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Apostol Stan

Putere Politic #i Democra'ie n


Romnia
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HVITXIM #M WXRKMM ETEV R 1YRXIRME R ETVMPMI 1860 #M YR ER QEM XV^MY GRH
IVEY VWXYVREXI HI S QSRWXVYSEW EPMER' KYZIVRIPI -SR +LMGE #M 1. '.
)TYVIERY, EQFIPI MQTYWI %HYRVMM IPIGXMZI TVMR ZSMR'E HSQRYPYM. 9R QSQIRX
HIGMWMZ E JSWX #IHMR'E %HYRVMM HMR 22 MERYEVMI 1863, GRH, TVMR EQI-HEQIRXYP
%R. 4ERY PE TVSMIGXYP HI %HVIW RXSGQMX HI S GSQMWMI TEVPEQIRXEV,
GSRWIVZEXSVMM #M VEHMGEPMM EXEGEY TI 'Y^E TIRXVY RGPGVMPI GSRWXMXY'MSREPI:
HM^SPZEVIE EHYRVMPSV, MRKIVMR'IPI R EPIKIVM IXG. )VEY 32 HI WIQREXEVM, GE '%.
6SWIXXM, -SR '. &VXMERY, "X. +SPIWGY, +. &. "XMVFIM, +V. &MFIWGY &EWEVEF-
&VRGSZIERY, +V. 1. 7XYVH^E, (MQ. +LMGE, %T. %VWEGLM, '. 2. &VMPSMY, 0.
'EXEVKMY IXG. 0E 18 JIFVYEVMI, GSEPM'ME PMFIVEP-GSRWIVZEXSEVI HHIE YR ZSX HI
FPEQ EXX PYM 2. /VIX^Y-PIWGY, GX #M, MRHMVIGX, HSQRMXSVYPYM, EQFIPI MRWXER'I
3MRH EGY^EXI HI MPIKEPMX'M 9M.
%TVSTMIVIE HMRXVI PMFIVEPM #M GSRWIVZEXSVM WI TIGIXPYME HYT 2 QEM 1864,
GRH, TVMR PSZMXYVE HI WXEX, 'Y^E MRXVSHYGIE HSQRME TIVWSREP. R EGIP GPMQEX,
TIRXVY EQFIPI XIRHMR'I TSPMXMGI IVE EHYW R TVMQ-TPER RIGIWMXEXIE YRIM
EG'MYRM RIQMNPSGMXI TIRXVY S EPXIVREXMZ HI KYZIVREVI GSRWXMXY'MSREP, EZRH
HVITX KEVERX, HI HEXE EGIEWXE, YR TVMRGMTI WXVMR. )VE S VIZIRHMGEVI E
%HYRVMPSV EH LSG, GSRXVETYW HIWISVM HI GSRWIVZEXSVM PYM 'Y^E RG HMR 1859,
GLMEV RXV-YR TVSMIGX HI 'SRWXMXY'MI IPEFSVEX PE *SG#ERM, HEV QYPX XMQT VIWTMRW
HI PMFIVEPM 95. (EV, HMR QSQIRXYP PSZMXYVMM HI WXEX #M EP MRWXMXYMVMM HSQRMIM
TIVWSREPI, VI-XVER#RHY-WI RXV-S EGXMZMXEXI GSRWTMVEXMZ #M HIWGLM^RHY-WI
WTVI PIKXYVM GY TYXIVMPI KEVERXI, TI JSRHYP YRIM HSQRMM IVSHEXI HYT
RJTXYMVIE VIJSVQIPSV HI GEQEVMP, WXEKREVI, GVM^ 3RERGMEV #M GSVYT'MI,
STS^M'ME PMFIVEP-GSRWIVZEXSEVI EM GVIM I\TSRIR'M IVEY -SR '. &VXMERY, '%.
6SWIXXM, -SR +LMGE #M 0EWGV 'EXEVKMY EG'MSRIE^ GSRGIVXEX #M GSSVHSREX R
ZIHIVIE EXMRKIVMM WGSTYPYM TVSTYW.
R GSRWIGMR', HYT GI VWXYVREY TI 'Y^E, R RSETXIE HI 11/12
JIFVYEVMI 1866 TVMRXV-S PSZMXYV HI TEPEX VIEPM^EX GY GSQTPMGMXEXIE YRSV
GSQERHER'M QMPMXEVM, EHZIVWEVMM VIKMQYPYM TIVWSREP GVIEY S ZEGER' E 8VSRYPYM,
VI^SPZEX GY QEVM HM3GYPX'M I\XIVRI XSGQEM PE 10 QEM 1866 TVMR EHYGIVIE
YRYM TVMRGMTI WXVMR 96.
.:38)
1 %GXI #M HSGYQIRXI VIPEXMZI PE MWXSVME VIREWGIVIM 6SQRMIM, :--,
&YGYVI#XM,
1892, T. 308.
2 -FMHIXR.
3 -FMHIQ, T. 309.
4 -FMHIQ, T. 310.
5 -FMHIQ, T. 316.
6 -FMHIQ, T. 313.
7 -FMHIQ, T. 315-316.
7 %REPIPI WXEXMWXMGI TIRXVY GYRSE#XIVIE TV'MM QYRXIRI HMR 6SQRME,
-:, 1863. RV. 13-16, XVMQ. ---:, T. 153.
9 4VSXSGSEPIPI 'SQMWMIM 'IRXVEPI E 4VMRGMTEXIPSV 9RMXI, WIWMYRIE ---,
1861, TVSXSGSPYP 6, 8 MYRMI 1861, T., 5.
10 %P. 0ETIHEXY, :ME'E TSPMXMG MRXIVR, R %PI\ERHVY -SER 'Y^E.
1859-1866,
4EXVY GSRJIVMR'I MWXSVMGI, &YGYVI#XM, 1932, T. 5.
11 %GXI #M HSGYQIRXI, :--, T. 311.
12 -FMHIQ, T. 312.
13 -FMHIQ, T. 308.
14 -FMHIQ, T. 312.
15 -. :RXY, +. +. *PSVIWGY, 9RMVIE 4VMRGMTEXIPSV R PYQMRE EGXIPSV
JYRHEQIR
8EPI #M GSRWXMXY'MSREPI, &YGYVI#XM, 1965, T. 221-224.
16 %TSWXSP 7XER, +VYTVM #M GYVIRXI TSPMXMGI R 6SQRME RXVI 9RMVI #M
-RHI
4IRHIR', &YGYVI#XM, 1979, T. 124-125.
17, 'SRWIVZEXSVYP TVSKVIWMWX, -, 1860, RV. 3, T. 10.
18 -FMHIQ, T. 11.
19, 6SQRYP, ---, 1859, RV. 64, T. 253.
20 %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 126.
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM #M E ZMI'MM TEVPEQIRXEVI HMR 6SQRME TR PE 1918,
&YGYVI#XM, 1983, T. 125.
-. '. *MPMXXM, 9R TVSMIGX HI 'SRWXMXY'MI MRIHMX EP PYM 'Y^E :SH HI PE 1863,
'PYN, 1929, T. 372.23 -FMHIQ, T. 371-373.
24 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 103, 110-111, 113.
25 6IJSVQE, 24 MERYEVMI 1862.
28 %REPIPI IGSRSQMGI, -, 1860, RV. 2, T. 46.
27 %REPIPI WXEXMWXMGI, --, 1861, RV. 5-8, XV. ---:, T. 26, 33.
28 %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 130-132.
29 6SQRYP, -:, 1860, RV. 312-313, T. 955.
30 %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 134-137.
31 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 121-123.
32 -. '. *MPMXXM, ST. 'X., T. 375-376.
33 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 124.
34 6SQRYP, ---, 1859, RV. 99, T. 378.
35 6IJSVQE, ---, 1861, RV. 46, T. 184.
36 &MFPMSXIGE %GEHIQMIM 6SQRI (R GSRXMRYEVI: &. %. 6.), %VL. 2.
/VIX^Y0IWGY, -, QW. 53.:
37 %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 55-58.
36 6SQRYP, :. 1861, RV. 163-164, T. 518. @TEV
39 %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 60.
40 &MSKVE3E HSQRYPYM %PI\. 'LVMWXS3, 'VEMSZE, 1896, T. 34.
41 :. 7PZIWGY, 7GVMWSVM MRIHMXI EPI PYM &EVFY 'EXEVKMY, MERYEVMI-
SGXSQFVMX
1861, &YGYVI#XM, 1942, T. 12.
42 %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 62-67.
43 -FMHIQ, T. 73.
44 -FMHIQ, T. 74-78.
45 -FMHIQ, T. 79-93.
48 1IWEKMM #M TVSGPEQE'MM EPI PYM 'Y^E :SH, :PIRMM HI 1YRXI, 1910, T.
18.
47 -FMHIQ, T. 16-17.
48 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 109-110.
49 1IWEKMM #M TVSGPEQE'MM EPI PYM 'Y^E :SH, T. 41.
50 -FMHIQ, T. 43-44.
51 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 144.
52 %. (. <IRSTSP, (SQRME PYM 'Y^E :SH, --, 1903, T. 16-24.
53 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 113-114.
54 (ER &IVMRHIM, +YZIVRIPI PYM %P. -. 'Y^E (1859-1866), R 6IZMWXE %VLM
:IPSV, WIVMI RSY, --, 1959, RV. 1, T. 147-163.
55 8. (VKERY, RGITYXYVMPI #M HI^ZSPXEVIE VIKMQYPYM TEVPEQIRXEV R
6SQRME
4R PE 1916, 'PYN, 1991, T. 107.
58 -FMHIQ, T. 136-137.
5 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 104-105; 8. (VKERY, ST. 'X., T. 135. 55
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 111.
59 %R. *SVHEGLI, 3VMKMRMPI GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYPYM TSPMXMG HMR 6SQRME #M
VI^MWXIR'E
7E GSRXVE TVSGIWYPYM HI HIQSGVEXM^EVI, 1821-M&# 2, &YGYVI#XM, 1987,
T.23M,
60 1IWEKMM #M TVSGPEQE'MM EPI PYM 'Y^E :SH, T. 28-29.
0
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 112. 8. (VKERY, ST. 'X., T. 146-149. -FMHIQ,
T. 108-109. -FMHIQ, T. 138-139. -FMHIQ, T. 110, 129-130. -WXSVME
4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 131. -FMHIQ, T. 115, 131-132. 8. (VKERY, ST. 'X., T.
130-131. -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 133-135.
1SRMXSVYP 33GMEP (R GSRXMRYEVI: 1. 3.), RV- 99, 4 QEM 1864, T. 455.
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 137.
:EWMPI /SKPRMGIERY, %GXI VIPEXMZI PE 2 QEM 1864, &YGYVI#XM, 1894, T.
72-76.
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 137. -FMHIQ, T. 138-139.
6EHY 'SVSEQ, 4VSFPIQE PIKMM IPIGXSVEPI R HI^FEXIVIE 'SQMWMIM
'IRXVEPI HI PE *SG#ERM, R 'IVGIXVM -WXSVMGI, -, &YGYVI#XM, 1979, T. 89. 1.
3., RV. 146, 3 MYPMI 1864, T. 664-666. :EWMPI /SKPRMGIERY, ST. 'X., T. 72-76.
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 139.
%RHVIM 6HYPIWGY, 3VKERM^EVIE WXEXYPYM, R %PI\ERHVY -S ER 'Y^E,
&YGYVI#XM, 1932, T. 82, 92.
4. 4. 'EVT, (MWGYVWYVM, 1868-1888, -, &YGYVI#XM, 1907, T. 26-27. '. '.
+MYVIWGY, :ME'E #M STIVE PYM 'Y^E :SH, IH. -M-E, &YGYVI#XM, 1970, T. 315-317.
8. (VKERY, ST. 'X., T. 167-168. :EWMPI /SKPRMGIERY, ST. 'X., T. 3-16.
1. 3., RV. 113, 20 QEM 1864, T. 519. '. '. +MYVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 315-316.
%. (. <IRSTSP, (SQRME PYM 'Y^E :SH, --, -E#M, 1903, T. 8. -WXSVME
4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 141-142. -FMHIQ, T. 142-143. 8. (VKERY, ST. 'X., T.
168-170. -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 146.
4. 4. 2IKYPIWGY, 4EVXMHIPI TSPMXMGI, &YGYVI#XM, 1926, T. 234. %. (.
<IRSTSP, ST. 'X., --, T. 8. %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 158-168. -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM,
T. 129-131. %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 167-174.
+V. 'LMVM', 6SQRME R 1866. 'SSVHSREXI EPI TSPMXMGMM MRXIVRI #MMRXIVRE-
'MSREPI, R 6IZMWXE HI -WXSVMI, XSQ. 31, 1978, RV. 12. -MMG%4-83090 --
3VKERM^EVIE WMWXIQYPYM TSPMXMG EP QSREVLMIM GSRWXMXY'MSREPI
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GSVTYVMPSV PIKMYMXSEVI EPGXYMXI HI
'Y^E WI HIWJ#YVE GEQTERME IPIGXSVEP HIWXMREX EPGXYMVM YRIM
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IPIGXSVEP E 7XEXYXYPYM. %PIEW RXVI 9 #M 14 ETVMPMI, RSYE EHYREVI EZIE S
GSQTS^M'MI TSPMXMG RISQSKIR, R WRYP IM GSI\MWXRH VITVI^IRXER'M EM
PMFIVEPMPSV #M GSRWIVZEXSVMPSV HI HMJIVMXI RYER'I. )VEY RW I\GPY#M GY^M#XMM, R
JVYRXI GY 1. /SKPRMGIERY, SEQIRMM TSPMXMGM GEVI GSRXVMFYMWIV PE PSZMXYVE HI
WXEX E HSQRMXSVYPYM 9RMVMM.
R GEQTERME IPIGXSVEP WYVZIRMWI S PYTX EGIVF RXVI HMJIVMXI XIRHMR'I
TSPMXMGI TIRXVY SGYTEVIE YRIM TS^M'MM GX QEM TYXIVRMGI R 'SRWXMXYERX. (I#M
WI JSVQEWI YR GSQMXIX IPIGXSVEP GIRXVEP #M, TVMR RIKSGMIVM, WI GSRZIRMWI GE
VITVI^IRXEVIE GSRWIVZEXSVMPSV #M PMFIVEPMPSV W 3I IKEP, W-EY MZMX GSRJVYRXVM
RGVRGIREXI, TVMR RGIVGEVIE HI E WI PMQMXE MR4YIR'E VEHMGEPMPSV. 7YGGIWYP, R
3REP, E JSWX HI TEVXIE GSRWIVZEXSVMPSV #M QSHIVE'MPSV, EGIWXI SVMIRXVM TSPMXMGI
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S WGLM' HI PIKI IPIGXSVEP. %QFIPI HSGYQIRXI EHYWI R HI^FEXIVIE
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SEV, TVMRXV-S GVIE'MI TVSTVMI, VSQRMM EZIEY SGE^ME HI E IPMQMRE E#I^QMRXIPI
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TI GSPIKMM, HSEV YVQXSVYP RYQV HI IPIGXSVM: GSPIKMYP P-3 388, GSPIKMYP 1P-4
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RIXVIGYX TIRXVY S TEVXMGMTEVI HMVIGX PE ZME'E TSPMXMG E GPEWIPSV HI NSW EPI
WSGMIX'MM, GY HISWIFMVI E 'VRMQMM.
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I\IGYXMZI #M NYHIGXSVI#XM, KVE'MIVM HI TIHITWI, HMWTYRIE HI YR HVITX HI ZIXS
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WI TVIE G EGIWXE WI EFXIE HI PE XVEMIGXSVME GSRWXMXY'MSREP. 8SX IM M
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238)
1 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 15A-152. 2 -FMHIQ, T. 152-153, 155.
3 %P. 4IRGSZMGM, (2WFEXIVMPI %HYRVMM 'SRWXMXYERXI HMR ERYP 1866 EWYTVE
'SRWXMXY'MIM #M PIKMM IPIGXSVEPI, &YGYVI#XM, .883, T. 202.
4 8. 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER E 6SQRMIM (18661900),
&YGYVI#XM~
1925, T. 10: 6SQRYP, <, 16 ETVMPMI 1866, T. 193.
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 153. %P. 4IRGSZMGM, ST. 'X., T. 24.
-FMHIQ, T. 27, 77, 78, 83-84, 140, 153, 161, 189, 322. -FMHIQ, T.
196-200.
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VSQRI), &YGYVI#XM, 1934, T, 23. %P. 4IRGSZMGM, ST. 'X., T. P-3, 24. -FMHIQ, T.
3. -FMHIQ, T. 49.
-FMHIQ, T. 84-85.:# -FMHIQ, T. 78.
-FMHIQ, T. 79.
-FMHIQ. 4. 79-80. 7
-FMHIQ, T. 80.
-FMHIQ, T. 84.
-FMHIQ, T. 293. .b!
-FMHIQ, T. 290.
-FMHIQ, T. 292.;
-FMHIQ, T. 294. -FMHIQ, T. 293.
-FMHIQ, T. 26.#;##;
-FMHIQ, T. 2, 26, 293 -FMHIQ, T. 292. -FMHIQ, T. 295. -FMHIQ, T. 2.
-FMHIQ, T. 102.
-FMHIQ, T. 108.#;
-FMHIQ, T. 105. -FMHIQ, T. 99, 109. -FMHIQ, T. 111. -FMHIQ, T. 49, 53.
+. (. 2MGSPIWGY, 4EVPEQIRXYP VSQR, T. E -M-E, &YGYVI#XM, 1903, T. 16* %P.
4IRGSZMGM, ST. 'X., T. 95-96.
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4IRGSZMGM, ST. 'X., T. 58-59, 112. -FMHIQ, T. 102. -FMHIQ, T. 108, 109.
-FMHIQ, T. 98.
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61, J. 7.
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130. -FMHIQ, T. 25, 26. '. 206 PFMHIQ, T. 2, 113, 292.
47 PFMHIQ, T. 29.
48 PFMHIQ, T. 27, 28.
49 PFMHIQ, 8T. 195.
50 PFMHIQ, T. 50, 186.
51 PFMHIQ, T. 186; 6SQRYP, ER <, 3 ETVMPMI, 1866, T. 150-151; 16
ETVMPMI
1866, T. 193-194; 22 ETVMPMI 1866, T. 214; 20 QEM 1866, T. 294; 9 MYRMI
1866, T. 357-359.
52 %P. 4IRGSZMGM, ST. 'X., T. 187, 190, 191, 194.
53 PFMHIQ, T. 207.
64 PFMHIQ, T. 295.
55 PFMHIQ, T. 27, 31.
56 PFMHIQ, T. 302-303.
67 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 154-155.
68 8. (VKERY, ST. 'X., T. 308-309.
59 %P. 4IRGSZMGM, ST. 'X., T. 7, 9-10, 295, 304, 305.
* PFMHIQ, T. 13-15.
(11 6SQRYP, ER <, 1866, T. 725, 726.
02 4. 4. 'EVT, (MWGYVWYVM, -, T. 40.
63 %P. 4IRGSZMGM, ST. 'X., T. 28.
64 PFMHIQ, T. 29-30; 51.
65 PFMHIQ, T. 214-217.
66 PFMHIQ, T. 220, 221, 229.
67 7;JG-Q, T. 223, 227.
68 PFMHIQ, T. 214, 215, 219, 227, 310.;
69 PFMHIQ, T. 298-300. # *
70 /;IQ, T. 231, 234.
71 PFMHIQ, T. 11.;
72 PFMHIQ, T. 285.
73 '. +. (MWWIWGY, 'LIWXMYRIE VIZM^YMVMM PIKMM IPIGXSVEPI, &YGYVI#XM, 1883,
4. 13; 1EXIM (SKER, %REPM^E WXEXMWXMG E HIQSGVE'MIMTEVPEQIRXEVI HMR
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R WPEF QWYV, JV MR4YIR' HIGMWMZ. 4STYPE'ME SVE#IPSV, GY I\GIT'ME
WXVMRMPSV RIQTQRXIRM'M, E IZVIMPSV, HI#M GY HVITX HI VITVI^IRXEVI
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EPI WXEXYPYM #M WSGMIX'MM R ERWEQFPY WI MRXIVJIVEY GY EWTMVE'MM HI GPEW #M HI
KVYT WEY GY ZIPIMX'M TIVWSREPI. 'E EXEVI, EXMXYHMRIE JE' HI EQTPMXYHMRIE,
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3EQIRMM GEVI VIEPM^EWIV GSQTVSQMWYP HMR 1866, R QSQIRXYP MRXVVMM
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GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYP QSQIRXYPYM 1866 WI MHIRXM3GE GY MHIIE ETVVMM TVMSVMXEVI
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ERM, 'EVSP - WGLMQFEWI 10 KYZIVRI #M IJIGXYEWI 30 HI VIQERMIVM22. (YVEXE
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TEVXIE KIRIVEPYPYM -. )Q. *PSVIWGY. #M I\TVMQE GSRZMRKIVIE G XSEX PYQIE
YVQVIE GSRWSPMHEVIE HMREWXMIM, HEV MREGGITXEFMP IVE JETXYP G &PEVIQFIVK
SJIVMWI PYM 'EVSP - HVITX QSHIP HI YVQEX TI 1E\MQMPMER EP 1I\MGYPYM. )P, 'EVSP -,
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SVKERM^EVIE YRYM TVSXIWX TYFPMG, S HIQSRWXVE'MI RE'MSREP QTSXVMZE YRYM
HSQR GPGXSV HI 'SRWXMXY'MI #M VMWMTMXSV EP EZIVMM TYFPMGI, S EPY^MI VIJIVMXSEVI
PE JVEYHIPI 7XVSYWFIVK52.
4I JSRHYP YRIM SWXMPMX'M JE' HI IP, PE RGITYXYP PYM JIFVYEVMI 1871, 'EVSP
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XVSRYP53. %XMXYHMRIE EGIEWXE IVE TVIGMTMXEX HI QERMJIWXE'ME WXYHIR'IEWG HMR
10/22 QEVXMI QTSXVMZE GSPSRMIM KIVQERI GEVI WIVFE ^MYE HI RE#XIVI E
QTVEXYPYM. 'Y GSQTPMGMXEXIE TVIJIGXYPYM TSPM'MIM, 7MQMSR 1MLMPIWGY, WXYHIR'MM
RGSRNYVEV PSGEPYP, WXMRWIV PYQMRMPI, XVEWIV GPSTSXIPI HI PE 7VMRHEV,
EVYRGEV IZ TMIXVI R KIEQYVM #M WGERHEV TIRXVY VITYFPMG54.
