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WGdG EG dG gCG Oj dhdG Y G G G SDe Zh ObG Y jcG
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.H aQ hCG MO b H dG IOYEGh ,eSEG dG GJ fEG M aK UCJ
HdG adG e HQe N e ,fEG dG YEG SSCG jG bj PEGh
kM UH iQdG CGe bj e ,kGc bJ Yh fEG M aK EG ,cDj ,eSEG
dG H e fEG e QJ He e kGe ,cG Y LGh gh ,cG Y ed
eJ fc e jG dG MbG e H eh L e ,eSEG HdGh G HQhCG jdG
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1980 dG KGJ IUe GAGb :GdGh f

1982 jf SGQO :UG HdG G

1984 HdG dG jJ

1986 HdG dG H

1988 UG HdG dG dTEG

1988 dGh KGG ..jdGh UG :UG G

1990 HdG SdG dG

1990 M M .O e QGM : Gh G QGM

1991 b`eh SGQO :KGGh GdG

1995 TQ HG f h M HG ,eSEG HdG IQG G

1995 dGh...SEGh HhdG : jdG dCe

1996 jdG Jh dhdGh jdG

1996 HdG dG hG

1997 fEG Mh WGdG

1998 ah IS :TQ HG

2001 HdG adG dG d jf SGQO :HdG bNCG dG

e QU ,jT Qj G c M c S) zbGe{ S
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2006 Rq 5

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SC gDj ,IGh IdG e j e
,i NCG G i dG SGh W f
Ie IO bh WGdG j J d Hh
Y jG EG fOJ Me Jh .jdG
.HdG WdG bJh dG

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

AGSh .HGh fdG aGh GQhG

hCG ,kM bOUh ka IQe jDhdG g fc
dhO{ b gh ,IMGh dG E a , J
Y Jh G dG z dG
F dG j dG I LCG dP e
e kGje dG dG e dGh f
.G L dG e kGjeh PdG
zQG MCG dG{ dhO NO eh
Lh fdGh QSG e Y LGe
M EGh OQCGh jQS dHh( f e
J fCG YCG ,zM dM{ J )GdG e
Y ,c G Y G dM SfG
.adGh dGh SdGh LGh ObG
OG e e J ,k a k Th
LGe ,MGh U - kHS - JadG
dhdG UCG Ggh .dGeEGh Q SG
- MGdG Gh YdG dhO - J adG
- kHS IG GdG e dh J
dG P d k b e kGjL zNBG{ k LP
kLP ,jQSG dGdG dhdG e J
ObG dGh IjdG jcG eGb
j kLP ,LdjjEGh dG LdGh
J SD a e YCG :G G
- SDd OGeG SDG a ,dhdG QN
P dG H M dG dGh . dh dG :CG
YdG G QN f Hh JadG
dG( M eG b UCG P dG CG g
AGS ,f eCG ,Lh dhO d )YdG
dhO d dG g a , gZ hCG e
.Mh
dG ZCG dG zdG dhO{ fL EGh
e g c zIQdG{ SH WGdG eCG
fc j dG zjdG dhdG{ `H Uh
IdG QSG e( bGdG eCG XJ Y
,G dH eEG )dGh dGh
QWEG G Y dH UGh
jG SDG b hO dGh dG
SD e e gZh H fh L e
.G G
dh dG{h zIQ dG dhO{ f L EG gh
Z EG . WG O T hO z j dG

h LJh jJ dG gh ,dEG
WGdG G eCG .P dGh dG
dhdG eG a SDG d G dG
EG SQ WGdG Qa ,k UeG
jQSG dG( JLQ i e Y
.)HhQhCG dGh
a M HdG QbCG SG eYh
d :SH jG GdG e M e
H SG M dG WdG cG KQh
a , G SZ dG jG dhdG
H dG g zeCJ{ Y IQY SG
dG gCG e Xeh M Mh dG
bdG eCG .fLCG XGh G e
dGdG J H a Gh dhdG H
dhO S a J f c dG f
AG MG e I LCGh dG b ,Q SG
SQe dG QbCG h .Y dGh G
K GdGh jQSh e( fdG IG a
dGd SQG g N )OQCGh G
hCG HfG Me AGS JGP I LCGh
zWGjdG HdG{ L ,fdG NGO
,bG G Y dhdG SQ H a
.dhdG bGe e G Sh dh
g GQY J CG dG e c d
Y SGH dhdG J dG WGdG
G JCJh .eRCG hCGh Ig hCG Y ,G
efG dG 1948 S FGSEG - HdG
gq J f c dG H dG T G a
,dEG QG zWGjdG{ JRaCG e M
d jU fGOEG d G g JC J
J f Hh J e ,z WG j dG{
OQ JCjh .eh a AT ch ...JSDeh
cM N e eG HdG TG a
Y GdSG jdG e zQGMCG dG{
dG eG Y e H dG
dhO AfEG : Y QSG dhO KQh
Q SG LGe Y IQOb jb Wh
h IO dG SEGh f dGh
GSEG LCG eh .dEG ...ObG SG
fCG zQGMCG dG{ iCGQ G g REG
e S dG IG z J{ `H A dG e H

g ,cG dG YCG ,dhda Ggh ...{

dG SDG d CfCG dG
h LJh jJ dG gh ,dEG
G J dhdG g .PdGh dG
QN SDe d k J a G
- SDd OGeG g SDG a ,dhdG
z...dhdG :CG

e H dG dG V Y
SCJ hO dM dG LdjjEG FGdG
UG HdG dG WGdH YdG
WGdG IQhH YdG Qj kSCJ
dG FGdG CG H .ja Ybh SS IOGQEG
j f d WG dG Lh J
dhdG{ bGh g H ,Mh L d j jEG
EG .JSDeh gH ,f zjdG HdG
WGdH bY jhGR e bGdG Gg
LGJ dG FGdH Yh d e H eCG
.HdG WdG WGdG EG fG
Qe e jG HdG dhdG hJ c
?WGdG
b jG dhdG EG dG dG Y Z
YN AKCG HdG QbCG e eb
QbCG g EG of a .HhQhCG QSd
aKh SSh jQGOEGh jObG SDe
dh dG F b f c dG J L e
.dGdG WGdG SDe ,I G
fCG g g dEG fG d j dG IgdGh
WGdG dGdG SDG Cf H
NGO Q J H jG HhQhCG dhdG
,f dhdG g QJh Af e IGRGh
e b EG G jf iOCG
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)...L ,Hf( YLGh )...Qe
H ,)...e dh GMCG( S Sh
jG dhdG H CG HhQhCG Gg M
kHS IG G dGh - H dG Q bCG
,kfMCG IdHh ,kSZ SZ b - eY H
dG YCG ,dhda Ggh .IG dhdG
dG SDG d CfCG dG g ,cG

HdG WdG dGh G G -6

Y ASH G zdjOGdG U dG{
Wf ,ke a hCG G hCG dhdG ,dG
dG )UCG jhdG jhdG( IjG dG SH
z g Mh{ UCG dGh , dGE j
d zsjndG{ Sh e je ,dG
.c G L Y dG
K iNGC IQhO Q dG Y Qh Jh
cG dG J :fhG IQhdH fcJ
dG dG MGe feh jH
SdGh YLGh jObG bGe Y
Nh ,kH hCG vc ,e YG fGh a dGh
e gQfCGh FYC IjL R eh bGe
,iNCG L e ,J f bdG h ,L
YU IjL H AfEG EG ,zdGh AdG{ EG
eY
E G dG e L a Kh Mah
,jQ dG LdjjE G GQ T a X J
QGdH YLG YdG J dG a
.dEG ...bGG QMGh dG
UCG dG dG g G e Jh
SG Y J ,dG dGh dhdG
ee h dG Y MdG e IjG GaCG
zdG{ GC a ,...dG gGh eG jN
EG J IjL f T Y dG jdG
dG a e jQJ Ye Y fCch dG
JGQT zIQdG dhO{ MU cG
jObG eRCG dNO dHh ,JeG dGh
eQq G dG LQG fjG gjJ SSh
dG a ,AGSGh k SG QG SH
eEG EG dG dG H LGJ e cG
jQdG WdG GQdG QJ j dG zdG{
d J GUCG Ja , b e C dG c c
U e e ddG gh ,WGdH
Yha e hCG ,dG Y MGG dG dG
fL EG ,e f H rnnJ dG JGOGeGh
,gGdG bdG ,kjhO ibCGh ie ShCG GUCG
g SEG{ Q T aJ Y L e e h
dG YCG ,jG zdG{ GUCG fEG .zdG
dG QdG Y iNCG Ie JRaCG dG IjG
eh jG EG jOdG e fG :JS fRHGC
YdG jPh dG QfG Y cGG EG eGdG
.RGh bGG S Y AJQG EG LH
e Y bG dG e LCG KK
b c AHCG j ,UG HdG jQ dG
ddh ,gcP EG LM a ,JObh gAYR
j e Y cdG EG j e S
...WGdG e G gh H

f ,JOb J dG WdG cG NGO

WGSQCG IFGO EG J U Y O J
dG dG e ddG g H ,jdG jG
EG jOdG e jG IdG QWEG G S
MG jG H e e a Y dG jG
J IjL H kSSCG eCG j .jQSG
fH dd jOdG dG AGQh dG dG
,dG SdG dG O e WdG dH
,Gge( GdGh LGG EG ,HG zfdG{
Gg QeC G a ,)e ehe ,HGVEG
dG{ IO b I jG dG Jh G
e f YTh fe dH a ,zWdG
WdG cG IOb Y dG dG MGe
.jL MGe QdG Yheh
dG H bdG NJ SG f eh
NG d IG g SSCG ,jU bJ
bG NG H ,G LGe jW M
Jj eh YLG dG U Y dGh
.SG dhO gaJ Seh de e H
WG SQCG e IQ G dG J d
dP ch ,SG dhO QeCG de jG
H dd gDG fc gMh fC kW kGeCG
gGeh YLG beh SdG JN
dG hCG - zdG{ bY H kjCGh ,dG
Sd zfdG{ dhdG e - dc UCG
, dG g Jh . Vh G I F e Y
:be Y ,SG IGZ cG
, J SDGh jO bG bG e j J
I dG j dG AdG , a dGh S dG
dG ,TdG dG Hh H bdG cjh
LCG e iNCG L e dGh ,L e zdG{
UN Hh ,G dG dG H J
dG AdG ,dGh dG ie Y
iNCG g J IjL aGhH zdG{ dG
.YCG Reh aCG bGe EG
QSG{ V GPh Gg EG VCG GPEGh
eCG bGdG J bGdG j c dG ,zjdG
hOh fhO jh SG dhO
M NG CG c cQOCG ,WdG Yhe
Ie dG Y S QSG LGe jW
AZ RGh bGG M Gd d iNCG
UCG dG zWdG dG{ e kGe kLdjjEG
LdjjEG e e bh CG e cCG ij BG
jQdG G GP dG WdG Q dG cM
dG IG JCJ Ggh .cGTG Gh
hCG G zQG MC G dG{ a ,IQe

.adGh jObGh SdG jG dG

H MG dG QbCG QSG SZ d
J SD e YGC , jG HhQhCG dhdG
npnna ,adGh jQGOEGh YLGh jObG
fG jM f d G a Y dH
jG WGSQCG U e e hCG G
k c MGh kJG cCG fc PEG ,UN j dG
jdG dG dG eh .JSDeh H
WdG Yh QJ eh ,dG g aY dG
QdG cH JQH ObGh YLGh
d dG g RH ,dG QSG e
e zQ SG j dG{ RaGC dG dG
O S dGh , dG G Lh aL
e CG eh .SG LCG e WdG dG
EG ,AT c bh ,khCG j c zSG{
H NCG e H fEa ,WdG IOdG LSG
Hh IjG dG g he H dG QYG
jhdG ,jdG dG JOb dG dG dG OQ
id QSG hdG Lh bh dG ,kSSCG
MGh aGH jdG dG g c d :jGH
FdG VdG Y Gh LCG RdG OQ g
,zfdG{ Z ,jdG G Vh ,g c
jG dG eCG .dhOh FdGh dG
eb dGh ,Q SG j dG gRaGC dG
k Yhe fc a , S H d J
SDG Y WdG HdG AVEG eGb kj
K ,QSG e M dG jG dGh
,SCH G da WD Jh d J
dhO SCJ he fc IMGh Hh
.G G SDe ASQEGh jM
cdG EG LM UJ NdG hOh
Y J SSCG bGh Y a qcf ,g H
e HdG QbCG aY dG YLG QdG
bGdG g .dG EG SG LCG e dG
T Y jS FJH dG b J g
G g .zA dG L e j dG dG{
dG IQdG d Sf CG dG bdG
:ddG edG
e WdG cG Ob dG dG khCG g
L e ,b c ,LN dGh SG LCG
zKGdG eU{ H jdG jG WGSQCG
G dG( dH MG Y L dG
dG g .)MGh BG - Gh PdG dGh
gSh YJh zdG{ Y Y dG
e YS ,dEG ...aU jG dG f
e YCG ,aL e j f eCG f S

10

dG dG g Ge Jh ...{
GaCG SG Y dG dGh dhdG
CGa ...dG Y MdG e IjG
f T Y qdG jG dG
Ye Y fCch dG EG J IjL
.z...cG dG a e jQJ

hCG dG e M hCG ,FG e c GPEG

jJ M M dG j CG ,QhdG
SSCG bGh g E a ,zf dG dG{
CG gh ,N Ve J CG jHh
,G ,AT c bh khCG ,g G G
H SdG j dG J g JSDe CGh
jObGh YLG JM d jG
hCG jOGQEG SDe kGPEG a ,adGh SdGh
hCG a Wjh S dG j jOGQEG T
dG Y dPh , e j hCG ftj
dG hdG/hdG G SDe e ke
ke OdG dj zW{ SDe fH J
e e fG j a ke dEG
hCG QM da kGPEGh .dEG ...FdGh dG
QbCG e b G G SDe Z
dP G Vh dG e j CG e H
gObH G Y J dG g g :dG
G CG CG ...KGJh jdJh JSDeh
dJh JSD FdG g hdG/hdG
?ah bh JcSh
eCG c ,HdG WdG j e ,fCG YCG
jOdG fc :H EG j kVGh Gj eh
J SD G g dGR eh jQCGh
g Y ka ,Yh gdJh JcSh
iQdGh dGh G d ,aGdG
dG f G H ,Mh jQCGh idGh
jaGdG e fS e MdG ZCG J
e IdG{ e UG e Le V Y
.zjdG EG jOdG
jG H bdG jQJ Y g dG S
qJ dG bdG gh ,HdG WdG jOdGh
,h e g c ,h N HG Q
jG HdG WdG g egG Sh
dG MG ,QSG Me jGH e J dG
G M eGE ,jG HdG jG a RH
j e Y qcSh , LQ N eGE h dG
dG Af gh hCG LQ d H Y V e
d G G SDe C dP ,gQJh
da J dG YLG WCG EG eCG M

...WGdG e J f -7
dG e KdG LCG j e sC dP ...{
J kL fCG g Y K dG
EG kGf ,Ff e J hCG WGdG
Y G H JbY c
z...G G SDe f e SDe

,b c ,dhdG a J H dG Q bCG
dGh .zIMGdG dG SDdG{ UH
VdG Gg Rj dG zF dG{ S dG
S dG . f H dG NBG g j
e aCG h jh dG hQ j
, K dh j H zI MGh c SD e{
j e UhCGh ASCG e Y j
LdjjEG( LdjjEG dMEG U Y
G A H e )jQK hCG eb hCG jO
FdG ,dG YdG ,OdG G :e ,kGMGh
SDG/OdG j G EG .dEG ... dG
J dG dG Cch ,zHdG{ ...jdG
H dh a LJh HdG Y j
.kjCG JdBGh dG
CH HdG GdG MJ a , Hh
Y d dG e bEG Lh G b
VhCG X WGdG b zd SG{
IFdG adGh YLGh jObG
H J dG VhCG ,HdG WdG QbCG
dG Gg S Jh G G SD e
IQdG e OLe g e oJ hCG ke kjJ
dC G CG bGdGh .Q fGh q S dG Y
e J HdG WdG WGdG
Y dG e fG YVG dG
dP .H YdGh eb hO dG FGdG
d AGdG Jh ,AG dG J H
EG H ,AdG dSG Y ddG ebEG e
,VG e Rj dG bdG dG
MdG dG g , a D e fc e
WGdGh .q dGh SG AGhdG d
.f AdG J EG AGhdG d g dG
GQh V e IQh V , F e e fEG
.j e S c fY

