
2
(6) P
n+1
(6). T y, trong
hai s P
1
(1) v P
2
(1) c t nht mt s bng 1. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s P
1
(1) = 1.
Suy ra suy ra a = b. Lc ny P
1
(6) = 36 5b. Ta thy 36 5b > 0 khng th bng 13 nn
ch c th xy ra 365b = 1, suy ra b = 7, a = 7. Nhng lc ny a thc P
1
(x) = x
2
7x+7
c nghim thc, mu thun.
CCH 2. (Theo tng ca GS Nguyn Tin Dng) L lun nh trn, ta tm c
mt a thc bc hai Q(x) = x
2
+ ax + b l c ca P(x). Gi s P(x) = Q(x)S(x) th do
13 = P(1) = Q(1)S(1) v 13 = P(6) = Q(6)S(6) v Q(x) > 0 vi mi x (do Q(x) khng c
nghim thc v h s cao nht dng) nn Q(1) v Q(6) ch c th nhn cc gi tr l 1
hoc 13.
V Q(1) v Q(6) ng d vi nhau theo mod 5 nn t y suy ra Q(1) = Q(6). Lc ny
1 + a + b = 36 + 6a + b, suy ra a = 7. Tc l Q(x) = x
2
7x + b. T y suy ra
P(x) = (Q(x) + 6 b)
2n
+ 13. P(x) chia ht cho Q(x), khai trin nh thc Newton, ta suy
ra (6 b)
2n
+ 13 chia ht cho Q(x), mu thun.
Nhn xt.
Pht biu ca bi ton lm ngi ta e ngi. Nhng ha ra bn cht ca iu kin
P(x) khng phn tch c thnh tch ca n +1 a thc ch l suy ra trong c
t nht mt (hay ng ra l hai) a thc c bc 2. y l mt iu kin kh khin
cng, c t ra do li gii (gi nh) ca p n ch khng phi xut pht t bn
cht bi ton. Nhng iu kin thiu t nhin v khng bn cht nh th thng
gy kh cho t duy hn l gip ch. Nhiu th sinh khng dm cng ph bi ny ch
v cm thy thiu t tin, ch hai li gii trn cho thy y khng phi l bi ton
kh.
10
Thc ra ta c th chng minh kt qu mnh hn nh sau: Nu P(x) = (x
2
7x +
6)
2n
+13 c th phn tch thnh tch ca hai a thc Q(x), S(x) vi h s nguyn th
Q(x) v S(x) u c bc 2n.
T y vi n > 1 bi ton tr nn hin nhin, cn vi n = 1 ta c th kim tra trc
tip rng (x
2
7x + 6)
2n
+ 13 bt kh quy. Tht vy, gi s P(x) = Q(x)S(x). Gi
x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
4n
l cc nghim phc ca P(x) th s l tch ca cc tha s (x x
i
).
nh s li nu cn, ta gi s Q(x) = (x x
1
)(x x
2
) (x x
k
) vi 1 k < 4n.
Ta c
_
(x
i
1)(x
i
6)
_
2n
= 13. T y suy ra

(x
i
1)(x
i
6)

= 13
1/2n
. ()
Mt khc, (1x
1
) (1x
k
) = Q(1) nguyn nn |(1x
1
) (1x
k
)| nguyn. Tng
t. ta c |(6x
1
) (6x
k
)| nguyn. T y suy ra m =

(x
1
1)(x
1
6)(x
2
1)(x
2

6) (x
k
1)(x
k
6)