R RSETXIE HI 10/11 QEVXMI, ETVIGMMRH QTVINYVVMPI I\XVIQI, 'EVSP -
WSGSXIE G WI MQTYRIE S EXMXYHMRI LSXVX TIRXVY E WGSEXI HMR ETEXMI
IPIQIRXIPI GIPI QEM FYRI. % GLIQEX 0SGSXIRIRXE (SQRIEWG HMR QRE
GVIME, R 1866, TVMQMWI XVSRYP, QSFMPM^RH HSEV TI 0. 'EXEVKMY #M 2. +SPIWGY,
2. ,EVEPEQFMI PMTWMRH HMR &YGYVI#XM. 7TIVMEXI HI IZIRXYEPMXEXIE EFERHSRVMM
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'EVS! - ZMMXSVYP 6SQRMIM M WI TVIE HI S RITXVYRW RXYRIGMQI, GY S
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KPEWYVM GEVI W-EY VMHMGEX QTSXVMZE HMREWXMIM, -SR 'Q-TMRIERY WEPYXRH GLMEV
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3 RIRSVSGMVI TIRXVY 'EV. R YVQXSEVIPI XVIM ^MPI WI MZIEY RYQIVSEWI
MRXIVTIPVM TVMZMRH QSHYP HI GSRWXMXYMVI E GEFMRIXYPYM. 0E 13 QEVXMI, GSR4MGXYP
HMRXVI I\IGYXMZ #M PIKMWPEXMZ WI MRXIRWM3GE. (EG KYZIVRYP GIVIE PIKM 3RERGMEVI
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JVYRXE#MM STS^M'MIM EGY^EY GEFMRIXYP #M TIRXVY JETXYP G EHYWIWI XVYTI R NYVYP
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TYFPMG, GY HISWIFMVI WXVEHE GEVI, HI VIKYP, WI EWSGME GY PMFIVEPMM VEHMGEPM.
8MQT HI XVIM ^MPI GX HYVEWIV HI^FEXIVMPI HMR 'EQIV WYW'MRXSVMM VS#MPSV
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'EXEVKMY GSRGIRXVEWI EVQEX TI (IEPYP 1MXVSTSPMIM58.
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PSG HI E EFERHSRE TYXIVIE 59, R XIQIMYP HIGVIXYPYM EGSVHEX HI 'EVSP -, R
GLMT LSXVX, HM^SPZ 'EQIVE, WYW'MRRH G RY ZE TIVQMXI GE YPM'E W RI JEG
PIKM 60. )VE S JSVQ HI HIKENEVI HI YR PIKMWPEXMZ PMFIVEP GEVI WI HSZIHMWI QEM
QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR GSQTPMGI GY HI^SVHMRMPI HMR ^MPIPI TVIGIHIRXI HMR
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238)# 6W-P %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 208-211.
2 6SQRYP, <, 1866, T. 725, 726.
3 %T. 7XER., ST. 'X., T. 186-207.
4 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 173-176.
5 +. (. 2MGSPIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 25-30.
6 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 54, J.P.
7 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 187-188.
8 -FMHIQ, T. 185.
9 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 61, J. 7.
10 -FMHIQ, RV. 62, J. 9-10.
11 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 186-87.
12 6IKIPI 'EVSP - EP 6SQRMIM, 'YZRXVM #M WGVMWSVM, -, &YGYVI#XM, 1919,
T. 140.
13 -FMHIQ, T. 147.
14 XS38S 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 188-190.
15 6IKII 'EVSP - EP 6SQRMIM, ST. 'X. -, T. 196.
10,. 1. 3., RV. 109, 20 QEM 1870, T. 627. B.
17 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 191.# n.;
0W 1. 3., RV. 268, 5 HIGIQFVMI 1870, T. 2 197.
19 -FMHIQ, RV. 272, 10 HIGIQFVMI 1870, T. 2 230; 2SXIW WYV PE ZMI HY VSM
'LEVPIW HI 6SYQERMI, --, &YGYVI#XM, 1896, T. 53.
20 %. 7. &., 1MGVS *VER'E, V. 45, ZSM. 14, G. 90; 4VIWWE, ---, 1870, RV. 281,
4. 1 121.
21 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 14.
22 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 11; ZI^M #M 1. 4SPMLVSRMEHI #M %P. 'LV. 8IMM,
(SQRME PYM 'EVSP -, -, &YGYVI#XM, 1937, T. 184.
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28 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 28.
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1915-1917,
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30 6IKIPI 'EVSP - EP 6SQRMIM, ST. 'X., -, T. 118.
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32 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 14-16.
33 %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 285-294.
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1871, J. 2.
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'IVX IWXI G, SVKERM^E'M R GSEPM'ME HI PE 1E^EV 4E#E, R 1875, HYT HIQMWMMPI
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R GSR4MGX GY KYZIVRYP GSRWIVZEXSV. 4IRXVY E GYVQE WMGYE'ME QIR'MSREX, PE 3
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PE TYXIVI, HEV XVIFYMEY E#XITXEXI RSMPI EPIKIVM, RXVYGX RY-P IVE RKHYMX W-#M
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0'EXEVKMY W HIQMWMSRI^I PE 30 QEVXMI 1876. 7I JSVQE GEFMRIXYP 1. 8V3.
*PSVIWGY, HEV, EGIWXE ZIRMRH R GSR4MGX GY 7IREXYP HSQMREX HI
3TS^M'ME PMFIVEP, 'EVSP - GIVY PYM 1. '. )TYVIERY W EPGXYMEWG S
JSVQE'MYRI KYZIVREQIRXEP TI FE^ TEVPEQIRXEV. 0E 27 ETVMPMI, GSEPM'ME HI
PE 1E^EV 4E#E TVIPYE TYXIVIE. -238)'. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 77.
%T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 416-419.,
1. 3, RV. 73, 4/16 ETVMPMI 1871, T. 433.:
, 6SQRYP, <:, 4 ETVMPMI 1371, T. 282. *
2SXIW WYV PE ZMI, --, T. 83.
6IKIPI 'EVSP - EP 6SQRMIM, ST. 'X. -, T. 245.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 47.
-FMHIQ, T. 37-38.
6IKIPI 'EVSP - EP 6SQRMIM, ST. 'X., -, T. 239.
-FMHIQ. 4. 244, 245.,
1. 3., RV. 116, 30 QEM/10 MYRMI 1871, T. 627.
). 0SZMRIWGY, %RXSPSKME MHISPSKMIM NYRMQMWXI, &YGYVI#XM, 1942, T. 132.,
1. 3., RV. 35, 1869, T. 233.
1. )QMRIWGY, 7XYHMM EWYTVE WMXYE'MIM. -, 8MQTYP, :, RV. 38, 17 JIFVYEVMI>.
3VRIE, .YRMQIE #M NYRMQMWQYP, IH. --, &YGYVI#XM, 1978, T. 180-182.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, (MWGYVWYVM TEVPEQIRXEVI, -, &YGYVI#XM, 1897, T. 413.,
1. 3., RV. 124, 1875, T. 2763.
:. &SIVIWGY, (MWGYVWYVM TSPMXMGI, --, &YGYVI#XM, 1910, T. 496.
>. 3VRIE, .YRMQIE, T. 188, 189.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, (MWGYVWYVM TEVPEQIRXEVI, --, 1897, T. 411.
-HIQ, 2ISPSKMWQIPI. R 'VMXMGI, --, &YGYVI#XM, 1893, T. 150. -HIQ,
(MWGYVWYVM TEVPEQIRXEVI, -, T. 47.,
1. 3., RV. 258, 1873, T. 2274.
-FMHIQ, RV. 30, 1874, T. 175.
-FMHIQ, RV. 258, 1873, T. 2275.
). 0SZMRIWGY, 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY, &YGYVI#XM, 194', T. 296.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, (MWGYVWYVM, -, T. 211; 4. 4. 'EVT, (MWGYVWYVM, -, T. 59.
). 0SZMRIWGY, %RXSPSKME, T. 132-133.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., ZSM. -, T. 434.
-FMHIQ, T. 415. # 4.. 50
+. 4ERY, %QMRXMVM HI PE .YRMQIE HMR -E#M, -, )YGYVI#XM, 1897, T. 323. 8.
1EMSVIWY, ST. 'X., ZSM. -, T. 12. - LM HSR, T. 4M5. -FMHIQ, T. 432-43#
"X. >MPIXMR, &YVKLI^ME VSQR. 3VMKMRIE #M VSPYP IM MWXSVMG, 1925, T. 225.
:. &SIVIWGY, (MWGYVWYVM TSPMXMGI, --, T. 489-499. "X. >IPGXMR, ST. 'X., T. 223. ).
0SZMRIWGY, %RXSPSKME, T. 140. +. 4ERY, %QMRXMVM, -, T. 251. :. 7PZIWGY, -SR
7XVEX, -, &YGYVI#XM, 1946, T. 76. -FMHIQ, T. 73.
). 0SZMRIWGY, %RXSPSKME, T. 154.
%. (. <WRNTSP. 7XYHMM EWYTVE WXVMM RSEWXVI EGXYEPI, ---, R 'SRZSVFMVM
PMXIVEVI, :. 15 MYRMI 1871, T. 120, 122, 127. >. 3VRIE, .YRMQIE, T. 216. ).
0SZMRIWGY, %RXSPSKME, T. 14'-142. 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., -, T. 330. %. 7. &.,
'EWE 6IKEP, HSWEV 22, 1867, J. 3. -FMHIQ, 1MGVS *VER'E, V. 44, G. 99. -FMHIQ;
ZI^M #M V. 45, G. 180. -FMHIQ, 'EWE 6IKEP, HSWEV 22, 1867, J. 2. -FMHIQ, 1MGVS
*VER'E, V. 44, G. 100. -FMHIQ, 'EWE 6IKEP, HSWEV 22, 1867, J. P-2. -FMHIQ, J. 3.
-FMHIQ, HSWEV 103, 1869, J. 1.,
8. 1EMSVIWGY, RWIQRVM ^MPRMGI, 1, &YGYVI#XM, 1936, T. 131. %. 7. &., 'EWE
6IKEP, HSWEV 4, 1870, J. P-2. -FMHIQ, HSWEV 42, 1870, J. 5. 2SXIW WYV PE ZMI, --,
T. 30, 39, 48. %. 7. &., 1MGVS *VER'E, V. 45, G. 96.
)QMP PSEGLMQSZMGM, 1ERSPEGLI /SWXEGLM )TYVIERY, &YGYVI#XM, 1913, T.
59-60.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, (MWGYVWYVM, --, T. 139. %. 7. &., 1MGVS *VER'E, V. 45, G. 114.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, (MWGYVWYVM, -, T. 54, 63.;# %. 7. &., 'EWE 6IKEP, HSWEV 12,
1871, J. 2122, 24. -FMHIQ, J. 28, 34-35.
&. %. 6., *SRH 8. 1EMSVIWGY, 7. 19 (1 (/<:---. 8. 1EMSVIWGY, (MWGYVWYVM. -,
T. 69-70, 330-331., 1. 3., RV. 26, 1871, T. 136. -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 1871. 4. 160.
'. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 31. %. 7. &., 1MGVS *VER'E, V. 45, G. 115-117.
72, 1. 3., RV. 33, /12/24 JIFVYEVMI 1872, T. 182-183.
73 PFMHIQ, RV. 34, 13/25 JIFVYEVMI 1872, T. 189.
-FMHGQ, RV. 35, 15/27 JIFVYEVMI 1872, J. 197.
15 PFMHIQ, RV. 34, 13/25 JIFVYEVMI 1872, T. 189.
56 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 215-2 M 7.
1. 3., RV. 23, 28 MERYEVMI/9 JIFVYEVMI 1874, T. 133.
78 PFMHIQ, RV. 24, 30 MERYEVMI/11 JIFVYEVMI 1874, T. 142.
79 PFMHIQ, RV. 23, 28 MERYEVMI, 9 JIFVYEVMI 1874, T. 133.
80 PFMHIQ, RV. 29, 6/18 JIFVYEVMI 1874, T. 134.
61 PFMHIQ, RV. 40, 19 JIFVYEVMI/3 QEVXMI 1874, T. 251. 83 PFMHIQ, RV. 23,
28 MERYEVMI/9JIFVYEVMI 1874, T. 134-138. ## " PFMHIQ, RV. 30, 7/19 JIFVYEVMI
1874, T. 177, 178. :X 4. 4. 'EVT, (MWGYVWYVM, -, T. 11 1.
85 1. 3., RV. 151, 11/23 MYPMI 1871, T. 821, 828.
86 %R. -SVHEGLI, 7YF ^SHME 7XVSYWFIVK, &YGYVI#XM, 1991, T. 185-186M
87 PFMHIQ, T. 139.
68 PFMHIQ, T. 95-96.
89 2SXIW WYV PE ZMI, --, T. 128-129.
90, 1. 3., RV. 28, 7/19 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 158.
91 PFMHIQ, RV.A4, 19/31 MERYEVMI 1873, T. 60.
92 PFMHIQ, RV. 15, 29 MERYEVMI/10 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 63.
93 >. 3VRIE, .YRMQIE, T. 265.
1, 1. 3., RV. 27, 6/18 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 149-152, P-57-158-75 PFMHIQ,
RV. 7, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 84.
96 PFMHIQ, RV. 28, 7/19 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 157.
97 PFMHIQ, RV. 16, 21 MERYEVMI/2 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 73.
1 PFMHIQ, RV. 28, 7/19 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 157.
99 PFMHIQ, RV. 27, 6/18 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 150-151.
100 PFMHIQ, T. 157-158.
101 PFMHIQ, RV. 28, 7/19 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 158.
103 PFMHIQ, RV. 4, 5/17 MERYEVMI 1874, T. 21.
103 %R. SVHEGLI, 7YF ^SHME 7XVSYWFIVK. 4. 140-141.
104 +. (. 2MGSPIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 261.
105, 1. 3., RV. 15, 29 MERYEVMI/. 0 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 63.
106 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X, -, T. 133.
, 1. 3., RV. 44, 25 JIFVYEVMI/8 QEVXMI 1872. 4. 253.
108 PFMHIQ. RV. 43, 24 JIFVYEVMI/7 QEVXMI 1872, T. 249.
109 PFMHIQ, RV. 35. 15/27 JIFVYEVMI 1872, T. 196-197.
110 >. 3VRIE, .YRMQIE, T. 285-287.
111, 1. 3., RV. 15, 29 MERYEVM; /. 3 JIFVYEVMI 1873, T. 63
112 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X. -, T. 133, 170.
113 1. 3., RV. 44. 25 JIFVYEVMI/8 QEVXMI 1872, T. 253
114 6SQRYP, <-<, 25 MERYEVMI 1875, T. 73-74.:
7P5 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 133, 135, 141 144.
118 1. 4SPMLVSRMEHI #M %P. 'LV. 8IMM, ST. 'X., -, T. 302.
117 6IKIPI 'EVSP - EP 6SQRMIM, ST. 'X., -, T. 409.
b19 &. %. 6., 7. ', *SRH 8. 1EMSVIWGY, 729/<:.
119 -FMHIQ, 78(-9)/'<<-:.
1; 4. 4. 'EVT, (MWGYVWYVM. 1, T. 67-68.
121 %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 422-423.
1.! 4VIWWE, :---, RV. 253, 14 RSMIQFVMI 1875, T. 1.
333 &MFPMSXIGE 2E'MSREP (R GSRXMRYEVI: &. 2. . *SRH 7X. +ISVKIW, 4.
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121 %T. 7XER, ST. 'X., T. 426-427.
0-V -FMHIQ, T. 402 #M YVQ.:
123 '. 2. &V. 0MPSMY, +LMGMXSVM TEVPEQIRXEVI, :, 8MQTYP, --, RV. 51, 4
QEVXMI 1777.
137 4. 4. 'EVT, (MWGYVWYVM, -, T. 66-67. 11, 8. 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME
GSRXMQTSVERIM, T. 72-76. -2. 1. 4SPMLVSRMEHI #M %P. 'LV. 8IMM, ST. 'X., -, T.
304-306. 139, 1. 3., RV. 62, 18/30 QEVXMI 1876, T. 1707-1709; RV. 50,
4/16VEEVXMI
1876, T. 1273.:
'EVSP - E! 6SQRMIM, ST. 'X., T. 448, 463. '%4-83090 : (I PE (SQRMI PE
6IKEX
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'SRGPY^ME IVE G HEXSVME SVMGVYM WXEX PMFIVEP GEVI EGSVHE WXVMRMPSV
SWTMXEPMXEXI #M YR E^MP YQER VIJYKME'MPSV TSPMXMGM GSRWXE R E TVIZIRM, QTMIHMGE
#M TIHITWM R GE^YVM WMKYVI EXX XIRHMR'IPI TIVZIVWI, HEV QEM GY WIEQ
EGXIPI GVMQMREPI GEVI EV XYPFYVE SVHMRIE TYFPMG #M WXEFMPMXEXIE R EPX 'EV.
6IHEGXSVMM TVSMIGXYPYM HI PIKI IVEY GSR#XMIR'M G TVMR MRXIR'MMPI PSV ZSV
WXVRM RIQYP'YQMVM TVMRXVI QSVEPM#XM #M 3PSWS3, TIRXVY GEV& PMFIVXEXIE HI
GYKIXEVI IVE QEM TVIWYW HIGX SVMGI VE'MYRI HI WXEX. 0IKMYMXSVMM RW IVEY
HEXSVM W EHSTXI QWYVM TIRXVY ETVEVIE 'VMM GSRXVE YRSV MHIM HIWTIVEXI
GSRHEQREXI HI VE'MYRIE YRMZIVWEP E KIRYPYM YQER. 'VMXMGEFMP TI XVQ
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SF'MRIEY SWTMXEPMXEXI, R PSG HI VIGYRS#-XMR', #M FEX NSG HI RSM. )VE, TVMR
YVQEVI, RIZSMI HI S PIKI EWYTVE WXVMRMPSV, HYT QSHIPYP *VER'IM #M &IPKMIM78.
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JSV'E EGIPSV WXVMRM HI E ZXQE MRXIVIWIPI 'VMM, YR GYMF HI RMLMPM#XM 3MRH
MRGETEFMPM W EQIRMR'I WMKYVER'E WXEXYPYM VSQR. 0YM 2. PSRIWGY M WI TVIE G
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9R WXVMR I\TYP^EX, VIMRXVEX R 6SQRME, ZE 3 EVIWXEX #M HIJIVMX TSPM'MIM
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238)
1, 1. 3., 26 QEM 1876, T. 2813.
2 -FOOQ, 15 QEM 1876, T. 2(35.
3 -LMHIQ, 26 QEM 1876, T. 2811.
4 -FOOQ, RV. 177, 12/24 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4456.
5 -FMHIQ, RV. 145, 3 MYPMI 1876, T. 3470-3471.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 85-86; '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -,
T. M 70.
7 1. 3., RV. 171, 4/16 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4311-4315.
8 -LMHIQ. RV. 145, 3/15 MYPMI 1876, T. 3482.
9 -FMHIQ, RV. 180, 15/27 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4540.
10 -LMHIQ, RV. 172, 5/17 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4334.
11 -FOOQ, V.V. 17), 4/16 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4314.
12 -FMH Q. T. 4:13.
13 -FMH. 1 RV. 178. . 3/25 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4490.
14 -FMHIQ, RV. ', 9. 14/26 EY: VM; WX 1876, T. 4516-4517.
15 -FMHIQ, RV. 177, 12/24 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4486; RV. 179, 14/26 EYKYWX
1876,
4. 4517-4529.
16 -FOPIR, RV. 176, 11/23 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4434.
17 -FMHIQ, V.V. 171, 4/16 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4314, 4435.
18 -FMHIQ, RV. 178, 13/25 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4488-4489; RV. 179, 14/26
EYKYWX
1876, T. 4517-4521.
19 -FMHIQ, RV. 171, 4/16 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4315.
20 -FMHIQ, RV. 173, 6/18 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4361.
21 -FMHIQ, RV. 177, 12/24 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4457.
22 -FMHIQ, RV. 178, 13/25 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4491.
2:1 -FMHIQ, RV. 177, 12/24 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4262.
6-FMW -FMHIQ, RV. 169, 1/13 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4264-4266. 21 -FMHIQ, RV.
143, 1/13 MYPMI 1876, T. 3399-3404, 3435; RV. 146, 4/16 MYPMI 1876, T. 3503.
25 -FMHIQ, RV. 172, 5/17 EYKM: WX 1876, T. 4339; RV. 173, 6/18 EYKYWX
1876,
4. 4363.
26 -FMHIQ, RV. 171, 4/16 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4315.
27 -FMHIQ, RV. 178, 13/25 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4492.
27 -FMHIQ. RV. 172, 5/17 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4334.
2E -FMHIQ, RV. 174, 8/20 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4384, 4385. 50 -FMHIQ, RV.
171, 4/16 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4311-4312.
21 -FMHIQ, RV. 178, 13/25 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4491-4492.
22 -FMHIQ, RV. 179, 14/26 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4522.
33 -FMHIQ, RV. 177, 12/24 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4456-4458.
34 -FMHIQ, RV. 176, 11/23 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4436.
35 -FMHIQ, RV. 177, 12/24 EYKYWX M876, T. 4455. ?
36 8. 1EMSVIWGY. 3T. 'X., T. 88.
37 1. 3., RV. 171. 1/16 EYKYWX 1876. 4. 4268 4269.
38 -FMHIQ, RV. 181, 17/29 EYKYWX 1876, T. 4560-4561. 39 8. 1EMSVIWGY,
ST. 'X., T. 98-99., ,
40 (IWFEXIVMPI %HYRVMM (ITYXE'MPSV (R GSRXMRYEVI: (. %. (), NMV. 8, 23
*IFVYEVMI 1888, T. 89.
41 %R. -SVHEGLI, 7YF ^SHME 7XVSYWFIVK, T. 24.
42 (. %. (., RV. 8, 23 JIFVYEVMI 1888, T. 89.
43 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 86-95.,:
41 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 172.,.45 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 95-97.

, (. %. (.. 8, 23 JIFVYEVMI 1888, T. 90.


47 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 101-103; 4PM -FMHIQ. 4. 181-182; 4.
'RGIE, :ME'E TSPMXMG HMR 6SQRME, R TVMQYP HIGIRMY EP MRHITIRHIR'IM HI
WXEX. &YGYVI#XM, 1974, T. 82-84.49 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 169-174.
50, 1. 3., RV. 59, 14/26 QEVXMI 1881, T. 1776, 1789.
51 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 84.
52, 1. 3., RV. 59, 14/26 QEVXMI 1881, T. 1781-1782.
53 -FMHIQ, T. 1776, 1777, 1781-1782. .
54 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 234; '. +ERI, 4. 4. 'EVT, 'M VSPYP WY R
MWXSVME
4SPMXMGE E 'VMM, ZSM. -, &YGYVI#XM, 1936, T. 250.
53 (SGYQIRXI HMR QM#GEVIE QYRGMXSVIEWG 1872-1916. &YGYVI#XM,
19,67, T. 30.
58 (. %. (., RV. 22, 21 MYRMI 1917, T. 198; 4. 'RGIE, ST. %:.T. 59-61.
57, 'YVMIVYP, 8 QEVXMI .881; 11 QEVXMI 1881. C.5*, (. %. (: 41, 10
QEVXMI 1918, T. 461. .., .59 -FMHIQ, RV. 22, 21 MYRMI 1917, T. 198,.60, 1.
3., RV. 59, 14/26 QEVXMI 1881, T. 1784. C ? .,
61 (. %. (., RV. 41, 1.0 QEVXMI 1918, T. 461. .62 -FMHIQ, RV. 23, 24
MYRMI 1917, T. 206.
83, 1. 3., RV. 59, 14/26 QEVXMI 1881, T. 1785; RV. 4, 4/16 ETVMPMI 1881,
4. 178, 179.