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

j dG NdG e dG Gg .Vh dGh

Q bCG q L GObG SSCG dG
J j gGdG dG H dG
S jJh f jM e J :dhdG
hCG kc ,e j JLCG j Jh
f c j dG( FG dG aGO Y ,k F L
jW bGe H ,HhQhCG ,d e
UCG g FGdG GeCH cG J
e Qh , L e ) j dG WG dG
ka YLG eGh edG YhG
,dEG ...FGdG OGG YJh XG QLCG Y
bJ : c dG g dhdG j j
g bJ h SDGh OGaCG IM Y
.Y e jObG Ib jCG Y
G eCG h g GPh G g EG VCG GPEGh
dhdG LQ IS e kaN ,QG EG WdG
e QbG dc QYG H fNCGh ,Jh
IdG YhG Y NGdG e j
fYGh ,L e jdG HdG QJ dG
Jh dG ObG dG dSCGdG
SG gPf , b c NGO EG gP f
QbCG G dG d j dG
VdG CG c cQOCG ,iNCG L e zdG{
e Rj HdG WdG dG ObG
SDGh dG e j e JGdG JdBG N
jG G H dG d J dG
Vj kGQNG SdG WGdG h
S dG ZQ N e a d , f
zA TCG Ib{ H k jCG H , J fh
.ennoG JSDG bGdG Ib ,JGP
d HdG WdG ObG VdG EG
a J Vh dH fEG , dG dP e
J LCGh dhdG g ,IMGh c SD e
Rj dd gh ,LQG JWJQGh NGdG
dH bCGh .kK kFJ{ kSS kGJ
hCG e AGS - j dG dP zFdG{ SdG
YLG ObG VdG e MH - V
dGh ,Je SGHh OhM NGOh FdG
,F dG VdG EG .IFdG a dG S J
,k a Kh k S Sh k Y LGh k jO bG

WGdG J kL fCG g Y K
JbY c EG kGf ,Ff e J hCG
f e SD e Y G H
jG dG g dG G G SD e
bCG Y hCG , J dG G dGh
.WGdG SQG YGb GMG ,eEG
WGdG J jG WGSQCG
Y ,J J bCG Y hCG ,J fC
dG e jO dG ZCG KC dG G b
,gQhH ,zIdG dG{h .JGUCG ch
G dG CG J fC WGdG J
gOaG S M WGO SQ d
fG CG ,zIe W{ `c deh gc
dG eCG .iNCG m jCG EG j jCG e dG
a H hCG H ,G dG iNCG
fC dG eSG zWG jdG{ iJ
YdG kfMCGh ,zOdG{ G f J
dG WGdG J gh ,eCd jQdGh
jG ,zjdG dG{ SG EG ODJ b
SGH QeCG d ,rnnjrnnJ dG hCG UCG
J M dG g c HfG zd{
.kSM kGQhO eYEG IQdGh jYdG
e G G g E a ,T hO eh
dGh dG FS j dG WGdG
WGdG dCG Y TEG HdG j
o p SnDoj e j ,gMT dG VdG e
J dG ObG :FdG ObG f
g dG dh dG Y G SDG a
,jG G Y j dG S SCG
Y LG G G SD e dHh
WdG ObG EG . a dGh S dGh
aj Yb hCG GY a j HdG
Z dG YGQdG :SD e j J EG
H dG g S J dG G
bG H dG , G h dG/h dG
a IFdG dGh dJh JSDe H
YdG K eCG .b fRHCG c G d
JCj dG NdG YCG ,e eh jdG a
,dG NGO fEG Y e e dhdG
dGh jLG dGh dG GFY e H

11

UQ EG HdG dG dG H fG
G dG e b e LCG KK
Y AdG f CG g jh ,jG HdG
.WGdG dCG e dG g be
e Y bG dG e LCG KK
e dG kL J jG HdG jQdG
H g .Ff EG WGdG dG
HY b H FL aNGh QGa G
dG hCG dG J b QGa ,G Gg NBGh
.jgL QGa d dP e dh edG hCG
H NOE H IQ dG J h
GP hCG dG Gg UN RGHE jdG
:Y K dG zhdG{h dG UCG e
fh ,jdG dhdG fh ,IQdG dhO f
T hCG dG dG T dh dG f hCG
IMGh IQdG J dP GY e h .WGdG
Y SCG dG FdG jhGR e dEG ff GPEG
.kdS gMT dG zdG{ J Y
Z , dG j f ,F dG g dh
H ,QJ M gGdG HdG VdG
dG dG LCG , NBG Hh e
L( RG LCG e QJ , Y K
IQY M zd G dG{ LCG e ,)de
.dGh dG LCG e ,hN HG
jdG jG WGSCG jH g
dG zIq dG dG{ gh . JGOG eGh
Y Cf hCG NGO e dG dG gRaCG
e kYf d SGh e e dH eGg
VG dG dG g K . SG
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hCG kHe kGJ ,iNCH hCG IQH qJ gh
,dG e ZCG LMh de Y kHe
HG bG bCG H z MdG{ bCG
Y hCG WGdG Y jGh .g eCG Y
qCG d j d HdG WdG G G
jG g j g GPEG bGh de
IQb QYG H NCj g GPEG ,YLG
WGdG Y jG g feEGh
dP .G G SDe eCG G ah
dG dG e KdG LCG j e C

...IQhV WGdG -8

kGeCG LdjjG hCG SS hCG YLG be

JSDGh dG LGa :kFJ ,kGQe
dG d ce J G g e
fa :M fOCG hO eh dH Y
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EG IhGdG fN{ eh ,dG EG dG eh
Jh ,hN HG J M ,zIQdG bQ
A Z G SGh d hCG d A dG
b SdGh( NBH Sd H ,NBH LdjjG
c ,)dG H Y kLdjjG kGeQ UCG
c HV dG QeCG i j dP
L eCG dG j jQ dGb h
.MG
.jQJ IQhV WGdG hJ g e
Y dbh SCe Y IQOdG gMh fEG
G WGdG dG EG .g idG dG
hGJ EG aVEG ,jdGh NH GYGh
- J dG jQhdG hdG g ,dG
cG jJ - Y YJ bCG Y hCG
k jJ J dG Y NGO G dGh
SDe d G J dHh ,k S
H fh Lh GMCG e G G
WDJ dG SDG gh . e dh
G G NGO dGh cGh GdG
Y g cDf eY fh .jQdG dG
if fCa ,jQJ IQhc WGdG
dG idG dG Y X , e k jH
jODG VdGh MG iS ,Y K
R J gCG hGh . gCG G EG
kGQfG W Y W a j ,kjH
H ,eCG EG GN H j k jQJ
f EG kehO J gCG ha ,dH
Z dh .GWCG L g g I MGh
.dG g kjQJ kjH WGdG

GdG Y HS j , WGG
ke ,SGHh a SnQoJ dG SDGh
aGJ Y HS AdG jG M CG e
.eh ILCGh jhOCG e AdG H j e
F G dG G g dC G W CG VGhh
Y j dG TEG dP aj dG
L L dG H J c G H HQ
EG WGdG SQG CG U .dH
G SDe{ `H f e Y ,JCJh ,J
Y j CG j dG A dG dh ,zG
e AL SDG g b CG g f gPCG
G SQ a : f WG dG
AfEG jMh dG jM M , WGdG
c dGh H dGh G MCGh G
dG Gh ,G Gh ,fhdGh
SQ ,dEG ...U dG D a Jh IGhG h
,G G SD e C J G g
SQG J G L Hh
.gQhH WGdG
WGd FG cC dG Gg CG VGh
bh WGG M SQ kGQWEG UH
dG Ff j ,G G SDe
SQG EG ,c .Ve GP Z H b dG
d Gh , J EG WGdG
deh bY g H ,OGaCG e c O
j , a eh YG Uh ah
S jW ,dG jf ,WGdG
kJ G NGO bdG d HjGh
J IFd aGh GdG Lj k f Y
.b WGG SQ QWEG c G
,e b b HhQhCG WG dG f c GPEGh
d SCGdG b dG J Qh H , Jh
a ,kS k jJ a GdG jJh
b dG e kGA L gQ YG Qj A T
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12

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dEG dG j CG j WGdG dCa
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dGh JdBG QGbEGh SCG ASQEG IQhV e
OGaCG d QhdG QWEG UH H
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dG G YdG e cG h
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)1950 fEG HhQhCG jJc( HhQhCG hdG H eHGC dG YE G Gd dG
adG zHGK{ Y QJ dG J L CG QYH ,)1969( fEG jeCG bJGh
HGK Y ,kb hCG kGc ,J UNh HGK gh ,adG g UoN Jh HhQhCG
,dGh ,dG J H J c zfEG M{ Y dG g eh .iNCG aK UNh
,YEG dd IjL H hG EG J LGe zfEG dG YEG{ LG ,dH
Y dG GQOG Gg da OQ e fL bh .adG L UNh HGK a
fEG M YEG e ,eSEG dG Lh e hCG SEG fEG FGd ZU Y
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fL EG Gg .(5) SEG fEG M YEG heh (4) SEG fEG M Kh heh
.gZh jaCG iNCG QbCG aY K GQOe
Gg XJ IgX :gGdG dG zfEG M{ N aGJ - bCG Y - JgX kGPEG g
IgXh ,HhQhCG jeCG ,HdG YEG H j e Ggh ,G V LdjjG c QdG
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.G g Y zadG YdG{ AVEG
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J CG LCG eh .UG dG gQjh dhdG KGG Y J c fEG dG UCdG
kjf SDj e EG :f zdG{ e HCG EG fQH gdG j kSCJ kGroH g UCdG Y
Y a dG j dG iG ,fEG M a ie Y g S Tda kGPEGh .kah
j b H ,e hd f O fCG IQhdH J AdG jQJ CH kY ,G g jQJ
.IjL jQJ Me SCJ QhO RJ b AdG jQJ AH CG QYH ke dG
YEG AGS( HhQhCG adG H dG dG zfEG dG YEG{ c GPEa Ggh
jQdG Le j )1948 IG CG YEG hCG ,1789 fdG YEG hCG 1776 jeCG
dG j dP Ea ,GdG g TY e hd c hj H HdG GdG jQJ e
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Hh .a d jQJ bGh gh .adG J IFS fc dG YdG Y Gv p V IjL

dG fEG M Y Y Gvp V - SEG fEG M UH j j CG
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GgCGh UG eCG .zhdG SCG{ NG EG LJ EG ,zaK HGK{ Y J a aNG eCG
jObGh YLG edG hdG EG ShCG h ,zhdG SCG{ EG LdGh .IMGh a
eCG ,Y g e Y ,J hCG dG g e GP hCG uoG Gg be L dG ,jdGh SdGh
YCG :zdG{ `H SEG Aa j e CG ,bG dP SDJ dG dG d cCGh zQhV{
.J hCG dG g QUCG dG G f e ,gNJ j b hCG ,QdG gNJ dG VGZCG
G G C G dP EG fG d kjCG QhV leCG ,G GH ,G de GQOEGh
c fEG M EG .Zeh VG j VG QeCG cj M SdG e c a j dG
fEG M j ,kfeh U ,Y G Rj HdGh IdG eR SEG gQb
d zadG UCdG{ `H g f eh .de dh de a :jdG dG fEG ,UG
dG UCdH f e EG .c ,iNCG e IMGdG J h dG H adG
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M Y eb dG SCG Y - iS c - kjgL J dGh Y J dG jdG SCG
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2006 Rq 5

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13

HhQhCG LG fEG M Y -2
HdG fdG HhQhCG Sa H b dG ,zfEG M{ `d SCdG e dG Gg CG VGh ...{
e EGh zjGdG{ EG fEG H Lj SCJ EG .adG UG Rhj ,Y edGh Y
.z...IQMh aK c b

CG( zddG{ UH UGh jG HhQhCG dG zfEG M YEG{ IQY J

g G a :ddG g dG Gg zddG{ `H OGh .)fEG dG YEG
,Zh a H h OSCGh HCG H h fCGh cP H a ,ac Sd M fCG zdY{
edG dG HhQhCG Sa H bh AT qGC Y dG H fEG g fEd M g H
Mh jG M :gh ,iNCG G L Y J KG r sM
n Y J fEG M Y
?dP ghYG dG LG g eh ,G jg Y SdG dhCG SCG a .IGhG
H iOf dG fEG M J d fC dP :SSCG dCe g LG b W EG
IQhdH J Le Y J CG j ,MT dG H ,zdY{ kbM HhQhCG Sa
- IGhedGh OGSG SJ fc aK qfC - gY IFdG HhQhCG adG zQN{
f QJ Le .Gh edG Y de ,H e Le J CG j dHh
.jQdG a f Jh ,H
?kGPEG LG g g e
Y J dG LG - IOY - jh b dG g jdG CG dG dG jQJ he
a KDj e c Le Y SCJ e dG EG QeCG e e mreCG sOnQ EG .LG L
c kjCG ,f fEG Y dHh ,jQdGh edG Y J Le ,GQGh adG NG
zdY{ SCJ dh jdG EG ,Y edG dG ,HhQhCG Sa C a .c qfCGh
e 1776 S jeCG IG jdG SG YEG SQ dGh ,H GhOf dG fEG M
?iNCG L e 1789 ZCG/BG 26 fdG WdG G Hh ,L
ge zfEG M{ `d jJ Xh b jeCG SG YEG f CG e ZdH fCG bGdG
M YEG{ CG e c ZdHh ,zdEG jdG{h zd YCG cdG{h zddG{ e jU jO
zSCG FdG jYQ{ EG LjO QTCG b fdG WdG G JQUCG dG zWGdGh fEG
M{ SDJ dG LG ,QdG e IQH ,j jdG Ea GPh Gg e ZdH fEG ,)dG CG(
dG dG L Y Gvp V - SdG W e - kUCG H npOof b zdG{ g EG H ,J zfEG
.dG Sh dG S SCGQ Yh ,bdG dP HhQhCG fEG J fc
edG dG ,HhQhCG Sa Y SCG dG zddG{ dG LG g kGPEG jdG j
RhJ e Y Le AH EG GhY d H ,H GhH dG zfEG M{ Y ,Y
f H HdH dG :g FQ Va K e dCJ Le ,Y Jh dG S
Y c ronpd .zYLG dG'{ Ia K zdG dM{ `H SCG e VGaGh ,dG fh dG
.SCdG VdG g e IMGh c
HdGh Y SOdG fdG )UN AjdGh VjdG( jG dG J Ff e c -1
ec YYR dG d dBG IdG ,UN Jf e ,Y edG dG QJ CG Y
e b f fc ,HdG dGh dG GQdG FS Nh FdG G dG
IQU ,edG HPG jf he g c Jf U d .zdGh jdG Y{ `H Y
UCa ,IMGh je dG fh dG f e L ,)Y CG( VjQ fb
dG dG{ j UCG H ,fEG eCG VhG IeG ATCG ,j zdG{ e
QU dP fh .zf fEG dP dG e c j kc kef UH ATCd
N bO d j dG e CG QYH ,Y g eh W g e H Hj SdG
kGQe CG ,ke hj e a Hh .ah dG GQOE Hb a dHh ,c dBd dBG AGLCG
.dG e - ke j CG H hCG - lp soe fCG CG ,W a ,dG f
dH AdEGh ,Ge c ,G CG ,dG fG Y dG g dG e QU g e
SdG QJ V cGJ dG aVEGh GOjdG H CG ,W Z g e H FG VY
j dG dG fdG c GPEGh .dG SG hO e dG f ,dG f ATCd
e ffEG IG g Ea ,dG M Y unoG g ,IOe HK ,c bY gGdG T
c fEG gj dGh zddG{ `H J dG nrodG ooG fEG :dG ffbh W H g
dG IgdG J g eh .FGdG dG id c IG dG id ,dG h dG ,e
eh zU{h zSQa{ FSQ SGH HhQhCG G f IgX ,ej HhQhCG adG aY
. EG dG j dG YCG nnG O zdY{ n pb RGHE dP c .zFGdG LdG{ Y j
,W g eh Y g e H HG EG dGh VjdG dG dG J iOs CG ch
g e H HG EG )FGdGh bdG( jdG G IM Y WG JG iqOCG a
Y{ `d mGQt n nJ b f fc ,jdG IG - a - hCG FGH g eh W
IdG jO - zgL e fC opnb W jO{ Y a SdG c jd zgP
EG H GfGh haCG ddG QdG Gh jeBG dG d{ - eSEG dH
.BG Y jG EG S dG zdG dM{ Va fEG .ze LCG e aGG
dM{ OLh Y edGh Y HdG dG HhQhCG jG SdG dG Sa VaG ,ka -2
hNBG e OGQCG H ,SdG dGh YLG d HS L o H ,fEd zW
.eM hCG fb d h HdG d j g GPEG fEG Y j CG Y a dG
dM{ Va iNCH hCG IQH GXh b HhQhCG jG SdG dG Sa L c GPEGh
AH Y Z e cCG Y dG g (1704 - 1632) d L fG dG Ea ,g zdG
:j .fEG M zdY{ SDJ Le J C Hb dG IQdH VdG g
dG dG if CG Y j UCG e fh kU ka SdG dG f d{
UTCH dGh daCG J edG jG dM gh ,OGaCG L Y Lj dG
Y Ghj hCG kffEG GfPCj CG hO ,dG fb Ob V ,d lpFoe fCG j Jh
d PEG ,NBG e cCG MGdG NCj He jdGh t dG M IGhG dM kjCG gh ,JOGQEG
dG f aH c G ,f JdGh dG EG G bG CG e gGH cCG M g
.zNBG H e H ihj CG kjCG j ,f G GSHh dG
S a J CG b SdG Y j dG IGhGh jG dM g kGPEG zdG dM{