nguyn. Nhng theo () th m = 13

k/2n
, suy ra k = 2n. Vy
Q(x), S(x) u phi c bc l 2n.
Chng ti c cm nhn rng a thc P(x) l bt kh quy, tuy nhin cn thi gian
kim tra chc chn. Nu bi ton c pht biu di dng chng minh a thc
P(x) bt kh quy hoc l tch ca hai a thc bc 2n th s trn vn v ng bn
cht hn.
Mt s bi ton tng t
1. Tm tt c gi tr n sao cho a thc x
n
+ 4 c th phn tch thnh tch ca hai
a thc khc hng s vi h s nguyn.
2. (IMO 1993) Chng minh rng vi mi n > 1, a thc x
n
5x
n1
+ 3 bt kh
quy.
3. Chng minh rng vi mi n s nguyn a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
i mt khc nhau, a thc
(xa
1
)
2
(xa
2
)
2
(xa
n
)
2
+1 khng th phn tch thnh tch ca hai a thc
khc hng s vi h s nguyn.
11
DXi . T6 noi
Cho a gic u c 103 cnh. T mu 79 nh ca a gic v t mu xanh cc
nh cn li. Gi A l s cp nh k nhau v B l s cp nh xanh k nhau.
(a) Tm tt c cc gi tr c th nhn c ca cp (A, B).
(b) Xc nh s cch t mu cc nh ca a gic B = 14. Bit rng, hai cch t
mu c xem l nh nhau nu chng c th nhn c t nhau qua mt php
quay quanh tm ng trn ngoi tip a gic.
Phn tch v li gii ca GS Nguyn Tin Dng. Cu (a) kh l n gin. S nh
mu xanh l 24 nh (103 79). Nu tt c cc nh chm thnh mt cm th A = 78,
nu b ct thnh hai cm th A = 77 v c th: tc l nu c k cm (mi cm l cc nh
cng mu ng st nhau) th A = 79 k. Nu c k cm th cng c k cm xanh,
nn B = 24 k. Cc gi tr c th ca k l t 1 n 24, nn c 24 kh nng tt c.
Cu (b) kh l kh. c B = 14 th k = 10 (phi chia qun xanh thnh 10 cm, qun
thnh 10 cm). m s cch chia nh th no ?
Ta th nh s cc cm xanh t 1 n 10, bt u t mt cm no . Gi s phn t
ca 10 cm (theo th t vng trn thun chiu kim ng h) l x
1
, . . . , x
10
10. Khi
cc s y
1
= x
1
, y
2
= x
1
+x
2
, . . . , y
9
= x
1
+. . . +x
9
(y
10
= 24 l c nh, khng tnh), l cc s
dng khc nhau t 1 n 23 (khng th l 24). C C
9
23
cch chn 9 s t 23 s. Nh
vy l c C
9
23
cch chia 24 qun xanh thnh 10 cm (c xp hng). Tng t nh vy, c
C
9
78
cch chia qun . Nhn vi nhau c C
9
23
C
9
78
cch xp hng. Mi cch cho ta mt
cch xp (t mu): u tin xp cm 1 qun xanh, ri n cm 1 qun , ri n cm
2 qun xanh,. . . (V c th quay vng trn, nn ta c th coi im bt u l im u
ca cm 1 qun xanh).
V sao hai cch xp khc nhau y li khng trng nhau khi quay vng trn ?! (Nu
chng may trng nhau th rc ri to, phi tm cch no loi i s trng nhau, bng cch
bm nh ri chia nh th no ). Nhng may thay, s 79 l s nguyn t nn s khng
c hai cch no trng nhau! Do vy s cch s l C
9
23
C
9
78
. Nhng c 10 cch chn im
bt u (v c 10 cm qun xanh) cho cng mt cch t mu, nn phi chia s C
9
23
C
9
78
cho
10, c kt qu cui cng l
C
9
23
C
9
78
10
.
CCH 2. (ca Traum - L Hng Qu) (a) Gi s ta t mu xanh 24 nh l 1 a
1
< a
2
<
< a
24
103. Khi t b
i
= a
i+1
a
i
1 vi 1 i 23 v b
24
= 103 + a
1
a
24
1. Ta
c ng thc b
1
+b
2
+ +b
24
= 103. Nhn xt rng gia hai im xanh a
i
v a
i+1
th c
b
i
1 im v t b
i
1 im ny s cho ta b
i
2 cp - nu b
i
2 v cho ta 0 cp
- nu b
i
= 1. Nu c K s b
i
= 1 (tng ng vi K cp xanh-xanh) th c 24 K s bi
2. T nhn xt trn s cp - l
b
1
2 +b
2
2 + +b
24
2 +K = 55 +K.
12
Ngc li, vi mi 0 K 23 th tn ti b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
24
tha mn c ng K s bng 1 v
tng tt c bng 103. V d b
i
= 1 vi 1 i K, b
i
= 2 vi K + 1 i 23 v b
24
= 57 +K.
Vy ta c s cp - v xanh-xanh lun c dng (55 +K, K) vi 0 K 23.
(b) Trc ht ta tnh s cch t mu cc nh xanh tha mn a
1
= 1, a
24
= 103. Khi ta
c b
1
+b
2
+ +b
23
= a
24
a
1
= 102. T iu kin c ng 14 cp xanh-xanh, trong 23 s
bi c ng 13 s bng 1. S cch chn 13 s ny l C
13
23
= C
10
23
. S cch chn 10 s cn li
l C
101
102231
= C
9
78
.
Li c vi mi cch t mu sao cho c 14 cp xanh-xanh th bng cch xoay quanh tm
ta c c ng 14 cch t mu sao cho a
1
= 1, a
24
= 103. Vic cn li l chng minh
vi mi cch t th vic quay quanh tm khng trng vi chnh n. Gi s ngc li
th tn li s nguyn dng 1 102 sao cho hai tp X = {a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
24
} v Y =
{a
1
+, a
2
+, . . . , a
24
+} (mod 103) trng nhau. Khi ta c
24