64 -FMHIQ, RV. 59, 14/26 QEVXMI 1881, T. 1779, 1780.
65 -FMHIQ, T. 1784-1785# ,. ?.68 -FMHIQ, T. 1776.
67 -FMHIQ, 4. 1783-1784. . -#;
63 -FMHIQ, T. 1786, 1788. .
69 -FMHIQ, RV. 4, 4/16 ETVMPMI 1881, T. 178, 179.# #
70 (. %. (., RV. 23, 24 MYRMI 1917, T. 205; RV. 41, 10 QEVXMI, 1918, T.
461.
71 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 272.
72, 1. 3., RV. 60, 15/27 QEVXMI 1881, T. 1816.
73 -FMHIQ, T. 1816-1820.
71 -LMHGQ, T. 1809-1815.
75 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 272.
7~, 1. 3., RV. 4, 4/16 ETVMPMI 1881, T. 175-176.
11 -FMHIQ, T. 185-187.
7M -FMHIQ, T. 179-180.
7* -FMHIQ, T. 176. '%4-83090 :-
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QSREVLME GSRWXMXY'MSREP GY S HMGXEXYV. 7I TVSTYRIE S EG'MYRI QIRMX E
EWMKYVE VIWXEYVEVIE PIKEPMX'MM, EHMG ERYPEVIE WGLMQFVMPSV GSRWXMXY'MSREPI.
1EM IVEY GSRXIWXEXI (SQIRMMPI 'SVSERIM, E GVSV GVIEVI RWIQRE S
PMRKY#MVI, TVIGYQ #M QTVSTVMIXVMVIE RWY6'IMPSV, WSGSXMX S VIGSQTIRW
TIRXVY JEZSVM'MM KYZIVRYPYM. 4PEWR-HY-WI TI XIVIRYP ZIGLMM 'SRWXMXY'MM, R
RSMIQFVMI 1884, 4EVXMHYP 0M-FIVEP-'SRWIVZEXSV FSMGSXE EPIKIVMPI 178, JGRH
STS^M'MI HMR EJEVE 'SVTYVMPSV PIKMYMXSEVI.
3TS^M'ME I\XVETEVPEQIRXEV MRM'ME EG'MYRM GSRXIWXEXEVI R TVSZMRGMI,
ZM^RH VWXYVREVIE PYM -SR '. &VXMERY. (. &VXMERY, +V. 4IYGIWGY, (. +MERM, 4.
+VHM#XIERY, +. 4EPEHI IXG. 9RMM HMRXVI IM JS#XM EWSGME'M EM TVMQYPYM-QMRMWXVY
RGIVGEY W GVII^I R 'EV YR GYVIRX HI RIQYP'YQMVI KIRIVEP. +. 4ERY, R
EYKYWX 1885, MRXIR'MSRE W SVKERM^I^I YR GSRKVIW EP STS^M'MIM HI VITVI^IRXEVI
NYHI'IER, GY JYRG'ME HI GSRXVE-TEVPEQIRX179.
RGITRH HMR XSEQRE PYM 1885, (. &VXMERY, 1. /SKPRMGIERY, '.
&SIVIWGY #M +. 1V^IWGY, HIGPEVRHY-WI EHIZVE'M PMFIVEPM, VIHEGXEY YR
TVSKVEQ STS^M'MSRMWX, S MRM'MEXMZ HI GSQFEXIVI E GSPIGXMZMWQYPYM TVMR
MRHMZMHYEPMWQYP SEQIRMPSV HI FMRI. R RSMIQFVMI WI ERYR'E RXVMVIE
4EVXMHYPYM 0MFIVEP-'SRWIVZEXSV GSRHYW HI +. :IQIWGY #M 0. 'EXEVKMY, ZSVFMRHY-
WI HI HEXE EGIEWXE RY HI S EPMER', GM HI YR TEVXMH GE EXEVI. 0MRME GSRJY^ E
GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYPYM MQTVMQEX HI 0. 'EXEVKMY, XSX HI TI TS^M'MM
ERXMKYZIVREQIRXEPI, #M TVSTYWIWIV W-S PMQTI^IEWG XMRIVMM 2. *MPMTIWGY, %P.
&EP# #M +V. 4IYGIWGY, GEVI RGITIEY E IHMXE )TSGE. 'GM, SVFMX HI EQFM'ME
VWXYVRVMM PYM -SR '. &VXMERY, 0. 'EXEVKMY, TVMR EPMER'E GY +. :IQIWGY, M
FKEWI WYF S XYXIP GEVI PI WXVMZIE MHIRXMXEXIE180.
%HZIVWEVMM PYM -SR '. &VXMERY WYRX ERMQE'M EGYQ HI S WMRKYV MHII:
VWXYVREVIE PYM HI PE TYXIVI. R RSMIQFVMI 1885 TIGIXPYMIWG R'IPIKIVIE TVMRXV-
YR QERMJIWX, TVIGSRM^RH VIYRMYRM GSQYRI #M HIQSRWXVE'MM HI WXVEH. 0E 12
MYRMI 1886, GY SGE^ME HITYRIVMM R 'EQIV E TVSMIGXYPYM HI 'SRZIR'MI
GSRWYPEV GY +IVQERME, 3TS^M'ME YRMX TVSXIWXE WYF TVIXI\XYP EJIGXVMM
WYZIVERMX'MM MRXIVRI TVMR GPEY^E EVSKEX HI WXEXYP KIVQER HI E-#M TVSXINE
WYTY#MM #M YRIPI #GSPM HMR 6SQRME 181. -SR '. &VXMERY RY EKVIE EGIE
GSRZIR'MI, HEV, RIZSMRH E GSQTVSQMXI FYRIPI VIPE'MM GY +IVQERME, E EHYW-S R
JE'E 'SVTYVMPSV PIKMYMXSEVI, EGIWXIE VIJY^RH RW W-S ME R HMWGY'MI.
R ZEVE PYM 1887, 3TS^M'ME YRMX #M EWSGME KVYTYP 8EOI -SRIWGY GEVI
IZSPYE WTVI )TSGE, RXVMRH GYVIRXYP HI ETVEVI E MHIRXMX'MM GSRWIVZEXSEVI.
3TS^M'ME YRMX EVI HIGM EG'MYRM TVSXIWXEXEVI RY RYQEM
R WXVEH, GM #M R 4EVPEQIRX. 6IWTMRKIEVIE WGLMQFVMPSV GSRWXMXY'MSREPI
WI IWXSQTE XVITXEX182.
R IGYE'ME PYTXIM TIRXVY TYXIVI, 3TS^M'ME YRMX MRXVSHYGIE RW#M
QSREVLME, Z^YX GE WXPT EP YRIM GSXIVMM TSPMXMGI183. 4IRXVY E S GSRWXVRKI
PE GSRGIWMM, WI VIGYVKIE PE YR #ERXEN184. 0E 12 EYKYWX 1884, TVMR 6SQRME,
'EVSP - IVE EGY^EX TIRXVY G EV JEZSVM^E PMFIVEPMM KYZIVREQIRXEPM,
GSQTVSQM'RH WMWXIQYP QSREVLMIM GSRWXMXY'MSREPIP85. 7I GSRXIWX YRISVM
HMREWXME PYM 'EVSP -186. 6IKIPI IVE JGYX ZMRSZEX TIRXVY G RY RHITVXE HI PE
TYXIVI TI -SR '. &VXMERY. 'VMXMGE HMREWXMIM, HEV RY E WMWXIQYPYM QSREVLMIM
GSRWXMXY'MSREPI, GSR'MRIE SFWIVZE'MM TYFPMGI JGYXI VIKIPYM HI KVYTYVMPI (.
&VXMERY, +. :IQIWGY #M 0. 'EXEVKM Y.
3 EG'MYRI ZMVYPIRX QTSXVMZE HMREWXMIM IVE HI^ZSPXEX HI, )TSGE. 0E 19
JIFVYEVMI 1886, PYM 'EVSP - M WI WTYRIE G, HEG RY HIQMXI TI -SR '. &VXMERY,
XI ZSQ EPYRKE RSM HI TI XVSR. 0E YR FERGLIX, MRWTMVEX HI S ^MGEP E PYM
+EQFIXXE, 2. *MPMTIWGY GIVIE VIKIPYM W WI TPIGI WEY W TPIGI! R ERYP
YVQXSV, JVHIPIKMPI KYZIVRYPYM IVEY TYWI HISTSXVMZ R WIEQE VIKIPYM.
8EOI -SRIWGY, 2. *PIZE #M %P. (NY-ZEVE RGIVGEY GLMEV WJYRHEQIRXI^I S XISVMI
E PIKMXMQMX'MM RPXYVVMM GETYPYM WXEXYPYM TIRXVY HIT#MVIE GSQTIXIR'IPSV
GSRWXMXY'MSREPI.
(EV GVMXMGE QSREVLMIM, GY EGGIRXI ZMVYPIRXI, MVIZIVIR'MSEWI #M YRISVM
VITYFPMGERI IVE IJIGXYEX TVMR 0YTXE PYM +. 4ERY 187. 0E 5 MYRMI 1885
EGIWXE EGVIHMXE MHIIE G, GY VIKIPI, RY WI QEM TSEXI JEGI RMQMG, PERWRH
RHIQRYP HI E WI GVIE R NYVYP PYM YR KSP MQIRW. 2MQMGMRHY-P WMQTEXMMPI #M
VYTRHY-P XSEXI PIKXYVMPI, W 3I HIQEWGEX #M W M WI EVYRGI R JE' XSEXI
VIWTSRWEFMPMX'MPI. R ERYP YVQXSV M WI GIVIE EFHMGEVIE, GGM TVMR (SQIRMMPI
'SVSERIM WI ENYRWIWI PE S VIKEPMXEXI JIYHEP. 0E 1 ETVMPMI 1887, +. 4ERY
TYFPMGE EVXMGSPYP 3QYP TIVMGYPSW 188, VIKIPI 3MRH GSRSMHIVEX WEQWEVYP XYXYVSV
XVHVMPSV MRXIVIWIPSV RE'MSREPI, TVIGYQ #M WY4IXYP FPIWXIQEX EP VIKMQYPYM GI
RI KYZIVRIE^ .
+. 4ERY RW, TVMR QSHYP PYM MRNYVMSW R GEVI EXEGE TI #IJYP WXEXYPYM, E
XVIGYX HI QEVKMRMPI PMGIR'IM #M E G^YX R HMVIGX EXMRKIVI GY 'SHYP TIREP. )VE
EHYW R JE'E MRWXER'IPSV #M, ETVEX HI JVYRXE#M EM 3TS^M'MIM YRMXI, IVE
GSRHEQREX PE HSM ERM HIXIR'MI #M 5 000 HI PIM EQIRH. R PSG HI E WI WYTYRI
WIRXMR'IM, WI VIJYKME PE 4EVMW, FPEQE* EXX HI WYW&MRXSVM, GX #M HI HIXVEGXSVM,
HEV RIRGIXRH W I\TIHMI^I R 'EV WGVMIVM VITYFPMGERIPW9.
R GSRXI\XYP HMWTYXIPSV HMRXVI PMFIVEPMWQ #M GSRWIVZEXSVMWQ WI E3VQE
QIXISVMG VEHMGEPMWQYP TVMR '%. 6SWIXXM, MEV HYT 1885 TVMR +. 4ERY 190. %GIWXE
HMR YVQ, R GMYHE E3MQVMM YRYM TVSKVEQ HI PEVK HIWGLMHIVI HIQSGVEXMGQ,
EZMH HI JYRG'MM KYZIVREQIRXEPI, WJV#IE TVMR E HIZIRM GSRWIVZEXSV.
'SRJVYRXEVIE HI MHIM IVE ERMQEX #M HI GYVIRXYP WSGMEPMWX, E4EX R WXEVI
HI HIPMQMXEVI #M EKVIKEVI TSPMXMG. (I PE -E#M, IP WI HITPEWIE^ #M WTVI EPXI
SVE#I EPI 'VMM, QEM GY WIEQ WTVI &YGYVI#XM #M 4PSMI#XM, YRHI, TI PRK
IPIQIRXI WXVMRI, WI EHEYK VSQRM, R KIRIVEP XMRIVIX YRMZIVWMXEV, R 1884, PE
&YGYVI#XM IVEY G'MZE XMRIVM GEVI-#M ^MGIEY WSGMEPM#XM. %WTMVE'MMPI QTVX#MXI
IVEY YR EQIWXIG HI MHIM YQERMXEVI #M HIQSGVEXMGI. 0E *EGYPXEXIE HI 1IHMGMR
HMR &YGYVI#XM W-EY R3VMTEX TVMQIPI EXMXYHMRM WSGMEPMWXI, WIRWYP EGIWXSVE 3MRH
ETVEVIE HIQRMX'MM PI^EXI HI HV. +V. 6SQRMGIERY, YR PMFIVEP GEVI YQMPIE TI
WXYHIR'MM QIHMSGVM #M PIRI#M. 7-E GVIEX S WSGMIXEXI WXYHIR'IEWG, EZRH GE
JVYRXE#M TI 'SRWX. 7XYGIERY, %P. 7TMVSMY, 4IXVI -RSXIWGY, &MERY, )QMP
*VYR^IWGY, 4EYP 7GSV'IERY IXG. 7SGMEPMWQYP RGITIE PE &YGYVI#XM HYT WSWMVIE
PYM '(. +LIVIE, >EQ3V %VFSVI #M '. 1MMPI, EGIWXE HMR YVQ RXSVW HI PE WXYHMM
HMR &VY\IPPIW192.
'SRXSTMRHY-WI GY VEHMGEPMWQYP, TVMQIPI IGSYVM WSGMEPMWXI R STMRME
TYFPMG WXVFXIEY TVMR 6SQRYP PYM '%. 6SWIXXM, GEVI SVKERM^EWI YR GIVG HI
WXYHMM WSGMEPI, YRHI, R HIGIQFVMI 1884, 4EYP 7GSV'IERY I\TYWIWI GSRJIVMR'E
HIWTVI WSGMEPMWQ, GSRGITYX GE YR QSH HI WYFWXMXYMVI E TVSTVMIX'MM TVMZEXI
TVMR GIE GSPIGXMZ. -HIM WMQMPEVI JYWIWIV HMJY^EXI #M TVMR 0YTXE PYM +.
4ERY193. 0E 1 JIFVYEVMI 1885 ETVIE ^MEVYP (VITXYVMPI SQYPYM, VIHEGXEX HI
'. 1MMPI, -SR 2HINHI #M %PI\. +. 6EHSZMGM. 4VMR 'IVGYP HI WXYHMM WSGMEPI, PE 6
QEVXMI 1885, HSFRHMRH #M GSRGYVWYP PYM :MRXMP '%. 6SWIXXM, XMRIVMM VEHMGEPM
WSGMEPM#XM WIVFEY 'SQYRE HMR 4EVMW.
7SGMEPMWQYP WI E3VQE R GIVGYVM I\XVIQ HI VIWXVRWI TVMR GSRJI-PR'I
TYFPMGI, TEVXMGMTER'M 3MRH RY RYQEM EHIT'M, GM #M GYVMS#M, GE
4. +VHM#XIERY #M &EVFY (IPEZVERGIE. R EGIWXI TVMQI HMWGY'MM RY WI
ZHIE JEREXMWQ MHISPSKMG, GM S STS^M'MI ERXMGSRWIVZEXSEVI, JV IGSY R STMRME
TYFPMG. )VEY E3VQEXI RW XIRHMR'I EREVLMGI RY RYQEM R QSH XISVIXMG, TVMR
GYPXYP 'SQYRIM HMR 4EVMW, GM #M TVMR ETIPYVM GXVI 'VERM HI E WI VIZSPXE,
VITVSFEXI RW HI WSGMEPM#XMM HMR -E#M E1. -HIMPI EREVLMGI IVEY RXVI'MRYXI #M TVMR
VITYHMIVIE MRWXMXY'MMPSV TEVPEQIRXEVI #M EPI WXEXYPYM HI HVITX. 'LMEV HEG W-EV
SF'MRI ZSXYP YRMZIVWEP, TVIXMRHIEY WSGMEPM#XMM R-EV JSPSWM QYRGMXSVMPSV. %P'M
WSGMEPM#XM, VIGYRSWGRH MRWXMXY'MMPI GSRWXMXY'MSREPI GE S JEXEPMXEXI, TVIGSRM^EY
MRXVEVIE R 4EVPEQIRX, TIRXVY TVSQSZEVIE MHIMPSV PSV.
R EGIWX GSRXI\X GSRJY^, GI HMVIG'MM TVSKVEQEXMGI WI MQTYRIEY TIRXVY
WSGMEPM#XM# '. 1MMPI, -. 2HINHI #M 4. 7GSV'IERY IM R#M#M TPMRM HI GSRXVEHMG'MM
EG'MSRIE^ TIRXVY GVIEVIE YRYM TEVXMH TVSTVMY, R 1886, 6IZMWXE WSGMEP
TYFPMGE YR TVSKVEQ VIHEGXEX HI +LIVIE, GEVI I\TYRIE TVMRGMTMMPI
WSGMEPMWQYPYM QEV\MWX #M TVIGSRM^E S WIVMI HI QWYVM TVMR MRXIVZIR'ME
TVSPIXEVMEXYPYM QIRMXI E PMGLMHE TI GEPI VIZSPY'MSREV QSHYP HI TVSHYG'MI
GETMXEPMWX #M HI E MRWXEYVE WSGMIXEXIE WSGMEPMWX195.
4VSKVEQYP EQMRXMX RY EHYGIE RW S GSRGIRXVEVI R VRHYP WSGMEPM#XMPSV,
R 1887, WSGMEPM#XMM HI PE -E#M GSRWMHIVEY G 4EVXMHYP 0MFIVEP IVE HIQR HI E 3
WYW'MRYX R VETSVX GY STS^M'ME PMFIVEP-GSRWIVZEXSEVI. 0E 3RIPI ERYPYM
QIR'MSREX, GY TVMPINYP GEQTERMIM IPIGXSVEPI, HEG YRMM WSGMEPM#XM TVSGPEQEY
EF'MRIVIE, EP'MM GE EGIM HMR 7IZIVMR TVSTYRIEY WYTSVXYP TIRXVY PMFIVEPMM
KYZIVREQIRXEPM. 0E -E#M, YRHI WSGMEPM#XMM EZIEY S SEVIGEVI GSRWMWXIR', WI
EG'MSRIE^ TIRXVY S MHIRXMXEXI TSPMXMG TVSTVMI.
(MR HMVIG'ME TEVXMHIPSV MWXSVMGI, WSGMEPM#XMM IVEY TVMZM'M HMJIVIR'MEX. (EG
GSRWIVZEXSVMM M VITYHMEY, PMFIVEPMM PI SFWIVZ GY EXIR'MI VIZIRHMGVMPI,
HIWTVMRWI, R JETX, HMR XVYRGLMYP ZMKYVSW EP HSGXVMRIM PSV TSPMXMGI, GY HISWIFMVI
EGGIRXIPI HIQSGVEXMGI. %. (. <IRSTSP #M 1. /SKPRMGIERY, HI TMPH,
QTVX#IEY YRIPI GVMXMGM HI WSVKMRXI WSGMEPMWX, HEV VIWTMRKIEY GEXIKSVMG
WSPY'MMPI QTSXVMZE TVSTVMIX'MM, JEQMPMIM #M E WXEXYPYM HI HVITX. -SR &VXMERY
RWY#M WGSWIWI TI :. 'SRXE HMR QIHMYP WSGMEPMWX, HRHY-P TSWMFMPMXEXIE W WI
E3VQI TVMR MHIMPI PYM KIRIVSEWI GE QMRMWXVY. 7SGMEPMWQYP RW IVE QEM QYPX S
EWTMVE'MI MHISPSKMG R YRIPI GIVGYVM MRXIPIGXYEPI, R GYXEVIE YRYM QIHMY
WSGMEP MRI\MWXIRX PE EGIE HEX R
6SQRME. (I EMGM GSRXVEHMG'MMPI #M GSRJY^MMPI GIPSV QEM QYP'M HMRXVI
%HIT'MM PYM.:, /
0E RGITYXYP PYM MERYEVMI 1878, -SR '. &VXMERY HIWGLMHIE S RSY#
'EQTERMI IPIGXSVEP. 3TS^M'ME YRMX GIVYWI VIKIPYM W M WI HIE SVKERM^EVIE
EPGKIVMGV, HEV MQTIHMQIRXYP GSRWXE R JETXYP G, TVMR QSHYP IM GSQTS^MX, RY
GSRWXMXYME S EPXIVREXMZ HI KYZIVREVI196. %PIKIVMPI SVKERM^EXI HI -SR ',
&VXMERY, R PSGYP WGLMQFVMM EVHIRXI HSVMXI HI S, EPMER' QYPXMGSPSV197,
EHYG 130 HITYXE'M KYZIVREQIRXEPM #M 52 HITYXE'M EM 3TS^M'MIM YRMXI 198, XS'M
#I3M EGIWXIME JGRHY-WI EPI#M199. 4EVXMHYP 0MFIVEP GSRHYW HI -SR '. &VXMERY
WI HSZIHIE KVIY HI RJVRX. 1IQFVMM PYM RW, EXEGE'M TIRXVY MRKIVMR'I
EHQMRMWXVEXMZI R GXIZE NYHI'I, RGIVGEY, TVMR MRZEPMHEVIE YRSV QERHEXI, W
WI HIWGSXSVSWIEWG HI GSRXIWXEXEVM MRGSQS^M GE (. &VXMERY, 8EOI PSRIWGY, 2.
*MPMTIWGY, %P. 1EVKLMPSQER, (. &YXGYPIWGY, %P. (NYZEVE, '. 6IWWY IXG. +. 4ERY,
VIZIRMX R 'EV #M EVIWXEX TIRXVY PI^QENIWXEXI, RITYXRH 3 MRZEPMHEX, IVE
IPMFIVEX WYF TVIWMYRIE 3TS^M'MIM YRMXI.
(MWTYXIPI TEVPEQIRXEVI WYRX JSPSWMXI HI 3TS^M'ME YRMX TIRXVY GVIEVIE
YRIM GVM^I TSPMXMGI QIRMXI, TVMR VIGYVKIVIE PE EPXI QMNPSEGI, W HYG PE
RHITVXEVIE PYM -SR '. &VXMERY. 7YW'MRRH G TVMR MRZEPMHEVI TSRHIVIE IM
TYXIE 3 EPXIVEX, (. &VXMERY PERWE YR ETIP GXVI TSTYPE'MI GIVRH
HIQSRWXVE'MM HI WTVMNMR R NYVYP 4EVPEQIRXYPYM. +YZIVRYP RW HMWTYRIE PE 17
JIFVYEVMI E3#EVIE YRSV SVHSRER'I TSPM'MIRI#XM FPEQRH RXVYRMVMPI
TVSZSGEXSEVI #M ERYR'RH S VITVIWMYRI EWTV. (EV R GMYHE YRIM ZSMR'I HI
WXSTEVI E EG'MYRMPSV HI WXVEH200, WYRX SVKERM^EXI HIQSRWXVE'MM GEVI PE 22
JIFVYEVMI TVSZSEG HIQMWME #IJYPYM KYZIVRYPYM, WYFWXMXYMX HI (. +LMGE.