dG fdG ,f zdG fb{ Z - IGhGh jG YCG - SQ M e

.zfEG c EG J eCG hDj dGh eS Vh dG G M{ EG ej
jG QdG Y J fc H Gh gdG Y J Ia O zdG dM{ Va J h
d zdG dM{ IQY zdG{ `H Oa Ggh .jCGQ c ,zdG{ Y jG dG T dG
dP ATCd dG dG ec{ :g b c ,OG H ,fEG Y G IeG ATCG
.fGd VNh a OLe :dG Y e g dG fEG ,ze AL g dG fEG
W M g IGhGh jG fEG M sC ,kH H AGREG kGQGMCGh SGS Gg SdGh
:zdG dG{ IQYh zfEG M{ e H HG J g eh .dG Y e ,d
G J SCJ ge g zdG{ EG dMEG CG VGhh .d W M g fEG M
,dhOh c Y ,IQMh aK c Y HS da :Le c Y HS Le Y
.dc e c M Y SCJ dG Gh ,e c Le a ,dHh
h .zdG fb{ ,b c ,a pr nj dM g H ,VdG J zdG dM{ CG Y -3
e QU a ,dG M e c SQ Y SdG H YGf J CG kGqL G e c
,Oa c M J dG IQdH zdG fb{ Jh jhCJ Y Gj CG dc dG
e h e MGh oc T j H OG e V ebEG{ `H EG JCj Ggh
j dHh ,d EG j CH ,dG e e gh ,e d jh bM SQ
c J dG zYLG dG{ Va g eh .zb e d fc dG jH ke
.(1778 - 1712) ShQ L L gQb c spfnnG dM EG zdG dM{e fG
c ShQ L L Ea ,Z e cCG zdG dM{ jH gG b d L c GPEG ,LCG
c QJ dG VdG gh zYLG dG{ Vd kGjJ Y edG dG Sa cCG
g eh .dG b fEG SQ e zfdG dM{ EG zdG dM{ e fG
H e Z e YLG e H H ,O j CG j H fEG CG VdG
Y ke c GPEG EG M d j YLG Ea ,QJh J JGOGQEG fc h .L
dGh ,dEG j dG Yd ac bM Y e MGh c L Rj H e zbJ{
J dHh ,b SQ J SdG Y j QYG c dhdG ou noJ
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dG{ Gg L ,dhdG q dG ,YG IOGQEd bM Y SdG Ra Ggh
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e YT J EG a INCG g J dG fGdG eCG .dhdG b u n oj Gg Z AT
G EG Jh cG G J dG IOGQEG gh ,Sd edG IOGQEG Y qJ fc
SDJ zfe M{ EG d N e zdG fEG M{ Ggh .dG
Y qJ dG bdG GOGQEG L Y J dG zedG IOGQEG{ g e c eY Le
.dG Gh cG G EG cj dG IOGQEG :kL
Rhj jG dG HhQhCG Sa H b dG fEG SCdG e dG Gg CG VGh
EG ,IQMh aK c zb{ e EG zjGdG{ EG fEG H Lj SCJ fEG ,adG UG
a .IQGh adG EG dHh ,dG Ld SDG zYLG dG{ EG eh ,zdG dM{
dG YEG{ gQb dG J dP ,fEG M zdY{ CH dG EG dP e f
W j G J zdY{ Y J dG dG SSCG EG dG EG dP e k ornf g ,zfEG
.j e HGL S GDS ?Ve GP Z dCe G d zadG YdG{

14

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WCG Y ,eSEG G b jGH e bGh YLG Y EG j ,SdGh dG H bdG rCG
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Hh ,zfEG M{ a JYO e SEG H J dG dG H HdG RGHEG EG ...{

Y ,f e g ,zfEG dG YEG{ `H dG HhQhCG Sa S dG jdG
.z...UG Yh G J UCJ Xh gQJ

Gh jG G - fEG M Y HhQhCG Sa Y SCG dG zYLG dG{ Va J

IOGQEG{ `d dG bM Y SdG RJ :KG JcQ Y kHS qH c ,J - e J eh IGhG
g IOSGh ,L e dG Gh cG G EG cj dGh ,GOGQEG L Y J dG zedG
.c G IOGQEG ,J edG IOGQEG Y Hf ,o n r nJh dhdG J fe M IQU ,iNCG L e ,G
:GWCG KK J )bdG e( H AGREG d - UY KK AGREG kGPEG g f
.dG G UCG dG OGaCG (1
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fe M IQU dEG OY bh J bM fEG a SQ dG G YG (3
H H HQe e a ...)jNBG M a J IQH OdG SQj( e
?JYH dG eSEG G Qj e Hh ,g zYLG dG{ Va
OBG H e NCG dG CG QJ jBG gh .dG BGdG zdG{ jBH g zbdG{ Va fcJ
nsMh ,VQCG AnoN a OBG H dd qc dG CGh ,GS kGMCG Ghj CG (eGdG) be
:IdG zdG{ jBG jBG g e .dG AGS fhj jQeh je kSQ a SQCGh feCG
.(15)|fT H Gdb ,HH or ndGC fCG Y gTCGh jQP gQX e OBG H e HQ NCG PEGh}
eh be dG e fNCG PEGh} :J db e ,SH zdG{ Y J IjY iNBG jBG eh
snYGnC h bU Y bOdG Cd .kZ kbe e fNCGh e HG Yh Seh gGHGh f eh
GhTh HHH L GaYG ,OBG Hh dG H e L e a ,Ggh .(16)|kdCG kHGY jad
J L ej SdGh dG H e iNCG L e gh ,kT H Gcj CG fCG Y
eqc dh} :c bG Y Jh d J dP h ,zdG jOh idG{ dSQ ,SdG EG dSdG
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.(18)|dG Y jh hdH heCjh G EG Yj eCG} e J CG a
Va UY e HQd UY USG dH f Jeh jBG g a ,Ggh
GYG HQj YLG dG Va zedG IOGQEG{ `pd bM Y dG Ra :zYLG dG{
Y GdRJ b fj GYG GH fEG .d jT Mh dG HHH fCG Y JOTh OBG nH
Mh H GYGh Mh dG IOH ee ,FGh cGdGh UCc iNGoC dBG jCG IOY zM{
Va zedG IOGQEG{ de Ggh( Y j h iNCG dG e fEG Q c
j dG sGE rPGE ,He hO e kRJ d zRdG{ Ga iNCG L eh ,L e Gg .)YLG dG
a} GhDhT e IOY zdG M{ Y dRJ Ca ,dGh jGdG jW d d SdG dEG
.SdG SGH GdG jWh idG H d VS (19)|a AT eh eDa AT
dG H bdG CG ,jdG SDj dGh ,jQPh OBG N ,G ArnH Y bh dG YCG - FGQhG G Gg
Y ,ziQdG{ SG Y BGdG WCG ,eSEG G b jGH e zbGh{ YLG Y EG j ,SdGh
QWEG dPh (21)|eCG gQhTh} dhdGh SdG H bdG jh ,(20)|H iQT geCGh} G SDj
IG bGh ,G bGdG G dP Y G dG ziQdG{ e j dG AdG ,FGQhG G
.SEG gL j e e MGh S LQOCG M iQd BGdG gYCG dG gCG J g eh .YLG
gL j CG ...IdG ebEGh FdG LGh H ziQdG{ dG BGdG b d ,ka
jd HCGh N dG Y eh fdG IG a AT e r o r pJhGoC a} dJ j ,YLG fh jc SEG
GHSG jdGh .hopj g GZ e GPEGh MGdGh KEG Fc j jdGh .cj HQ Yh GeBG
.(22)|hj g dG gUCG jdGh .j gbRQ h H iQT geCGh IdG GebCGh Hnpd
GPEG jG dG SQ nrne bh SEG b Gfch ...{ QfCG df jBG g EG jG H jh
H Gg .)edG( zY Gj M CGH hOj rGC :Y KCa ,GhQhJh GLG lreGnC H c
npob PEG ,LQdG aQ eSEG GC e iQdG Ea j eh .Y a G CGh e jBG CG hNBG ij
.eSEG G Gb gh ,zGeBG jdG{ H j dG FdGh dH IQcG jBG
YG FQ bY J dG FdGh dG S ziQdG{ BGdG cP iNCG L eh ,L e Gg
Z ka c dh ,d nrpd dG e MQ pna}:dJ db eCG H gjJ OQh bh ,H eSEG
EG He Ic jOMCG gh ,Gg .(23)|eCG gQhTh d SGh Y orYa dM e Gf dG
WTG dG dG U - dG LQO EG bj e kGc CG eh .H dG EG YJh iQdG
q dG
ie Y dG e gCG Ggh ,G ie Y dH d GJ JQcG jBG Ea - ke QdG
d N J H e H HdG oYh iQd dG SQ cJ jOMCG J CG dP EG VCG .dG
Y ka ,H e G QNH G iQdG gC Jh Y IQSG ,IYS H S LG(
dG Y qJ H b iQdG jOMCG EG kGNCG d .)edG jdG kH H HdG IQhe
.CGdG OJh QhdG H EG j SEG jdG Oe onMGC g dG zLEG{ EGh .QdG c eSEG
G EG HQG Oq g ...iQdG ,YLG dG - IdG M ,dG dM
zWGdGh fEG M YEG{ e fdG IOG Y q f dG zQdG ehe{ c iNCG
eCG{ eSEG CGG Y ibCG dG dGh 1789 Y fdG G Y QOdG
.)z...a kGe e iCGQ e{ jM( zdG Y dGh hH
fOQCG EG H ,GP hCG GG Gg SEG S KEG d e aa G Gg Y fQH d
eh IGhGh jG M ,fEG zddG{ HhQhCG Sa AYOG CG EG fG d a e
fEG jQG adG OHCa dHh ,HhQhCG IQH kUN kGeCG d ,e J
e EG .adG L ,FdG QG dG bGdG a ,H dG J ,ffEG lOHCG g
SS a bGh CG( Fb QM K bGh V Le e kehO g fEG M GMG
J GQGh adG Lh .bGdG Gg J EG IYO k ehO g ,)ObG Y LG
.IdG jOh ,dG dM e ,UCGh ,jGdG fCG Y f J Le Y IYdG g SCJ
zUN{ `H fEG eSEG Ld zddG{ FYOG Y VS e g
iNCG L e eSEG dG Vj dG Odh L e jdH cJQ SEG G J
.H e bS e Ggh .H Y

zfEG M{ SCJ Y Y edG dG N HhQhCG Sa Y c S e fRHCG

dG f H HdG{ :g zjf UCG{ hCG Va K XH jG HhQhCG dG
dCe fKCG ,VdG d jf Yh .zYLG dG{h zdG dM{h ,zdG fh
- zadG YdG{ W j fEG M zdY{ `d dG SCdG e dG Gg c GPEG e
:dCG g bf CG g jh .Ve P Z kGeCG - adG UG dCe IQKEG hCG
Gh LGdGh G jb ,idG fEG jd zdnodG{SCdG e dG Gg EG jGH dG
,Y edGh Y HdG fdG HhQhCG SdG YNG kT j ,dEG ...Gh OLdGh dGh
f GPEGh .GQGh adG L a J eY IgX dG Gg e dG ffEG jdH zddG{ EG H
kGVM zidG{ jd zdn o dG{ SCdG e dG Gg S fEa ,eSEG HdG adG egG fM
M{ `H dG Y u n of j e dP ,JYO SCJ Y jGdG e SEG Y d : TCH
eY fCG EG g aEG e H h .b Y K dG f SCG e HJ OJ jf SCG Y zfEG
edG QGdG c NGC QhdG e fGC EG dG ,kGNCGh khCG ,H jf fE a zHJ OJ'{ IQY f
QG Gg GY e h .VG Y VG SEG N e df M edG QYG H gZh jQGh
Hh - dG dP Qs oJ CG c - zfEG M{` SEG H zd J{ dG dG H HdG RGHEG Ea
UCJ FGLEG Xh gQJ Y - f e - g ,jG dG HhQhCG Sa S dG jdG
.OH f e IQcG HG XJ H dG dG kGPEG d .UG fa fEG H YdG
Gd ,jCGQ c ,zdG fh dG f H HdG{ - Va hCG - GC e HhQhCG Sa Xh d -1
,dG fh dG f H HG e dG Gg CG f fh .NCGh hCG Gh hCG LG dG
h ,eSEG IYdG N dH CGf CG ,Le c Y J dG LG dG L H
CG( e dG USGh dG f eCJ EG kGQGJh kGQGe W BGdG YO d .UN H BGdG
GQH J JYO j e kdZh ,)iNCG dG L e QdGh Mh H JQG j dN OLh
N EG} :J db dP e .d jh ,ounoj bCG Y hCG ,dG f f g dG f CH MJ
AdG e dG fCG eh ,SdG j dG dG dGh ,QdGh dG NGh ,VQCGh GhdG
AdG H G dGh ,jdG jJh ,HGO c e a Hh Je H VQCG H MCa Ae e
jBG )dEG z...QdGh dG NG ,VQCGh GhdG{CG( g dG f .(6)|j d jB ,VQCGh
f g ef j d dG f ie Qd c e dG CG VGhh .dOh gGe dG Qj
kSCJ - fCG HhQhCG Sa b ch .He dG fGbh dG MCG J r nd ,dG d kHe
.hdGh HdG e Y g e Y dG fh dG f L dG g dG Ea - HG d
jdG kfDe ,kMh kS dG kGQGJh kGQGe Xj BGdG iNCG L eh ,L e Gg
g b .cY d a keUCG f Gdb} :Mh dG EG gjEG kYGO ,d j
.(7)|j dc fAHBG fLh H Gdb .hj hCG fj hCG .YJ PEG fj
BGdG G J )dG f CG( dG jBH AGgGh dG Jh dG OYG EG IYdG g -2
kHe j Oj e BGdG G zIdG'{h .zIdG jO{ SEa :zIdG{ EG LdG EG IYdH
jdG dP ,dG jJ ,Y SdG a dG dG Ia ,kM jd Lh bCa} :dG BGdG a ,zdG dM{
dG jOCd HdG gGHG jO g IdG jO hCG G jdG hCG dG jdGh .(8)|j SdG cCG dh ,dG
kfGfh kjOjgGHGce}:kSSCG fGdGh jOdG gh ,jG IYdG eR dG IjL IFS fc
:dG Jj dG MdG jdG gh ,f SEG g gGHG jOh .(9)|cdG e c eh ,ke kM c dh
YSGh gGHG Y fCG eh} j gh ,G jdG ,IdG jO SEG .(10)|SEG dG Y jdG EG}
.e d fh e MCG H f HQ e dGh Yh Se JhCG eh SCGh jh SGh
HS gh jO c UCG fC ,gGHG jO g g zSEG{ `H OGh .(11)|e j a kjO SEG Z j eh
.(12)|H kH dG gAL e H e EG dG GJhCG jdG NG eh} :IdG jO g rPGE ,jO N c Y
dG Sa Y SCG dG zdG dM{ e BGdG H zIdG M{ HQe Qj e kGPEG g
jBG QSH HQG g AZEG h .jG eeh fEG M e HhQhCH Y edG
a IMGh eCG SdG c} :dbh .(13)|...GNa IMGh eCG EG SdG c eh} :J db e iNCG
Y dj Ode c{ :j dG dG jG Y RJQG c ,(14)|jQeh je dG dG
Gg AGQBG e hG OQhCG SSG c ,zfj hCG fGj hCG fGOj GHCa IdG
p G gh ,GNGh AGHG g gY Ida :OdG
SEG c eh .Y SdG dG N dG
h Y Ff Z SEG jOh Md Hb{ SdG N dG CG g dG f ,IdG jO
,NBG kjO Y GhQNG - fCTh - GcJ d M ,dG d kbhe d kHh fd ,d je
:kFb QcG jG Y j a RGdG jdG a eCG .zdGh fCG WT AGZEa e iZ eh
proj EG fCGh ,WdG jOCG e AT Y c UCG Ja Y J d OdG sGC Y jG O{
.zISdG VGYCG Mh dP jHCG S gh ,LQN SC WdG jdG Y
M{ g Y jd ,IMdG j EG ,SSCG SEG Le EG b GPEG GdG f g
.Y SdG dG a dG - dG fdG hCG - zIdG fb{ H g Qj a dHh ,zIdG
HdG adGh HhQhCG adG KG H Hf a ,kfL C Gh GdG dCe d
C Gh GdG e Y j dG QeCG e d HQGh ,a H QJ EGh ,eSEG
g fQG Ve CG dP :gOH f dc YV eCG j eY kUN ,keQU kJ
XJ dG FG - dG RL GPEG - zjQdG FdG{ L e g H ,dG FG f e d
IQd c Xh e - bGe dh - bU J dGh UEG GYO ch GQdG
Vah zdG dM{ Ia EG FH - Gfc HhQhCG Y edG dG Sa EG .IYd QTh
eCG .SG dG IQK ,jRGLdG IQdH ahG IQdG g ,IQK SDj - zYLG dG{
Y zdG{ IQK gQhH SDJ fc - I dG e X H a eSEG IYdG
...OdGh dG c e QdGh dH JQG IQK ,zdG{ Y zMdG{ IQK ,zjdG{
kHb eSEG G j CG e dh ,SSCG Gg Y ,kGPEG fQG d
.zYLG dG{ Ia e HQGh fQd