i=1
(a
i
+)
24

i=1
a
i
(mod 103),
suy ra 24 0 (mod 103). iu ny khng xy ra vi 1 102. T tt c nhn xt trn
th s cch t mu tha mn bi ton l
C
10
23
C
9
78
14
=
C
9
23
C
9
78
10
=
C
10
24
C
9
78
24
.
CCH 3. (ca Hong Kin) (b) Ta bit nu gi X l s cm cc im lin nhau,
th B = 24 X. Do vy, B = 14 th X = 10.
Dng cng thc nghim ca phng trnh chia ko Euler, ta suy ra c s cch chia 24
im xanh vo 10 cm l C
9
23
. Tip theo, ta s xem xt vic xp cc im xanh- nh
l vic c sn 79 im trn ng trn, v ta b 10 cm im xanh vo cc khong
trng gia hai im lin tip, mi khong c ti a mt cm. Nh vy th s cch chn
ra 10 khong trng trong 79 khong l C
10
79
. S trng lp theo php quay l ch ta chn
10 v tr trong 79 v tr theo ng trn. Nh c (79, 10) = 1 m ta khng phi lo v cc
cu hnh ln xn, mi cch t b lp ng 79 ln, do vy, p s l
C
10
79
C
9
23
79
.
Nhn xt.
Cu (a) kh n gin. Cch m s cp xanh-xanh, - theo cc cm xanh v
cm k nhau nh trong cc li gii trn l kh t nhin. Cch gii ny c mt
li im l pht hin ra mt hai bt bin ca cu hnh l hiu A B v s cm
v cm xanh lin tip.
Cu (a) ny c c mt cch pht biu khc kh th v ( thi Abacus International
Mathematical Challenge dnh cho hc sinh lp 7-8) nh sau: C mt s hc sinh
xp thnh mt vng trn. C gio yu cu cc hc sinh ng cnh nhau bt tay
nhau. Gi b l s hc sinh nam, g l s hc sinh n, B l s cp hc sinh nam bt
tay nhau v G l s cp hc sinh n bt tay nhau. Chng minh rng b g = B G.
13
C kh nhiu cch gii khc nhau cho bi ton ny (cng nh cho bi 3a, v bi 3a
l mt trng hp p dng ca bi ton trn), trong c cch gii nh trn, c
th dng quy np, hay m bng hai cch. GS m Thanh Sn c xut mt cch
gii th v cho bi ton trn nh sau: Ta cho cc hc sinh nam cm mi em 1 -la,
hc sinh n cm mi em 1 la. Nh vy s tin trn vng trn l b g. Cc em
nam cm mi tay 50 cent, cn mi em n cm mi tay 50 cent. Nh th, khi h n
tay nhau th cc cp tay nam-n s tin l 0 -la, nam-nam l 1 l v n-n
l 1 la. Suy ra s tin trn vng trn l B G. T suy ra b g = B G.
Cch gii ny hay, v vi b g = 79 24 = 55 (b l im , g l im xanh) th ta
c B G = 55. Tuy nhin, cch gii ny khng gip ta pht hin ra s cm lin
tip nh trn phc v cho cu (b).
Vi cu (b), cng c chnh gii l bi ton chia ko ca Euler hay cng c tng
t (trong li gii ca GS Nguyn Tin Dng, GS kho lo lng song nh vo
trong li gii nn khng dng n bi ton chia ko) v th l vn quen thuc i
vi cc hc sinh. Vn ca bi ton ny l vn v s trng nhau ca hai cch
t mu qua php quay. y, tnh cht ca cc s 103, 79, 24 u c s dng
trong tng cch gii.
Mt s bi ton lin quan:
1. (VMO 2012, bi ton chia ko Euler) Cho mt nhm gm 5 c gi, k hiu l
G
1
, G
2
, G
3
, G
4
, G
5
v 12 chng trai. C 17 chic gh c xp thnh mt hng
ngang. Ngi ta xp nhm ngi cho ngi vo cc chic gh sao cho cc
iu kin sau c ng thi tha mn:
(i) Mi gh c ng mt ngi ngi;
(ii) Th t ngi ca cc c gi, xt t tri qua phi, l G
1
, G
2
, G
3
, G
4
, G
5
;
(iii) Gia G
1
v G
2
c t nht 3 chng trai;
(iv) Gia G
4
v G
5
c t nht mt chng trai v nhiu nht 4 chng trai.
Hi c tt c bao nhiu cch xp nh vy? (Hai cch xp c coi l khc nhau
nu tn ti mt chic gh m ngi ngi chic gh trong hai cch xp l
khc nhau).
2. (Trng ng Ton hc min Nam, 12-2013, bi ton chia ko Euler) Cho
n 2 l mt s nguyn dng. Xt tp hp cc ng i ngn nht trn li
nguyn t im A(0; 0) n im B(n; n). Mt ng i nh th s tng ng
vi mt dy gm n lnh T (ln trn) v n lnh P (sang phi). Trong dy , mt
cp lnh (T, P) k nhau c gi l mt bc chuyn (lu , cp (P, T) khng
c gi l bc chuyn). V d dy PTTPTPPT c 2 bc chuyn. Hy tm s
cc ng i ngn nht t A n B c ng
(a) 1 bc chuyn;
(b) 2 bc chuyn;
14
3. (VMO 2010, php quay quanh tm trong bi ton t mu) Cho bng 3 3 v
n l mt s nguyn dng cho trc. Tm s cc cch t mu khng nh nhau
khi t mi bi mt trong n mu. (Hai cch t mu gi l nh nhau nu mt
cch nhn c t cch kia bi mt php quay quanh tm.)
15
DXi q. HiNn noc inNo
Cho tam gic nhn ABC ni tip ng trn (O) vi AB < AC. Gi I l trung im
cung BC khng cha A. Trn AC ly im K khc C sao cho IK = IC. ng thng
BK ct (O) ti D (D = B) v ct ng thng AI ti E. ng thng DI ct ng
thng AC ti F.
(a) Chng minh rng EF =
BC
2
.
(b) Trn DI ly im M sao cho CM song song vi AD. ng thng KM ct
ng thng BC ti N. ng trn ngoi tip tam gic BKN ct (O) ti P
(P = B). Chng minh rng ng thng PK i qua trung im on thng
AD.
Li gii.
A
B C
I
K
D
E
F
M
N
P
J
(a) Theo gi thit th K thuc on AC. Ta c IK = IC nn tam gic IKC cn ti I. T
t gic ABIC ni tip, ta suy ra

AKI = 180

IKC = 180

ICK =

ABI.
Hn na, do I l trung im cung BC nn

IAK =

IAB v IK = IB = IC, ta c ABI =

AKI. T d dng c c AI l trung trc ca BK hay E l trung im ca BK.
Ta cng c

DCK =

ABD =

AKB =

DKC nn tam gic DKC cn ti D hay DK = DC.

Ngoi ra, do IK = IC nn ID cng l trung trc ca KC, hay F l trung im ca CK.
T suy ra EF l ng trung bnh ca tam gic KBC hay EF =
1
2
BC.
(b) Gi J l trung im cung BC cha A ca ng trn (O) th IJ l ng knh ca
(O). Ta s chng minh rng J, K, P thng hng.
Tht vy, do

IPJ = 90

nn ta ch cn chng minh

KPI = 90

. Trong tam gic ADI th

DKAI, AKDI nn K l trc tm ca tam gic ADI. Do , IK vung gc vi AD.
16
Mt khc, CM AD nn CMIK, m IMKC nn M l trc tm ca tam gic IKC.
T suy ra

MKC = 90

KCI = 90

ACB +
1
2

BAC
_
,
do

KNB =

NKC +

NCK = 90

1
2

BAC.
Ta c

KPI =

KPB +

BPI =

KNB +

IAB = 90

1
2

BAC +
1
2

BAC = 90

.
Do J, P, K thng hng. Hn na, ta cng c AJAI, KDAI nn AJ KD v
DJID, AKID nn DJ AK. Suy ra AJDK l hnh bnh hnh v JK i qua trung
im ca AD. Vy ta c PK i qua trung im ca AD.
Nhn xt. Bi ny d khng kh nhng th v ch l c kh nhiu hng tip cn.
Cu (a) vi i hi EF =
BC
2
gip ta d dng on c yu cu chng minh cc trung
im. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng phi qu hin nhin m cn phi bin i gc suy
ra cc tam gic cn hoc cc cp tam gic bng nhau nh trn. Ngoi ra c th lm theo
cc hng:
(1) Ly B i xng qua ng phn gic thnh im K

ri chng minh trng nhau.