1MWMYRIE EGIWXYME IVE HI E VIQSHIPE GEFMRIXYP TI EGIIE#M FE^
TEVPEQIRXEV, HEV GY GSRHM'ME HI E MRGPYHI #M VITVI^IRXE'M EM STS^M'MIM. 1SHYP
EGIWXE PMR HI XVERWQMXIVI E TYXIVMM IVE WSGSXMX MREGGITXEFMP HI 3TS^M'ME YRMX,
RGX TVMR I#IGYP PYM (. +LMGE, -SR ' &VXMERY VIZIRIE R JVYRXIE KYZIVRYPYM.
0MRXMRH TVIPYEVIE TYXIVMM TI GEPI I\XVETEVPEQIRXEVE, 3TS^M'ME YRMX
IZSPYIE^ WTVI TVSXIWXI ZM^RH RHITVXEVIE RXVIKMM EHQMRMWXVE'MM PMFIVEPI,
EXEGYVMPI RHVITXRHY-WI GLMEV QTSXVMZE HMREWXMIM201. 0E 13QEVXMI, HMR
MRM'MEXMZE -YM (. &VXMERY, WI HIWJ#YVE PE &YGYVI#XM S RXVYRMVI RE'MSREP, YR
JIP HI STS^M'MI I\XVETEVPEQIRXEV, GEVI VIJY^E W EGGITXI R JVYRXIE 'VMM YR
KYZIVR EFME MI#MX HMR EPIKIVM. 7I LSXVEA E EGIE VIYRMYRI GE 0. 'EXEVKMY, (.
&VXMERY #M +. :IQIWGY W GIEV TIVWSREP VIKIPYM RHITVXEVIE KYZIVRYPYM. 0E
3RIPI VIYRMYRMM, S TEVXI E TYFPMGYPYM E SVKERM^EX S HIQSRWXVE'MI, TVSZSGRH TI
WXV^M EKPSQIVE'MM #M FYWGYPEHI, ZMGXMQI 3MRH HITYXE'M PMFIVEPM. 0EP4QEVXMI, WYF
TVIXI\XYP G XVMQMWYP IM, +. :IQIWGY, RY JYWIWI TVMQMX HI VIKI, 3TS^M'ME YRMX
SVKERM^E S HIQSRWXVE'MI R JE'E 4EPEXYPYM, JSV'IPI HI SVHMRI 3MRH WMPMXI W
VMTSWXI^I PE GMSGRMVM. 1M#GVMPI HI WXVEH WI EQTPM3G R ^MYE YVQXSEVI,
RWY4I'MXI HI HITYXE'MM 3TS^M'MIM YRMXI, R JVYRXI GY 2. *PIZE. 1YP'MQIE
EHYREX IVE RHVITXEX WTVI (IEPYP 1MXVSTSPMIM, YRHI, RXQTMREX HI JSV'IPI
HI SVHMRI, JSV'IE^ MRXVEVIE #M TVSZSEG R FYWGYPEH QSEVXIE Y#MIVYPYM
'EQIVIM, GEVI RGIVGEWI W WI STYR. 'ETMXEPE IVE VZ#MX HI JVQRXVM.
-QTVIWMSREX HI EGIWXIE, PE 20 QEVXMI VIKIPI WI HIWTV'IE HI -SR '. &VXMERY,
RGVIHMR'RH PYM 8L. 6SWIXXM QMWMYRIE HI E JSVQE YR EPX KYZIVR. 3TS^M'ME YRMX
RY TVMQIE S WEXMWJEG'MI HITPMR, GGM GVQE IVE XVERWQMW NYRMQM#XMPSV, MEV RY
VITVI^IRXER'MPSV IM 202.
238)
1 '. &EGE.FE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 167-168.
2 1. 3., RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1997.
3 '. &EGE.FE#E, ST. 'X. -, T. 175, 178, 234-235.
4 4. 'RGIE, :ME'E TSPMXMG, T. 62-63.
6 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 252-253.
6 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 64-67; %P. 4IRGSZMGM, ST. 'X., T. 29A,
7 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 138-139.
8, 1. 3., RV. 59, 14/26 QEVXMI 1881, T. 1785.
9 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 267-268.
.0 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 73-76.
11 -FMHIQ, T. 141-143.
12 8MQTYP, 1 MERYEVMI 1882.2-G. 206
13 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 278. 6
14 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 258-259.
15 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 146-151.
16 1. 3., RV. 59, 14/26 QEVXMI 1881, T. 1780.
17 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 93, J. 48-49.
18 -FMHIQ, RV. 100, J. 33.
19 1. 3., RV. 76, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 974.
20 -FMHIQ, T. 965-975.
31 -FMHIQ, T. 973-976.
2E %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 259, J. 2.
23 -FMHIQ, RV. 217, J. 1.
24 -FMHIQ, RV, 259, J. P-2.
25 -FMHIQ, RV. 236, J. P-2.
26 -FMHIQ, RV. 93, J. 23-24.
27 /XIJIQ, RV. 100, J. 24-25, 32, 33.
28 &MRIPI TYFPMG, 12 MERYEVMI 1880.
29 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 49-55.
30 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 78, J. 5.
31 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 99-104.
72 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 91-92.
33 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 93, J. 39-40.
34 1. 3., RV. 134, 5/17 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1986.
35 -FMHIQ, RV. 127, 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1826.
36 -FMHIQ, RV. 141, 4/16 QEM 1884, T. 2140, 2142.
37 -FMHIQ, RV. 139, 1/13 QEM 1884, T. 2114.
38 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2026.
39 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 93, J. 59; RV. 259, J. 3; '. &EGEPFE#E, ST.
'X.,
--, T. 29, 91-92; 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 42-46, 60.
40 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 198-199.
41 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 91-92.
42 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 198-199.
43 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 50, 56.
44 -SR &YPIM, 7MWXIQYP TSPMXMG EP 6SQRMIM QSHIVRI. 4EVXMHYP
'SRWIVZEXSV,
&YGYVI#XM, 1987, T. 17.
45 7XEXYXIPI 'PYFYPYM GSRWIVZEXSVMPSV #M TVSKVEQYP TEVXMHYPYM, &YGYVI#XM,
1880, T. 7-8.
46 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 50-52, 173-174.
47 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 21-23, 127.
B1IQSVMMPI 6IKIPYM 'EVSP - EP 6SQRMIM, <:--, &YGYVI#XM, 1912, T. 59.
49 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 82.
50 %R. -SVHEGLI, 3VMKMRMPI GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYPYM TSPMXMG R 6SQRME,
&YGYVI#XM,
1987, T. 262 #M YVQ.
61 4. 4. 'EVT, )V 2SY, (MWGYVWYVM TEVPEQIRXEVI ?&YGYVI#XM, 1888A, T.
13, 20-22.
52, 1. 3., RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2020-2022.
53 -FMHIQ, RV. 59, 14/26 QEVXMI 1881, T. 1789.
54 4. 4. 'EVT, ST. 'X., T. 24-25, 59-75.
66 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 181-182, 185-190.
56 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 33-36.
57 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 56, 94-98.
58 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 88, J. 13.
59 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 61-62, 67.
60, 1. 3., RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2018.
61 -FMHIQ, RV. 74, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 934.
62 >. 3VRIE, .YRMQIE, T. 287, 288.
63 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 93, J. 49-50.
64, 1. 3., RV. 141, 4/16 QEM 1884, T. 2141.
65 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 43.
66 1. 3., RV. 141, 4/16 QEM 1884, T. 2140-2141.
'7 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 307.
68 1. 3., RV. 139, 1/13 QEM 1884, T. 2100-2101.
69 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 157-164.
70 1. 3., RV. 127, 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1837.
71 -FMHIQ, RV. 100, 23 JIFVYEVMI/6 QEVXMI 1884, T. 1377-1378.
72 -FMHIQ, RV. 127, 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1818.
73 -FMHIQ, T. 1840.
74 8MQTYP, ---, RV. 251, 15 RSMIQFVMI 1878.
75, 1. 3., RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2013, 2023.
76 -FMHIQ, RV. 120, 18/30 QEVXMI 1884, T. 1716.
77 -FMHIQ, RV. 122, 21 QEVXMI/2 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1750-1752.
78 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1999, 2020.
79 -FMHIQ, RV. 104, 28 JIFVYEVMI/11 QEVXMI 1884, 1482-1484.
80 -FMHIQ, RV. 132, 1/13 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1934.
81 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2002.
83 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 267.
83 '. <IRM, 8EOI PSRIWGY, IH. ---, &YGYVI#XM, 1933, T. 45.
84 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 51.
86, 1. 3., RV. 68, 14/26 MERYEVMI 1884, T. 833-834.
86 -FMHIQ, RV. 104, 28 JIFVYEVMI/11 QEVXMI 1884, T. 1482-1484.
87 >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., T. 298.
88, 1. 3., RV. 74, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 937.
89 -FMHIQ, RV. 106, 1/13 QEVXMI 1884, T. 1512.
80 -FMHIQ, RV. 104, 28 JIFVYEVMI/11 QEVXMI 1884, T. 1479. 91 -FMHIQ, RV.
106, 1/13 QEVXMI 1884, T. 1512.
82 -FMHIQ, RV. 127, 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1825-1826.
.93 -FMHIQ, RV. 133, 3/15 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1971.
94 -FMHIQ, RV. 83, 1/13 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 1078.
9M -FMHIQ, RV. 133, 3/15 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1968.
h -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2008.
97 -FMHIQ, RV. 133, 3/15 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1971.
1 -FMHIQ, RV. 127, 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1825. 99 -FMHIQ, RV. 76,
24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 938, 10() -FMHIQ, RV. 133, 3/15 ETVMPMI 1884,
T. 1970.
101 -FMHIQ, RV. 136, 27 ETVMPMI/9 QEM 1884, T. 2043-2046.
102 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, 2027-2028.
103 -FMHIQ, RV. 141, 4/16 QEM 1884. 4. 2140.
101 -FMHIQ, RV. 147, 12/27 QEM 18,84, T. 2258.
105 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI -. 784. 4. 2027.
11 -FMHIQ, RV. 139, 1/13 QEM 1884, T. 2091-2096.
107 -FMHIQ, RV. 127. 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1828.
108 -FMHIQ, RV. 139, 1/13 QEM 1884, T. 2094.
109 -FMHIQ, RV. 127, 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1828-1831.
110 -FMHIQ, RV. 133, 3/15 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1969-1970.
111 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 944, 2004.
112 -FMHIQ, RV. 76, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 939.
113 8MQTYP, RV. 6, 10 MERYEVMI 1882.
114, 1. 3., RV. 129, 29 QEVXMI/10 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1865.:
115 -FMHIQ, RV. 76, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 938-939.
118 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2004, 2014. @TEV
117 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 307.
118 1. 3., RV. 100, 23 JIFVYEVMI/6 QEVXMI 1884, T. 1378.
119 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2024.
120 -FMHIQ, RV. 133, 3/15 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1964, 1967-1968, 1971.
121 -FMHIQ, RV. 134, 5/17 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1985-1986, 1990-1993.
123 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2009.
123 -FMHIQ, RV. 157, 26 QEM/7 MYRMI 1884, T. 2421.
124 -FMHIQ, RV. 139, 1/13 QEM 1884, T. 2094.
-.5 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2028.
128 -FMHIQ, RV. 147, 12/24 QEM 1884, T. 2257.
137 -FMHIQ, RV. 133, 3/15 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1971.
133 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2004, 2014; RV. 133, 3/15
ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1971.
129 -FMHIQ, RV. 76, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 939-940.
0ES -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2006-2009, 2012.
131 -FMHIQ, RV. 76, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 939.
133 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2005, 2013. : ~
133 -FMHIQ, RV. 143, 6/18 QEM 1884, T. 2178.
134 -FMHIQ, RV. 142, 5/17 QEM 1884, T. 2156. .~
435 -FMHIQ, RV. 127, 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1831; 4. 'RGIE, ST.
'X.,
4. 164-165, 168. 138,. 1. 3., RV. 76, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T.
941-942.
137 8. (VKERY, ST. 'X., T. 287.
138, 1. 3., RV. 137, 28 ETVMPMI/10 QEM 1884, T. 2059.
139 -FMHIQ, RV. 76, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 943.
140 -FMHIQ, T. 941943.
0MP PFMHIQ, E\. 151, 17/29 QEM 1884, T. 2318-2321.
142 -FMHIQ, RV. 133, 3/15 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1965-1969.
143 -FMHIQ, R\. 134, 5/17 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1990.
144 -FMHIQ, RV. 151, 17/29 QEM 1884, T. 2325-2332, 2337-2343,
2496-2503,
145 -FMHIQ, RV. 136, 27 ETVMPMI/9 QEM 1884, T. 2043-2046.
14PM -FMHIQ, RV. 127, 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1822-1823.
147 -FMHIQ, RV. 132, 1/13 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1927-1928, 1932, 1934.
148 -FMHIQ, RV. 127, 27 QEVXMI/8 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1822-1824.
149 -FMHIQ, RV. 151, 17/29 QEM 1884, T. 2565.
%5s -FMHIQ, RV. 163, 3/15 MYRMI 1884, T. 2563-2564.
151 -FMHIQ, RV. 132, 1/13 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1927-1928, 1935-1937.
153 -FMHIQ, RV. 151, 17/29 QEM 1884, T. 2565.
153 -FMHIQ, RV. 132, 1/13 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1924-1925, 1934.
134 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2002.
155 -FMHIQ, RV. 74, 24 MERYEVMI/5 JIFVYEVMI 1884, T. 935.
156 -FMHIQ, RV. 132, 1/13 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 1927-1928.
157 -FMHIQ, RV. 135, 6/18 ETVMPMI 1884, T. 2000.
158 :I^M, +V. 'LMVM', 1SHM3GEVIE 'SRWXMXY'MIM HMR 1884. (IWTVMRHIVIE
KVYTVMM
0MFIVEP-VEHMGEPI GSRHYWI HI '%. 6SWIXXM HMR 4EVXMHYP 0MFIVEP, MR,. 7XYHMM,
8SQ 23, RV. 4, 1970.
159 1. 3., RV. 151, 17/29 QEM 1884, T. 2566.
180 -FMHIQ, RV. 163, 3/15 MYRMI 1884, T. 2563-2564.
181 -FMHIQ, RV. 151, 17/29 QEM 1884, T. 2569.
92 -FMHIQ, RV. 166, 7/19 MYRMI 1884, T. 2628.
163 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 104-111, 166.
164 >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., T. 291-294.
165 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 44-45. *
166 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 221.
167 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 41-42.
168 '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 55, 61, 64.
169 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 43-44, 183-184; '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T.
46
-. 'QTMRIERY QSEVI, HI S FSEP HI RIVZM, PE 46 ERM, R RSMIQFVMI
1888 (-FMHIQ, T. 77-78).
170 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 229.
171 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 28, 45.
172 -FMHIQ, T. 31-33, 37-38.
173 '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 70, 79.
174 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 198-200.
176 >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., T. 295-297.
176 4. 4. 'EVT, )V RSY, T. 116-117. 7 >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., T. 217, 175.
178 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 64-65.
179 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 269, J. 96.#
180 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 201-203, 205-211.
181 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 69.
182 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 204-211.
183 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 229.
184, (. %. 3: 6, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1887, T. 54.
186 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 103, 228-234, 270.
186 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 64-65.
187 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 228-234.
188 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 42-44.
189 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 224-228.
190 ]I^N 'SVRIPMY 1EXIIWGY, +. 4ERY #M VEHMGEPMWQYP VSQRIWG PE
WJV#MXYP
7IGSPYPYM EP <P<-PIE, &YGYVI#XM, 1981, T. 81 #M YVQ.
191 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 194-198.
192 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -, T. 308, 333-334.
193 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 120-121.
194 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 4-5.
196 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 211-217, 220-223.
196 (. %. (., RV. 6, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1887, T. 53.
197 %P. 0ELSZEVM, (MWGYVWYVM TEVPEQIRXEVI, --, &YGYVI#XM, 1915, T. 10.
198 4. 'RGIE, ST. 'X., T. 275-281.
199 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 53-54.
200 4. 'RGIE, *SVQEVIE 3TS^M'MIM YRMXI #M EG'MYRMPI WEPI R JIFVYEVMI-
QEVXMI
1888, R 7XYHMM #M QEXIVMEPI HI MWXSVMI QSHIVR, ---, &YGYVI#XM, 1963,
4. 315-348.
201 8V. 0YRKY, :ME'E TSPMXMG R 6SQRME PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP<-<-PIE
1900, &YGYVI#XM, 1967, T. 42-44.
202 4. 'RGIE, :ME'E TSPMXMG, T. 282-290. '%4-83090 :--
+YZIVR #M 4EVPEQIRX WYF MQTEGXYP VWGSEPIPSV HMR 1888
1. .YRMQM#XMM TVIMEY KY(YT HIQMWME PYM -SR '. &VXMERY, VIKIPI
:IVEY EHYGIE PE GVQ TI 8L. 6SWIXXM, TVI#I(MRXIPI 'YV'MM HI 'EWE'MI1.
7I EPGXYME S
)GLMT GY 4. 4. 'EVT PE )\XIVRI, 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY PE 'YPXI #M -RWXVYG'MYRI
4YFPMG, %P. 1EVKLMPSQER PE .YWXM'MI, 1IRIPEW +LIVQERM PE *MRER'I, %P. &.
"XMVFIM PE 0YGVVM 4YFPMGI #M KIRIVEP 'SRWX. &EVS^^X PE 6^FSM2. 'IIE GI JVETE
IVE G KYZIVRYP RY VITVI^IRXE 3TS^M'ME YRMX, GM S JSVQE'MYRI TSPMXMG WPEF
RYQIVMGI#XI, HEV ETVXSEVI LSXVX E VIKMQYPYM QSREVLMIM GSRWXMXY'MSREPI.
6IKIPI EZIVXM^E EWXJIP G TYXIVIE WI XVERWQMXIE YRSV SEQIRM TSPMXMGM GEVI
ETVEWIV PIKIE. 'IHEVIE R JE'E GSEPM'MIM PMFIVEP-GSRWIVZEXSEVI EV 3 TVYX S
VIGSQTIRW TIRXVY XVERWJIVYP PYTXIM TSPMXMGI HMR 4EVPEQIRX R WXVEH 3. (MR
TYRGX HI ZIHIVI GSRWXMXY'MSREP, HEX 3MRH WPEFE PYM VITVI^IRXEVI
TEVPEQIRXEV, KYZIVRYP NYRMQMWX IVE WSGSXMX RIPIKMXMQ, MQTYW TVMRXV-YR EGX HI
EYXSVMXEXI EP VIKIPYM4. 4. 4. 'EVT WSGSXIE RHVITX'MX TVI^IR'E NYRMQM#XMPSV PE
TYXIVI, RXVYGX 3TS^M'ME YRMX HSZIHMWI E 3 S MQIRW RIKE'MYRI 5. 'E
EXEVI, FIRI3GMMRH HI YR HVITX GSRWXMXY'MSREP HI E-#M EPIKI QMRM#XVMM, VIKIPI
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PE ZVJYP TYXIVMM S QEVI RKVMNSVEVI, QEM GY WIEQ G TI EPSGYVM HIKIRIVEWIV
R JSVQI ZMSPIRXI HI QERMJIWXEVI, TVMR EGGIRXYP TYW EWYTVE YRSV VJYIPM GY
EHQMRMWXVE'ME PSGEP. 4IRXVY TSXSPMVIE TVSXIWXIPSV QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR
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E EHQMRMWXVE'MIM PSGEPI, 8L. 6SWIXXM HMWTYRI WGSEXIVIE EVQEXIM HMR GE^VQM #M
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RGITYXI QEM RXM R -EPSQM'E, PE 9V^MGIRM, VWGSEPIPI W-EY HMJY^EX #M R -PJSZ.
)VEY ERXVIRE'M SEQIRM MRGYP'M #M JV GVQ QSVEP #M QEXIVMEP, GEVI EY
QIVW TVMR GVGMYQM, QFXRHY-WI #M WTVKRH, ETSM, ZEWIPI GY ZMR. R NYHI'YP
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QEM I\XMRW WEY QEM PMQMXEX, VWGSEPIPI W-EY HI^ZSPXEX TI S EVMI VIPEXMZ QEVI,
GYTVMR^RH EXX 1YRXIRME, GX #M 1SPHSZE12.
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HI GSRXVSZIVW RXVI #IJYP KYZIVRYPYM #M HITYXEXYP WSGMEPMWX :. +. 1SV'YR. (MR
TIVWTIGXMZE MRXIVIWIPSV 'VRMQMM, MRGSRXIWXEFMP WYF MR4YIR'E XISVMIM QEV\MWXI
E GPEWIPSV #M E PYTXIM HMRXVI EGIWXIE, :. +. 1SV'YR TXVYRHIE R'IPIWYP TVSJYRH
EP VWGSEPIPSV, WSGSXMRH G ZMRE HI GTIXIRMI GEHI EWYTVE I\TPSEXVIM JV
QMP #M QEVKMRM E RIRSVSGMXYPYM 'VER HI GXVI TVSTVMIXEVMM #M EVIRHE#MM
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6SWIXXM IVE GSQFXYX #M TIRXVY QERMIVE FVYXEP TVMR GEVI GSRGITYWI
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R WY4IXIPI 'VERMPSV, GY HISWIFMVI JE' HI
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(. &VXMERY.
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WEXI #M R SVE#I. 4VSQMXIEY WXIERYPYM XSEXI RPIWRMVMPI TYXMRGMSEWI TIRXVY
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TSTYPE'MIM HI EFY^YVMMI FMVSGVE'MIM. 4VMSVMX'M PIKMWPEXMZI HIZIRIEY PIKIE
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E TVI#IHMR'MPSV XVMFYREPIPSV #M NYHIGXSVMPSV HI MRWXVYG'MI. R 3RER'I, WI
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YR KVIG GEVI RGIVGEWI W QWPYMEWG EPIKIVMPI R GSPIKMYP XVIM 26. (EV
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1EMSVIWGY, 0. 'EXEVKMY #M +. :IQIWGY. 4IRXVY E TIGIXPYM EGIEWX EPMER' #M E
HIWGLMHI GEPIE VIRE#XIVMM 4EVXMHYPYM 'SRWIVZEXSV, RGITRH GY 1 RSMIQFVMI,
HYT HIWGLMHIVIE 4EVPEQIRXYPYM TVMR TPEWEVIE GE TVI#IHMR'M E PYM 0. 'EXEVKMY
PE 'EQIV #M -. )Q. *PSVIWGY PE 7IREX30, QENSVMX'MPI EY GSRWXMXYMX YR GSQMXIX
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ETIRHMGI PMFIVEP GE +. :IQIWGY, HI GEVX VIJY^E W WI HIWTEVX, RIXI^MRH
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TVI#IHMRXI EP 'EQIVIM PE 19 MERYEVMI 1889, 3MRH WYFWXMXYMX HI 'SRWX.
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MRGETEFMPMM #M ETSM QMPMXER'MM TSPMXMGM, STS^ER'MM KYZIVRYPYM. 7 WI ENYRK XVITXEX
PE WXEHMYP GE JYRG'MSREVMM W 3I EM 'VMM, MEV RY EM TEVXMHIPSV 32.