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

15

jdGh ...fEG M a -4
iYH eSEG HdG dG fEG M UCJ H dhM dG dG Y VGYa kGPEGh ...{
e j fC OhOe VGYG HhQhCG adG G d dG SSCG zfY{
.z...dG SSCG dP GhqT jdG HhQhCG Sa J j j ezfdG{

dG YCG - zddG{ SdG SGH fCG if dG dG HdG dG MT

,K e hCG ,f jdG GJG Y OSH dPh ,SEG fEG - dGh
,b c ,LJ dG G .g ,fEG M jG dG HhQhCG Sa Y H dG
.IGhGh jG :KG M EG
,DhJh VGYG po S dEG fG dG FdGh gS dG jdG CG f fh
c iYH HQGh fQG e dG Gg bGe j gMCG :KG VGYG gCG d
M H ,zfY{ QWEG jG HhQhCG dG fEG M WDj dG dG QWEG
IGhG Mh jG M zdY{ j a fK eCG .jdG QWEG j SEG fEG
e zj{ dG )dG CG( JG c ,e eSEG a MCG UN IQKEH SEG
hCG G e LdG J dG dGh GhdGh IOdGh GG MCGh ,OYGh jdG jM
.ICGd J cCG dG e
g AdG de CG ,dG gLdG CG Z .zGMEG{ LQO EG Lh Ghj VGYG
AH kehO G e H ,J HK Ad IMGh de g a ,f dCe kehO
jdG jJh SdGh jdGh dG gGG NG S g Ggh .oe de
H iNCG jdGh gGG Y j EG ,jf ch ,ge a .MGh Ve M dG
,VG dG NGhCG e ,eb EG IUG dG IQdGh .ATCG d gq j dG dG
e dG e e c iNCG Sg eb d :dG OH dG SSCG Y
G IMdG SdG fCG Y VG dG e EG J fc dG jbhCG SdG
edG Ve iNCG de J Fja jf dG Gg FGhCG eb c ,FGh
dG J Y kGV IjL de d dG jf ea ,NBH e MGdG bYh Gh
dG{ de H iNCG L eh ,L e Gg .Gh edG M b e IFS fc
hCG ,dH eb K ,f Igd zLdG dG{ de e VQJ Ad zdG
.Ggh ,IMGh de V LG QdGh jG QdG H IjL de ,fH
,G dh CGdG Gg Oa IQhdH J AGQBG e CGQ Y VGYG gLa kGPEGh
j Ggh .a G VG de d IMGh feEG e cCG OLh a J b H
IMGh aO Ad zFdG dG{ j e EG j CG h j fEa ,zdG{
c GPEGh .ANCG e j eh GU e dj e cGH fEG j zdG{ EG .IMGh Ieh
G e Qb cCG j e g jdGh G GdG Ea ,HdG J dG GdG
.dh Od G e Qb cCG ,edG
:e hCd j e q HdG VGYG bS ,SSCG Gg Yh jhGdG g e
M QJ H zfdG{ Y QJ jG HhQhCG dG zfEG M{ CH dG EG
zfdG{ e g a j e hCGh .a EG j b ,jdG Y SEG fEG
zfEG M{ SCJ Y GY jdGh zjdG{ e GM jdG HhQhCG Sa CG dP .f
H J fc dG jdG SQG f V Gbh EG ,jc jdG V Gj ,jG dG
G Mh dG OLH LQ snbCG GPEG{ :zjdG{ cM AYR RHCG e gh ,hQjO j .dG
QaCH Md IQhV oqjCa ,dG dG dGh GdGh dG ONh bNCG dGh
SG HdG FdG QGSCG L J b LdG Gg CG Vdh ?)dG CG( jdG
rCG Y GOYG g YJ a ,iNCG QeCG Lh dGh QdGh dbCG OGh ddGh
.z?aCG kWGe j
zdG{ CG Z ,W g e e Y g e HJ Va Y Jjf GH fCG U
zdG jdG{ `H j e eCG .H GhMh d H ,zdEG{ e kjH j jdG HN a
fEG M Sa ,zjdG{ Sa QaCG H Uh Uh gh ,zdG fjO{ `H hCG
zdG{ h zdEG{ zdG{ MEG ej e j a ,HhQhCG Y edG dG
hO e fEG H NCG bh ,dEG jdG f g gY dG jda ,dH H ,zjdG{
KK Y j gY zdG jdG{ Gg ch .a Y Y jb a kGe dG SJ
fEG e j gh IQdG J dEG g{ :gh hdG jdG Y j dG f g Oe
GPEa ,QGTCG a bjh QGHCG a Caj iNCG IM gh ,dEG JOGQEG j CH Va IM
VdG IG FGa ij CG SG IG eG e FdG SG e fEG SG
.zINBG GdG Qd Y SSCG Y JM fh
e hj ,zdG dM{ Ia Y fEG M SCG dG gh ,ke d L Ggh
H d .SWh dG Y ASG j dG AdG ,zdG de{ KEG iNCG L
,G g j CG OYG :Ud WT iS a j a{ - EG - zjdG dG{
fEa zdG jdG{ `H Uh jjdG jG ADg AGQBG CG eh .zVdG IG OYGh
dP e .MdG h dG H Ghe a ,zMdG{ Y ASH dj L Gfj
QeCG (3h ,bJ dG QeCG (2h dG aGJ dG QeCG (1 :H f d L CG ,ke
UNG e a ddG dG eCG ,dG UNG e ,dGh hCG ,nrdG .Y J dG
MGh dEG e cCG OLH dGh ,dG e j b MGh dEG OLH dG Ea{ :j Ggh ,MdG
dG{ jf MU ShQ eCGh .zdG Y j GeCG H dGh , d b e b
dP zQN{ fj jG HhQhCG dG NQDe Ea zdG Y{ TY EGh a zYLG
b c GPEGh .kfehQ kfGLh c H ,zjdG{ Sa c c kfY j fCG QYH dG
j CG{ Y ,JQhV Y sn UCG d H ,JGP jdG V j a jd FdG SQG fG

dGh GdHh fHdG jdHh dG OLH OYG e ,zId jQhdG FdG Y kGUb
c gh - G Hc j ddh .dG SW EG LM hO ,iNCG IG
,OLe dG CGh kf d CG Y e IY eG j eY dG j CG Lh Y - HdG
G hO dh ,b d jh MdG gQj dG jdG FY M S j CGh
.SWh d
id J J jG HhQhCG dG fEG M zfY{ CG EG J f
GH d .SWh dG S e QdG a H ,jc jdG Y ASG dG Gg Sa
dG dG Y kGV H ,jdG Y kGq p V dh ,ka Mh dG OYH fEG M zde{
GtMCGh Sh dG dJ GMGRCGh jdH GMG d .SW e aGj eh dG VJ
fEG SDG eSEG bG e AT bG Gg bj a .Sh dG
dG Y VGYa kGPEGh ?ddG dG dP qH c ,iQdGh Gh ,IdGh dG Y
,G d dG SSCG zfY{ iYH ,SEG fEG M zUCJ{ H dhM dG
Ghq T jdG HhQhCG Sa a j j r nd e ,zfdG{ e j fC ,OhOe VGYG
.dG SSCG dP
ICGG J MCGh JG c ahe a keMCG j dG VGYG dP H j
,IGhG CGeh jG CGe fCG ggX hJ dG ,IOdGh dGh GhdGh GG
.kM S e Ggh

16

NBG AT zIOdG{h ..AT jG M -5

Oj H ,OYG jM ,zjG{ L SEG Oj zJG{ `d fdG Vda Ggh ...{
G QTEG hCG zWd fG{ `H dG f e L Oj H ,OYG jM ,zjdG{ L
.z...dhdGh G Y

dHh SEG fEG M zdY{ Y VGYd H gj dG jdG e

aQ jJ dHh ,SEG fEG M zUN{ K hNBG gjh ,a dG
LQe ,dG aK e Hf fCG iYH UG dG dG gQj c zfEG M{
EG J Feh )dG - JG M( jG M EG J Fe jdG g e ,jQdG QJ
.ahe a Fe gh )...GhdGh IOdGh GG ICGG J MCG( IGhG M
.VG ff Lh SDj a Vf WJ e H VGYG jg be b
CG .FG QOdG G UCGh .Jh Oe ,FLh c eSEG jdG
FG G QJ dG SCGh .Mh a ,NG g c GPEa .dG CGd kJ j
eEGh ,G dP bG dG UG hdG keY gh ,zhdG SCG{ eEG ,g de qJh
YdG MCG de d kL e H Je KK .dG G MJ eY Ue
dG FG EG FV a .hdG SCGh UG ,FG MCG ,jdG c :SEG
.ICGG zb{ J MCG Y VGYGh ,zJdG{ H VGYG :GQcG VGYG gj
.e hCH CGdh
ke CN JS dh .cCG AT Gg ,Y CGc jG M VdG eH SEG Qj
dG dH jG Y K CG b iNCG Uf jCG hCG ,eSEG UdG e W f GPEG
,NBG EG Y e ,bCG Y LdG H e ,J gZh jG ja .dG Kf
CG cDf CG f ,dP QYHh ,dP eh .dGh ZG NGh QdG LQO NH
VY fEG} :BGdG a .dGh BGdG dP LGh ,ac G jG CGe Qj SEG
Gg h ,(24)|fEG Mh e TCGh j CG HCa Gh VQCGh GhdG Y feCG
a )...dhDdG ,dG ,VQCG dG aN CG( zfeCG{ jH QNG fEG CG EG IQTEG
e zeR{ g fEG Y zfeCG{ g a dG VY dG zedG{ c h .kVa Y VJ
gL AL jG CG j dP Ea ,jQdG b e eR ,zRCG{ eR ,VQCG Y OBG hf b
fEG T jM ie Y G g cDd CGG Gg J JCJh .RCG e fEG
d fEG dG j ,zdG{ dCe J ah ,hCG iG a .OYG jM ie Yh
kY dG j iNCGh G iSCG J MCG g .bSG SJ MCG SEG
jQJ IgX dGh .)iSCG AGa CG( ke kYLG keh )GQdG bQ a CG( kjJ
j h ,ffdG dG e eJ c ,fGfh jOj e ,jhdG fjdG e eJ
J EG T hO e a eSEG jdG dG G eCG .jG dG EG dG
Y db e OdG Gg in rbCG g gh .lGM oN fEG CG CGe e kbfG dPh ,IgdG g
dO cCG g e g gh :zGQGMCG JeCG Jdh bh SdG SG e{ :IdG G H
SEG dNH GUCa ,Geh kGY UCG Gfc HdG Qc H CG e OdG Gg
?eSEG b jb ALh e Gfc jdG e AGS LQO Y
a ,zJdG{ H bYh OYG jM Y eCG ,dGh jOdG He ,jG Y Gg
QJ c OYG jM e jG IYdG b cdH ,khCG CGd .dG kJ j
AT eh eDa AT a ,HQ e oG obh} :dG dSQ kW J j .ddG jBG
a GVYCG Ea} :jh .(26)|H Y d .ce fCG EG ca} jh .(25)|a
,kL c VQCG e eB HQ AT dh} :jh .(27)|dG EG Y rEG kM Y SQCG
f eCG f e fEG N fEG} :J jh .(28)|eDe Gfj M SdG J fCaCG
jM QJ jBG g CG VGhh .(29)|kGQnc eEGh kGcT eEG dG jg fEG .kGH kS a
Y j CG SdG M e a VYCG GPEG d ,SEG j CG M a ,OYG fEG
.dP
dG he g c ,dG M dG zJ dG{ H Ve Vj CG j g
Y M j FL b OH fCG YdG f CG j dCG g dh .eSEG
j ,de GQOEh NG Gg dh .IQcG jBG QJ dG dG CGG e
H eJ dG dG dH CGdh ,)fOM dG dG dH( zhdG SCG{ EG LdG
.jG dhdG Me EG dP H Od ,e IYdG eR jJG e BGdG
Y e Jj eh} :G G S Y ,ddG jBG e f dG BGdG CGf
kK fCGh dG H hj jdG EG} kjCGh .(30)|...dYCG M dhCa ac gh a jO
SdG CG GhTh fEG H Ghc keb dG j c}h (31)|INBG d nN dhCG kb
SdGh FGh dG d Y CG gDhGL dhCG .dG dG j dGh ,dH gALh M
eDG S Z qjh idG d J e H e SdG bj eh} :J jh .(32)|LCG
coCG e EG ,fG H e dH c e} :jh (33)|kGe ASh L ppr ofh qdJ e pdn f
...(34)|Y GY dh dG e Z a kGQU dH T e dh ,EH e bh
dh ...L ,dG Z ,dG d g ,bS Oj c ,JG M CG jBG g L
.eeCG e HdG oa dP e cCGh ,dG
jM EG dP AdG jh .he g c dG g JG a ,dG eCG ,BGdG Gg
?NG Gg f a .zba jO n s Hn e{ :j f
T jQJ bGh H HCG aN eR jJG a ,QcG jG U dG d
.kjCG LEG j dCe dH a ,AdG H a N dCe JG b CG c ,a
?GP

,Z JY j T O j ,eSEG dhdG b H ,dG g zJdG{ C

SEG dhO qCG QYG H fNCG GPEGh .dhOh kh IY SEG Y N T g H
e K ,dG cG e( Ie kHM VJ fc ,HQCG AG eRh dG eR ,jG
e CWGjh Wh j dG dG M g dhdG g eR zJdG{ sCG cQOCG ,)SdGh hdG
Ghj SfCG V fc H HCG Y Y IOdG hMh .UG dH - G eR hdG
Gf PEG ,dP e HCG EG GgP H ,dG eR dEG GfG dG SEG dhO zfN{ Y a
G GH zJdG{ `a ..)IcdG aO Y eG CG( fGd fY H Y Vfd fCG
...dEG ,hd kSSL hCG kGeBe hr CG zHQeo { eSEG dhdG Y N e g
fN V H ,OYG jM V kM d G GH zJdG{ Y eSEG dG a kGPEGh
g eh .Q hY hr CG q d EG dG hCG hdG e DWGdGh jdG Y ka ,dhdGh WdGh eCG
dG jh Gh dhdG Y j e gh ,zQdG{ M H AdG Hj c f
zHQodG{ e U g eSEG dG G zJdG{ CG dP .zJdG{ Hh ,jdG jh
JH j QG Ja . CG dH kHQ JG j e M NBG EG a e j Mh
H AdG e c ,HSG L e j CG ,khCG j g GNG a ,Qj CG b eCG ,AdG
dO j dP c .)hdG VQCG( G QGH GPEG JG Hh ,SEG QGO gh QM GPEG JG
,OYG jM SQ T fCG jhGR e zJdG{ hj Gfc SEG Aa CG Y VGh
.hG e kYf V Nh eSEG G N T fCG jhGR e H
SEG Oj zJdG{ `d fdG VdG sCG g S e c e dEG f CG jf eh
QTEH ,zWd fdG{`H dG f e L Oj H ,OYG jM ,zjdG{ L
jM ee h zfEG M{ Y dG Kj jdG Ea Hh .dhdGh G Y G
jdG b jM{ h ,zjdGh Gh Wd fG jM{ jG g Nj OYG
.NBG AT zIOdG{h AT ja :kGPEGh ..zhdG e DWGdG jM{ h ,zj e SdG Sh
UbYG NBG kjO j dG G c GPEG e dG UG dG OLG e kHe jh
zJdG{ IFGO Nj ,eSEG dhdH h eSEG H H hCG jb e kjOa
gfOQhCG dG jBG Y K jdG jJG IeR Nj fCG rCG ,MT dG dG dH
.b Lh Y MGU dG hO dh ,cCG YdG jJG YJ dGh kHS