(2) Gi thm tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC v bin i gc.
(3) Dng inh l Pascal vi ng gic ABICD th suy ra EF song song vi tip tuyn
ca ng trn(O) ti I.
cu (b), vic chuyn t trc tm K ca tam gic IAD sang trc tm M ca tam gic
ICK thng qua php dng ng thng song song c th c pht hin bi nhiu th
sinh. Tuy nhin, on cn li nu khng c hng x l ng th kh c th tip tc c.
Mt kinh nghim nh v hnh phng c th cho thy rng khi c trung im mt cung
ri th dng thm trung im ca cung cn li s cho nhiu tnh cht th v. Ta cng c
cc hng nh sau:
(1) Chng minh P, N, F thng hng ri dng cc tam gic ng dng.
(2) Gi thm T l giao im ca AD v EF c mt m hnh t gic ton phn quen
thuc ADFEIT ri dng nh l Brocard suy ra im Miquel P nm trn ng
ni trung im AD (l tm ng trn ngoi tip t gic ADFE) v giao im hai
ng cho AF, DE. Dng ny xut hin ph bin trong cc nm gn y trong
VMO 2012, TST 2013 nn c l khng cn xa l g vi cc bn hc sinh.
(3) Bng bin i gc chng minh AB, AC l tip tuyn ca ng trn (BKN). Gi L
l giao im ca AP vi (BKN) th ta c mt t gic iu ha BLKN. Khi , ta c
chm iu ha l K(A, B, L, P) = 1 v bng bin i gc, c c KL song song
vi AD nn PK i qua trung im ca AD.
Cc ni dung li gii v phn tch trn c tham kho t cc bn: Nguyn Vn Linh
(LTL), Trn Quc Lut (thaygiaocht), Nguyn Th Nguyn Khoa (liverpool29).
17
DXi . HiNn noc inNo
Cho tam gic nhn ABC ni tip ng trn (O), trong B, C c nh v A thay i
trn (O). Trn cc tia AB v AC ln lt ly cc im M v N sao cho MA = MC
v NA = NB. Cc ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic AMN v ABC ct nhau ti P
(P = A). ng thng MN ct ng thng BC ti Q.
(a) Chng minh rng ba im A, P, Q thng hng.
(b) Gi D l trung im ca BC. Cc ng trn c tm l M, N v cng i qua A
ct nhau ti K (K = A). ng thng qua A vung gc vi AK ct BC ti E.
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ADE ct (O) ti F (F = A). Chng minh rng
ng thng AF i qua mt im c nh.
Li gii.
A
B
C
M
N
P
Q
K
D
E
F
I
O
(a) Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s AB AC nh hnh v, cc trng hp cn
li hon ton tng t. Khi , M nm ngoi on AB v N nm trong on AC. Do
NA = NB nn

NBA =

NAB v do MA = MC nn

MCA =

MAC. T y suy ra

NBA =

MCA hay t gic BMCN ni tip v ta c

QM QN = QB QC.
T y suy ra Q c cng phng tch n hai ng trn (O) v (AMN) nn n nm trn
trc ng phng ca hai ng trn ny. Trc ng phng chnh l dy chung AP
nn suy ra A, P, Q thng hng.
(b) Ta thy rng ng trn (ODC) tip xc vi (O) ti C nn trc ng phng ca hai
ng trn ny chnh l tip tuyn d ca (O) C. Ta s chng minh rng O (ADE).
18
Tht vy, ta c O, M cng nm trn trung trc ca AC nn OMAC. Tng t th
ONAB nn O l trc tm tam gic AMN. Suy ra AOMN.
Xt hai ng trn (M, MA), (N, NA) th do dy chung vung gc vi ng ni tm, ta
c AKMN. T y suy ra A, O, K thng hng nn