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XVMQMXIEY 70 HI HITYXE'M, R GSQTEVE'MI GY YR QMPMSR HI 'VERM HMR GSPIKMYP XVIM
GEVI RY HMWTYRIEY HIGX HI 33 HI HITYXE'M. (EXSVMX GIRWYPYM, KYZIVRIPI IVEY
EPI GPEWIM WXTRMXSEVI, EPI GPEWIM I\TPSEXEXSEVI34. -RWTMVEX RY HMR HSKQI
QEV\MWXI, HITYXEXYP GSPIKMYPYM XVIM, '. (SFVIWGY-%VKI#, VIQEVGE JETXYP G ZME'E
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'Y EPXI GYZMRXI, TVMR XYPFYVVMPI WSGMEPI GI EZYWIWIV PSG, IVEY I\TVMQEXI
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ZEPSVM MRWXMXY'MSREPI# 7TVI 3RIPI XSEQRIM, PE 24 RSMIQFVMI, HYT GI EWMQMPEWI
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6SWIXXM, HSFRHIE GSRZMRKIVIE G VWGSEPIPI RY I\TVMQEY RIGIWMX'M
TVSJYRHI. %FERHSRRH ZM^MYRIE WMQTPMWX E TVSZSGVMM PSV HI GXVI YRIPXMXSVM
HMZIVWMSRMW'M, #IJYP KYZIVRYPYM PI I\TPMGE TVMR MRXIVTVIXEVIE I\XIRWMZ #M
EFY^MZ E PIKMM EKVEVI HMR 1864 TVMZMXSEVI PE RWYV'IM, TVMR EGVIHMXEVIE MHIMM G
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7I JSPSWIE HI MRJSVQE'MM HMR 1YRGMXSVYP #M (VITXYVMPI SQYPYM, TVIGYQ #M HMR
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EREVLMWXI. R EGIWX GSRXI\X, PE WEXI WI MRWXEPEWI GSRJYWMYRIE #M VXGMVIE R
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ZM^E JETXYP G, R GPMQEXYP ZEPYPYM HI EHZIVWMXEXI JE' HI -SR '. &VXMERY, W-E
RWGYX TVSGIWYP RXVI GSRWIVZEXSVM #M PMFIVEPM. 1ENSVMX'MPI HIGM, GSRGSQMXIRX
GY FPEQEVIE JSWXYPYM #IJ HI KYZIVR, RGIVGEY W HMWGVIHMXI^I GLMEV TEVXMHYP
RXVYGLMTEX HI EGIWXE. 'E EXEVI, QTSXVMZE YRSV E3VQE'MM G PMFIVEPMWQYP I
QSVX, /SKPRMGIERY VWTYRHIE, HMQTSXVMZ, G HYT HIT#MVIE JE^IM GSRJY^I
HMR EGIP QSQIRX, ZE XVMYQJE HITPMR. 'GM 6SQRME 3MRH YR VIKEX
GSRWXMXY'MSREP, RMQIRM RY ZE TYXIE W RIGI R EGIEWX 'EV HIQSGVE'ME,
RXVIZIHIE EWXJIP QEVM TIVWTIGXMZI PMFIVEPMWQYPYM, TVMRXVI EPXIPI #M HEXSVMX
JETXYPYM G GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYP WI MHIRXM3GE GY FSMIVMWQYP GIP ZIGLM #M QEM GY
WIEQ GY FSMIVMWQYP FM^ERXMR GSVYTX. 4VSXIWXE QTSXVMZE YRSV XISVMM GEVI,
WYF QEWGE GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYPYM TVSXIKYMXSV, HI^EZYE XSEXI WGLMQFVMPI
GSRWXMXY'MSREPI, RGIVGRHY-WI E WI TYRI 'VRMQIE WYF XYXIPE QEVMPSV
TVSTVMIXEVM 98. 7I HIQSRWXVE MQTPMGMX G TVSGIWYP -SR '. &VXMERY IVE S JSVQ
HI GSRXIWXEVI E VIJSVQIPSV RJTXYMXI WYF KYZIVREVIE PYM.
R XSMYP HI^FEXIVMPSV, PE 2 JIFVYEVMI 1889, FSPREZ 3MRH, /SKPRMGIERY
ZSME W TVSRYR'I YPXMQYP GYZRX REMRXI HI E RGLMHI SGLMM. 4VSGIWYP
TEVPEQIRXEV EZIE GE QSFMP V^FYREVIE #M TEWMYRIE. 'SRWM-HIVRHY-WI WSPMHEV
GY GIPI QEM QYPXI EGXI EPI KYZIVRYPYM -SR '. &VXMERY, RY TYXIE GSRXIWXE YR
SQ TI GEVI-P EGGITXEWI HI FYR ZBSMI E 3 #IJYP 4EVXMHYPYM 0MFIVEP. - WI
VITVS#EY PYM -SR '. &VXMERY KVI#IPM QEVM, HEV HI REXYV XSXEP HMJIVMX, ERYQI
HI E 3 WSGSXMX G EZIE S QMWMYRI TVSZMHIR'MEP, G TSEXI WMRKYV W GSRHYG
'EVE EGIEWXE PE HIWXMRIPI IM, GIIE GI-P TVSZSGEWI HIWTV'MVIE HI
GSQTERMSRMM XMRIVI'MM PYM.
3 NYHIGEVI E PYM -SR '. &VXMERY XVIFYME VITYHMEX RY RYQEM TIRXVY G
RY EZIE S FE^ VIEP, GM #M TIRXVY G R 6SQRME, HI QEM QYPXI HIGIRMM, WI
GVIEWI SFMGIMYP GE JS#XMM KYZIVRER'M W 3I YQMPM'M Q EGIP QSH. (I PE 9RMVI #M
TR R EGIP QSQIRX JYWIWIV HE'M R NYHIGEX GMVGE 40 HI QMRM#XVM. R
GSRWIGMR', RY VQWIWI SQ TSPMXMG QEM
-MQTSVXERX GEVI W RY 3 JSWX MQTPMGEX R TVSGIWI, )YVSTIM .WRHY-P-WI
MQTVIWME G 'EVE IVE KYZIVREX HI RM#XI LS'M. :SXYP 'EQIVIM NY-RMQMWX-
PMFIVEP-GSRWIVZEXSEVI R-EV TYXIE 3 WSGSXMX MQTEV'MEP, QEM EPIW G TIRXVY YR
QMRMWXVY TIHIETWE GIE QEM EWTV RY IWXI RGLMWSEVIE. 8VMQMXIVIE R NYHIGEX
E PYM -SR '. &VXMERY EV 3 S VY#MRI. 'I I\IQTPI ZSV 3 SJIVMXI KIRIVE'MIM XMRIVI#
'EQIVE WI GSRWXMXYMWI RY WTVI E JEGI EGXI HI V^FYREVI #M TIVWIGY'MI, GM W
EG'MSRI^I TIRXVY MRXIVIWIPI 'VMM. 'E PYTXXSV FXVR, VIWTMRKIE EGY^IPI
QTSXVMZE PYM -SR '. &V-XMERY, VIGYRSWGRH G WYF KYZIVREVIE EGIWXYME W-EY
JGYX EGXI
1EVM
.YRMQM#XMM RW, HEXSVMX VIJY^YPYM HI E EGGITXE YR TVSGIW GSRXVE PYM -SR
'. &VXMERY, HEV QEM GY WIEQ VI^MWXIR'IM ZIGLMPSV GSRWIVZEXSVM HI E WI
VIKVYTE R NYVYP PSV GE TEVXMH TSPMXMG, TVWIEY TYXIVIE PE 22 QEVXMI 188910s.
'SRHYWIWIV XVIFYVMPI TYFPMGI XMQT HI YR ER, HEV RY VIY#MWIV VIGSRWXMXYMVIE
YRIM PEVKM JSVQE'MYRM HI EPXIVREXMZ, VIXVKR-HY-WI #M HMR RIZSME HI E TIVQMXI
HIGERXEVIE EGIWXIM XIRHMR'I. 'SRWIVZEXSVMM ZIGLM EZIEY RG GSQTPI\YP
MHIRXM3GVMM GY VIEGXMYRIE, GY JSWXIPI GPEWI TVMZMPIKMEXI, TVIJIVRH QIR'MRIVIE
RXV-S WXEVI HI EQFMKYMXEXI TVMRXV-YR PMFIVEPMWQ HI JE'EH KEVERXEX HI +.
:IQIWGY. 238)
- '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 66.;
%, (. %. (., 1887/1888, "IHMR'E HMR 23 QEVXMI 1888, T. 303.
3 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 45-47.
4, (. %. (: 28, 13 ETVMPMI 1888, T. 389.
7 -FMHIQ, RV. 23, 31 QEVXMI 1888, T. 317.
* '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 66.
7, (. %. (: 16, 13 HIGIQFVMI 1888, T. 247, 250.
9 J. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 76-77.
*, (. %. (.. 24, 2 ETVMPMI 1888, T. 323; RV. 23, 31 QEVXMI 1888, T. 316.
10 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 54-55# -
-- (. %. (., RV. 27, 7 ETVMPMI 1888, T. 373-374,.:#
12 -FMHIQ, RV. .3, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. .23.
13 -FMHIQ, RV. 28, 13 ETVMPMI 1888, T. 404.
14 -FMHIQ, RV. 27, 7 ETVMPMI 1888, T. 373-375.
15 -FMHIQ, RV. 28, 13 ETVMPMI 1888, T. 404.
16 -FMHIQ, RV. 27, 7 ETVMPMI 1888, T. 374.
17 -FMHIQ, RV. 10, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 123.
17 -FMHIQ, RV. 27, 7 ETVMPMI 1888, T. 376-377.
19 8V. 0YRKMM, ST. 'X., T. 54-55.
20 1. 3., RV. .28, 13 WITXIQFVMI 1888, T. 3082.
21 (8.) 1 (EMSVIWGY), 6I4MG'MYRM EWYTVE ZMI'MM RSEWXVI TSPMXMGI, R
'SRWXMXY
&MSREPYP, ER. ., RV. 24, 13/15 MYPMI 1889.
22, 1. 3., RV. 128, 13 WITXIQFVMI 1888, T. 3082.
23 8. 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 255-257, 260-261.
24 (. %. (., RV. 10, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 122.,;
'6 -FMHIQ, RV. 11, 27 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 135.
28 -FMHIQ, RV. 9, 25 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 109-110.
27 R 3PX, HMR 649 RWGVM#M W-EY TVI^IRXEX 309; R -E#M, HMR 996, HSEV 400,
XX!
%VKI#, HMR 1393, HSEV 500 (-FMHIQ, RV. 2, 10 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 28).
28 -FMHIQ, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 150, 156, 161. #
28 8. 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 261.
30 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 58-60, 64.
31 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 262-264.
32 (. %. (., RV. 26, 19 MERYEVMI 1889, T. 481.# #
33 -FMHIQ, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 149.
34 -FMHIQ, RV. 5, 15 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 74-75.
36 -FMHIQ, RV. 9, 25 RSMIQFVMI .888, T. 109.
36 -FMHIQ, RV. 11, 27 RSMIQFVMI .888, T. 139.,
37 -FMHIQ, RV. 10, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 118.
38 '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 80-81.
39, (. %. (, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 152-153.
40 -FMHIQ, RV. 29, 28 MERYEVMI 1889, T. 556-560.
41 -FMHIQ, T. 556.
42 -FMHIQ, RV. 10, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 118.
43 -FMHIQ, RV. 11, 27 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 141, 143.
44 -FMHIQ, RV. 29, 28 MERYEVMI 1889, T. 557, 559-560.
45 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 181 186.
48, (. %. (., RV. 29, 28 MERYEVMI 1889, T. 561-564.
-FMHIQ, RV. 11, 27RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 135. -
48 -FMHIQ, RV. 9, 25 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 111 113.
49 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 186 #M YVQ.
60 (. %. (., RV. 10, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 122.
51 -FMHIQ, RV. 28, 25 MERYEVMI 1889, T. 526-527.
52 -FMHIQ, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 150. -
-FMHIQ, RV. 29 28 MERYEVMI 1889 T. 558.
-FMHIQ, RV. 28, 25 MERYEVMI 1889, T. 526.
-FMHIQ, RV. --, 27 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 125-126.
-FMHIQ, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 149.
-FMHIQ, Q. 10, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 124.
-FMHIQ, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 148, 150.# #
-FMHIQ, RV. 10, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 120-123.;
-FMHIQ, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 148.: :
-FMHIQ.
-FMHIQ, RV. 11, 27 RSMIQFVMI. 1888, T. 126-127., .
-FMHIQ, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 150.
-FMHIQ, RV. 29, 28 MERYEVMI 1889, T. 558.
-FMHIQ, RV. 32, 4 JIFMYEVMW 1889, T. 45.
-FMHIQ, RV. 11, 27 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 126.
-FMHIQ, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 150.
-FMHIQ, RV. 10, 26 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 124.
-FMHIQ, RV. 26, 1917, T. 227-228.
-FMHIQ, RV. --, 27 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 144.
1. 3., RV. 27, 7ETVMMMI 1888, T. 377; (. %. (.. 10, 26 RSMIQFVMI
1888, T. 120, 123.,
(. %. (.. 11. 27 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 131; RV. 16, 13 HIGIQFVMI 1888,
4. 247.
-FMHIQ, RV. 11, 27 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 134.
-FMHIQ, RV. 9, 25 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 109.
-FMHIQ, RV. --, 27 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 131-136, 141.
-FMHIQ, RV. 12, 30 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 158.
-FMHIQ, RV. 11, 27 RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 137.
8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 66 #M YVQ.
(. %. (., 1888/1889, "IHMR'E HMR 17 JIFVYEVMI 1889, T. 885.
-FMHIQ, "IHMR'E HMR 15-16 JIFVYEVMI 1889, T. 812, 849.
8MXY 1EMSVIW: Y, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 262-264.,
(. %. :., RV. 30, 29 MERYEVMI 1889, T. 567-568.
-FMHIQ, RV. 32, 4 JIFVYEVMI 1889, T. 646, 650.
-FMHIQ, RV. 35, 9 JIFVYEVMI 1889, T. 693, 707.
8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 63.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 264-267.,
(. %. (: 16, 13 HIGIQFVMI 1888, T. 250-251.
-FMHIQ, RV. 30, 29 MERYEVMI 1889, T. 567-568.
-FMHIQ, RV. 33, 7 JIFVYEVMI 1889, T. 661, 671-672.
-FMHIQ, RV. 16, 13 HIGIQFVMI 1888, T. 246.
-FMHIQ, RV. 23, 31 QEVXMI 1888, T. 318.
-FMHIQ, RV. 32, 4 JIFVYEVMI 1889, T. 650-652, 654.
-FMHIQ, RV. 34, 8 JIFVYEVMI 1889, T. 677-678.
* -FMHIQ, RV. 33, 7 JIFVYEVMI .889, T. 669-671. ., ,
&5 -FMHIQ, RV. 34, 8 JIFVYEVMI 1889, T. 680.
08 -FMHIQ, RV. 24, 2 ETVMPMI .888, T. 323, 331. -FMHIQ, RV. 3, 11
RSMIQFVMI 1888, T. 52. 88 -FMHIQ, RV. 15, 10 HIGIQFVMI 1888, T. 241-242.
9 -FMHIQ, RV. 34, 8 JIFVYEVMI 1889, T. 682-683; RV. 35, 9 JIFVYEVMI
1889, T. 685-686.
100 0MFIVEJ-GSRWIVZEXSVMM PYM +. :IQIWGY #M 0. 'EPEVKMY RGIVGEY JV
WYGGIW VIHIWGLMHIVIE TVSGIWYPYM R MERYEVMI 1890, WYF KYZIVRYP +. 1RY (8.
1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 272-273).
'%4-83090 :-9 RXVI MQSFMPMWQ #M EWTMVE'MI HIQSGVEX1. *EG3SREPMWN.MP
GSRWIVZEXSV
0E 3RIPI -YM QEVXMI 1889, KYZIVRYP NYRMQMWX 8L. 6SWIXXM, HIWXMREX E
VIEPM^E JY^MYRIE GSRWIVZEXSEVI, IVE XIRWMSREX HI YR
'SR4MGX GY PMFIVEPYP WMRGIV +. :IQIWGY. 'SRXVSZIVWE JYWIWI WXVRMX HI
VIJY^YP EGIWXYME HMR YVQ HI E IJIGXYE S VIJSVQ QIRMX E QSVEPM^E
QEKMWXVEXYVE #M E-P EWMKYVE EYXSRSQME, YRYP HMR TVMRGMTEPIPI SFMIGXMZI TSPMXMGI
NYRMQMWXI. R PSG HI EGIEWXE RW, +. :IQIWGY QTREWI 'YVXIE HI 'EWE'MI GY
TEVXM^ERM TSPMXMGM 1, GIIE GI IVE YR QSXMZ HI HIWXVQEVI E KYZIVRYPYM.
'SRWYPXEX WTVI E WSPY'MSRE GVM^E, 0. 'EXEVKMY R^YME VIGSRWXMXYMVIE
3TS^M'MIM YRMXI TVMRXV-S GSPEFSVEVI RY RYQEM GY +. :IQIWGY, GM #M GY (.
&VXMERY. 6IKIPI VIWTMRKIE RW JSVQYPE, GGM HSVIE W EHYG PE TYXIVI
TEVXMHI GSIVIRXI, MEV RY GSRKPSQIVEXI LMFVMHI. 7I EGGITXE, R WGLMQF, PE 30
QEVXMI 1889, YR KYZIVR 0. 'EXEVKMY GY +. :IQIWGY PE *MRER'I, +. 1RY PE
6^FSM, %P. 0ELSZEVM PE )\XIVRI, 2. +IVYWWM PE .YWXM'MI, '. &SIVIWGY PE 'YPXI #M
-RWXVYG'MYRI 4YFPMG #M +V. 4IYGIWGY PE (SQIRMM 2. )TSGE GSQFXIE
MRGETEGMXEXIE PYM 0. 'EXEVKMY HI E XVIGI TIWXI VMZEPMX'MPI TIVWSREPI GEVI-P
HIWTV'IEY HI NYRMQM#XM, GSQTPGR-HY-WI RXV-S EPMER' GY +. :IQIWGY 3.
+YZIVRYP GSRWIVZEXSV-.MFIVEP, HMWTYRRH HI SVKERYP HI TVIW,
2E'MSREPYP, TVIXMRHIE G IVE I\TVIWME YRYM TEVXMH GE EXEVI4. &MRXE MYM HI EXEG
S VITVI^IRXE NYRMQMWQYP TI GEVI-. RIKE GE JSVQE'MYRI TSPMXMG. 4. 4. 'EVT,
HMQTSXVMZ, GSRXMRYE EG'MYRIE HI E HE GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYPYM S HMVIG'MI TVEGXMG
TVMRXV-S EHIGZEVI PE VIEPMXEXI. 'SRWIVZEXSVMWQYP WTYRIE IP WI GYZIRIE E WI
FM^YM TI TVSTVMMPI JSV'I, VIGYTIVR-HY-#M TV'MPI FYRI HMR XVIGYX #M
HIQSRWXVRH 'VMM G TYXIE #M IP W JEG FMRI5. 6IZMXEPM^EVIE
GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYPYM TYXIE MM RJTXYMX TVMRG. 206
-RRH. 3 R) EVKJRE`J.
6WXYVREY KYZIVRI-I KIRIVEP nMM
2Q ITYX S VI HYVEFJ.-4 211 R G IKEA TYXIVRMGI, 7MWXIQYP
FMTEVXMX WSGSXIE 2. *MPMTIWGY EWMKYVE S EPXIVREXMZ KYZIVREQIRXEP GEVI
I\GPYHIE EXX WEPXYVMPI, GX #M JEZSVMXMWQYP 'SVSERIM. (I EMGM YRMXEXIE PMFIVEP
PYEX GLMEV HI EGIWX GSRWIVZEXSV HVITX QSHIP HI SVKERM^EVI. 'SRWIVZEXSVMM WI
WXVHYMWIV W-P VWXSEVRI TVMR XSEXI QMNPSEGIPI, HEV RY W-P HM^SPZI, GM TIRXVY
E VQRI R WXEVI HI ZVNQE#M. 0YTXE HMRXVI GSRWIVZEXSVM #M PMFIVEPM RY WI
TYXIE RGLIME RMGMSHEX, WMRKYVYP PSV TYRGX HI R'IPIKIVI GSRWXRH R, E
HIPMQMXE XIVIRYP TI GEVI EZIQ W RI GSQFEXIQ15.
'SRWXMXYMX PE 5 RSMIQFVMI 1889, KYZIVRYP +. 1RY IVE S GSQFMRE'MI
GSRWIVZEXSV-NYRMQMWX, JGRH W VIREWG XIRHMR'E HI GSRXSTMVI E GIPSV HSY
VEQYVM TSPMXMGI. 'SQTSRIR'MM PYM IVEY 8L. 6SWIXXM PE .YWXM'MI, %P. 0ELSZEVM PE
)\XIVRI, 1. +LIVQERM PE *MRER'I, %P. 1EVKLMPSQER PE 0YGVVM 4YFPMGI, +V.
4IYGIWGY PE (SQIRMM #M 1. :PHIWGY PE 6^FSM. 6IQERMEX TIWXI YR ER,
WGLMQFVMPI TVSQSZEY TI 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY PE 'YPXI #M -RWXVYG'MYRI 4YFPMG, %P.
1EVKLMPSQER PE (SQIRMM #M +V. 8VMERHE3P PE .YWXM'MI, TWXVRHY-#M EGIIE#M
GSPSVEXYV16. +. 1RY #M JGYWI YR WGST HIGPEVEX HMR JY^MYRIE XYXYVSV
IPIQIRXIPSV GSRWIVZEXSEVI17.
%G'MYRIE #IJYPYM KYZIVRYPYM WI JEGI WMQ'MX GLMEV R 'SVTYVMPI PIKMYMXSEVI
R ZIHIVIE HIPMQMXVMM GYVIRXIPSV TSPMXMGI R XEFIVI HMWXMRGXI, R HIGIQFVMI
1889 GIVI# 7 RGIXI^I VIKMQYP TIVWSREP, TVMR MQTYRIVIE WMWXIQYPYM YRIM
KYZIVRVM EPXIVREXMZI E HSY QEVM TEVXMHI TSPMXMGI18. )VE WYW'MRYX HI -. )Q.
*PSVIWGY #M 2. *MPMTIWGY, GEVI, RXSGQEM GE #IJYP KYZIVRYPYM, MRZSGEY QSHJ -YP
TEVPEQIRXEV FVMXERMG. R #IHMR'E 'EQIVIM HMR 13 HIGIQFVMI 1889, (. 4STIWGY,
HMR TEVXIE JVEG'MYRMM PMFI. 6EP-GSR-WIVZEXSEVI, E3VQE RIZSME GE KYZIVREVIE W
WI IJIGXYI^I WYGGIWMZ R XIQIMYP YRSV TVSKVEQI FMRI HIPMQMXEXI19.