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

17

SEG ICGG M -6
FG eMCGh ..jdG c H
,NBG fEG a CG IQe g e e eSEG dG IQe fEG M zY{ `a ,Hh ...{
fC OLd kehO Hb eMCa FG eCG .edG OGh dG j CG j Y dGh
.z...NBG Lh QX EG d Lh QX eh ,NBG EG eR e j dGh ,J

j CG e EG jgG jdG hf eR G e QYG H fNCG GPEa Ggh

SdG c ke )QEG e dG f( gOH f dG dCd dG jdG Sd
S OLh d gG H ke c HJ gh ,QdG j b e iNCG MC dG
QdG bJ dG IMdG jLdG SdG g dG dG c d .QdG J S h
dhdG C JGP Vd IYGe HdG GH MG SEG AL a .e d kahe h
.b e jQL fc iNCG MCGh FH MG e ,SCdG QW fc
g G CG e ke ,MCG g e AGQh J dG g YLG hdGh G
Y j c ,jgG H GdG OGS VQCG J Y Y eY G H Y Lh dG
g CG eh .Y GG Vah HUC cJ gh G Va HJ EG ,BGdG dP
J IYb c eSEG jdG hQ eh ,HdG g e SG e jG AdG e
Y bh .dG OhQh UCG g fC G YhQ dG e G VQJ GPEG fCG Y
ICGG f Ve ,OH f dG VG IYdG g YG GOLG eSEG dG
.QEG e
M a ,LhH ICGG SG GPEG fCG e VG dG G Aa H H aCG e dP e
G MGdG dG jQJ CG dP :d AJGh Id kaO dP ch .gdGh J e d
dG J e ,ah YRe j c Ye VGQCG YdG Y FdG J M H
,kjCG G hNBG Aa Y H Gg .gG HdG G OH b Y K
j G WG FdG dG C LhR J e f e LhdG EG ,dP e dH
EG g IQTEG e H h Gg .j c J fc bh ,Leh dYCG Lhd jT LhdG
.ICGG H j e Ic fhe e - eeEG dG - G dG H j e
eCG SEG ICGG M Y jG OH dCG Jg IQKEG EG :LhdG OJh dG -3
.dH H ,H j h LhdG OJ h dG Lj SEG CG dP .f d Qe
VH e G Y a SEG b HdG G FT JgdG Jg fc d
GdJ snCG N EGh} :VCGh LhdG OJ zdG{ TG d :G e J d hT
VGh e Ga .(42)|UM dh AdG H GdJ CG GJ dh} :M jBG h (41)|IMGa
d VGh zdG dG Y G HCG{ dG dG ja dG eCGh .G EG dCH
h dG j fC dP ,dH ICGG M e j SEG EG d e a kGPEGh .a
)LhdG OJ dG( H AadG j H q e zM{ `c H ,ze M{ `c LhdG OJ
.GG Y kYf j gh zdG Y G HCG{ `c hCG
e dG jdG J fC a OLG Rj dG GOdG H AdG e a ,Hh
OLG Ve gh eG Hh ,J eCG da ,ke eQ dG hZ Y QaEG
e c GPEG e dCe eCG .d knpY AdG j eh hdG SCGh dG U Je fC
IQH dG Lj AT fCG ij QdG g Jc Ea ,npdG H UH G HQ FG
dP .ze G e Y e QhJ MCG{ EG FdGh AdG gQb dG IYdH eh FGO
H dG j H ,UdG J MCG Yh .Z OLG f g IYdG g C
GdG EG bCG EG .dGh LdG Y a H ,dGh dG Y e WSG CG kae
`a .jdG c EG ,a G Lh j eY ,FG YdG MCH LdG g ff
GPa ,G EG HG OQ LGdG e fCG h .IdG zdG{ `c jdG zdG{
dG zHdG{ e kYf IG G Hh FL QOdG G H VQdG b f
.dGh OG EG ,G EG OQ e H
.NBG fEG a CG IQe g e eSEG dG IQe fEG M zdY{ `a ,Hh
,J eMCa FG eCG ,edG OGh dG EG LdG j UCJh J Kh
eSEG jdGh .NBG Lh QX EG d Lh QX eh ,NBG EG eR e j dGh
.dG Y Z a dG eCG ,dG g

e :jQhV Je KK j CG j SEG fEG M Y jG EG HS b

hdG SCGh UG J eh ,FG eMCG Y J e ,eSEG jdG c QJ
.dG e MCG g Y
.LdG Hh H IGhG ,eh Y ch ,kFe SEG Qj ICGG M UHh
ecCG EG ,GaQd Fbh kHT cLh fCGh cP e cN fEG SdG jCG j} :J j
,fCG hCG cP e e eY Y VCG qfCG HQ d Sa} :J jh .(35)|cJCG dG Y
Nj dhCa eDe gh fCG hCG cP e dG e j eh} :jh (36)|H e H
aVEG gh .(38)|H AdhCG H eDGh eDdGh} :jh (37)|kGf oj h G
zeCG GbCG dG{ : db e ,ICGG CT e aJ IjY jOMCG ,Jeh jBG g EG
LGdG e f LdG H c ICGG c SEG CG eh .zLdG FT AdG{ :dbh
.gG IFS fc IOY gh ,dG nOrCGhn qM c ,dhDG H ihSh jdG
.LGdGh G LdGh ICGG IGhe g eSEG jdG dG G CG kGPEG VGh
SCGh UG de Y dG a G Gg dJ fCG hj dG FG MCG eCG
.NBG H kGMGh Va ,hdG
j .JCGeGh kLQ hCG bCG Y LQ IOdG j BGdG CG e :IOdG dCe -1
e VJ ,JCGeGh La LQ fj Ea dLQ e jgT GhSGh} :J
dG MdG QYG CG jBG e VGhh .(39)|iNCG gGMEG qco a gGMEG J rCG ,AGdG
CGh .J hCG IMGdG ICGG J CG MG g MGh LQ H JCGeG W dG YGQ
dGh YLG VdG EG a Lj g H ,ggLh ICGG W e d dGh
.Y fc dG
J VaG GPEG dG g SEG M S c :GD dG ,Gg H j
fGG dGR GPEG{ :J dG IYdG S g ?LdG Vh ie EG YJQGh VdG
dG e H fCG CG ,jCGQ c ICGGh LdG H IGhG g g UCGh ,zUCG EG QeCG LQ
.G h ddG IdG gQS ff Lh EG ?dG aH
:QEG e ddG f f d snCG Y BGdG j :GhdGh QEG ICGG M dCe -2
- IOdG dCe a c - qj BGdGh ,(40)|fCG M e cd cOhCG dG Uj}
.hdG SCGh UG EG LdH dG YEG e H a kGPEGh ,dG Gg QJ dG GQYG
a .G Gg Qj e a S fEa BGdG a f dG dG EG LQ GPEG fCG bGdGh
bdGh ,UN YGG ie Y FT a Gh kjYQ kb k c gG HdG
O GhdG j iNCG L eh ,L e Gg .YGG M Gf bY g jYdG FdG H
.FdG H dHh ,LhdG gCGh hdG gCG H bY CG ,Ige c H ,ICGeGh LQ H bY
dG jhJh .QbCG Y YHCG J Y ddG J fc HdG FdG H IgGh
d c GPEG fC dP .HCG Iah M QEH J ce j c e kGc b Z e d
EG hDS dG Gg Ea ,G YG G O hCG c Te ,J kf NCJ CG
g e panJ LCG eh .hMh YRe j b ,HCG b M Y ,LhR b
dG iNCG Fb e H ,IH dG jQJ Y EG gG FdG H Y YGdG
.bCG hCG
dG jQJ CG c GQOEG Y S ,dG G hGG G jOh dP EG VCG GPEGh
ke c bh ,LhdG OJ e kUN ,FdG H ObG RGdH NEG EG ODj b
NEd Sh EG q j LdG c kf dG jQJ dM LhdG OJ EG .IH H
b e IOe Fb e JLhR jW Y LdG j b PEG ,dG G ObG RGdH
QEG e dG ea kGPEGh .hMh YRe Jh RGdG a ,jd IhdG cJ EG ODj
YGQ b SEG CG T h .YLG VdG VJ kGHJ c FdG H J fc c
e kYf Qa - dG AJGh GdG g gh - G Lh EG fh VdG g e
QEG e dG f a ,jG dhdG b TO dG IjG MG Sj SdG G
.)keCG hCG fc LhR( LdG Y ICGG f Lh ddG f f

18

eGg
.1979 Y eSEG dG HGQ Y QOdG
.1980 Y d HhQhCG eSEG G Y QOdG
.1981 Y d HhQhCG eSEG G Y QOdG
.1989 jj/dG fc FdG eSEG DG dG De :EG qb
.1989 jO/hCG fc GW fEG eG DG :EG qb
.461 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,dG BGdG

.74 - 71 jBG z,AGdG IQS{ ,LG f

.30 jBG z,hdG IQS{ ,LG f
.67 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.19 jBG z,GY BG IQS { ,LG f
.85 - 84 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.19 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.19 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f
.213 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.172 jBG z,GYCG IQS{ ,LG f
.8 - 7 jBG z,GMCG IQS{ ,LG f
.07 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f
.104 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.29 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.38 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f
.159 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.39 - 36 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f
.159 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.72 jBG z,GMCG IQS{ ,LG f
.29 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.22 - 21 jBG z,TdG IQS{ ,LG f
.48 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f
.99 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f
.3 - 2 jBG z,fEG IQS{ ,LG f
.217 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.77 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.87 - 86 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.115 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
.106 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.13 jBG z,GdG IQS{ ,LG f
.195 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.124 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
.71 jBG z,HdG IQS{ ,LG f
.282 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.11 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
.3 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
.129 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

19

SEG fEG H YdG J LCG e

UG dG fEG e -1
EG J N - G QdG - jQPh
kFc UH d IMdG IOYEHh ,L e )HCG
fG kGOG je Lh f e dCj
e )MhdG JM hCG( f jH dPh ,d
)jOdG JM hCG( L jh ,dG S
M hCG c g eh .z e
C G{ S e
M g , HhQhCG LG , fEG
kbfGh .h H dGh e ,L
fCG Y ,fEG EG j QU G Gg e
dG dG dG fGC Y H ,fG F dG
dG FdG fCG Y ,iNCG dG L eJ
L J EG Wf GfCG L J CG j
I MGh Hh ... eG ch j M , MhQh
.ffEG
HhQhCG LG fEG a kGPEGh
d kLP d j dG IUGh jG
VQj ,kdLh kbNCGh kja ,fEG
hdG kGFS c dG PdG e VQdG
If e kGAL c dGh , G SdG
dG SG AT H dG Y Fb eY
fEG EG dGh ,dG SG NBGh
EG Hh hCG EG MhH Oh e fGC Y
EG Gh S G EG J h dG : f dG
Y dG j fEG UNh .fG
JG Th G c dG( UCG G
dPh ,)Y G IdG e OBG cCG :S
Y dG dG dG JM HH
.VQCG
dG Y z fEG{ e A L
Gd kGM jh FdG g ad ,kGPEG ,HhQhCG
UH G EG QYG IOYEH dPh ,dG
fEG ,f fEG ge e GC j kGAL
ffEH j fCG Y dEG j UCG dG
,dGh bGdG Y ,LQN AH ,JGP
IdG EG kYS ,Lh MhH dG kdW
.JFd Jh dG Y

j fCG Y dEG j UCG dG fEG ...{

bGdG Y ,LQN AH ,JGP ffEH
EG kYS ,Lh MhH dG kdW ,dGh
.z...dG Y IdG

UCdG{ dC HdG dG VY
H dG dG fEG dG
h a , dG G g eCG,z e SEG
dG G e L U SG
BGdG Y OYH dPh ,fE d SEG
.kSSCG dGh

e jb -1

,eSEG H dG dG MG e e M e
za dG{ j c e EG egH S
,Ufh KGJ z a d H dG{h
.AdG OLGh dGh BGdG UHh
L e ,jdG e H h ,L e Gg
dG e d c f fC H ,i NGC
pSCG{ `H ,bMh Jh fEd fpQt n nJ
EG .JJh feH ms UnN znp Une{h zhf
hCG d kYVe c JAGb CG j Gg
Le S ,KGJ dc j C kHb
UCJ e jQJ S OjG ZdH
e j dG IUGh jG eG
.JLeh Yh UCJ ,bMh fEG
j e TCG g Y S ,iNCG IQHh
OH ,eCH za dG{ `d Seb VH
j iBGe j CG j ,bMh fEG
,f VG OH dG za dG{ a
.jJ hCG j hCG J hO
CG Y g cC dG QhdG a G gh
KGdGh jdG Uf zfEG{ e
a H osnoj dG f eG j j
Le dGh ,UG Y ,dG
U Hh HhQhCG dG Y
dG( zffEG YdG{ `H j e pGnQt n nJ
e CG dP .)Y H dGh Y SO dG
a npoah npo T b HhQhCG LG zfEG{
jH dG Od QYG IOYEG SSCG Y
OBG N( zUCG dG{ pQrRppH QdG e
e I T e cC a HQ eGhC H j dG
g j VQCG EG e OW HY a ,G

GG CG YCG ?GdG e e bY NJ
d e EG dH bCG Y ,jEH j CG H
O H Q J dG G j d H EG
dP .kjMh kb ,dG dG YVG
- AedG H - zh dG SCG{ IYGe CG
`H dG f Y q j e ,k j J , g
ahX AV AdG a CG :z jQ dG{
Y VG SG h fGh fedG
IQ H , VG EG VG f hCG VG
UG zUdG{ eGC . J W YG
YCG ,zYGdG{ `H dG Y q j e a AdG
GPEGh .AdG c LCG e dG GgCGh jdG
EG b Ue e SG fOQCG f
NGJ J zUdG{h zhdG SCG{
`H IUG dG dG Y qj e eJh
e Y za dG{ `a Ggh .za dG{
dP N za d kHb{ c eh ,QdG
e fch hf SCG d fc e g ,dG
d j e eCG .prG dG ,Ue FGQh
UG Y j e a ,GP h G g
Hb Z{ j bh ,za edG{ SG UG
UG e Gg e jbh( GfGB z a d
L e zdG{ `H J Y AedG WG
.)iNCG L e zG{h
YVe VG BG fCG YCG
WCJ fYG f GPEG YVG e Qb cCH
Hb g e ,a G :HQCG gG g jDhQ
Hb Z g e , a edGh , a d
JGQJ of rGC rpe ka Ggh .H d
Y fEG Mh fEG M gG dG

20

khCG a dG e H e dCe K
h fEG e dG OH fh
j e
C G EG . SEG fEG M
HGhdG e f ebEG MJ dG dTEH
gGdG Zeh fY EG j e H
M EG J GQt nJh AGQBG eGb a Hh
,SdG QdG e GC j kGAL j K
QdG gh ,jUG NQDG UH
bCG Y hb KK e fG fCG Vj dG
dG UGh jG d f e d
.QY e S Y kjQL k a NG j
j o nd ,Ue dG Rj a
Y , JGQ Jh VG e j Q J EG
d Le j a z UCG{ hCG z aGhQ{
hCG kfb Y HQCG Y e kGSh kUf
JQG AfG dGh UdG g EG J
?OGeGh
d G G dG CG VGh
LdjjG dG dP ke j dTG
pAnYqOGhn JGdG j dG Y j dG adG
G dTG g CG Z .jQdG dG
j f d TEG EG ,dP e , J
g ,LdjjG Y k eJ k a a
c kjCG ,jdG UdG C dP .qG SGdG
KGdG UdG e e ,H J dG jdG
,jhCd Hb Me Uf kFGO g ,eY
.e fhjj e IOY a SdG j dHh
,jOCG L dGh gGG OJ g eh
MU gMh fGE f Y J ba c
eCG .zLdG bdG{ gMh fEG ,dG dG
e Gh GO dG hD T h G
k J cCG Gfc a ,)A dG hCG( SEG
Y J JGOLG CH GaYG PEG ,kVGJh
GgP e e ch .LdGh dG O
c{ :G d a i e HGC EG G G g
.)Hq n odH GS bh( zp oe
Ggh - AdG UG OLG CG Z
dTEG fNG dG NG H g
CGQ AGHEG O e d - gOH f dG
CGQ OLG CGdG EG .c ,Yb Y dG hCG
Q CG e OGj kWhT AdG a TG
e cCG Y SDJ CGh JGP g e c e
O LG CGda G gh . Y VG e
U Uf EG j CG j dG
YGC ,UdG J jQ H a e Yh
SCG CG( a OQh dG SGh hdH
EG eJ dG edG GgCHh )hdG
.)dG Ue CG(
g UG QYGh hdG SCG IYGe
OLG YVG SDj GdG WdG
N
C Gh gj ,j hCG , a . dG
dG hCG ,KGdG H
C G e dG Z H