OAE = 90

. Hn na, ta cng c

ODE = 90

nn t gic AODE ni tip hay O (ADE). Do , trc ng phng ca

(ADE) v (ODC) chnh l OD. Ngoi ra, trc ng phng ca (O) v (ADE) l AF.
Xt ba ng trn (O), (ADE), (ODC) c cc trc ng phng ca tng cp ng trn
l OD, d, AF nn chng s ng quy ti mt im. Vy AF i qua giao im ca OD vi
ng thng d v l mt im c nh.
Nhn xt.
Cu (a) ca bi ton ny c th d dng gii quyt bng tng chng minh cc im
B, M, N, C cng thuc mt ng trn v cc on AP, MN, BC u l cc trc ng
phng tng ng ca hai trong ba ng trn (O), , (AMN) nn s ng quy ti tm
ng phng Q. Hng tip cn ny kh trong sng v a s hc sinh u c th nhn
thy c. Tuy nhin, cu (b), do c s xut hin ca nhiu ng trn, ng thng
hn nh bi 4 cng vi yu cu i qua im c nh th nhiu bn b cuc.
C th d dng tm c im c nh I bng cch cho A tin dn n hai im i xng
vi B, C qua tm (O) pht hin ra rng im c nh nu c th phi nm trn tip
tuyn ca (O) ti B, C. V cng khng kh nhn ra m hnh quen thuc v t gic
iu ha hoc ng i trung. C th th ABFC l t gic iu ha tng ng vi AF
l ng i trung ca tam gic ABC. Li gii nu trn thc t l chng minh li cc
tnh cht ca m hnh ny m thi.
Ta bit trong trong t gic iu ha th tip tuyn ca ng trn ngoi tip ti hai nh
i nhau th ng quy vi ng cho i qua hai nh cn li, cn ng i trung th
i xng vi trung tuyn AD qua phn gic gc A (cng c th coi y l mt phn ca
m hnh t gic iu ha). Thng qua cch dng im E l giao im ca tip tuyn ca
(O) vi BC, bi ton xy dng thm ng trn ng knh EO c mt t gic nh
vy. Trn thc t, hai bc xy dng trn b che giu i bn cht thng qua cc im
thng hng v cc im ng vin nhm loi i vai tr ca im O.
C th thy cc dng ny khng mi nhng v tr ca mt VMO, hng pht
trin bi th ny l khng ph bin. Bi ny tuy buc phi i hi s dng cc kin
thc nng cao (nu chng li theo hng THCS thun ty th phc tp hn) nhng do
nm trong cc m hnh quen thuc nn c th coi l d v mt tng hn bi 4. Ngoi
ra, khng cn thn nh nhiu bi trc y, trong bi ton ny, ngi ta cng cng
nhn im E lun tn ti nhng khi tam gic ABC cn A th iu ny khng cn ng
na.
ng thng MN bi c tnh cht l vung gc vi AO v trn thc t, mi ng
thng song song vi MN khc (chng hn ng thng i qua chn hai ng cao nh
B v C) cng c th xy dng bi ton tng t. l mt hng m rng bi ton.
19
Khai thc theo hng xy dng cc ng thng v ng trn tng t cc nh B, C,
ta c th c cc kt qu sau y:
Cho tam gic ABC c trung trc AB ct cnh AC ti A
1
v trung trc AC
ct cnh AB ti A
2
. Cc im B
1
, B
2
, C
1
, C
2
c xc nh tng t. Cc ng
thng A
1
A
2
, B
1
B
2
, C
1
C
2
i mt ct nhau ti cc im D, E, F. Khi ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic DEF tip xc vi ng trn ngoi tip tam gic
ABC ti mt im K v im ny cng thuc v cc ng trn ngoi tip
tam gic AA
1
A
2
, BB
1
B
2
, CC
1
C
2
.
Bi ton ny c kim tra bng my tnh v cha c chng minh hon chnh. Mi
cc bn cng th sc!
Cc ni dung li gii v phn tch trn c tham kho t cc bn Nguyn Vn Linh v
Trng Mnh Hng (hansongkyung).
20
DXi 6. \i s6
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
T =
x
3
y
4
z
3
(x
4
+y
4
)(xy +z
2
)
3
+
y
3
z
4
x
3
(y
4
+z
4
)(yz +x
2
)
3
+
z
3
x
4
y
3
(z
4
+x
4
)(zx +y
2
)
3
vi x, y, z l cc s thc dng.
Phn tch. Biu thc cn xem xt c hai yu t gy kh khn, l n cng knh, c bc
cao v khng i xng vi cc bin. lm tip ta phi tm cch rt gn v thc hin
i xng ha.
rt gn, ta c th s dng bt ng thc AM-GM mt cch thch hp i vi cc biu
thc mu s, vi d on l cc i t c khi cc bin bng nhau (v bng
3
16
). Tuy
nhin, mt iu nguy him l cc nh gi c th dn n mt biu thc khng lun
nh hn
3
16
. y khng c cch no khc l phi th. V chc chn l khng p dng
AM-GM trit .
Li gii. CCH 1. (ca Phm Kim Hng) Ta s chng minh biu thc t gi tr ln
nht l
3
16
. Tht vy, p dng cc bt ng thc
x
4
+y
4
xy(x
2
+y
2
) v (xy +z
2
)
2
4xyz,
ta c
(x
4
+y
4
)(xy +z
2
)
3
4x
2
y
2
z
2
(x
2
+y
2
)(xy +z
2
) 4x
2
y
2
z
2
(z
2
x
2
+z
2
y
2
+ 2x
2
y
2
).
T suy ra
x
3
y
4
z
3
(x
4
+y
4
)(xy +z
2
)
3

x
3
y
4
z
3
4x
2
y
2
z
2
(z
2
x
2
+z
2
y
2
+ 2x
2
y
2
)
=
xy
2
z
4(z
2
x
2
+z
2
y
2
+ 2x
2
y
2
)
.
Ta s chng minh rng

xy
2
z
z
2
x
2
+z
2
y
2
+ 2x
2
y
2

3
4
.
t a = xy, b = yz, c = zx, bt ng thc tr thnh:

ab
2a
2
+b
2
+c
2

3
4
.
Nu a b c th ab ac bc v
1
2c
2
+a
2
+b
2

1
2b
2
+c
2
+a
2

1
2a
2
+b
2
+c
2
.
p dng bt ng thc hon v, ta c

ab
2a
2
+b
2
+c
2

ab
2c
2
+a
2
+b
2
.
21
Cui cng, theo bt ng thc AM-GM v Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
4

ab
2c
2
+a
2
+b
2

(a +b)
2
2c
2
+a
2
+b
2

_
a
2
c
2
+a
2
+
b
2
c
2
+b
2
_
= 3.
Vy
P =
x
3
y
4
z
3
(x
4
+y
4
)(xy +z
2
)
3
+
y
3
z
4
x
3
(y
4
+z
4
)(yz +x
2
)
3
+
z
3
x
4
y
3
(z
4
+x
4
)(zx +y
2
)
3

3
16
.
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z. Vy gi tr ln nht ca biu thc trong bi l
3
16
.
CCH 2. (ca K.I.A - mathscope.org) D dng chng minh c
a
4
+b
4

2
3
ab(a
2
+b
2
+ab) v (a +b)
3
4ab(a +b).
p dng hai bt ng thc trn, ta c
x
3
y
4
z
3
(x
4
+y
4
)(xy +z
2
)
3