1ENSVMX'MPI KYZIVREQIRXEPI GSRWIVZEXSEVI IVEY RW KVIY HI EWMKYVEX,
R GMYHE YRSV ETIPYVM MRWMWXIRX PERWEXI. R ETVMPMI #M QEM 1890, +. 1RY
GSRZSGE TEVPEQIRXEVMM PE ,SXIPYP 'SRXMRIRXEP, RGIVGRH S GSSVHSREVI
TVIPMQMREV TIRXVY E SF'MRI GSRGYVWYP PIKMWPEXMZ80. #M RWXVMRE RW R 7IREX
TI EHIT'MM PYM 0. 'EXEVKMY #M +. :IQIWGY, GEVI WI QIR'MRIEY GE KVYT EYXSRSQ,
MRXVRH R MQTEW PIKMWPEXMZ. 0E 14 JIFVYEVMI 1891, R 'EQIV, +. 1RY GIVIE
HMR RSY GE PYTXE TSPMXMG W RY WI QEM MVSWIEWG R ERMQS^MX'M #M HMWTYXI
JEG'MSREPI 2-.:
)JSVXYVMPI #IJYPYM GEFMRIXYPYM WI GSRWYQEY MRW R KSP, RIVIY#MRH W
SF'MR S YRM3GEVI GSRWIVZEXSEVI. #M RWXVMRE TI 0. 'EXEVKMY #M +. :IQIWGY
22, TVIGYQ #M TI -. )Q. *PSVIWGY, GEVI, HIZIRMRH TVI#IHMRXIPI 7IREXYPYM,
RKVS#E VRHYVMPI STS^M'MIM GSRWIVZEXSV-PMFIVEPI R EQFIPI 'SVTYVM PIKMYMXSEVI.
7I FPSGE EWXJIP S PIKI E RZ'QRXYPYM TVSTYW HI 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY. )#YRH TI
TPERYP VETSVXYVMPSV TEVPEQIRXEVI, +. 1RY IVE GSRWXVRW W HIQMWMSRI^I.
2SMPI QENSVMX'M GSRNYRGXYVEPI EHYGIEY R TVMQ-TPER, PE 21 JIFVYEVMI 1891,
GEFMRIXYP -. )Q. *PSVIWGY, GY 0. 'EXEVKMY PE -RXIVRI #M +. :IQIWGY PE *MRER'I
23.
R PSGYP YRIM PMQTI^MVM TSPMXMGI, WI VIPERWE JSVQYPE LMQIVMG E 4EVXMHYPYM
0MFIVEP-'SRWIVZEXSV. -RXIR'MSRRH W SGYTI WTE'MYP TSPMXMG RE'MSREM-PMFIVEP,
VQEW HISGEQHEX JVQRXEX HMR GEY^E YRSV HMWTYXI TIRXVY TVIPYEVIE
QS#XIRMVMM -SR '. &VXMERY, 0. 'EXEVKMY #M +. :IQIWGY, R ETVMPMI 1891, WI
KVFIEY W PERWI^I YR QERMJIWX R RYQIPI YRIM JSVQE'MYRM PMFIVEP-
GSRWIVZEXSEVI 2M. 7I TVSTYRIE HVITX EPXIVREXMZ S JSVQYP GSRNYRGXYVEP, S
ZIVWMYRI TIRXVY JSVQIPI PMFIVEPI MRWXMXY'MSREPI. 7I WYW'MRIE YR WMWXIQ
FMTEVXMHMWX, TVIGM^RHY-WI GE 3IGEVI TEVXMH, R QSH WYGGIWMZ, W EWMKYVI YR
KYZIVR XEVI #M WMKYV, TVMR TVIPYEVIE TYXIVMM JV ^KYHYMVM. +VYTYVM HMWXMRGXI
RY EZIEY GI GYXE R ZME'E TSPMXMG, HISEVIGI TVSZSGEY GSRJY^MI #M
RIWMKYVER', GSQTVSQM'RH VIKMQYP GSRWXMXY'MSREP.
1ERMJIWXYP QIR'MSREX IWXI I\XVIQ HI MQTSVXERX HMR TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI
EP RGIVGVMM HI GSRWXMXYMVI E YRYM TEVXMH HI EPXIVREXMZ PMFIVEM-GSRWIVZEXSEVI,
S WMRXI^ E YRSV TYRGXI XERKIRXI EPI GIPSV HSY XIRHMR'I PE RMZIPYP E3VQVMM
TVMRGMTMEPI, TVS3XRH HI WPFMGMYRIE 4EVXMHYPYM 2E'MSREP 0MFIVEP, RIEHYREX RG
HEXSVMX GVM^IM HI TIVWSREPMX'M. 4. 4. 'EVT, R QEM 1891,; VIHIE G PMFIVEPMWQYP
R JSVQE RXVYGLMTEX PI KIRIVE'ME HI PE 1848 GY MHIEPYVMPI HI PMFIVXEXI
RPYRXVY #M HI RIEXVREVI R EJEVSEQIRM GEVI TVI^MHEWIV VIRE#XIVIE
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TVSGIW HI IQMKVEVI E IZVIMPSV. %GI#XME WI RHVITXEY QEM EPIW WTVI %QIVMGE,
3MRH WYW'MRY'M HI TIVWSERI #M MRWXMXY'MM WXVMRI105.
)\TYP^VMPI WIPIGXMZI #M IQMKVEVIE EY EHYW 6SQRME HMR RSY R EXIR'ME
GIVGYVMPSV IZVIMI#XM HMR 3GGMHIRX. R NYVYP IM W-E 'IWYX #M RXVI'MRYX S EXQSWJIV
HI EHZIVWMXEXI. 0E 6 QEM 1902 WSWIE PE &YGYVI#XM ^MEVMWXYP IZVIY &IVREVH
0E^EVI, YR WSGMEPMWX #M WMSRMWX GEVI PSGYME PE 4EVMW. 4STYPE'ME IZVIMEWG P-E
RXQTMREX GE TI YR WEPZEXSV, QEM EPIW GRH E ZM^MXEX GEVXMIVIPI HMR &YGYVI#XM.
(SFRHMRH EGGIRXI SWXIRXEXMZI, ZM^MXE E MVMXEX TI RE'MSREPM#XMM HMR &YGYVI#XM,
GEVI EY QERMJIWXEX QTSXVMZE ^MEVMWXYPYM IZVIY.
7YF MQTEGXYP YRIM XIRWMYRM RE'MSREPMWXI, R 1902 KYZIVRYP 6SQRMIM WI
I\TYRIE YRIM TVIWMYRM EQIVMGERI. 7I HI^ETVSFE EHZIVWMXEXIE JE' HI IZVIM
GEVI TVSZSGE S IQMKVE'MI R VRHYP EGIWXSVE WTVI 79%. %QIVMGERMM S EHQMXIEY,
HEV S HSVIEY ZSPYRXEV. 6SQRMIM M WI GIVIE W VIW-TIGXI TVIZIHIVMPI
8VEXEXYPYM HI PE &IVPMR HMR 1878, EHQM'RH IZVIMM R JYRG'MM TYFPMGI #M
TIVQM'RHY-0I E#I^EVIE GLMEV R WEXI106, WTVI E WI GYVQE GYVIRXYP IQMKVE'M
SRMWX.
8M;
1 8. 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 268.
2 8V. 0YRKY, S/". '/# T. 84-85.
3 )TSGE, ER. -:, RV. 1026, 20 ETVMPMI 1889; RV. 1027, 21 ETVMPMI 1889.
4 2E'MSREPYP, ER. -, RV. 30, 13 ETVMPMI 1889.
5, (. %. (.889/90, "IHMR'E HMR 12 HIGIQFVMI 1889, T. 151; '. +ERI,
4. 4. 'EVT #M PSGYP WY R MWXSVME TSPMXMG E JVMM, -, T. 402-403.
6, (. %. (., 1888/89, "IHMR'E HMR 30 QEVXMI 1889, T. 1285-1286.
7 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 268.
8 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 142-143.
9 :. *MPMTIWGY, 4EVXMHIPI TSPMXMGI, &YGYVI#XM, 1890, T. 11.
10 -FMHIQ, T. 26.
11 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 95., -
12 2. *MPMTIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 13. -
13 '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 148.
14, (. %. (.@Y350#IHMR'E HMR 1 HIGIQFVMI 1891, T. 67.
15 2. *MPMTIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 31.
16, (. %. (:@Y350#IHMR'E HMR 16 RSMIQFVMI 1890, T. 5.
17 -FMHIQ, "IHMR'E HMR 14 JIFVYEVMI 1891, T. 629-630.
18 -FMHIQ, "IHMR'E HMR 21 HIGIQFVMI 1889, T. 289.
19 -FMHIQ, "IHMR'E HMR 13 HIGIQFVMI 1889, T. 171. "
30 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 98.
21 (. %. (:890/91, "IHMR'E HMR 14 JIFVYEVMI 1891, T. 629-630.,.
22 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 274-278.
23 8V. 0YRKY, ST. GMX., T. 97-102. 7*
24 1ERMJIWXYP 4EVXMHYPYM PMFIVEP GSRWIVZEXSV, ETVMPMI 1891, T. 2-3.
25 '. +ERI, ST. 'X., --, 1936, T. 18. ""
26 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 116-118.;
27 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 278-279, 282-283.
38 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 103-107.
29 '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 103-104. "; 5
30 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 291-298.,
"M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 107-110.
32 '. +ERI, ST. 'X., --, T. 124-126, 129.
33 2. *MPMTIWGY, %PFMM #M VS#MM, &YGYVI#XM, 1894,: T. 22.# "
34 1. 3., RV. 9, 4 QEVXMI 1914, T. 10.1.,: -'
35 (. %. (., 1891/92, "IHMR'E HMR 6 QEM 1892, T. 647.
36 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 317-318.
31; (. %. (., RV. 43, 23 JIFVYEVMI 1894, T. 7 n5-766,;# : *
38 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 319-320. -/.; -#; M38 (. %. (., RV. 44, 17
JIFVYEVMI 1894, T. 729-742. .#; ";; ; M *#
40 -FMHIQ, RV. 43, 23 JIFVYEVMI 1894, T. 764; 765.:#:# 2# # -
41 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T.: 320321.# .;##
42 %RYEVYP WXEXMWXMG EP 6SQRMIM, &YGYVI#XM, 1904, T. 14-15. #
43 +. (. 2MGS.IWGY, ST. 'X., --, T. 32-33. -# -# :
44 >. 3VRIE, ST. 'MXT. 287#
45 8.-1EMSVIWGY, RWIQRVM ^MPRMGI, ---, T. 302:
, 1. 3., RV. 24, 21 QEVXMI 1914, T. 246.# -
47 (. %. (., RV. 37, 9 JIFVYEVMI 1894, T. 640, 641, 647-649. :
4 2. *MPMTIWGY, %PFMM #M VS#MM, T. 22-23. : :
49 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 160-162.# 50 (. %. (., 1891/92, 25
RSMIQFVMI 1892, T. 86; 1893/94, 9 HIGIQFVMI
1893, T. 494-495.
51 (. 7., 1891/92, 9 QEVXMI 1892, T. 55; 1892/93, 1 HIGIQFVMI 1893,
4. 100-101.52 (. %. (., 1894/95, 28 RSMIQFVMI 1894, T. 135-136.
1 -FMHIQ, 27 JIFVYEVMI 1895, T. 834.
-. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 126-127. .65 2. *MPMTIWGY, %PFMM #M VS#MM, T. 20.
66 '. &EGEMFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 229.
67 %R. 0SVHEGLI, (YQMXVY &VXMERY, &YGYVI#XM, 1984, T. 330.
68 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 144-152.
59 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 305-306, 313-317, 319-321.
60 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 150-152.
61 2.: *MPMTIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 3-15.
62 '. &EGEMFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 202.
63 '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 167-168.
64 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 167-168.
66 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 161, 174, 176.
66 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 138-143, 154-155.
67 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 322.
1 -FMHIQ, T. 326.
69 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 376-378.
70 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 205.
71 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 336-337.
72 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 376-378.
73 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X. T. 206, 218-221.
74 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 340.
5 6EHY-(ER :PEH, 0I KSYZIVRIQIRX PMFIVEP 4. 7. %YVIPMER, R 6IZYI
6SY1EMRI H,MWXSMVI, XSQ. <<<-, RS. P-2, 1992, T. 103-107. 76FMW -FMHIQ, T.
109-110, 118, 120.
76 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 222-231.77 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 193.
-. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 185.
8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 371.
80 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 247-249.
81 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 195-196. "
83 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 169-181, 243-248.
~ '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 180-181, 223, 230.
81 -SER 7GYVXY, 1M#GEVIE 'VRMWX HMR 6SQRME TR PE 1947, R
7XYHMM, XSQ. 25, 1972, RV. 3, T. 22.
85 (. %. (., RV. 32, 19 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 487.
86 -FMHIQ, RV. 34, 21 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 552.
87 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 177-179, 245-246.
88 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 181-186.
89 (. %. (., RV. 33, 20 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 544.
90 -FMHIQ, RV. 34, 21 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 552.
91 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 245-246.
92 1. -SWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, :ME'E TSPMXMG R 6SQRME,.1899-1910, &YGYVI#XM,
1977, T. 258-261.
93 (. %. (., RV. 34, 21 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 552; RV. 12, 2 HIGIQFVMI
1901, T. 79.
94 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 222-223.
95, (. %. (: 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 445-446.
96 -FMHIQ, RV. 32, 19 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 484.
97 -FMHIQ, RV. 42, 10 QEVXMI 1899, T. 735.
98 -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 446.
9 -FMHIQ, RV. 31, 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 475-476, 479; 'IWXMY[E
IZVIMPSV TQRXIRM, -E#M, 1901, T. 64-65.
100 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 226, 230-233.
101 (. %. (., RV. 44, 16 QEVXMI 1899, T. 797.
102 -FMHIQ, RV. 32, 19 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 479.
103 -FMHIQ, RV. 42, 10 QEVXMI 1899, T. 749.
104 -FMHIQ, RV. 31, 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 466, 472.
105 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 273.
106 -FMHIQ, ---, T. 26-28, 35-37.
-XI '%4-83090 -< (MWTYX EWYTVE FE^IPSV GSRWXMXY'MSREPI1. 47(16 TVMRW
HI GSRXEKMYRI PMFIVEP
0E 18 QEVXMI 1888, RXV-YR QERMJIWX IHMXEX PE -E#M, -. 2HINHI ZSVFIE R
RYQIPI TEVXMHIM QYRGMXSVMPSV RGIVGRH
7 WI HMWX-RK EXX HI PMFIVEPM, GX #M HI GSRWIVZEXSVM, MRGPYWMZ HI
3TS^M'ME YRMX. %QFIPI TEVXMHI IVEY GSRWMHIVEXI HI EGIIE#M WSVKMRXI,
HMWTYXIPI HMRXVI IPI 3MRH WYTIV3GMEPI, VI^YPXEXI HMR WJEH HI PE JYVX, HEX 3MRH
G, HISTSXVMZ, GRH W-EY E4EX PE TYXIVI, WZV#MWIV EGIPIE#M XMGPS#MM. 7I
JSVQYPIE^, RGITRH HMR 1889, TVMR ^MEVIPI 1YRGMXSVYP, +YXIRFIVK #M
(IQSGVE'ME WSGMEP, RIGIWMXEXIE YRYM TEVXMH QYRGMXSVIWG HISWIFMX HI GIPI
FYVKLI^I. 1YRGMXSVMM IVEY GLIQE'M W WI SVKERM^I^I HYT GVMXIVMM HI GPEW,
WTVI E NYGE VSPYP TVMRGMTEP R ZME'E TSPMXMG *.
R XIQIMYP YRIM MHISPSKMM HI GPEW, PE 31 QEVXMI/12 ETVMPMI 1893, R
&YGYVI#XM, R 7EPE 7SXMV, E EZYX PSG GSRKVIWYP HI GSRWXMXYMVI E 4EVXMHYPYM
WSGMEP-HIQSGVEX EP QYRGMXSVMPSV HMR 6SQRME, TVMR VIYRMVIE E 54 HI HIPIKE'M EM
GPYFYVMPSV VWTRHMXI R GXIZE GIRXVI HMR 'EV. 4I PRK EGI#XME, W-EY QEM
E4EX TIVWSERI GEVI PYEWIV PSG HMRETSME TIVHIPIPSV TPY#EXI, JYRG'MSREVM HI
GEVMIV EM WXEXYPYM TVISGYTE'M HI E RY WI PIWE JIMQEP HI TEVXMH HI XIEQ HI E
RY EZIE HM3GYPX'M.
4VMR TVSKVEQ #M WXEXYX, 47(16 #M TVSTYRIE: HVITXYP PE KVIZ, ^MYE HI
QYRG HI 8 SVI, RZ'QRX KIRIVEP, HVITX HI SVKERM^EVI #M RXVYRMVI;
QYRMGMTEPM^EVIE #M VWGYQTVEVIE TQRXYVMPSV, R3MR'EVIE HI M^PE^YVM, GVIHMX
TIRXVY 'VERM, HIW3MR'EVIE RZSMIPMPSV R REXYV. 7XIRMM IVEY WJXYM'M W PYTXI
TI GEPI PIKEP TIRXVY HVITXYVM, RY TVMR VIZSPXI, TIRXVY S PIKMWPE'MI JEZSVEFMP.
7I XMRHIE WTVI SVKERM^EVIE YRIM WSGMEP-HIQSGVE'MM GEVI W NSEGI YR VSP TSPMXMG.
:. +. 1SV'YR WI TVSRYR'E TIRXVY PYQMREVIE 'VERMPSV #M TIRXVY WXSTEVIE
VIZSPXIPSV WTSRXERI.
&VERYP W RY QEM GVIEH G HVITXEXIE WI SF'MRIE GY TEVYP, GM W-S
GEYXI TVMR EG'MYRI PIKEP. 7SGMEP-HIQSGVE'ME GYXE R 'VRMQI YR WYFWXMXYX
TIRXVY QYRGMXSVMQI.
'SRWXMXYMRHY-WI RXV-S IRXMXEXI HMWXMRGX #M TVSTYRRHY-#M W NSEGI YR VSP
TSPMXMG, WSGMEPM#XMM EFERHSREY TEV'MEP YRIPI HSKQI QEV\MWXI. 4VMR IPIQIRXIPI
PSV TVEKQEXMGI #M QEM PIKEXI HI WSGMIXEXIE VSQRIEWG ETVIGMEY G 6SQRME
WI E4E R JE^E EWMQMPVMM TVMRGMTMMPSV #M MRWXMXY'MMPSV HIQSGVEXMGI. :H R PMFIVEPM,
R IPIQIRXIPI XMRIVI HMR VRHYP EGIWXSVE ZMVXYEPM EPME'M EM PYTXIM TIRXVY
HI^ZSPXEVI HIQSGVEXMG. 7IQREPYP R EGIEWX TVMZMR' IVE HEX HI -. 2HINHI PE
14 MERYEVMI 1895 R 0YQIE RSY TVMR EVXMGSPYP %PMER'E HIQSGVEXMG, R GEVI
EXVKIE EXIR'ME EWYTVE RIZSMM HI GSPEFSVEVI GY WXRKE PMFIVEP. (MR EGIP
QSQIRX, MHIIE YRIM KVEZMXVM WTVI EGIP WIKQIRX PMFIVEP HIZIRIE TVMSVMXEV,
HI#M WSGMEPM#XMM, TVMR MHISPSKMI #M TVMR EGXMZMX'M R VRHYP TXYVMPSV HI NSW EPI
WSGMIX'MM, RY IVEY XSXEP YR TEVXMH EP PIKEPMX'MM.
7GLMQFEVIE R QIRXEPMXEXIE #M EG'MYRIE YRSV WSGMEPM#XM, GIP TY'MR E PYM :.
+. 1SV'YR #M -. 2HINHI GEVI HI'MRIEY GEPMXEXIE HI HITYXE'M, IVE VIQEVGEX HI
XMRIVMM PMFIVEPM, GEVI #M TVSTYWIWIV W JEG S HIQEVGE'MI RIX HI
GSRWIVZEXSVMWQ, WGS'RH TEVXMHYP HMR JKE#IPI WXEKRERXI GI M IWXSQTEY
MHIRXMXEXIE, TVMR SMMIRXEVIE PYM LSXVX R HMVIG'ME HIQSGVEXMG. )\TSRIRXYP
GYVIRXYPYM HIZIRIE -SRIP &VXMERY, XSPIVEX R EGIE TSWXYV EXX HI (. %.
7XYVH^E, GX #M HI 1. *IVIO]HI, GEVI, TVI-KXMRHY-P S WYGGIWMYRI PE GVQE
PMFIVEP, HSVMX GX QEM RHITVXEX M HHYV R VWTYRHIVI VIJSVQEVIE
HSGXVMRIM 2.
(MR 1898, R &YGYVI#XM, -SRIP &VXMERY GSRHYGIE YR GIREGPY HI
HI^FEXIVM TSPMXMGI. )VEY TYWI EWXJIP FE^IPI GIVGYVMPSV HI WXYHMM PMFIVEPI, TS^M'MI
GEVI-P TVMPINYM ETVSJYRHEVIE HMJIVMXIPSV MHIM HMR 'EV. -RGPYWMZ XIRHMR'IPI
WSGMEPMWXI. -REYKYVE HI^FEXIVM RY GE YR WIGXERX RGLMWXEX R TVSTVME KRHMVI, GM
GE YR SQ TSPMXMG HI PEVK SVM^SRX. #M ETVSTMI SEQIRM GE '. &MGSMERY, HV. '.
%RKIPIWGY, +. 7EMXE, 2. 'SGYPIWGY, )QMP *VYR^IWGY, HEV #M WSGMEPM#XM GE :. +.
1SV'YR, %P. 6EHSZMGM #M '. 7XIVI. 4I EGIWXE HMR YVQ P GYRSWGY PE -E#M, R E
HSYE NYQXEXI E ERYPYM 18983. 4VMR EGIPI GSRXEGXI, -SRIP &VXMERY GYRSWGY
HMVIG'MMPI QM#GVMM WSGMEPMWXI, SFWIVZRH, TVMRXVI EPXIPI, S RGPMRE'MI VIJSVQEXSV-
HIQSGVEXMG.
,SXVX W HI^ZSPXI PMFIVEPMWQYP GIP TY'MR WYF VETSVX MHISPSKMG, W-P
HIKENI HI PMQMXIPI R GEVI-P GERXSREWI (. %. 7XYVH^E #M W-P HIWGLMH WTVI
WGLMQFVM WSGMEPI #M TSPMXMGI PEVKM, -SRIP &VXMERY EZIE RIZSMI HI SEQIRM
ERMQE'M HI GSRZMRKIVM TYXIVRMGI. 9RMM WI KWIEY GLMEV TVMRXVI PMFIVEPM, HEV
HYT GYQ PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM XMRIVIXYP IVE JEWGMREX HI PMFIVEPMWQ, HI HEXE
EGIEWXE WI PWE WIHYW HI WSGMEPMWQ, GY EXX QEM QYPX GY GX WI TVI3KYVE GE YR
HSQIRMY EP KIRIVS^MX'MM #M YXSTMIM.