BGdG fEG e -2

dGE dH n peGoC dG VQCG Y dP H

,a Y Y GSdh jQPh g JQd
.a kGqT rGE h a kGN rGE
za d HdG{ IFGO Nj h
FK e ke j BGdG sGnC eb e AV
HhQhCG I dG T dG Gh dG
Q G fEG CG dP . dGh j dG
e b BGdG Oj h ,Lh hQ g BGdG
G oncroj dH H ,G Qb e j
dG j H dG QeC G V e BG dG
EG f d bh} :J db dP e ,dGh
oG d j CG Gdb ,ke dW d H b dG
,G e knn S nD oj h e H tnMGC fh Y
dG H OGRh Y UG dG EG b
fEG N d} :kjCG jh .(9)|dGh
MC a cQ Uh} k jCGh ,(10)|jJ MCG
a .(11)| dG e bRQh cQ U
dG dG G JQUh fEG
,dG j c ,ka nog e NBG
d c ddh .d dG J ge e e
h .k M Y d CG c M fEG Y
Y EGh kM Y d EG{ :jG
.)QdG GhQ( zM
a kGPEGh . M dh M d
g e e ,Lh f g dG ,fEG
g g a .G e H jhGdG
?eSEG QdG fEG M ,G
.H e d VS e dP

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

IQG SSCG g dH dG e e
c ,fEG e CG if Ggh .jdG
hP e ,IQcG jB G N e a dG
Hh )dGh dGh dG( Y H :jH
d H cC Gh T G H Jh dG( Q M
.)dH dGh dGh dG cQh
j fEG J EG H ,Mh Gg d
gh ,iNC G bG Y d dG J
dGh O G : j dG U dG M
b bh . FGh Gh fEGh G Gh
Y aCG jCG M IYTCGh dG H L
d G J d ? FG CG fEG g : dG
: J d b z c{ d T G H
g EG Gda|N c Y gah}
dP N J , FG g ,i NGC b
fEG dG a dG bG e z dG{
iNCG jBG EG Ghf a IYTCG eCG .Y
, FG Y OBG q a dG CG e O j CG
OB FG OS Y J dG J kUN
,OB dG Y dG zA SCG{ `H L Yh
dG EG :j c HdG jBG e EG Gdb ddh
dG a ,Z zkGc{ kN Nh OBG H N
n penC noG CG Gh .z dG{ G G g Y OBG
dG J f NJ dG BG dG Ud
bh .IYTCG CGQ Lj e ka S fEd
Q J FG f c GPEG fGE BG dG j
g S bh - e eh z dG{ fEG
CG ,zbQ dG dG{ eSEG S dG
L EG LM hO H J dG G
L H e O j fEG E a - a q
dG hP Mh sfnC pH BGdG IQcG bG
dG G gh .IQ G f U :Q G
dH gCG dH dG dG QG
M e SDj dG g fC YVe EG
.H G gGh fEG
EG OS dG ,MG g J H
HdG jB G EG BG Of , a dG J
H dEG J dG za dG{ AV gCGd
dO S jBG J OQh d .dG S
SEG IYO J Y GeG jdG e ce
Y G ebEG QWEG h .UCG IOY Jh
dG GMCGh gGdG e H BGdG gcj
jT MGh fCGh dEG Mh g dG CG Y J
Gg BGdG gcj dG FbdG L eh .d
j J{ jB H IT e bY d dGh dG
OB OdG Y HGE eG bGh zfEG
c IQcG jBG S BGdG jhj dGh
EG Gha OB GhSG Fd b PEGh} :j
Gg n n jr GnC Qn GnC b .kW
n N
n
o r SGnC GnC b HEG
p
e dG j EG J qNGC r nd s Y es c dG
b BGdG OQjh .(2)|kb EG jQP snpnrMnC
cCG NBG S OB OdG Y HG eG
NBG kGH fEG zjJ{ j kJ
dG G Lg e eSEG dG QM
.SdG hdG HhQhCG dG Y g
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,d Sfh H qf fh AedG jh
c ASCG OBG qYh .J e YCG EG b
ASCH fG :a FG Y VY K
EG d Y fS Gdb .bOU c rGE ADg
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IdG g HJ h T M kGZQ e chn
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e CG jBG g N e if Ggh
fcP e EG aVEH j BGdG fEG
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Jh VQCG d dG SG goRnrHGC iNCG
VQCG aG eCG .Y HdGh c ASCG
g} :e Ic jBG dd J .gQYEG a
:eh (5)|a cSGh VQCG e cC fCG
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aeh ATCG H dG j dG AdG
dP H JCJ K .dG FNh H hdG
eC LhRh OBG eG Y CG ,zdG{ dCe
e cGC h dG AGZGE e b fGh dG
CG Z .e GbG Y dG gf dG IdG
a dG e I G Wh e f LhRh OBG
M NBG e BGdG Mj e dPh ,Y
J Y nonrfGnC rndGnC HQ gGOfh} :J j
b .e hY d dG EG nond robGnC h IdG
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21

dG gMh OBG H ec dh ...}

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kGe{ c c zfEG{ VY
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CG
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dG UdG CG Y iNGC L e cC dG
dG IMdG d Y fh gOQS
gZ Uf g H ,fEG Y J
dG LdG ,FdG Gd NBG LdG Y J
...dG ,fWh Xh Vh f HY Rj
dG J eh g J U f gh
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ec dh} :J db g BG a f e QWEG
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N c Y g ah dG
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Yh j dG F M Y dG J
j ,SdG nIn r Yo jhCdG Lh jhbCG
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zdG{ EG ,zIQdG{ e ,UG jb
C dP .a fEG Mh ,edG g
kfhe AL z...dGh dH{ fEG J
dGh dG gMh} :dH kGeh keh
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,dGh dG cQ CG eh .|J N

H dG Mh ...IG M -3
gdG Z e eSEG jQdG T e eCG ...{
GSEG AGREG a OQ Y IQY c Ea dGh
EG fG e ch ,G X AGREG hCG dG
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WEH fEG M -2
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,H jh gd fEd IG dG e
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hCG d QV a e GY e e JLMh JZQ
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Y BGdG qojh .kffEG hCG kfGM hCG kJf hCG
kGc a OOj H H j CG fEd j
ch dG ej e c gh ,znqs dG{ d g
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G e FGh ,FG Z g d a
bh .G G e dG CG e GG
:j e e cf Ic jBG G Gg OQh
d s pMoCG b , d s pMoCG GP e f dC j}
Geq G eBG j dG jCG j} ,(19)|dG
jR M e b} ,(20)|d dG s MCG e W
,(21)|RdG e dGh Od rNnCG dG dG
c e W e GfCG GeBG jdG jCG j}
d Lh} ,(22)|VQCG e d LNCG h
e bRQh I n nMh H LGhRCG e
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dH dG e e ,FdG IH CG
H dG e ke ,fEG M e M
:AHh jR Y j e Hh JQU
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gah dG e gbRQh} ,(24)|dG
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d jBG oq nof dc e dG j dN
e X e MGdG HQ sM EG b .j
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ch ,G X AGRpEG hCG s dG G SEG
dG adG e SEG EG fG b e
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GPEG{ :b fCG Sh Y dG U Y ihj
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IG M - CG

EG dG e g eSEG QG e IG
K cMCG dG gh} :d M a ,fEG
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e fEG N CGHh , N AT c MCG
K .e Ae e dS e f L K .W
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s nj nCG mnMnCG nC d PEG , dGh G
dP LCG e .MhQ h L JM
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b Mh ,(15)|dG opr oj a k f S
ch . dG OLCG j J Mh i SCG
d gOhCG j gG dG o H
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H kf nnb e fCG} :Y fch ,Hh
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s n S a ,fG b L j dG G
CH dPh ,LQO bCG EG e j e SEG
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.jfG (right)h fdG (droit) d LJ
CG EG fG e H iNCG L eh ,L e Gg
j PEG ,e d HdG dG zM{ d
,(faux, wrong) WdG He (vrai, true)
zG{ c Jh .zdG H dG{ j c
dP g dEG dG j e gCG CG Y .dG
EGh ,zLG dG{h zG{ H G NG dG
.j dG G M H ge j
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l pLGh{h zd
n L
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p
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GC f G gh .z Y w nM{h z Y s nM{
:j e G Gg UH dG d Seb
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:Gc J CG Y j :jh .AGdG e jb
,G MGh :G .J CG d jh .j
CG :M M P d YCGh .NCGh LhCG fCc
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eh zG{ I a CG i f G gh
dG Gh HdG dG NGe zLGdG{
e jb g Ld j a .eSEG HdG
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Y LGdG Ea LGh - M bY H
S Me gh .N
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z G{ H j dGh U Gh jG
nfN
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CG dH f fEa VG dG
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22

NGh aG h ...OYG jM G -4
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eCG . SEG e NG Y dP c
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jdG QOe e he g c OLGh
Qo odG H FCG NG eCG .eSEG
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dG Y d b j G G g EGh
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cCdG QhdG e fE a , c dP eh
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H ,RdGh bdG Y SdG J j
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H Go p n Yr Gh} :J j ,dGh GdG
Yj eCG e dh ...GbJ h kL dG
G Y jh hH heCjh G EG
GbJ jdc GfJ h .G g dhCGh
d dhCGh dG gAL eH e GNGh
eCG IMh V LCG eh .(44)|Y GY
Yj O LGh NG H SG hO
EGh dGh dG LG EG SEG
HQ S EG oO} :J j ,GYG S
g dH rdpOLh G YGh H
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H jj h dG H dG j j} :l r oY
Y d .qce fCG EG qca} ,(47)|dG
g dG OYGh eda Ggh .(48)|rn opH
dGh o o dG LGh jCGh MCG
NG j dP c ... dGh
dG SdG pnj dG AdG HjG fe
Q e , dG dG n ojh bGh
.GHEGh HG

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

aG G - O

,jOLh c NG BG dG Q j
Na .jdG dG UY e ch
EG YRJh JLh Jdh dG GdCG
k e , dG OGQCG dP c ,F bh Th CG
e d dG UY NG OGQCG e
rnCG ppJjBG rpehn } :J j .OLh Y eY
N JjBG eh ...kLGhRCG fCG e d N
,fGdCGh dCG NGh VQCGh GhdG
dG Y Gg .(37)|dd jB dP EG
BGdG pEa ,pnndG dG Y eCG ,dG
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h ,IMGh eCG SdG HQ AT dh} :e
d dh ,HQ MQ e EG . dG j
kYr p T e L d} : eh .(38)|nN
n
dh ,IMGh keCG dG AT dh ,kLeh
dG EG ,GG GSa ,cJBG e cd
a c a ,k L L e
CG BG dG H SEG Q jh .(39)|J
SEG e AL ac SdGh AfCH EG
dG eR jMdG fjdG fch .f
cCG bh , HdGh iQdGh O dG :KK
f dC H J e H GYG BG dG
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dH eBG e ,HdGh iQdGh )OdG CG(
Y gLCG a kU Yh NBG dGh
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a kjO SEG Z j eh} : J db
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dP Y j c ,gGHG jO ,ke MdG
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NJ gh zIOdG{ dCe oQnoJ b gh
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SEG f N J H dGh dG
d H HCG d dh , dhOh k

r CG ,zQG{ `c g G GH JGh .jJG

j , e SEG G Y j dG
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nnrYnCG K J MC a n s Yh jOC J
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23

OYG jM G -

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dG Y c dH dG HQ eCG .IQh Gh
j a .iQdG e j Aa

CGdH OG SG Y j d H UCG
.fhO
SEG iQ dG CG J VGh
lM fpEG H ,ed Mh cG Y LGh
A G Y G C khCG e d
:iQdG AGLEG H sEG os noj j jTGdG
CG b kjW GbJh H dG QhJ a
H Y T fch , H HCG G j
HCG a Mh Tc f VJ G
a dP HdG NCG Gg QhT bh ,H
H e N o n s n a , MCG Y V j
H d X h . JQe Hh gVH
Te IY g CG , W e Y ,G
Gfc HdG e S qY ,H e ad
ch ,G de H TG gCG
)Y HG ASG e( e kGMGh GhQj CH
Vhe H Ga bh .S dG Y Vj
h , G dG AGQBG S H G e bh
e SSCG Y N Y H Y uoY jdG
Q NH iQdG J h .iQT e s nJ
Y kLGh UH M J fpEG H ,cG
gCG{ e eh d kMh NCG Gg
FdG Th ALhh AY e zdGh G
.rnJ U d e ch
dG Y ihJ dG jOMCG CG eh
jG O f E a , j Uh I c iQ dG
Z .VG hCG dG e e j
j jOMCG g S U dG CG
BGdG Qb e QJ fC fe dG
eCG .HUh dG Y c eh f
S dG{h z f dG GOBG{ dDG
.iQdH gQhH hj fE a ,z cG
g dG g fCT OQh f WCG dh
H G FW dG FGH c CGf e
hM iQdG IY GbCG f a ,QRCG
Y TWdG b f :FH IOYEGh JJ
SSCG e AG J g{ :fCH iQdG
FdG dEG jh dG YGbh G
dG H dG HG b fh ,zShDhGh
Sh jdG UCG IQhG{ :dfCG TCG
EG SdG e G Y Mh dG dG
24

iQdG G NG H Jjh
IS d Jh jGh BGdG Qj M gh
jU f BGdG a .HdG YCGh dG
jgG dG iMEG iQdG e j
LG e MGh i e jh eDG
:J j .jdG LGdH dGh FdG
Y eh fdG IG a AT e ropJhoCG na}
HQ Yh G eBG j d HCGh N dG
MGdGh KEG Fc j jdGh .cj
GHSG jdGh .hj g G Z e GPEGh
H iQT geCGh IdG GebCGh Hd
dG HUCG GPEG jdGh .j gbRQ h
jBG fEG hG jh .(49)|hj g
e bh SEG b Gfch{ QfCG df
GLG eCG j c GPEG rndpEG dG SQ
CGH hOj CG :Y n rKnC na GhQhJh
.)edG( zY Gj M
AL zH iQT geCG{ IQY CG eh
e OQh bh ,V lreCG a G U Y
AL iQdH eCG CG Y .BG dG kG c
EG G a j NBG Ve k jU
dG e mMQ pna} :J j ,f dG
e Go q f dG Z ka c dh d nrpd
gQhTh d SGh Y Ya dM
cjh .(50)|dG Y c a eY GPE a eCG
:j e zeCG gQhTh{ T dG
Mh a j fh G peCG pr jn {
J e a eh , jCGH d Y
c GPEGh .z gQG bCG e a dGh S f
h j j G e Zh dG
Y LGh iQdG CG j e jBG g T
M fCG j U e c E a dG
H G Y ihj OdG Gg h .eDd
b{ :jBG g OH b fCG dW HCG H Y
dh ,LM dEG H e )dG CG( fCG dG Y
.H Gh j CG rnCG zn r nH r ne H s n r j CG OGQCG
EG qb b QhJ e{ :b fCG dG Y hQh
e{ :b fCG Ijg HCG Yh ,zgeCG TQC Ghoog
SdG UCG e IQh e cCG kG MCG jCGQ
GhQhj GPpEG dG GOS c bh .z
IQh SQ dG eCa ,Y T eCG

zdG{ dCeh ...IGhG G -6

e jG h BGdG d kGPEG ...{
jdG eCG .SdG H IGhG CGe
dP a ,H Y dG H BGdG
Uh g EGh ,d kjJ h hd kGQGbEG
eCG J AGS ,fEG Y f g bGd
dH CG ,INBG dG QJ dG YCH
.z...H hCG H fdG qdG e j

IGhdG G - R

.dG eG Y ,dG rCG ,RdG

M e O dG M e - jBG NBGh
Y H dG a{ a OQh - JdG
Y H ns na dGh} :J db g zH
bRQ Oq GHn Gu oa jdG a RdG H
dG pnrppnanCG ,AGS a a ,fCG e e Y
H ,hdG SJ jBG a .(56)|hj
IO dG H IGh G EG Y J g , d H
:jBG g T dG j .gYh
aCG obnRn na ,RdG Jhe L
r nCG{
,fGNEGh e H gh ,d RQ
Y ooorbpRoQ e a GhOJ CG j a
dh . Gh G Ghh J M
.zdG OoL L e e Gg a .J
CGe e jG h BGdG d kPEG
dG Y e cCG EG} Y F dG IGh G
dG H BG dG jdGh .|c JCG
hd kGQGbEG d H Y S dG d
f g bGd Uh g EGh ,d kjJh
dG YCH eCG J AGS ,fEG Y
e j dH CG ,INBG dG npQoJ
dG BGdG CGGh .H hCG H fdG dG
d rCGh} :J db g dC G g j
rOpoj eh} :dbh (57)| S e nEG fE d
pJDf INBG GK rOpoj eh e pJDof fdG GK
.(58)|jcdG Sh e