3x
3
y
4
z
3
8xy(x
2
+y
2
+xy)xyz
2
(xy +z
2
)
=
3xy
2
z
8(x
2
+y
2
+xy)(xy +z
2
)
=
3xy
2
z
8(x
2
y
2
+y
2
z
2
+z
2
x
2
+xy(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
))

3xy
2
z
32
_
1
x
2
y
2
+y
2
z
2
+z
2
x
2
+
1
xy(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
_

3
32
_
xy
2
z
x
2
y
2
+y
2
z
2
+z
2
x
2
+
yz
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
_
nh gi tng t, ta thu c
P
3
32
_
xyz(x +y +z)
x
2
y
2
+y
2
z
2
+z
2
x
2
+
xy +yz +zx
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
_

3
16
,
do mt bt ng thc hin nhin khc: x
2
+y
2
+z
2
xy +yz +zx.
CCH 3. (Da theo cch gii v phn tch ca Trn Quc Lut, Nguyn Huy Tng (CSS-
MU)) ca ta l tch bin a v tng phn thc mt bin. V mi biu thc u
ang c 3 bin nn ta phi tm cch dng nh gi kh bt mt bin. Quan st
phn thc th nht thy t s z c bc 3, mu z c bc 6. Nh vy phn x u tin
l kh ht z bng AM-GM. C th nh sau: z
2
+ xy 2z

xy. Nh vy, phn thc u

tin ch cn x, y v khng c z na.
Sau khi t

x = a,

y = b,

z = c cho gn, ta thy bi ton s c gii quyt nu c

a
3
b
5
a
8
+b
8
+
b
3
c
5
b
8
+c
8
+
c
3
a
5
c
8
+a
8

3
2
.
n y, ta li t n ph a v mt bin:
x =
a
b
, y =
b
c
, z =
c
a
.
Ta cn chng minh f(x) + f(y) + f(z)
3
2
vi x, y, z, > 0 v tha mn xyz = 1. Trong
f(x) =
x
3
x
8
+ 1
. n y ta s s dng nh gi dng
x
3
x
8
+ 1

3
4

x
k
+ 1
x
2k
+x
k
+ 1
.
22
Sau dng bt ng thc Vasc, tc l bt ng thc
1
x
2
+x + 1
+
1
y
2
+y + 1
+
1
z
2
+z + 1
1
vi xyz = 1. Cch tm k l cho o hm hai v ti im x = 1 bng nhau. Gii ra ta tm
c k = 2. Bt ng thc
x
3
x
8
+ 1

3
4

x
2
+ 1
x
4
+x
2
+ 1
c th c chng minh bng bin i i s.
CCH 4. (Phn tch, li gii v bnh lun ca GS Nguyn Tin Dng, c hiu chnh) Bi
ny tht l rm ri. Kh th kh tht, nhng hay th theo quan im ca ti l khng
hay. Ti s bnh lun thm v sao ti khng thy n hay pha di, cn by gi th
gii n . Bn thn ti mt rt nhiu thi gian (my ting lin, trong phng thi th ti
chc chn toi bi ny), v phi dng c dao m b mang tn phng php nhn t
Lagrange gii n, ri sau khi tm ra li gii OK ri, mi tm cch s cp ha n.
di y ti khng trnh by phng php nhn t Lagrange (c trong chng trnh
i hc) m ch trnh by phng php s cp thi.
Trc ht, ta c th phn on l gi tr cc i t c khi x = y = z, vic kh khn l
lm sao chng minh c iu . D dng nhn xt l biu thc c tnh i xng vng
theox, y, z, v c tnh thun nht bc 0, theo ngha l nu chia x, y, z cho cng mt s
dng, th gi tr ca biu thc khng thay i.
V tnh cht thun nht bc 0, nn c th n gin ha biu thc bng cch t a =
x
y
, b =
y
z
, c =
z
x
, khi ta c abc = 1 v biu thc c vit thnh

1
(1 +a
4
)(b +c)
3
(tng tun hon theo a, b, c) Ta th nh gi chn trn ca biu thc
1
(1 +a
4
)(b +c)
3
, hay
l nh gi chn di ca biu thc (1 +a
4
)(b +c)
3
qua cc bt ng thc sau y:
1 +a
4

(1 +a)
2
8
, (1 +a)(b +c)
_

b +

ac
_
2
=
(1 +b)
2
b

2(1 +b)

b
,
(1 +a)(b +c)
2(1 +c)

c
, b +c 2

bc.
Nhn cc BT trn vi nhau, ta c
(1 +a
4
)(b +c)
3
(1 +a)
2
(1 +b)(1 +c).
(Sau khi lm n y ri, th dng nhn t Lagrange c, trc th cng thc qu
phc tp m gii phng trnh o hm). By gi ta s chng minh

1
(1 +a)
2
(1 +b)(1 +c)