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SVKERM^E'M TSPMXMG, RY WI TYXYWIV MQTPERXE R WSGMIXEXI TIRXVY G QYPXI HMR
TVMRGMTMMPI IRYR'EXI TVSKVEQEXMG RY GSRGSVHEY GY VIEPMXEXIE. 'SRWXMXYM'M GE YR
TEVXMH HMWXMRGX #M EG'MSRRH R GSRWIGMR', WSGMEPM#XMM EV 3 TIVWIZIVEX TI S GEPI
QEVKMREP. 7GS#M RW HI WYF GPMQEXYP YXSTMMPSV #M VIEHY#M PE VIEPMXEXI, TYXIEY
RXVM 4EVXMHYP 0MFIVEP, E GVYM SVMIRXEVI XVIFYME QTMRW QYPX WTVI WXRKE
TIRXVY EGSTIVMVIE XYXYVSV EWTMVE'MMPSV WSGMEP-TSPMXMGI, TEVEPM^RHY-WI SVMGI
RGIVGEVI HI VIGSQTYRIVI E YRSV JSV'I TSPMXMGI EPXIVREXMZI RXVI PMFIVEPMWQ #M
GSRWIVZEXSVMWQ. -QTYPWYP R EGIEWX HMVIG'MI IVE HEX #M HI I\TIVMIR'E
VEHMGEPMWQYPYM, GEVI, HIT#MRH QEXGE PMFIVEP, HIZIRMWI YR TSPMXMGMERMWQ, YR
GYVIRX GEVI FEPERWE RITVMRGMTMEP R HMZIVWI HMVIG'MM, RXVI'MRYX QEM EPIW HI
SEQIRM HSVRMGM HI E TEVZIRM TVMR JYRG'MM KYZIVREQIRXEPI.
0MFIVEPMM WI JSPSWIWG HI TVIHMWTS^M'ME WSGMEPM#XMPSV GEVI, HI QEM QYP'M ERM,
R RITYXMR'E HI E-#M WYW'MRI TVSTVMM GERHMHE'M, ZSXEWIV TIRXVY PMWXIPI PSV4. R
1893, PE 4PSMI#XM, TIRXVY EPIKIVIE PYM 2. *PIZE, G'MZE PMFIVEPM HMR 'EQIV EY
GIVYX WTVMNMRYP PYM 1SV'YR. %GSPS, PE 4PSMI#XM, PE RHIQRYP EGIWXYME, XMRIVMQIE
KIRIVSEW GYQ RYQIEY PMFIVEPMM TI WSGMEPM#XM P-E EPIW TI *PIZE. 8SX EWXJIP,
WSGMEPMWXYP %PI\. 6EHSZMGM RZMRKIE PE 4PSMI#XM GY WYTSVX PMFIVEP. 7YF KYZIVRYP 4.
7. %YVIPMER, PE EPIKIVMPI HI HITYXE'M HMR +EPE'M, TIRXVY E-P GSQFEXI TI 2.
*MPMTIWGY, VQEW R FEPSXEN GY 4. 7IGLMEVM, PMFIVEPMM EY ETIPEX PE WSGMEPM#XM GEVI
EZIEY HVITX GERHMHEX TI -. '. %XEREWMY, WMXYEX TI PSGYP EP XVIMPIE5.
R RSMIQFVMI 1898, GY SGE^ME EPIKIVMPSV GSQYREPI, WI MZM SGE^ME
ETVSJYRHVMM GSPEFSVVMM HMRXVI PMFIVEPM #M WSGMEPM#XM. *V E WI 3 RGLIMEX S
EPMER' RXVI TEVXMHI, R XIQIMYP I\TIVMIR'IM HI PE 4PSMI#XM, -E#M, +EPE'M #M :EWPYM,
R ZIHIVIE GSRXVEGEVVMM GSRWIVZEXSVMPSV, PM&IVEPMM WI EWSGME^ GY '. 7XIVI, '.
/VYTIRWOM, -. 6EHSZMGM, -. '. %XE2EWMY #M :. :EWMPMY 6.
7TVI HISWIFMVI HI '. (.N +LIVIE, GEVI VIWTMRKIE EGIE HMVIG'MI TSPMXMG,
WSGSXMRH-S E GSRHYGI ME PMGLMHEVIE MHIRXMX'MM WSGMEPMWXI, IE IVE TVSQSZEX HI
PMHIVM VIEPM#XM7. R SGXSQFVMI 1898, RXV-YR HMWGYVW IPIGXSVEP PE -E#M, '. 7XIVI
E3VQE G LSXVWI W WI EPXYVI PMFIVEPMPSV, HISEVIGI VITVI^IRXEY R 'EV
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GSQTERME PMFIVEPMPSV, YRMRHY-#M JSV'IPI GY IM TIRXVY VIEPM^EVIE YRSV WGLMQFVM
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QYRGMXSVMQI, RXVYGX R 6SQRME PMTWIE TVSIXEVMEXYP MRHYWXVMEP, RIEZRH
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TEVXMHYP WSGMEPMWX W WI WGLMQFI R QWYV IWIR'MEP, GGM RY TYXIE RHITPMRM S
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'VRMQIE. 3 EG'MYRI GSRNYKEX GY PMFIVEPMM HIZIRMWI EGYX #M TIRXVY JETXYP G
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KIRIVE'MYRIE RSEWXV ZE VIY#M W-P VIEPM^I^I TI HITPMR, ZE TYXIE GY GSR#XMMR'E
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KYZIVREQIRXEP. R JE'E YRIM RITYXMR'I HI E PIKMJIVE #M E HITVMQVMM GLMEV E
QENSVMX'MPSV PMFIVEPI, (. %. 7XYVH^E E JSWX EWXJIP GSRWXVRW PE 24 QEVXMI 1899
W RGLMH YPXMQE WIWMYRI E 'SVTYVMPSV PIKMYMXSEVI.
RXVI XMQT RW, EGIIE#M STS^M'MI GSRWIVZEXSV-NYRMQMWX, EQTPM3GRH
EG'MYRIE, S XVERWJIVEWI #M R QIHMM EPI STMRMIM TYFPMGI 80. *V E WI EXEGE
VIKIPI, IVEY SVKERM^EXI VIYRMYRM TVI^MHEXI HI +. +V. 'ERXEGY-^MRS #M 8L.
6SWIXXM, GYRSWGY'M TVMR QSHIVE'ME GSQTSVXEQIRXYPYM PSV. (MWGYVWYVMPI
R4GVEY STMRME TYFPMG, GSRXVMFYMRH PE WYFQMREVIE TS^M'MIM TVMQYPYM-
QMRMWXVY. -I#MRH HMR PMQMXIPI GSRWXMXY'MSREPI, PYTXE TSPMXMG IVE TYVXEX R
WXVEH, MRM'MEP HI STS^M'MI, MEV ETSM GLMEV HI (. %. 7XYVH^E. 4IRXVY E GSRXVEGEVE
S VIYRMYRI GSRWIVZEXSV-NYRMQMWX HMR 28 QEVXMI 1899 SVKERM^EX PE (EGME,
EHIT'MM TVMQYPYM-QMRMWXVY WI RXPRIEY PE &MPI )JSVMIM. 7YVZMR EKVIWMYRM EPI
TSTYPE'MIM GSRXVSPEXI HI KYZIVR EWYTVE QERMJIWXER'MPSV STS^M'MSRM#XM HMR WXVEH
81. 7YF TVIWMYRIE EGIPSV RGMIVVM, PE 30 QEVXMI (. %. 7XYVH^E IVE WMPMX W
HIQMWMSRI^I. 6IKIPI RW, QEM RXM, XEXSRE JV WYGGIW TSWMFMPMXEXIE JSVQVMM
YRYM EPX KYZIVR PMFIVEP, 3I HI GXVI )YKIRMY 7XXIWGY, 3I WYF GSRHYGIVIE PYM 4.
7. %YVIPMER. -RGETEGMXEXIE PMFIVEPMPSV HI E-#M HIWIQRE YR P; HIV EGGITXEX HI
HMZIVWIPI PSV JVEG'MYRM HIWGLMHIE GEPIE VIZIRMVMM .E TYXIVI E PYM 0. 'EXEVKMY 82.
238)
1 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 186-199.
>. 3VRIE, :ME'E PYM '. 7XIVI. -. &YGYVI#XM, 1989, T. 181.
3 -FMHIQ, T. 245-246.
4 (. %. (., RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 431.
5 -FMHIQ, RV. 32, 19 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 481.
6 >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., -, T. 247-248, 250. %;
7 1. JSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 45-46. /
8 >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., -, T. 250-252.
9 8. 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 390-391.
10 %HYREVIE KIRIVEP E 'PYFYPYM RE3SREP-PMFIVEP. R 4VSTEKERHE, -, RV.
8"
(MR 20 SGXSQFVMI 1898.
11 'ERHMHE'MM 420, R 4VSTEKERHE, -, RV. 90 HMR 21 SGXSQFVMI 1898.
@TEV
12 4VSTEKERHE, -, RV. 121 HMR 28 RSMIQFVMI 1898.
13 (. %. (., RV. 43, 13 QEVXMI 1899, T. 761.
14 -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 439.
15 8. 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 395.
16, (. %. (: 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 439, 444-445.
17 -FMHIQ, RV. 31, 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 466-467.
0W -FMHIQ, RV. 43, 13 QEVXMI 1899, T. 767.
19 -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 438-440.
20 >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., -, T. 243 #M YVQ.
21 (. %. (., RV. 26, 6 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 351, 352. 1
22 -FMHIQ, RV. 28, 10 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 370.
23 -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 445-446. ##
24 -FMHIQ, RV. 31, 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 450-451, 454-468, 474.
25 -FMHIQ, T. 462-463, 475.
26 -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 445-447.
27 -FMHIQ, RV. 31, 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 450-452.
28 -FMHIQ, RV. 42, 10 QEVXMI 1899. 4. 737.
29 -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 446-447.
30 -FMHIQ, RV. 42. 10 QEVXMI 1899, T. 733-734. 736, 750-751.
31 -FMHIQ. RV. 32. 19 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 485.
32 -FMHIQ, RV. 31. 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899. 4. 452. 454.
33 -FMHIQ. RV. 24, 28 MERYEVMI 1899. 4. 314; RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899,
4. 431; RV. 37, 2 QEVXMI 1899, T. 623.:
4 -FMHIQ, RV. 32, 19 JIFVYEVMI 1899. 4. 485.
35 >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., M. T. 266.
36 :J. *SWE #M 8V. 0YRKMM, ST. 'X., T. 48.
37. (. %. (.. RV. 31. 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899. 4. 453. 455.#
-FMHIQ. RV. 32. 19 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 486-487.
39 -FMHIQ. RV. 31. 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899. 4. 459-460.
40 -FMHIQ, RV. 24. 28 MERYEVMI 1899. 4. 314.
41 -FMHIQ. RV. 25. 2 JIFVYEVMI 1899. 4. 342-343.
-FMHIQ. RV. 31. 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899. 4. 457-458, 464.
43 -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 432. 443-444, 447.
44 -FMHIQ, RV. 31, 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 467-474.
45 -FMHIQ, RV. 32, 19 JIFVYEVMI, 1899. 4. 483-485, 488.
46 -FMHIQ, RV. 30. 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 432-435, 442.MS n1 72-FMHIQ,
RV. 32, 19 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 487. -FMHIQ, XMV. 28, 10 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 370.
-FMHIQ, RV. 43, 13 QEVXMI 1899, T. 766. -FMHIQ. RV. 30, 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T.
443, 445, 447. -FMHIQ, RV. 42, .0 QEVXMI 1899, T. 737. -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 16
JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 440-443, 447. -FMHIQ, RV. 43, 13 QEVXMI 1899, T. 766-767.
-FMHIQ, RV. 31, 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 474. -FMHIQ, RV. 42, 10 QEVXMI 1899, T.
737. >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., -, T. 257-260. (. %. (., RV. 22, 21 MYRMI 1917, T. 198.
'. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --. 4. 253. (. %. (., RV. 30, .6 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 440,
441. -FMHIQ, RV. 31, 17 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 449, 457. -FMHIQ, RV. 32, 19
JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 482, 485, 488. +. -FVMPIERY, 7GVMWSEVI HIWGLMW GXVI '. (.
+LIVIE, R :MMXSVYP, 10(1), HIGIQFVMI 1909; 2. 3VRIE, 4STSVERMWQYP,
&YGYVI#XM, 1972, T. 270. (MWGYVWYP VSWXMX HI HP 1V^IWGY R #IHMR'E 7IREXYPYM
HMR 16 JIFVYEVMI 1899, &YGYVI#XM, 1899, T. 33; 4VSTEKERHE, -, 1899, RV. 187,
26 JIFVYEVMI. (. %. (., RV. 32, 27 MYPMI 1917, T. 367. -. '. %XEREWMY, 1M#GEVIE
WSGMEPMWX, 1932, T. 336-337. 'SRWX. 8MXIP 4IXVIWGY, 7SGMEPMWQYP R 6SQRME,
1944, T. 132-133. (. %. (., RV. 32, 19 JIFVYEVMI 1899, T. 481.
'. 1MMPI, 9R ENYXSV HI TVMQEV WSGMEPMWX. -RXIVZMY GY H. '. 7XIVI, R
%HIZVYP, ER. <--, RV. 3447 HMR 24 JIFVYEVMI 1899. >. 3VRIE, :ME'E PYM '.
7XIVI, -, T. 264, 268, 274. :SMR'E 2E'MSREP, <:--, RV. 4501 HMR 9/23 JIFVYEVMI
1900. >. 3VRIE, ST. 'X., -, T. 274. 1. -SWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 47. (. %.
(., RV. 48. 22 QEVXMI 1918, T. 529. -FMHIQ, RV. 12, 2 HIGIQFVMI 1901, T. 45.
1. 8LISHSVMER-'EVEHE, )3QIVMHIPI, -, &YGYVI#XM, 1930, T. 141. 8V. 0YRKMM,
ST. 'X., T. 237-239. 8M XY 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 400-412. -.
&YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 199-201. 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 402-405.
)QERSMP &YGY'E, (YMPMY >EQ3VIWGY #M 8. 1EMSVIWGY R WGVMWSVM
(1844-1913), &YGYVI#XM, 1937. 4. 215-216. 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY, ST. 'X., T.
404-407. 8V. 0YRKMM, ST. 'X., T. 237-239. '%4-83090 <
'VM^ TSPMXMG WXVRMX HI VWGSEPIPI HMR 1907
1. 3 EPXIVREXMZ GSRWIV(YT HIQMWME PYM (. %. 7XYVH^E PE
:EXSEVI I#YEX 30 QEVXMI/11 ETVMPMI 1899, 0. 'EXEVKMY
6IETVIE R TSWXYVE HI TVMQ-QMRMWXVY.
1YVMRH RW WYFMX R GLMEV ^MYE QIR'MSREX, GSRWIVZEXSVMM HMR GSQMXIXYP
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*MPMTIWGY, 8EOI -SRIWGY, '. 3PRIWGY, -SR 0ELSZEVM #M %P. 'EXEVKMY EY EPIW YR
RSY TVI#IHMRXI R TIVWSERE PYM +. +V. 'ERXEGY^MRS. R PSG RW HI E 3
RHITVXEX, SFWXEGSPYP HMR GEPIE YRIM JY^MYRM GY NYRMQM#XMM IVE QIR'MRYX, 4. 4.
'EVT HSVMRH W TVIME IP GSRHYGIVIE YRYM TEVXMH GSRWIVZEXSV YRM3GEX.
'YQ WI GSRWXMXYME KYZIVRYP R EGIPI QTVINYVVM# %HITX EP YRYM WMWXIQ
TSPMXMG GY HSY TEVXMHI, HSVMRH E3VQEVIE LSXVX E YRIM XIRHMR'I
HIQSGVEXMGI R GSQTIXM'MI GY YRE EVMWXSGVEXMG1, VIKIPI ETIPIE^ PE +. +V.
'ERXEGY^MRS #M 4. 4. 'EVT W ENYRK PE YR GSQTVSQMW, JSVQRH YR GEFMRIX
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GSRZIVXMX EGYQ PE S EPX HMVIG'MI TSPMXMG. 4VMRXVI QIQFVMM KYZIVRYPYM QEM
3KYVEY KIRIVEPMM -EGSF 0ELSZEVM PE 6^FSM, +. 1RY PE *MRER'I #M XMRIVMM 8EOI
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PIKMYMXSEVI. RXV-YR EWIQIRIE GSRXI\X, WI TVS3PE VSPYP HIGMWMZ EP QMRMWXVYPYM HI
MRXIVRI, 2. *PIZE, GEVI, HI^PR'YMX QTSXVMZE JS#XMPSV
0YM EWSGME'M TSPMXMGM, RY WI W3E W E3VQI GLMEV TYFPMG G ZE ZIKLIE GE R
'SVTYVMPI PIKMYMXSEVI W RY ETEV RMGM YR TYM HI WXYVH^MWX3. %PIKIVMPI WYRX
EWXJIP HSQMREXI HI QEVM MRKIVMR'I, PE 7PEXMRE EZRH PSG YR ITMWSH WRKIVSW
GRH 'VERMM, ZIRM'M W ZSXI^I R GSVTSVI, EY JSWX STVM'M PE TSV'MPI SVE#YPYM, GIIE
GI E GSRHYW PE RJVYRXVM GY JSV'IPI HI SVHMRI. 6I^YPXEXYP E JSWX 17 QSV'M #M 24
HI VRM'M HMR VRHYP 'VERMPSV. 2Y IWXI HIGM WYVTVMR^XSV G, TVMR EWIQIRIE
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4EVPEQIRXYPYM M WI H TSVIGPE HI /MRHIVWKEVXIR4.
(IWGLMWI R WIWMYRI I\XVESVHMREV PE 12 MYRMI 1899, 'SVTYVMPI
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3RERGMEV #M GY MQTIVEXMZYP HI E S VI^SPZE TI GEPIE YRSV MQTS^MXI, GEFMRIXYP,
HEG RY VIY#IE W EHYG S Y#YVEVI E WMXYE'MIM, GSRXVMFYME TVMR HMWXER'EVIE JE'
HI NYRMQM#XM PE ETVSTMIVIE EGIWXSVE HI PMFIVEPM. %4E'M IM R#M#M RXV-YR QSQIRX
HI JVQRXEVI #M TVIJEGIVM MRXIVRI, TVMR -SRIP &VXMERY WI RGIVGE GLMEV S
HIWGLMHIVI QEM PEVK WTVI NYRMQM#XM, VIEGXYEPM^RHY-WI GSPEFSVEVIE TEV'MEP,
HEV R 3REP EFERHSREX E ERMPSV 80, GY WTIVER'E G WYGGIWYP ZE 3 QTPMRMX.
(EV RIKSGMIVMPI, MQTYPWMSREXI HI STS^M'ME GSQYR QTSXVMZE KYZIVRYPYM +. +V.
'ERXEGY^MRS, RY HHIEY VI^YPXEXI WGSRXEXI RMGM HI HEXE EGIEWXE. .YRMQM#XMM
TYRIEY GSRHM'ME MREGGITXEFMP HI EXIRYEVI E XIRHMR'IPSV HIQSGVEXI HMR
TVSKVEQYP #M EG'MYRIE PMFIVEP.
R GSRHM'MMPI YRIM KVEZI GVM^I 3RERGMEVI, RGSP'MX HI RIZSME HI E SF'MRI
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QMRMWXVY. 8EOI -SRIWGY, YR XRV SQ TSPMXMG GY QEVM GEPMX'M #M QYPX IRIVKMI,
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R TSWXYVE HI #IJ EP YRYM KYZIVR GSRWIVZEXSV. 7I HIWGLMHIE GEPIE TVSQSZVMM
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*MPMTIWGY. 0E 7 MYPMI 1900 WI MRWXEPE KYZIVRYP 4. 4. 'EVT 6. 3Q TSPMXMG HI QEVI
GETEGMXEXI MRXIPIGXYEP, YR I\GIPIRX SVEXSV, R^IWXVEX GY WMQ'YP YQSVYPYM #M EP
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3 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 174.
4 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 339.
5 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 52-54, 75-76.
6 -FMHIQ, T. 59-61.
7 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 289.
8 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 61-64. 74-78.
9 '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 153.
10 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., ---, T. 5.
-- 1. 8LISHSVMER-'EVEHE, :EWMPI 0EWGEV, 1914, T. 75.
12 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 338-339.
13 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 41-42, 112-116.
14 -FMHIQ, T. 85-87.
15 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 235, 239, 243, 248-249; '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X.
---, T. 42-44.
16 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 216, J. 14-13.
17 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 368-369.
18 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 110-111, 120.
19 '. ,EQERKMY, 'SHYP KIRIVEP EP 6SQRMIM, -. &YGYVI#XM, 1900, T. 27 #M
YVQ.
20 8. 1EMSVIWGY, -WXSVME GSRXMQTSVER, T. 338.
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22 -FMHIQ, RV. 26, 28 MYRMI 1917, T. 227-228.
23 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 99-103. *
24 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., --, T. 306-307; ---, T. 10, 23-24.
25 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 122-125.
26 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., ---, T. 84-86.
27 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 256-257, 293. ',
28 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 126-128. *
29 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 261. *
30 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 339-340.
31 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 259-260, 288, 294-297, 31 -. ":
32 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 150-155. 181-183.
33 :MRXMP &VXMERY, 7GVMIVM #M GYZRXVM. -. &YGYVI#XM, 1937, T. 377.
34 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X, T. 130-134.
35 -FMHIQ, T. 136-139., _": /
38 -FMHIQ, T. 141 143, 155-157. <,; 37, (. %. (, RV. 26, 28 MYRMI 1917,
T. 299, 339.
38 -FMHIQ, RV. 54, "IHMR'E HMR 20 MERYEVMI 1906, T. 920. B! -M ~ 6EHY
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710. '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., ---, T. ,3.
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1918, T. 574.
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209-211. 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 369. 49 8. (VEKERY, ST. 'X., T. 288.
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ETVMPMI 1907, T. 651
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1907, T. 710-711/JGVJI[ RV. 46, 26 ETVMPMI 1907, T. 728-7B
2V- 45 18 E4VM-MI 1907, T. 710, PIQ, RV. 46, 26 ETVMPMI, 1907, T. 72P-722,
726 IQ RV. 42, 14 ETVMPMI 1907, T. 649 RV. 45, 18 ETVMPMI 1907, T. 675.
!; B 36 , hEVXMI 1907 4- 417. (., RV. 38, 23 QEVXMI 1907.
2V. 41, 13 ETVMPMI 1907, T. 625-6B6
1 Q- 45 18 E43PM n1907, T. 71P-712.
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T. 717-7B0 R -FMHIQ, RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 624 -FMHIQ. RV. 45, 18 ETVMPMI
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T. 299
2V. 47, 27 ETVMPMI 1907, T. 825-826.
~ R 44 10 ETVM,I! 907 4 663-664., RV. 47, 27 ETVMPMI 1907, T. 826-727,
811 R/R
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81 6SQRME QYRGMXSEVI HMR 25 WITXIQFVMI 1905.
82 -FMHIQ, 11-18 QEVXMI 1907.
83 (. %. (: 47, 27 ETVMPMI 1907, T. 831-832.
