Lecture 13: Oscillators

Conditions for Oscillators Phase shift in feedback loop is 0 degrees Unity voltage gain (Barkhausen Criterion)

Feedback Circuit

2 3 3 1

ACL = Av x = 1

= .01
2 3 1

ACL = Av x = 0.1 Exponentially damped

= 10
2 3 1

ACL = Av x = 10 Clipping occurs

=1
2 3 1

ACL = Av x = 1 Oscillation

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Sinusoidal Oscillators
RC : Wien Bridge, Phase shift. RLC: Colpitts, Clapp, Hartly, Armstrong, Crystal Oscillator

Non sinusoidal

Triangular, Sawtooth, Pulse, Function, Multi-vibrator

Wien Bridge Low pass

C1 R1 C2

R2

High pass High pass and low pass, Produces Band pass
R3

R4

2 3 1

ACL =
R1

R3 + R4 R4

C1

Fr =
C2 R2

1 where R1 = R2 & C1 = C 2 2 RC

Negative Feedback: To control ACL Positive Feed back: To Produce Oscillations Wein bridge configuration. Practical applications would place two parallel diodes each facing opposite directions, such would produce constant amplitude for the oscillated signal

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Example of Active Filter

Applications: Audio Instrumentation, switching circuits, Signal conditioning circuits, Audio cross over networks

Buffer Bandstop 50% Filter

2 3 1

2 3 1

Lowpass Filter

2 3 1

Highpass Filter

Power Amp

Speak er

Crossover

Power Amp

Bass

Audio

Power Amp

Tweet er

Audio Crossover works by filtering different frequencies, high medium and low. Using a band pass filter, a typical band pass filter circuit is shown above, by combining a high pass and a low pass filter you can make a band pass. The three different range of frequencies filtered out are then conditioned to that are played by different types of speakers.

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