3
16
.
23
vi a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. Thc hin quy ng mu s, ta c bt ng thc cho tng
ng vi
16(3 + 2(a +b +c) +ab +bc +ca) 3(2 +a +b +c +ab +bc +ca)
2
.
Ch rng ab +bc +ca 3 nn ta c
16(3 + 2(a +b +c) +ab +bc +ca) 32(a +b +c +ab +bc +ca).
Vy ta ch cn chng minh
32(a +b +c +ab +bc +ca) 3(2 +a +b +c +ab +bc +ca)
2
.
t u = a +b +c +ab +bc +ca th bt ng thc tr thnh
32u 3(u + 2)
2
, hay (3u 2)(u 6) 0.
Bt ng thc cui cng ny ng do u = a + b + c + ab + bc + ca 6. Du bng xy ra
trong cc nh gi trn xy ra khi a = b = c = 1, tc l khi x = y = z. Vy gi tr ln nht
ca biu thc bi l
3
16
v t c khi x = y = z.
Bnh lun. C nhng vic lm xui th d, lm ngc rt l kh. Ngi ra l ngi
lm xui (xo nu my BT vo nhau ra thnh ny), nn c mt ci kh
rm ri v c l khng nh gi c ht kh ca n kh cc hc sinh phi ln ngc
li. Nh kiu th con vo trong rng: i vo th d, i ra th kh nu cha bit ng.
Cch lm ca bi ny l ln m bin i BT v cc dng quen. Ai n may hoc trng
t hoc phi luyn rt nhiu dng BT th s lm c nhanh, cn khng th s nh
m ng trong rng. Chnh v th m ti thy n khng hay: nh gi s hiu bit v
thng minh khng cn c tt, cn nhiu n n may hoc trng t hoc luyn t qu
nhiu. Vic lm qu nhiu bi tp BT rm ri theo ti l khng c li cho hc sinh, v
thi gian hc cc th khc s tng hiu bit ln nhanh hn nhiu.
Nhn xt
y l mt bi ton c pht biu cng knh, ri rm vi li gii y tnh k thut.
Vi mt bt ng thc cng knh nh vy, d nhin ta phi thc hin cc php nh
gi n gin n trc khi bt tay vo x l. Nhng nh gi nh vy hon ton
m mm v ta s khng bit nh gi no l c php, v liu cc nh gi
c dn n nhng bt ng thc sai? Phng php gii m mm nh vy r rng
khng c khuyn khch.
y thc s l mt bi ton kh, tiu tn nhiu thi gian, sc lc v c tm l ca
hc sinh. ng trc mt bt ng thc c hnh thc khng b nh vy th sinh s
c mt tm trng kh tiu cc. Bn li gii trn y u l nhng li gii ca cc
chuyn gia am hiu v bt ng thc v c a ra trong bi cnh ngoi phng
thi, khng chu sc p tm l v cng c bin tp li, trau trut li (mt s li
gii cha hon chnh do s dng mt s b khng h n gin). c li gii th
thy gn gng nhng tm ra n, theo chnh li ca cc tc gi l khng h n gin,
v nhiu bc trong cng c lm cu may.
24
Theo nh gi ca chng ti, chng ta cn nh hng li vic khai thc cc bt
ng thc, c gng a ra cc tnh hung chn phng, cc bt ng thc p
v ngha hn, trnh a ra nhng bi ton qu cng knh, nng tnh k thut
nh bi 6 ca k thi nm nay.
25
DXi y. S6 noc
Tm tt c cc b s gm 2014 s hu t khng nht thit phn bit, tha mn iu
kin: nu b i mt s bt k trong b s th 2013 s cn li c th chia thnh 3
nhm ri nhau sao cho mi nhm gm 671 s v tch tt c cc s trong mi nhm
bng nhau.
Phn tch. Ni n tch ta phi ngh ngay n s 0. V ta phn ngay lm hai trng
hp: b s cha t nht mt s 0 v b s khng cha s 0 no. th hai ta ngh n l
nhn cc s vi mt hng s khng lm tnh cht bi ca b s thay i, v th ta quy
c bi ton v b cc s nguyn.
Khi xt trng hp b s khng cha s 0, ta s thy rng nu b s a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
2014
tha
mn iu kin th b s chiu ca n ln mt s nguyn t bt k cng tha mn iu
kin (nu a chia ng cho p

th chiu ca a ln p l p

). y l nhn xt mu cht
a bi ton v bi ton trn mt c s, v chuyn t php nhn sang php cng bng
cc xt s m thay v p

.
Li gii. (c tham kho t nhn xt ca Kelacloi, DogLover, CSS-MU, kien10a1) Xt
mt b 2014 s tha mn bi (r rng b ny tn ti v chng hn xt 2014 s u
bng nhau). t cc s l a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
2014
. Trc ht, ta thy rng nu trong 2014 s
, c t nht mt s bng 0 th r rng phi c t nht 4 s bng 0. Tht vy, nu ngc
li, ch c khng qu 3 s bng 0, ta c cc trng hp:
Nu c ng mt s bng 0 th khi b i mt trong cc s khc 0 cn li, b 2013 s
nhn c s phi chia thnh 3 nhm ri nhau. Tuy nhin, s 0 s ri vo ch mt
trong 3 nhm v dn n c mt nhm c tch bng 0, hai nhm cn li c tch khc
0, mu thun.
Nu c ng hai s bng 0 th ta ch cn b i mt s khc 0 v cng dn n mu
thun tng t.
Nu c ng 3 s bng 0 th ta b i mt s 0 trong , cn li hai s 0 v cng
khng th chia c.
Trong trng hp c t nht 4 s 0, r rng khi chn ra mt s trong 2014 s th trong cc
s cn li, c t nht 3 s 0 v ta c th phn phi vo mi nhm mt s 0 dn n tch
ca cc nhm u bng 0, tha mn iu kin. T y suy ra mt b 2014 s m trong
c 4 s bng 0, cn li 2010 s hu t bt k l tha mn bi.
Tip theo, gi s tt c cc s u khc 0. t a
i
=
x
i
y
i
vi x
i
, y
i
l cc s nguyn v
(x
i
, y
i
) = 1 v xt b A = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
2014
). R rng mi b ny tng ng vi b gm ton
s nguyn l A

= (ta
1
, ta
2
, . . . , ta
2014
) vi t l bi chung nh nht ca cc s y
1
, y
2
, . . . , y
2014
v b A tha mn bi khi v ch khi b A

tha mn bi.
T nhn xt trn, ta c th xt cc b 2014 s nguyn A khc 0 thay v cc s hu t ni
chung. Gi P = {p
1
, p
2
, . . . , p
k
} l tp hp tt c cc c nguyn t ca gi tr tuyt i
26
ca 2014 s thuc A v gi Z = (z
1
, z
2
, . . . , z
2014
) l 2014 s m ca mt s nguyn t p
no trong tp hp P, r rng cc s ny u l cc s nguyn khng m.
Ta thy rng nu cha xt n du ca cc s trong A th mt iu kin cn A tha
mn bi l b s P

