Title: Starch, glycogen and cellulose Learning objectives

How are -glucose monomers arranged to form polymers of starch and glycogen? How are -glucose monomers arranged to form the polymer cellulose? How do the molecular structures of starch, glycogen and cellulose relate to their function

Key words: starch, glycogen, cellulose, condensation

reactions Reminder - Session 3 starts on Friday afternoon

Do Now.!

Write down as many things as you can remember about carbohydrates or glucose in particular

What are they? Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O Carbo-Hydr-ate Types of Carbohydrate Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

What are polysaccharides?

Polysaccharides are polymers containing many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Like disaccharides, polysaccharides are formed by condensation reactions.

Polysaccharides are mainly used as an energy store and as structural components of cells. The major polysaccharides are starch and cellulose in plants, and glycogen in animals.
4 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2008

The structure of starch

5 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Properties and uses of starch

Starch is the major carbohydrate storage molecule in plants. It is usually stored as intracellular starch grains in organelles called plastids. Plastids include green chloroplasts (e.g. in leaves) and colourless amyloplasts (e.g. in potatoes). Starch is produced from glucose made during photosynthesis. It is broken down during respiration to provide energy and is also a source of carbon for producing other molecules.
6 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2008

Iodine test for starch

7 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

What is cellulose?
Cellulose is another polysaccharide and is the main part of plant cell walls. It is the most abundant organic polymer. Unlike starch, cellulose is very strong, and prevents cells from bursting when they take in excess water. Cellulose consists of long chains of beta glucose molecules joined by beta 14 glycosidic bonds. The glucose chains form rope-like microfibrils, which are layered to form a network.
8 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2008

The structure of cellulose

9 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

What is glycogen?
Animals do not store carbohydrate as starch but as glycogen.

Glycogen has a similar structure to amylopectin, containing many alpha 16 glycosidic bonds that produce an even more branched structure.
Glycogen is stored as small granules, particularly in muscles and liver.

Glycogen is less dense and more soluble than starch, and is broken down more rapidly. This indicates the higher metabolic requirements of animals compared with plants.
10 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2008

Task 1 Use page 156 157

Complete the summary questions when you have made notes on starch, cellulose and glycogen

Task 2
Complete the summary sheet for starch, glycogen and cellulose.

Plant Cell Structure

12 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Starter Questions

1. Which polysaccharide makes up plant cell walls? 2. Which monosaccharide makes up this polysaccharide? 3. Is this polysaccharide branched or unbranched?

13 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Cellulose
Main structural sugar in plants Structural component of plant cell walls Very strong Also permeable to numerous substances About 33% of plant matter Most common organic compound on Earth

14 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

15 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Starch

Amylose ( helix) 20% of starch Amylopectin (branched starch) 80%

16 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Amylopectin

17 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Task 3

Use the Microscopes and bioviewers to look at the plant cells. Identify as many of the specific organelles as you can and record as a sketch in your book

Question

1. Compare and contrast the structures of glycogen and cellulose, showing how each molecules structure is linked to its function. [10 marks]

19 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Mark Scheme

[1] Gycogen is a chain of -glucose molecules [2] Cellulose chain of -glucose molecules [3] Glycogens chain is compact but very branched, whereas [4] Celluloses chain is very long, straight and unbranched [5] and these chains in cellulose are bonded to form fibres [6] Glycogens structure makes it a good food store in animals [7] The branches allow enzymes to access the glycosidic bonds [8] to break the food store down quickly [9] Celluloses structure makes it a good structure in cell walls 20 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2008

Polysaccharides: true or false?

21 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Task 4

Write an account of the structure and function of chloroplasts Include Key structures and their functions Diagrams
Task 5

Complete the Application on pg 160 161 on specialised cells and finish off by completing the exam style questions.

Beta glucose

Condensation reaction

Variation in Carbohydrates
Alpha glucose

Disaccharides

Starch

Cellulose

Glycogen

Polysaccharides: Structure and function

Homework
Write an account of the structure and function of chloroplasts Include
Key structures and their functions Diagrams Endosymbiotic theory of chloroplast evolution and evidence for it

26 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Glossary

27 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Whats the keyword?

28 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Whats the carbohydrate?

29 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008

Multiple-choice quiz

30 of 30

Boardworks Ltd 2008