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

Oa :zcJCG dG Y ecCG sEG{ e

.idG b g fCGh GeCH dG S
EGh ,IGhe Y h kJhJ QJ kGPEG jBa
S hgG j dG eG QJ
g .gZ Y d dG J gh , dG
SdG d dG J GcJ jNCG jBG
db g MGh S JOQh bh ,H hO
H dGeCG GcCJ GeBG jdG jCG j} :J
h ,e m VGJ Y IQ J CG EG WdH
h ...kMQ H c dG EG , fCG G J
,H Y H H dG s na e Gr s n n nJ
f Adh GcG f Ld
eGb LdG ...a e dG GdCSGh cG
H Y H dG ns na AdG Y
jBG g S EG .(55)|dGeCG e GfCG h
e GG dG Y SdG f gh VGh
e HdGh Q dGh dGh fGh bdG
Y tnJ dG IQdG MHpEG iNCG L eh ,L
j CG hO rnCG ,Gh FdG H m VGJ
CG Hh .NBG Y adG MCG e V g
b e FdG LG IQhH jBG cJ
db JCj ,dG e cnCGh fdGh dGh dG
Y H H dG a e Gr snnnJ h} :J
jBG g eh .|...f Ld ,H
CG( GhS J : j c QcG dG
H Y H dG a e H )GJ
.JQ h HQCG e j b f
e fh M ,Afh kLQ , e a
...HdG
: J db f dG V JC jh
dG a AdG Y eG b L dG}
.|dGeCG e GfCG h H Y H
c ,IQ dGh dG ,G G g a
dHh ,IQd kfeG cCG ,GdGR h ,LdG
Y a AdG enCG ,k ch k HQ cCG
,zAdG Y eGb{ LdG c ddh .dG
cCG EG dG e gQ eC H e j CG
LQO Y k L Gd gh ...dEG ,Gh
MGh ie Y h ,Gh dG e IMGh
dG g dGh ,H VJ g H ,dG
, dG e dG a ,GRQCG q b

Y H d a { : d b G G g
,zi dH EG OSCG Y HC h Y
.zG SCc SGS SdG{ :dbh
ecCG EG ...} IQcG jBG S CG Y
edG dG dG Gg cDj |cJCG dG Y
a ,idG Z VdGh hdG GfCG
dG n nG ooG Q j S jBG AL
eDG fEG} : eDG H j CG j
d dG GJGh jNCG H G Ua INEG
e b j GeBG jdG jCG j .MJ
e Al pf h e kGN Gfj CG Y b
Gh p r nJ h , e kGN s j CG Y mA f
r SG n r H ,p n rdnC H Gho nH n nJ h n fCG
g dhC a r o nj eh EG H o o dG
e kGc GLG GeBG jdG jCG j . dG

r n rj h Go s
n h ,rKEG dG H EG ,dG
NCG cCj CG oconMnCG tpojnCG ,kH H
j .MQ GJ dG EG ,dG GJGh ga krne
kGPEGh .(52)|...fCGh cP e cN fEG SdG jCG
n G oG Q j S A L jB a
NdG Y J dHh ,eT eY IQH
nCG ,i dG kGQ V dG h
.eY H G G
,OG aCG H IGh G BG dG cD j ch
eCG q noj a ,dGh CG H dc gQj
ahe YCGh N e H J sEG SEG
LGQfGh fh MH ac SdG Y
lseoCG e ronrdhn } :J j .dG G IFGO
Y jh hH heCjh G EG Yj
CG jG h .(53)|dG g dhCGh G
,z?SdG nrnN e{ :G Y gh npo S dG
G Y g fCGh h H g eBG{ : b
.zd gJCGh
H SdG J QJ jBG ka g
hYdG j } :J db e H Y
h gGh Q dG hoCG Z eDG e
dG n s na , fCGh dG eC H dG S
jYdG Y fCGh dGeC H jgG
dG n s ah oG dG Yh och , LQO
.(54)|k Y kGLCG j Y dG Y j gG
NJ QeoCG EG LGQ g dG CG VGhh
25

IT jBG SdG H IGhG BGdG Qj

jCG j} :J db g Wb VGh
cLh fCGh cP e c N GPEG S dG
dG Y ecCG EG ,GaQ d F bh k H T
IGhG e hG
o pr jn h .(51)|cJCG
V dGh h dG f EG jBG g
ddG dCG Y gfG jce ,fCG
, T , fCGh m ncnP :IQcG jBG IOQGdG
db e dG j G gh .F b
,AGMh OBG e{ :j e |fCGh cP e} J
pe a ,CGh CG e e MGh t oc N bh
AGS ,NBG H j e pdroj gh EG lnMnCG
.zdG VdGh Nd Lh a ,AGH
F bh k H T} : J d b O H eCG
CG Gh{ :kFb dG a ,|GaQd
Fbh T Y JQ LCG e dG G
EG pnrnj a H nn nf H j CG g
GoYsnJh OGLCGh AHBH GhNJ CG ,FHBG Z
j K ,zfCG V dGh h dG
dG G snH K{ :kFb zidH EG{ OH
dG jh Z fEG j H
dG Y ecCG EG} : a dG Y dGh
dG g i dGh .z HfCG ...|c JCG
...ddG
dG dG Gg jBG J CG VGhh
e IFGO gj EG zfCG{ Y qcj
EG SSCG dG ,za G{ j c
e Y gG Y i d , M dG j
dG FdG dG CG QYH ,hNj
.dG g gY VdGh hdG SSCG c
dG{ Gg IFGO jBG e nr nM snCG Z
,he Z l M FdG n dG z a
hG gOQj jOMCG g CGh kUN
VdG IFGO SJ jBG g OH fCG
Gh dc iNCG kGQeCG d N dGh
e .RGYG Ve j AT ch ,Gh
d G{ :e a j d N db dP
jCG j .gtJh gG nsprYCG Y gPCG dG
Y c J eDe :LQ SdG EG SdG
jh .z dG Y{ q ng T Lah , dG
UdG jOMCG eh .z...jBG CGb K{ :hGdG

ICGdG Mh ...dG dCe -7

e G W Y j bSG e EG ...{
H IGhG dCe dP eh .SEG dJ
,FdG dG G CG dP .ICGGh LdG
,H jdG g eSEG jdG UdG
f ,kqeCG UH ,ICGG J e
.z...eS

)GdJ CG( GJ CG N EGh .kGc

e AdG e d W e Gfa e dG
.(61)|IMGa GdJ CG orpN Ea ,HQh Kh
O Jh e dG H b dG CG VGhh
,e e cCG ,jBG g ,LhdG
e dh , jhCJ hG nndhs CG bh
, HQCG OhM ,LhdG O J Y A HCG
,LhdG OJ HEG CG bGdGh .e Ac
e c H dG hCG dG eR AG S
LhdG OJ c PEG ,z a edG{ U
UN He H ,de YLG IgX
EG aVEG - e dG c M ,dG G
jW Y FdG H dG KJ - G
dG YGdG e j ,H IgG
Sh IgG fc d .dG G OJ
,IhGdG AWEGh renCGh dG QGbEG FSh e
LQ IhGY j dG Ld dj Gfch
.VG Gg c .zcGh HG hJ{ :NBG
kGHJ UH ,LhdG OJ AdEa dG eCG
J dG QeCG e g ,ICGG M e j
HdG CGG AV za dG j e{ EG
ICGGh LdG H IGhG g dG SEG
e AT fCG Y .LGdGh G
LhdG OJ j BGdG GO e fEG dG
,|IMGa GhJ CG N Ea} :H dG
j pEG kU kGeCG G Gg dG GO eh
e eCG GMCG L gh ,k e
kbe j d LhdG OJ AdEG Ea ,a
,LhdG OH eCj BGda .SEG dd
Y N IMGh Y QbG Y j H
.dG

.eS f ,kqeoCG UH ,ICGG J

ICGGh .zeCG GbCG G{ :jG a
W fc e EG f LdG H c e
Y LGh Z a O dc( ICGG
IQY IjY Ge BGdG OQh bh .)ICGdG
Gh G{ GQYh zfCGh cP e{
.H IGhG Ve zeDGh eDGh
e k Yf Q J FL MCG g , f
UN H Jh ICGdGh LdG H hdG
GTG eCG .QEG dC eh IO dG dC
ICGeG H ,LQ e IOdG JCGeG BGdG
k V J cCG ICGG H Q H a ,I MGh
Gh SGh} : J b C Gh d
La LQ fj Ea dLQ e jT
s p nJ rnCG ,AGdG e r n VJ r s pe JCGeGh
C Gh .(59)|iNCG gGMEG qcoa gGMEG
H ,LdG hO ICGG W e d dGh
fc dG YLG VdG EG a Lj
.Y
p
p
p nf

f
QE

IC
G
G

n
f

M
eC
n r
o rn G
(60)
d a , |fCG M e c d} :LdG
gG FdG H H J fc HJ
QEG e ICGG oprnJ irNoCG Fb fc H
hX de QEG bh .IH
YG G j dG dG G
kGQe dG jQJ j YGh VQCG
hJ CG ddG PEG :FdG H GdGh Gd
e ojQJh ,b Z b e dG

gh ,gCG b GeCG LhR b ojQJ

YGf j c Ggh ,Yoe GeCG
e YGQ b BGdG CG T h .d OhM
YCG , G Lh EG fh VdG g
a ,SdG G e kYf Qa ,GdG
f L H ,ke QEG e dG j
,LdG Y f Lh ddG f f
.jdG e lf dP snCch ,kqeoCG hr nCG fc LhR
,CGG g ICGGh LdG H IGha ,Hh
dHh ,CGG Gg Y jGh BGdG f bh
U e g G L H jda
g edG G d za d HdG{
.GMCG L dG e
IFS fc IgX a ,LhdG OJ eCG
b e e dh ,BGdG gbCG bh gG
,QeCG L H dG TG PEG ,G EG
LhdG OJ dCe CG Y .Qe AT gh
a .jhCJ e cCG BGdG OQh c
eCG fCG dP .edG GeCG Hh H BGdG HQ
,dGeCG dH edG AdhCG
gG LdG ch . H QGVEGh cCG
IdG Y jj b eGQCG e kGOY h j
Y BGdG a ,edG gOhCG GeCG kW
,HQCG H G LhdG OY Mh dP
QeCG L H hdG j CG jT
edG GJBGh} : J j :j Gh jOG
GcCJ h dH G GdJ h dGeCG
)k X CG( k HM c fEG , dGeCG EG dGeCG

26

M O H Q J dG F G gCG e
fCG h .ICGG dC eh dG dC e ,IGh G
e AH jCGH iNCG Se dOCG CG S
,G Sj e Y g a ,dG
dG GQG fCG hG e .RjEHh
dG Q e EGh , S dG Q dG h
W eCG fCG Y dG EG j c ,NCG
GhYa fdG Sa o nd n s nf bh ,QhVh
Xh GLh ,zWGG{ e ffEG bCG dG
EG dH LdGh dH Th ,dG dG
f dG h e a d ch ,SCG dGh dG
Y ehdG QSh .SdG Z e hNBG
dG O V H Gh TGh f Q dG
j h .Je bCG hCG Gc gQYGh
HhQhCG G SdG hdG VdG
dG dch ,b e eCG Y c Y
c dG EG ,iNCG IQHh .jG HhQhCG
,W YLG IgX fCG Y dEG j
H ,z a edG{ e c Dh da dHh
.za d H dG Z{ QeCG e k jCGh
GQG fc a ,ICGG CdG dch
jb bh EGh ,SdG QdG h dG
J h ,LdG Je e fOCG Je VJ
M dPh .H j dG G H J
S fdG WdG G YCG CG H
H a .zWGdGh fEG M{ 1787
ke fG M e eh HhQhCG ICGG
, dG Gg jG H EG HhQhCG L H
.jdG dG
j CG dP .j eCa SEG eCG
Sj BGda ,za G{ e ka c dG
dG j e j ,dH H ,bSG
eh Y G aCG e a ,kjJ kY
e eDG Qj jdG JJ dG ANCG
H e dG zGQdG{ `H j JJ
MGS WEH dPh ,dG Y CG zbQ a{
Gg ,de e FGH hCG c e W e
SEG e L dG ziSCG AGa{ Y ka
c b e jCGQ bh .kYLGh kjO ke
eh IOdG H IGhG EG BGdG YO
,jG h .Gh cCG dPh ,bdG e
g EG{ :dG Y b dG CG ,QP HCG Y
gWGh J gca fGNEG
jdG ,dG a G h .zJ
,Ig dG g J EG G g ,eSEG
CGh kGqM pN fEG CG CGe e kbfG dPh
H Y cCG bh ,zc JCG dG Y e cCG{
e{ :I dG d b G G g G
.zGQGMCG JeCG Jdh bh SdG SG
b Gfc HdG Qc e kGOY CG ,kGNCG cd
H b j Gg CGh ,kGY hCG Ge SEG
eCG .eSEG G adG dG Hh
e da ,eRL Ff IQH ,dG
jQ dG h dG e j J J
,dP eh .adGh YLGh jObGh
e SEG H b dG EG dG
YCG ,dGh .za dG J{ dG QeCG
j bSG e E a ,VG n r n dG
.SEG dJ e G W Y
,ICGGh LdG H IGhG dCe dP eh
CG dP .z a G{ G e e BG dG a
j dG U dG F dG dG G
e H jdG g ,jMh mBGrob e SEG

zdG{ N HJh BGdG dG Ib H dG G -8

snCG Mj CG EG AG Ea dP eh ...{
g fdG GOBG zdG{ Y c e
g dDGh .BGdG OQh Ib bCG
Gg BGdH OSG IOY j GOBG
z...VdG

CG S dG H M GPEGh , gCG EG f eCG

,(69)|dH} iNCG jBG h |dH G
J jh .MGh dGh dGh
MEGh dH eC j dG EG} :NBG S
Gh AdG Y jh H dG P A jEGh
MEH dG HQ CG VGhh .(70)|dGh
dGh Gh AdG h MdG Uh
.keT keY e Y j
b M ,WH fEG M g J
,jGh BGdG gQj c SSCG e dG
h hO e a c d M gh
dG Gh ,I G G :A SG
Gh ,jH OYG Gh , dH
,iQdG Gh ,NG Gh ,aG
hO eh .dG Gh ,IGhG Gh
dG j G H dG
QgORG SCG h ,OLh e e dG
.fGY Ah
M edG G g fL EG g
g S dG e e H U N i NCG
Y PEG , gCG J gh ,z G{
e dG d e dG SQ G b J
.SSCG

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

dCe j BGdG CG M ,zYdG{ IFGO

CG j dG AdG zGdYG{ eCG H dG
J zdG{ LH dGh .LGh dG ebEG
eEG dG CGQ g gCGh ghCG Ff Y
eCG j CG ,Y IQdG g :OdG Z
A G eh ,SEG G CG h ? d
ASH( dG ej Gfj ,jTGdG
fc Y IQdG ,CG h ,)jdG Y H Y
J J gCG h Mh a EG OD J
,G OLh CG h ,OY M b Y jdG
- AdG f - a ,kGFL c dh M
d QhV Gh , MdG e aCG
b ,AdG YCG ,fEa ,jdG MCG e c
dG b AGREG dG e k Y f G e dG
EG ,dH eCJ dG fBGdG UdG Ga
GL dHh ,dG ,kV hCG MGU
a Ggh .dG IFGO Rhj Y jM
IFGO dG G j CG G j fCG
,feEG j fEa ,zYGdG{ Y LGdG
M IFGO j CG ,ka h kSS
M{ eCG .a h j Gfc c z YdG{
e f c a U G H z fEG
.dG S c za edG{
GMCG dJh edG q J bh dGh
UCGh ,kY k e zfEG M{ Zh
SQ Jh H SdG h eGMG
QU a ,IG GQhV e IQhV gjEG
dG AdG prU e QdG QhdG e
dG dH G dHh ,kGQe r o jn
e ,fEG M e k M U H
N e za dG j e{ IFGO EG ,UG
.)jdGh BGdG( SSCG jdG UdG
P fOQhCG bh ,U dG g CG Gh
GG dG fBGdG jBG gCGh ,e
kUN g e m Vh h U
pEG obnCG zeCG{ H dG b J gh
Vh k V a dG V J U dG g
dHh ,G Y LGdG IFGO zdG{
e gh - Gg a GPEGh .eG M IFGO
dG dC G E a - BG dG H a j
c :ddG g ITe f S
- dG - LGdG Gg GdG Y G M
?G GH eG dHh
,f Vd iQdG b JC J g
UH kjCG H ,ee fEG M e a d
SQ J CG j eG M e kM
z FGO iQT{ e dG IQdH
G S bG Sh YCG ,zdG{ eN
cSh SdG cS ,Ie bGe
.YLG/ObG cSh FdG
kGPEGh .z WG dG{ `H dG j e G gh
e M ,d Reh IGhG jb gh ,da
eC j dG S SCG WG dG G
hT aJ Y dGh eGMH SEG
.SQ
e j BGdG QG dGh
,AdG a M dG dG G Y
j fEG H , U G H dG YCG
AdG H bdG :SdG H bdG
cG H ,A HCGh A HBG H , L dGh
VGh d edG G Ggh .eGh
GhOD J CG c eC j dG EG} : J d b e

dG G -

d eGb Gfc G eB jdG jCG j} :k jCGh

CG Y m b Bnn T osneprnj h dH AGT
.(68)|iH bCG g GdYG ,GdJ
I a dG ihn r oJ dG jOMCG eCG
fCG a kV H c GPEGh ,Y eh
cDJ fCG Y ka ,eSEG dG Y qJ
EGh kfe U kGPEG a .BGdG OQh e
jO MCG e . dG V H c
CG e eh QdG Y OQh e dG
X j X dG j S{ :b dG
h .zOdG eEG{ ee cPh zX EG
dG EG SdG MCGz : dG SQ b :edG
,OY eEG k e gfOCGh e dG j
e gHCGh ,edG j dG EG SdG HCGh
zfdG GOBG{ c eCG.zFL eEG k
OQJh zG SSCG dG{ IQY QJ fEa
Sa EG He kGbCG ge cCJh MT
LQh dGh S dG A Mh f dG
.SEG
CG Mj CG EG AG Ea dP eh
j e e AGS ,zdG{ Y ihj e L
g ,CG AM EG hCG HdG EG hCG dG EG
dDG jh .BGdG OQh Ib bCG
BG d H O SG z f dG GOBG{
jOMCG hOQj fCG e z dG{ V e
- LGQ Ggh .Y dG AG GbCGh
EG zdG{ hj Gfj fCG EG - ff