= (p
z
1
, p
z
2
, . . . , p
z
2014
) cng phi tha mn bi v gi tr ca mi
s trong b u nguyn t cng nhau vi tt c cc c nguyn t cn li ca 2014 s ca
A nn n ng gp mt cch c lp vo tha s nguyn t p trong tch ca cc s trong
cc nhm khi chia ra.
Hn na, ta thy rng, b P

(ch gm cc ly tha khng m ca cng mt s nguyn

t) tha mn iu kin bi khi v ch khi b Z tha mn iu kin sau: khi b i mt
s bt k th 2013 s cn li c th chia thnh 3 nhm m mi nhm gm 671 s c tng
bng nhau. ()
Ta s chng minh rng tt c cc s trong b Z u bng nhau. Gi s ngc li l iu
ny khng tha mn, tc l cc s trong Z u khng ng thi bng nhau. Trong cc s
tha mn iu kin (), ta chn s c tng z = z
1
+z
2
+ +z
2014
nh nht.
Nu ta b i s z
i
th cc s cn li c th chia c thnh 3 nhm c tng bng nhau nn
tng ca 2013 s cn li chia ht cho 3, tc l z z
i
(mod 3) vi mi i = 1, 2, . . . , 2014.
Suy ra c 2014 s trong b Z c cng s d khi chia cho 3. Ta xt cc trng hp sau:
Nu tt c cc s ny u chia ht cho 3 th ta xt b
Z

=
_
z
1
3
,
z
2
3
, . . . ,
z
2014
3
_
.
R rng b ny vn tha mn iu kin (), c cha cc s khng ng thi bng
nhau v do , phi tn ti mt s ln hn 0. iu ny c ngha l tng cc s trong
b Z

nh hn z, mu thun vi cch chn b z.

Nu tt c cc s ny u chia 3 d 1 th ta xt b
Z

=
_
z
1
+ 2
3
,
z
2
+ 2
3
, . . . ,
z
2014
+ 2
3
_
.
Nu tt c cc s ny u chia 3 d 2 th ta xt b
Z

=
_
z
1
+ 1
3
,
z
2
+ 1
3
, . . . ,
z
2014
+ 1
3
_
.
Trong hai trng hp sau vn c lp lun tng t v dn n iu mu thun. Ni tm
li, tt c cc s trong b Z phi bng nhau v do vic chn s nguyn t p trn l ty
nn ta c th suy ra gi tr tuyt i ca tt c cc s trong b A l u bng nhau.
Tip theo, ta thy rng nu tt c cc s trong b A c gi tr bng nhau th hin nhin
n tha mn iu kin bi. Trong trng hp b A c cha s m ln s dng, ta s
chng minh rng s cc s m v s cc s dng u khng nh hn 3. () Tht vy,
nu trong A c:
27
Mt s dng, 2013 s m: nu ta chn ra trong 2014 s ny mt s m th cn li
2013 s c tch l mt s dng (do cha mt s dng v 2012 s m). Do , khi
chia thnh 3 nhm th tch ca cc nhm u phi l s dng. Tuy nhin, do ch
c mt s dng nn phi c mt b cha ton s m, c th l 671 s m nn tch
ca b ny m, mu thun.
Hai s dng, 2012 s m: chn ra mt s dng c mu thun.
Mt s m, 2013 s dng: chn ra mt s dng c mu thun.
Hai s m, 2012 s dng: chn ra mt s m c mu thun.
Cui cng, ta s chng minh cc b A tha mn () cng tha mn bi. Tht vy,
nu sau khi b i mt s bt k, tch cc s cn li l dng ngha th tch mi b 671 s
phi dng, tc l s lng cc s m trong mi b phi chn tng ng vi s lng
s dng trong mi b phi l. Trong 2013 s cn li c chn s m v l s dng v
theo tnh cht ca () th s lng cc s dng l mt s l khng nh hn 3. Ngoi ra,
mi s l nh th u c th biu din thnh tng ca 3 s l khng m khc nn ng
vi mt cch biu din, ta phn b cc s dng vo tng b th c mt cch phn b
tha mn.
Nu sau khi b i mt s bt k, tch cc s cn li l m th lp lun tng t. T ,
ta thy nhn xt c chng minh. Vy ta c kt lun sau v tt c cc b 2014 s hu t
cn tm:
Gm 4 s 0 v 2010 s hu t ty .
Gm 2014 s c gi tr bng nhau v u khc 0.
Gm 2014 s c gi tr tuyt i bng nhau, c cha c s m ln s dng v s
lng s m cng nh s lng s dng u khng nh hn 3.

Nhn xt.
y l mt bi ton th v, c nhiu t hc sinh lm. Bi ny thc s l khng
c nhiu vn v hng gii, nhng li i hi vic x l k thut v kh nng bao
qut y trng hp, kh nng trnh by logic v cht ch.
Bi ny c l c pht trin t bi ton hai chiu sau:
Sau khi cn 11 con ln, bc nng dn c nhn xt sau:
1. Lun c th chia 10 con ln bt k thnh hai nhm, mi nhm 5 con,
sao cho tng cn nng mi nhm bng nhau
2. Tng cn nng ca c n ln l 759.
Tnh cn nng ca mi con ln, bit rng cc cn nng ny u l s t
nhin.
28
Bi ton 7 ca ta ch khc l chia lm 3 nhm v l tch. Tuy nhin, theo nh phn
tch trn th tch c th a v dng tng. V hai nhm v 3 nhm cng khng
khc nhau nhiu. D vy, vic t vn tch v cc s l hu t cng to ra nhng
th v nht nh (xt s 0, nhn vi M v xt php chiu ln cc s nguyn t). V
th bi ton 7 vn c th nh gi l bi ton tt v c mi.
29