ESc201:IntroductiontoElectronics

OperationalAmplifier Part2

Dr. K D K. V V. S Srivastava i t Dept. of Electrical Engineering IIT Kanpur

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Integrator

vs / R
C

vs / R
+VCC VS R VO

-V VCC

vS dVO 1 = C VO (t ) = vS dt R dt RC
2

Differentiator

dvS C dt
R C

dvS C dt
VS

+VCC

VO

-V VCC

VO dvS dvS = C VO (t ) = RC R dt dt
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Log Amplifier

vs / R
D

I = I S (e
+VCC

V V

1)

vs / R
VS R

vS = I S (e R
VO

VO VT

1)

-VCC

vS +1 = e IS R

VO VT

vS vS VO = VT ln(1 + ) VT ln( ) RI S RI S

Temperature Sensor ?
D

+VCC VS R VO

VS k BT VO = VT ln( l ( ); ) VT = RI S q

-VCC

But IS is a function of temperature as well.

D

+VCC VS R2 -VCC VO

VS VO = VT ln( ) R2 I S
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+VCC VS R1 -VCC VO1

VO1

VS = VT ln( ) R1 I S
Rf R VO

R Rf

+VCC VS R2 -VCC VO2

VO =

Rf R

V01 + (1 +

Rf R

Rf Rf + R

V02

VO 2
VO = Rf R

VS = VT ln( ) R2 I S
VS VS VO = VT ln( ) + ln( ) R R2 I S R1 I S Rf
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(V02 V01 )

+VCC VS R1 -VCC VO1

VO1

VS = VT ln( ) R1 I S
Rf R VO

R Rf

+VCC VS R2 -VCC VO2

R2 VO = VT ln( ) R R1
VS = VT ln( ) R2 I S
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Rf

VO 2

Output voltage is directly proportional to temperature

AntiLog Amplifier

I = I s (e
VS

V V

1)
D

I = I s (e
+VCC

V V

1)

VO

-VCC

VO = I S (e 1) R
VS VT
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VS VT

VO = RI S (e 1) RI S e

VS VT

Multiplier
D +VCC R -VCC
R R

VO1
VOX
VOX

VX VY ) + ln( )) = VT (ln( RI S RI S

VX

VX ) = VT ln( RI S
R

VO1

VX VY = VT ln( 2 2 ) R IS
R D +VCC VO

VO1

D +VCC R -VCC VO
-VCC

VY

VOY

VY = VT ln( ) RI S
VO1 VT

VO RI S e

VX VY = RI S

Difference Amplifier
Rf

RIN = R1
R1 VO VS1 VS2 R2 R3

R3 Rf R2 vo = vs 2 (1 + ) R3 R1 (1 + ) R2 ( Rf R1 )vs1

R3 R f Choose = R2 R1

vo =

Rf R1

(vs 2 vs1 )

Need to be checked input resistance

A drawback d b ki is th that ti input t resistance i t i is relatively l ti l L Lower To change g g gain, we have to change g two resistors and a slight g mismatch can drastically reduce common mode rejection ratio
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Instrumentation Amplifier
VS1

vo1 = vs1 + i R2
vs1
A1 R2 R3

R4

i = (vs1 vs 2 ) / R1

R1

i
R2

A3 R3

VO

i
vS 2
VS2 A2

R4

R4 vo = (vo 2 vo1 ) R3

vo 2 = vs 2 i R2

R4 R vo = (vs 2 iR2 vs1 iR2 ) vo = 4 ({vs 2 vs1} 2 R2 {(vs1 vs 2 ) / R1}) R3 R3 R4 vo = (vs 2 vs1 2iR2 ) R3

R4 R2 vo = ( vs 2 vs1 ) (1 + 2 ) R3 R1 11

Instrumentation Amplifier
VS1

vo1 = vs1 + i R2
vs1
A1 R2 R3

R4

i = (vs1 vs 2 ) / R1

R1

i
R2

A3 R3

VO

i
vS 2
VS2 A2

R4

vo 2 = vs 2 i R2
Very high input Resistance

R4 2 R2 vo = (1 + ) (vs 2 vS1 ) R3 R1

Can change one resistor R1 and change gain

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Comparator: Opamp under open Loop condition

+V VCC VS1 VO VS2 -VCC

R0 vS1 Ri vS2 + vi vo
+ -

-A AOL vi

VO VCC VS2 -VS1 -VCC

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+12V 5.5V VO=? ~ -12V 5V -12V

+12V VO=? ? 5mV -12V 12V

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~ +12V

Example vin = 1V Sin(2 ft );

1F +5V 1K +5V VO -5V 5V

f = 1KHz
VIN

VO1 = +5V if vin > 0 = 5V if vin < 0

VIN 1V 0.5 VO1 5V 1

VO1
-5V

VO
time (ms)

ti time (ms) ( ) -5V

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Example

+12V 1V 1K VO

-12V

+12V 1V 1K VO -12V 1V

+12V

VO -12V

~ -12V 12V

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Comparator

V2 > V3 V0 = Vsat V2 < V3 V0 = +Vsat

2 + Vi 10 k R2 10 k 3 V1 R1 15 k Fig.3 6 V0

V0 = Av (V3 V2 )

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Schmitt Trigger

V2 > V3 V0 = Vsat V2 < V3 V0 = +Vsat

V0 = Av (V3 V2 )
2 + Vi 10 k R2 10 k
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R2 V3 = V0 R1 + R2
R2 = 10k 10 V3 = Vsat 10 + 15 2 = 12 = 4.8V 5

6 3 V1 R1 15 k Fig.3 V0

Schmitt Trigger

V2 > V3 V0 = Vsat V2 < V3 V0 = +Vsat

V0 VOH

V0 = Av (V3 V2 )

V3 = 4.8V

VIH = + 4.8V VIL = 4.8 4 8V

2 + 6 3 V1 R1 15 k Fig.3 V0

Fig.2

Vi 10 k

VIL

VIH

Vi

R2 10 k

VOL
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Bring in a Capacitor

v2

v0 R1 v1
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R2

Square Wave Generator

v2 C v2 v0 v0 v1 R1 R2
R1 R1 = +Vsat v1 = v0 R1 + R2 R1 + R2
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Square Wave Generator

v2 C v2 v0 v0 v1 R1 R2
R1 R1 v1 = v0 = Vsat R1 + R2 R1 + R2
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Square Wave Generator

v2

C v2 R v0 v0 v1 R1 R2
R1 R1 = Vsat v1 = v0 R1 + R2 R1 + R2
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Square Wave Generator

vC (t ) = vC ( ) + {vC ( (0 + ) v C ( )} e
t RC

v0 v2

C v2

R v0

R1 v1
T1
T2

R2

T3
( t T1 )

v2 (t ) = +Vsat [Vsat v2 (T1 )]e

R1 v1 = v0 R1 + R2

v2 (T2 ) = +Vsat [Vsat v2 (T1 )]e

(T2 T1 )

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Square Wave Generator

v0 v2

C v2

R v0

R1 v1
T1 T2 T3
(T2 T1 )

R2

v2 (T2 ) = +Vsat [Vsat v2 (T1 )]e

v2 (T1 ) = Vsat R1 R1 + R2

R1 v1 = v0 R1 + R2

v2 (T2 ) = +Vsat

R1 R1 + R2

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Square Wave Generator

R1 T2 T1 = ln 1 + 2 R2
Similarly,

R1 T3 T2 = ln 1 + 2 R2 R1 T = T3 T1 = 2 ln 1 + 2 R2
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