27

jGh BGdG keg kGM dG j

qdG idh Gh AdGh jG Yh
BG dG a .z f dG GOBG{ dDGh
:j G L Y dH eCG Q j
G H d dH QeCe Sda
GMG GPEG G Z H M H ,Mh
orpeoCGh c e dG fCG eBG bh} :dEG
dh dYCG d ,HQh HQ dG ,H nprYC
)OdG CG( hDhL Ea} :kjCGh .(62)|dYCG
Y Vr oJ EGh ,Y VpYnCG hCG H M
r a
H Ma M EGh ,k T hj a
j dG EG ) d H CG( d H
OhhGO j} :OhhGO dG Wjh .(63)|dG
SdG H Ma VQCG N L fEG
dH eCG JCjh .(64)|idG J h H
db e ,IjY jBG eh eY IQH
EG feCG GhOD J CG ceC j dG EG} : J
G CG S dG H M GPEGh , gCG
d H eC j dG EG} : d bh ,(65)|dH
.(66)|MEGh
,SdG H dG Y BGdG jh
eC jh , dGh j dGh dGh dG H
eGb Gfc GeBG jdG jCG j} :H dH
jdGdG hCG fCG Y dh d AGT dH
,H hCG da kGa hCG kZ j EG ,HbCGh
CG Gho r nJ pEGh G dp J rCG i dG G J a
,(67)|kGN J c dG Ea ,GVproJ

AZCG GeCG AGdG M G M -9

G pb gLh GdJ CG dG d ...}
NBG dGh dH eBG e dG dh Gh
M Y G JBGh dGh dGh FGh
dG HGh cGh edGh HdG hP
.(71)|... bdG h FdGh

YLG dG :G M - 3

UHh ,eSEG G G
g i S d j a .z jG{ dC e
mAhn nrHnQ dhdH WGG HJ dG jdG
SdG Ad enQ fCG :e HQh
,edG G Y dhdG f geh
e j dG dGh dGh eCG e
NG GPEGh .fjO fc e ac WGG
gCG e G Z sC na ,I c dG Y jG
eP j M C zedG{ jh - dG
gG e j - WGG Fc dhdG
dGh zdG{ eCG .H h dH ,OG
a Gh edG gC a ,G FSh
g dGh dG snM oQunoJ dG jBGh .AGS
cJj jdG Y dG cj } :J db
roghtnnJ CG cQjO e cLj h jdG
EG .G j dG EG dEG G o p r oJh
cLNCGh jdG cJb jdG Y dG cj
,ogr sdJ CG LGNEG Y GhgXh cQjO e
qM bh .(76)|ddG g dhCa rosdn nnj eh
e{ :a edG gCG M GMG Y SdG
hCG bW a sc hCG kqM fG hCG kGge X
M fCa e f W H kT e NCG
edG X CG AdG H Uh .zedG j
.kKEG G X e TCG

jgG AGa a zdG S { eCG .gH

.jdG H J jdG Gh
z G M{ CG i f G gh
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dGh I dGh IO dG e , SEG
EG j pAG SEG CG ,Gh
GP ff gh ,dG e jc H QGbEH
e j dG H ,SS jeQ Xh
CG a G gh .kGMGh k T S Gh e dG
H J CG j dG bd eQ g IOdG
,)e dSH EGh MdG( dGh fEG
W eGb jO SQ g IdG CG ch
LGh )A Y dG - I dG( dG e dG
d eQ g dG CG h ,Gh dG
jOG Gd dG edfGh hdH
CG h ,H SMEG AGdG cQeh
S aJh G IMd eQ g G
dGh ZdG ie e IMdG H fG
J M hT dG A dG i e EG
HCG zS dG{ IMh J jhe
g IcdG Ea ,FdG IMh EG aVEG dTCG
G f G O dG A d eQ k jCG
,H HCG b eY fCG heh .c eSEG
fe jJG d , d hCG G
H ,G EG LG H dP j ,IcdG
UH d A d kGeQ fc IcdG CG H
g Icda kGPEGh . dG N dhdG FQ
H ,IU G dh d j dG e
Ah UH CG ,zjdG{ `d bG
He ,gf eG dH Aahh dh d O dG
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fGdG jQG ebEGh eCG M e ,c
.edG dG eGHh
Z M EG j CG j dG Gg h

.zIcdG iS
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dGh dGh pcCGh cCG OJ dG
dG{ :b ?g a :Gdb ,zJdGh IdGh
U H gh ,z Y os n n nj h o p nj
e j kY j dG zWdG{ UG
aG a dG HG eCG .dY bh Jb
Y j CG h ,jdG H J dG
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,dG CG ,bdGh .QW X H hCG a
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dG ,SdGh cCG EG JLM eCG ,Yh
UCG EG a VEGh . g S Y a
e i NCG UCG BG dG OQh ,IQ cG
e G a} : J db e G
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j dG a dG eCG ,ITh Y HUCG
a IcdG eCGh .d Y bh J d H e
:J db BGdG gcP f K UC
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h eQdGh bdG h Hb dDGh Y
eCG .(75)|dG e ja dG HGh dG S
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CG ,zY edG{ jh .gcP S a
h EG H JCjh fjh fj jdG
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a ,zHb dDG{ eCGh . d k j J
H dCj SdG c dG GTCG H
jdG a zeQdG{ eCGh .SEG d kZJ
kT GUCa jdG Y c

28

,BG dG z G{ d Oj
JCj gh ,IjY Ge ,SdG e AdG
dG JH htnroG gh zjrnr oG{ He
nhj hCG ,j dG hCG S dG hCG
jOG ,I dGh dG UCG e JGhP
aQCG fCG f dG ,j Gh
kGPEGh .S dG F S e d e YCGh k e e
H IGhG j e c g G hCG a
eCG .dG e kYf Yqjh SdG e Z Hh
tnnJ Y j jdG dhCG a G
jdG CG ,j G Q SGh j G
in pdG e gZ h kgL h ke
F SG h G X j dG
IQ Hh .S dG Y fGh Yh gQh Zh
:G oeo rne g G EG ,iNCG
j dG G bM o n r oJ jdG g
.dGh IGhG Y
e I c k a UCG BG dG S bh
a .AMG gMCG d H , G
AHBG e I dG( H dG hP e A dG
cGh AG dGh )QbCG Hh eCGh
dGh F dGh dG HGh e dGh
dH jH ADg BGdG N bh .iSCGh
UhCGh , b M Y kGQG Jh kGQG e cC a
eh .g hCG e e c YJh ,H AadH
M , G d eG jBG
Gtdn oJ CG t pdG d} :J db , G
eBG e pdG dh Gh G nnpb gLh
dGh dGh FGh NBG dGh dH
e dGh H dG hP oM Y G JBGh
bdG h FdGh dG HGh cGh
GPEG gH aGh IcdG JBGh IdG bCGh
Mh AGdGh ASCdG jHdGh GhgY
g dhCGh G b U j dG dhCG ,SC dG
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L j ,G eh ,dG CG hCG eCG
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OdG C dG gC qLe |dGh G
G J gh S G H EG j
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d k e Y Gh dG CG , G
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H A a dG g ,IO dG Y IO jR
jBG g CG g dG eCGh . G
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e jBG o rJn ncP , gh ,AG
M gC cC J dP h . G
L EG kL BGdG gcP M gh ,ADg
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JcP jdG UC d G A YG L
M CG Y j ,I c dG Y k e
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JQG b ,IcRh IUh IOT e SEG
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jBG G G g BG dG R Y bh .LG dGh
F d l M gG eCG ah} :i NCG
k M G EG{ :jG h (73)|hdGh

dG IQhVh ...SEG YLG dG -10

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) dhCG jBG( YGQ dG d H dG

hdG dHh )jNCG jBG( IQdHh
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aVEa .KGJ e Uf XH Yh
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IQ H G g , fEG Y k LGh VQCG
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IG J GdGh dG Y dhdG
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NC j{ :nM HG b G G g U dG
,SG dG Ich IQ d H S dG dG
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G Gh S dG jh Q SCG Nd
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2006 Rq 5

95 OY

j j HdG e CG Y Vj
dG Gg EG dG dG Y Zh .LEG IH
Y non V T{ d ddG H dN H dG
k Z c hCG aBG e aBG H UCG hCG dG
.d kjCG M g ,edG gCG e ,zaa
UG , Y LG d a kGPEGh
fEG M e M e dG SG dG
.HdG Yh jGh BGdG H SEG
H FdG gG Gg CG Y
LG ,SdG AYEG LdG e LH j
j dG dG LCG e dG e ,UN e
,dGh dG Y j SEa .JLH
e Z eCG H BGdG dP OQh bh
d L dG g} : J db dP e .jBG
bRQ e Gch ce Gea kdP VQCG
IdG b GPEa} :dbh .(84)|QdG dEGh
a e G HGh VQCG Gh f a
H j h NBGh} : d bh ,(85)|...dG
:jG h .(86)|dG a e j VQCG
Y e cCj CG e kGN b keW MCG cCG e{
.zj Y e cCj c OhhGO dG f CGh ,j
GPEG fdG j or nc dG ncnCG e nMCG{ :kjCGh
Lh SnprdG Y tj SEa Ggh .zf

fcP e e ke j jM HJ gh
H S bh .z dG{h IcdGh zdG{ M
Y f e j zG AjEG{ a CG M
o dG n Vn nah{ :b .zYLG dG{ `H dG
,FGH Gej CG H c gCG e AZCG Y
GcdG ronJ rpEG dP Y dG grojh
H dG dG e cCj d oona ,H
,dP dGh A d S dG h , e
Yh dGh G e o q p nj h
: J db dP gHh{ : j K .zIQG
HGh Gh M H dG GP B a}
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dG Gg CG EG g f CG e H h
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H dN W CG S b ,ke Y AG dG AGREG
c dG dG a .edG gCG Y ddG
Lh{ :j e OQh GdH IG iQd
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jO gCG QUh , aa k Z c hCG ,aBG
H e n pYh ,jL
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g e CG eh .zdYh g G e
a ,SEG jd kGQe J OdG
h Y aGhh , H HCG eR dG G g

29

BG dG G M CG Y
BGdG cCG d H ,gMh zdG{ jBG J
eCG U dP ALh .H AadG Y kGQGe
eCG e iNCG U h IQJ jdG
HdG GP BGh} :CGf Ggh .NBG kM dG
.(77)|kGjJ QJ h dG HGh Gh M
dG dG e e g JBGh} : J d b eCG
OQh fEG h G a ,(78)|cJBG
bj( S Joj dG dG CG ,zpJoG{
j bh .G e e Ad j CG Y )e
T Y Y JG e dG aj CG Y dG
kGM QU G aO GPEG M ,bCG
ddG S jj c dG CG eh(
eh JG dG Gg fYh .)...Y jh
: J d b A L , j G SEG LCG
CG ,|cJBG dG dG e e gJBGh}
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jdGh} :J db iNCG IQS CGfh
,(79)|hdGh Fd .e M dGeCG
EG} :J db Y ae jBG OQh bh
(80)
| FGO JU Y g jdG G
G AjpEG Hh IdG Y IHG H a
j U ke Lh hGh Fd
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fCG EG LJh ,G gCG f Y J
G AjG eh IdG e hj fdG Gfc
Gg Ic jBG gh .(81)cGh AGd
G AjH kJe G gCG f :G
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.H Hh G gQMG EG dEG Lj e H
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GPe fdCjh} :J db g ,OH f
dG z dG{h .(82)| dG b j
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dH dG ch{ :j K ,zLG
MU LdG c GPE a ,k V a SEG hCG
c GPEGh ,dH Jh S b eCG QR
,dH Jh e j b eCG k f U
eY fCG dP eh .zdG IcdG jBG a
c Y c OQGG b eSEG G c
AG d a j CG CG( dEG O j CG e Y
M ,LM Y jj e L )LdGh
c eY eCG .G RG dG QGbG
MdGh IQdGh H G Gg OQGe
zIcdG{ qM a ...dG , TG HJh
EG AdG CG c kVGh hj Ggh .zdG{
g J eY ke he IcdG iS e
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IQhdG bG GPEG e z dG{ NCG LQO
sEG{ jM HdG Gg Yh jh .dP
: dbh ,)edG( zIcdG iS kM G
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jOMCGh jBG e J e f CG - Y
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j dG zYLG dG{ `H dG Y
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K ,H dG o Un oa J eY ddG
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C G h

30

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eGg
.90 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.177 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.177 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.19 jBG z,jQGdG IQS{ ,LG f
.28 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.60 jBG z,HdG IQS{ ,LG f
.9 - 8 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.26 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f
.33 jBG z,QdG IQS{ ,LG f
.25 - 24 jBG z,QdG IQS{ ,LG f
.23 - 22 jBG z,QdG IQS{ ,LG f
:16 - 15 jBG z,jQGdG IQS{ ,LG f

(70)

(71)

(72)

(73)

(74)

(75)

(76)

(77)

(78)

(79)

(80)

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.185 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f

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.39 - 36 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f
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.13 jBG z,GdG IQS{ ,LG f
.13 - 10 jBG z,GdG IQS{ ,LG f
.104 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.95 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
.34 - 29 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
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.145 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
.282 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f

(47)

.64 jBG z,aZ IQS{ ,LG f

(48)

.16 jBG z,KdG IQS{ ,LG f

(49)

.33 - 31 jBG z,GYG IQS{ ,LG f

(50)

.77 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f

(51)

.3 - 2 jBG z,fG IQS{ ,LG f

(52)

.30 - 29 jBG z,fG IQS{ ,LG f

(53)

.256 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f

(54)

.99 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f

(55)

.15 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f

(56)

.47 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f

(57)

.31 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f

(58)

.4 - 3 jBG z,MdG IQS{ ,LG f

(59)

.5 - 1 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

.70 jBG z,AGSEG IQS{ ,dG BGdG

.62 - 61 jBG z,AGSEG IQS{ ,LG f
.32 - 30 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.37 - 34 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.61 jBG z,Og IQS{ ,LG f
.9 jBG z,hdG IQS{ ,LG f
.14 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f
.23 - 22 jBG z,GYG IQS{ ,LG f
.247 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.4 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.64 jBG z,aZ IQS{ ,LG f
.66 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.9 - 7 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

g QSCHh .j e dG e kb Gfc . dP
.11 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f

..|hdGh Fd M dGeCG h .hj

.219 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.38 jBG z,hdG IQS{ ,LG f
.15 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.10 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.20 jBG z,edG IQS{ ,LG f

(82)

.3 - 2 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f

(83)

.15 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f

(84)

.42 jBG z,IFdG IQS{ ,LG f

(85)

.26 jBG z,U IQS{ ,LG f

(86)

.58 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f

.90 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
.135 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
.8 jBG z,IFdG IQS{ ,LG f
.42 jBG z,IFdG IQS{ ,LG f

2006 Rq 5

95 OY

(60)

.22 - 21 jBG z,hdG IQS{ ,LG f

(61)

.119 - 118 jBG z,Og IQS{ ,LG f

(62)

.48 jBG z,IFdG IQS{ ,LG f

(63)

.62 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f

(64)

.85 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f

(65)

.217 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f

(66)

.106 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f

(67)

.105 - 103 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f

(68)

.125 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f

(69)

.53 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f

31

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

.30 - 29 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f

.33 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f
.31 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f
.9 - 8 jBG z,jdG IQS{ ,LG f
.32 jBG z,IFdG IQS { ,LG f
.4 jBG z,IFdG IQS { ,LG f
.87 jBG z,IFdG IQS { ,LG f
.32 jBG z,GYG IQS{ ,LG f
.267 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
.72 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

32