84 1. -SWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 252. '%4-83090 <-
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GVM^I WSGMEPI EGYQ IVEY E3VQEXI RXV-YR QSQIRX HI PMRM#XI MRXIVR, GY
QIRMVIE HI E WI IZMXE KVI#IPMPI XVIGYXYPYM TVMR QWYVM TVIZIRXMZI 12M. 0E 7/20
SGXSQFVMI, R JE'E GSRKVIWYPYM PMFIVEP, -SRIP &VXMERY #M JGIE EGGITXEX
TVSKVEQYP HI VIJSVQI 125. RXVI XMQT, R 'EV, HMJY^EVIE MHIMPSV PYM WI FYGYVE
HI YR TYXIVRMG VWYRIX GLMEV R QIHMM WXI#XM, R STMRME TYFPMG VWTRHMR-HY-
WI GSRZMRKIVIE G QEVIE TVSTVMIXEXI WI HSZIHMWI JEPMQIRXEV #M RIZMEFMP
IGSRSQMG, RIVIY#MRH W-#M EWSGMI^I MRXIVIWIPI 'VERMPSV126.
7YVTVMRWI HI EGIEWX RXSVWXYV MRXIQTIWXMZ E ZMI'MM TSPMXMGI MRXIVRI,
GIPI HSY TEVXMHI KYZIVREQIRXEPI WYRX GSRWXVRWI W VIEG'MSRI^I. 8MXY
1EMSVIWGY TIVWSREP, R RSMIQFVMI 1913 HEV #M %P. 1EVKLMPSQER S PYR QEM
XV^MY EPGXYMEY YR TVSKVEQ GSRWIVZEXSV. 7I VIWTMRKIE I\TVSTVMIVIE
PEXMJYRHMMPSV, HEV QEM EPIW YXSTME HI E R^IWXVE GY TQRX TI SVMGI WXIER
QYRGMXSV. 7I TVIGSRM^E S 'VRMQI RWXVMX, GE VI^YPXEX EP YRIM WIPIG'MYRM R
TVSGIWYP HI^ZSPXVMM EKVMGYPXYVMM. 8VERWJIVYP HI TVSTVMIXEXI HI PE QEVIE PE QMGE
KSWTSHVMI W WI JEG TVMR 'EWE 6YVEP, EHSTXEX EGYQ HI GSRWIVZEXSVM, HEV
GSRWMHIVEX HI PMFIVEPM MRWY3GMIRXQIRMX E TYRI PE HMWTS^M'ME 'VERMPSV QS#MM
HMWTSRMFMPI E 3 ZRHYXI. %JIGXEVIE WMWXIQYPYM IPIGXSVEP IVE RIEZIRMX, RXVYGX
GSPIKMMPI IVEY KEVER'ME WMWXIQYPYM GSRWXMXY'MSREP. 3 VIJSVQ E EGIWXYME IVE
VIWTMRW #M GSRWMHIVEX S EG'MYRI HI TEVXMH GEVI RY W-EV TYXIE VIEPM^E HIGX R
KIRYP GSQTVSQMWYPYM HMR 1866, GRH WI ENYRWIWI PE S XVER^EG'MI RXVI HMJIVMXI
HMVIG'MM TSPMXMGI 127.
4EVXMHYP 'SRWIVZEXSV-(IQSGVEX PE RGITYXYP PYM RSMIQFVMI 1913 -C
XVMQMXIE GSQMXIXIPSV NYHI'IRI S WGVMWSEVI-TVSKVEQ, TVMR GEVI-#M TVIGM^E TS^M'ME
JE' HI MRXIR'MMPI PMFIVEPI. 'VIHIE RIGIWEV VIZM^YMVIE PIKMM IPIGXSVEPI TVMR
I\XMRHIVIE TSRHIVMM EGXMZI E GSVTYPYM IIGXSVEP, RXVMVIE 7IREXYPYM #M
VITVI^IRXEVIE TVSTSV'MSREP. 1IR'M-RERH JSVQYPE E HSY GSPIKMM, HIQSRWXVE
G JY^MYRIE GIPSV XVIM GSPIKMM
RXV-S YRMG IRXMXEXI IVE MREHQMWMFMP TIRXVY G IPMXIPI EV 3 JSWX
HSQMREXI HI QEWE EPIKXSVMPSV. 6IJSVQE EKVEV IVE TVMZMX HMR RIZSME
HI^ZSPXVMM QMGMM TVSTVMIX'M, HEV RY WI EHQMXIE I\TVSTVMIVIE, GSRWMHIVEX S
GSR3WGEVI. 7I EHQMXIE HMWXVMFYMVIE HI TQRX TVMR TPEXE MQIHMEX E PSXYVMPSV,
GIIE GI IVE S MQTSWMFMPMXEXI.
4VSKVEQYP PMFIVEP HI I\TVSTVMIVI E PEXMJYRHMMPSV #M HI MRXVSHYGIVI E
GSPIKMYPYM YRMG IVE EWTVY HI^ETVSFEX HI GSRWIVZEXSVM R 'EQIV. 0E 12
HIGIQFVMI, +V. +. 'ERXEGY^MRS P GSRWMHIVE ERXMGSRWXMXY'MSREP, RXVYGX
MRM'MEXMZIPI R EGIEWX HMVIG'MI XVIFYMEY W GYQYPI^I EGSVHYP XYXYVSV TEVXMHIPSV
TSPMXMGI. 'SRWIVZEXSVMM IVEY KEXE W-#M HIE GSRGYVWYP TIRXVY ETPMGEVIE YRSV
QWYVM GYQMR'M #M TSRHIVEXI GEVI TSX EHYGI S RJV'MVI QEM QEVI E XYXYVSV
GPEWIPSV WSGMEPI, HEV VIWTMRKIEY GEXIKSVMG WGLMQFVM VEHMGEPI 127. 'E #M R
EPXI SGE^MM, WI GSRWMHIVE G PMFIVEPMM EV 3 EVYRGEX WQR'E HI YV RXVI
HMJIVMXI GPEWI WSGMEPI TVMR MRXIR'ME HI E GSR3WGE S TEVXI HMR TVSTVMIX'MPI QEVM
#M E TIHITWM TXYVE GSRHYGXSEVI TVMR HM^SPZEVIE IM TI TPER IPIGXSVEP R
QEWE MRGYP'MPSV. '. &EWEVEF-&VRGSZIERY, YR QIQFVY EP 4EVXMHYPYM 0MFIVEP GY
EWGIRHIR' FSMIVIEWG, VITYHMMRHY-P-WI XMXPYP HI TVMR' HI GXVI HITYXE'MM
PMFIVEPM, HIQMWMSRE HMR VRHYP EGIWXSVE. 'SRWXEXEWI G PMFIVEPMM IVEY ERMQE'M HI
YR WIRXMQIRX HI YV R GSRXVE YRIM GPEWI WSGMEPI GVIME M ETEV'MRIE 129.
4VMR '. *SVXYRIWGY, PMFIVEPMM IVEY EGY^E'M HI STSVXYRMWQ #M HIQEKSKMI.
)\TVSTVMIVIE PEXMJYRHMMPSV RY XVIFYME EHQMW, QEM GY WIEQ G R EGIP
QSQIRX QEM I\MWXEY TIWXI 500 HI QMM LIGXEVI HI TQRX HMWTSRMFMP E WI
ZMRHI 'VERMPSV. 0MFIVEPMM RW HYT TVIVIE GSRWIVZEXSVMPSV-EZIEY RIZSMI HI
GIZE VWYRXSV, WTVI E-#M JEGI YR PSG R MWXSVMI. +V. +. 'ERXEGY^MRS RY WI
STYRIE HI^ZSPXVMM TVSTVMIX'MM 'VRI#XM, HEV EGIEWXE W WI IJIGXYI^I TI GEPI
IZSPYXMZ, RY VIZSPYXMZ. 'SRWIVZEXSVMM VIJY^EY W EFERHSRI^I TVMRGMTMYP
WEGVSWERGX EP HVITXYPYM EFWSPYX EWYTVE TVSTVMIX'MM, RWGVMW R 'SRWXMXY'MI GSR-
GIHRH S TEVXI HMR QS#MM GE S VIGSQTIRW TIRXVY 'VERMM GEVI TEVXMGMTEWIV PE
V^FSMYP HMR &YPKEVME 13s. (EG WI GSRWMHIVEY RIGIWEVI WEGVM3GMM, IPI W 3I
VITEVXM^EXI IGLMXEFMP. (I GI RYQEM QEVMM TVSTVMIXEVM WE 3I WYTY#M PE
I\TVSTVMIVI, R XMQT GI FERGLIVMM, MRHYWXVME#MM #M EG'MSREQ RY IVEY HIVERNE'M#
%XX +V. +. 'ERXEGY^MRS, GX #M 8EOI -SRIWGY EV
*M EGGITXEX I\TVSTVMIVIE, HEG IE W-EV 3 IJIGXYEX GY TPEXE MQIHMEX R
FERM.
)\TVSTVMIVIE XVIFYME GSQFXYX RY RYQEM TIRXVY G RY IVE EGYX, HEV
XMRHIE E XVERWJSVQE VEHMGEP WMWXIQYP HI TVSTVMIXEXI WYF MQTEGXYP QSHIPYPYM
HMR &YPKEVME #M 7IVFME, VIEPM^RHY-WI S 'EV HI 'VERM, R 6SQRME RXVI
QEVIE #M QMGE TVSTVMIXEXI I\MWXE YR IGLMPMFVY. 2Y WI TYXIEY PYE R GEPGYP GIPI
HSY QSHIPI FEPGERMGI, HISEVIGI WI GYZIRIE GE RXV-S 'EV XRV W 3I S
GPEW HI SEQIRM GEVI W TSEX W VI^MWXI XYXYVSV GYVIRXIPSV RIWRXSEWI.
2YQEM TVSTVMIXEXIE PEXMJYRHMEV EV 3 JSWX KEVER'ME WMWXIQYPYM TSPMXMG EP
QSREVLMIM GSRWXMXY'MSREPI.
R ZM^MYRIE PYM :MRXMP &VXMERY S EWIQIRIE GSRGIT'MI IVE MREGGITXEFMP,
GGM QIR'MRIVIE WXVYGXYVMM TVSTVMIX'MM JYRGMEVI R JSVQI #M PMQMXI GSTPI#MXSV
EZERXENSEWI TIRXVY QS#MIVM TIVMGPMXE RWI#M FE^IPI PMFIVEPI EPI WSGMIX'MM
VSQRI#XMPWP. 4SPMXMGE PMFIVEP RY WI FM^YME TI EHZIVWMXEXI HI GPEW, GM,
HMQTSXVMZ, TI EVQSRMI, WGSTYP 3MRH RJV'MVIE GPEWIPSV HI WYW GY GIPI HI NSW
TVMR VMHMGEVIE WXVMM QEXIVMEPI #M MRXIPIGXYEPI E EGIWXSVE HMR YVQ. 1SHIPYP
EKVEV PMFIVEP RY IVE EGIPE FYPKEV, GYQ MRWMRYEY GSRWIVZEXSVMMGM XMTYP IPZI'MER
EP YRIM HIQSGVE'MM EKVEVI. 4IRXVY XVERWTYRIVIE EGIWXYME .E GSRHM'MMPI 6SQRMIM
WI MQTYRIE RW S VIIGLMPMFVEVI E VETSVXYPYM HMRXVI GIPI HSY XMTYVM HI
TVSTVMIXEXI, R JSPSWYP EGIPIME 'VRI#XM.
:SXYP YRMZIVWEP, WYF JSVQE GSPIKMYPYM YRMG, IVE VIWTMRW HI GSRWIVZEXSVM.
0E 12 HIGIQFVMI 1913, +V. +. 'ERXEGY^MRS P WSGSXIE MREGGITXEFMP TIRXVY G
RMGM R 'VMPI GYPXI EPI )YVSTIM YRHI 3MR'E RY HHYWI VI^YPXEXIPI WTIVEXI. R
6SQRME, TVMR GSPIKMYP YRMG WI ZE RVYM TEVPEQIRXEVMWQYP, IPIQIRXIPI
MRHITIRHIRXI 3MRH RKLM'MXI GYQ WI WYW'MRIE HI VIKYP HI QEWE EQSVJ E
EPIKXSVMPSV132. 8MXY 1ENSVI WIY, HSZIHMRH EGIIE#M VIKMHMXEXI, WSGSXIE G
6SQRME IVE RG.
-QEXYVTIRXVY S HIQSGVEXM^EVI TSPMXMG. 3VMGYQ W-EV VIJEGI GSPIKMMPI
IPIGXSVEXI #M R EGIWX WIRW IZSGE I#IGYP WGLMQFVMM HMR 1884 'EVE HMWTYRIE
HI YR RYQV PMQMXEX HI SEQIRM ET'M HI E TEVXMGMTE IJIGXMZ PE ZME'E TSPMXMG PQ.
7I TYXIEY EHQMXI HYT +V. +. 'ERXEGY^MRS GIP QYPX HSY GSPIKMM WEY, R GE^YP
GIP QEM FYR, I\TIVMQIRXEVIE GSPIKMYPYM YRMG PE RMZIPYP GSRWMPMMPSV NYHI'IRI #M EP
EHQMRMWXVE'MIM GSQYREPI, ERXVIRRH Q EWIQIRIE EGXMZMX'M TI XS'M 'VERMM
GEVI1 #XMEY W WGVMI #M W GMXIEWG.
4S^M'MMPI QIR'MSREXI IVEY VIWTMRWI HI PMFIVEPM GE HIWYIXI. :MLXMP
&VXMERY PE 20 HIGIQFVMI 1913 WSGSXIE WMWXIQYP IPIGXSVEP GIR-WMXEV YR JIP
HI WIRMSVMI QSHIVR, QEVMM TVSTVMIXEVM 3MRH QTYXIVRMGM'M W WI SGYTI HI
MRXIVIWIPI 'VMM 'MRRH PE HMWXER' XYVQE GIE QEVI131. %GIPE#M WMWXIQ GYQ
WTYRIE 2. *PIZE IVE QMGVSFYP GI VSEHI QSVEPQIRXI ZME'E RSEWXV TYFPMG.
'GM TYXIVIE I\IGYXMZ IV EXSXTYXIVRMG, VIKMQYP VITVI^IRXEXMZ HIJSVQRHY-
WI MRGPYWMZ PE RMZIPYP EHQMRMWXVE'MIM PSGEPI. 'SPIKMMPI QMGM ZEPEFMPI GY TEXVY
HIGIRMM R YVQ IVEY GIRXVI HI GSVYT'MI, EQTPM3GEX TVMR GERHMHEXYVMPI
S3GMEPI. 'YPQIE HIKVEHVMM PYM IVE RXVYGLMTEX HI R'IPIKIVIE HMRXVI TEVXMHI
TVMR GEVI #M QTV'IEY 'EVE R, ^SRI HI MR4YIR'135.: 7YTYW TVIWMYRMPSV
STS^M'MIM PMFIVEPI, GEVI 4YXYVE WTIGXVMVJ YRSV VIJSVQI HIQSGVEXMGI XSX QEM KVIY
HI GSQFXYX, HEV QEM EPIW MRGETEFMP HI S ZSMR' YRMG HMR GEY^E 3WYVMPSV
HSGXVMREVI HMRXVI GSQTSRIR'MM PYM, KYZIVRYP 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY IVE R TVEK HI
HIQMWMI. RG HMR EYKYWX 1913 IVE EXEGEX HI GSRWIVZEXSVMM TYVM TIRXVY
TVIPYRKMVIE PIKXYVMPSV GY 8EOI -SRIWGY, Z^YX HI 2. *MPMTIWGY136 GY EXX QEM
TIVMGYPSW, GY GX WI MQTYRIE SVKERM^EVIE YRIM VI^MWXIR'I LSXVXI QTSXVMZE
VIJSVQIPSV PMFIVEPI. 0E TVIWMYRMPI TEVXMHYPYM WY, 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY #M GSRWMHIVE
QMWMYRIE RGLIMEX HYT WIQREVIE TGMM HI PE &YGYVI#XM. (IQMWME PE GEVI WI
KRHIE S XVKRE RW HEXSVMX I\MKIR'IPSV MQTYWI HI VIKI, ERYQI HI E WI
GVMWXEPM^E R STMRME TYFPMG EPXIVREXMZE TSXVMZMX TIRXVY TVIPYEVIE WYGGIWMYRMM.
'SRWIVZEXSVMM HIQSGVE'M EV 3 HSVMX W GSRXMRYI IM KYZIVREVIE, GSRZMRKRH S
TEVXI HMRXVI HITYXE'MM #M WIREXSVMM HMR GIEPEPX JSVQE'MYRI WMRSRMQ W PM WI
EPXYVI. 2YQEM G, R EGIP GE^, 8EOI -SRIWGY EV 3 HIZIRMX EYXSQEX I\TSRIRXYP
GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYPYM, TSWXYV R GEVI VIKIPI ZIHIE QEM TSXVMZMX TI %P.
1EVKLMPSQER.
(IWXVQEVIE KYZIVRYPYM 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY-8EOI -SRIWGY RY TSEXI 3 HIGM
IZMXEX. 0E 19 HIGIQFVMI, R 'EQIV, 2. *PIZE, YR GSRWIVZEXSV HIQSGVEX, M
GIVIE Z TPIGI GX QEM GYVRH, TYRRHY-WI GETX YRIM EHQMRMWXVE'MM
HIWXVFPEXI GSQTYWI HMR HSY TEVXMHI GEVI 3IGEVI RGIVGE W ETPIGI
FEPER'E TYXIVMM R JEZSEVIE WE, TIRXVY EGIEWXE VIGYVKRH PE XVER^EG'MM
ZXQXSEVI EXX EHQMRMWXVE'MIM #M QSVEPIM, GX #M GEWIM
4YFPMGI137. 'XIZE ^MPI QEM XV^MY, XSX R 'EQIV, R TVEK HI
WYFWXMXYMVI GY PMFIVEPMM, 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY GIVIE W WI ETPMGI, GI EZIQ VIGYRSWGYX
GE HI FYR, REMRXI HI E RI EZIRXYVE R PYGVYVM RIGYRSWGYXI. )VE WTIVER'E PYM
R QSQIRXYP GRH #M PYE ^MYE FYR HI PE HITYXE'M138. 0E 31 HIGIQFVMI
1913, GY RSWXEPKME JETXIPSV QEVM QTPMRMXI R ZEV, GRH RIKSGMEWI GY
WXVPYGMVI TEGIE &EPGERMPSV, HEV #M GY TVIWIRXMQIRXYP G S HEX GY IP WI
RGLIME S ITSG MWXSVMG, TYW WYF WIQRYP RXVIFVMM GLMEV R EGIPI QSQIRXI
HI WYGGIWSVMM WM 8MXY 1EMSVIWGY HIQMWMSRE 139. )VE S GIHEVI GMZMPM^EX #M
GSRWXMXY'MSREP E KYZIVRVMM, YR MRHMGMY G. R 6SQRME WI TYXIE SJIVM S JSVQ
EGGITXEFMP HI XVER^M'MI WTVI S EPX JSVQE'MYRI TSPMXMG.
238)
- -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 383-384.
3 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., ---, T. 168.
3 1. -SWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 185.
4,. (. %. (: 1. 16 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 1.
5, (. 7., RV. 27, 25 EYKYWX 1917, T. 266.
6, 1. 3., RV. 22, 19 QEVXMI 1914, T. 206.
7,. :ME'E 6SQRIEWG, RV. 4, 1907, T. 115-116.
8 '. &EGEPFE#E. 3T. 'X., ---, T. 163, 169, 235-236.
9 1, -SWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 210-212.
10, (. %. (: 10, 6 HIGIQFVMI 1907, T. 61, 62.
-- -FMHIQ, RV. 9, 29 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 45-46.
12 -FMHIQ, RV. 7, 25 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 21.
13 -FMHIQ, RV. 8. 28 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 38.
11 -FMHIQ, RV. 10, 6 HIGIQFVMI 1907, T. 49, 50, 63.
14 -FMHIQ, RV. 9/29 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 45.
16 -FMHIQ. RV. 8, 28 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 37.
17 -FMHIQ. RV. 10. 6 HIGIQFVMI 1907, T. 50-51.
18, (. 7: 27, 25 EYKYWX 1917, T. 267.
19,. (. %. (: 8, 28 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 39.
20 -FMHIQ, RV. 10, 6 HIGIQFVMI 1907, T. 50-51, 54, 58-59, 61-63.
21 -FMHIQ, RV. 26, 28 MYRMI 1917, T. 231. .-G. 206
-FMHIQ, RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI -9.7, T. 624.
1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKMM, ST. 'X., T. 187-188.;
(. %. (., RV. 7, 25 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 15-17, 19-20. '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T.
209. %7., RV. 23, 16 EYKYWX 1917. (. %. (., RV. 8, 28 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 36.
-FMHIQ, RV. 7, 25 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 23.
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 421-422.
1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 222-223. %7., RV. 22, 15 EYKYWX 1917,
T. 227.
-. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 333.
%-. 1EVKLMPSQER, 2SXM'I ^MPRMGI, ZSM. -, &YGYVI#XM, 1927, T. 80.
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 385.
1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 216.
%7., RV. 1, 16 RSMIQFVMI 1908, T. 1.
'. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., 111, T. 163-164.
>. 3VRIE, .YRMQIE, T. 363.
1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 229-230.
3TMRME, ER. :, RV. 338 HMR 15 MERYEVMI 1908.
1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 231.,
'. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 180.
7TXQRE, EVM. :-,, RV. 21 HMR 22 JIFMYEMMI 1908, T. 214.
1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 225.
3TMRME, ER. :, RV. 340 HMR 17 MERYEVMI 1908.
-FMHIQ, ER. -:, RV. 296 HMR 18 RSMIQFVMI 1907.
1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 207-209.
'. <IRM, ST GX., T. 190-192, 194, 210-214. -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 325-327.
:I^M: 3VHMRIE, %G'MYRIE, 6SQRME ZMMXSEVI, 2SYE VIZMWX
VSQR, 1SYZIRMIRX IGSRSQMUYI (-. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 332). 1. PSWE #M 8V.
0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 243-245. 3TMRME, ER. :-, 26 MYRMI 1909. '. <IRM, ST. 'X.,
T. 182-183, 212. -. &YPIM, ET. 'X., T. 330. %7., RV. 21, 12 EYKYWX 1917, T.
211.
'. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., ---, T. 189-190. : %7., RV. 24, 17 EYKYWX 1917,
T. 243.
1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 237. %. '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 193.
:ME'E 6SQRIEWG, 1909, RV. 7, MYPMI, T. 61( %. (:2 HIGIQFVMI 1908,
T. 135.
'. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 195-197.;
1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 239. 6- n3 81 82 83 84 85 88 87 83 83
90 91 92
-. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 316, 335-336.
%R. 0SVHEGLI, :ME'E TSPMXMG R 6SQRME 1910 1914, &YGYVI#XM, 1972,
4. 7-N].
-. 0SWE #M 8V. 0YRKMM, ST. 'X., T. 249. '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 215-216. '.
&EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -9, T. 179-181. %. 7. & *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 424, J. P-2. 1;.
0SWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 256-258. %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 41. %. 7. &.,
*SRH &VXMERY, RV. 412, J. 7. 4. %. (.. RV. 7, 25 RSMIQFVMI 1907, T. 26, 27. %.
7. &., *SRGJ&VXMERY, RV. 412, J. P-9. '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., ---, T. 194.
7TXQRE, XR. :---, RV. 18 HMR 12 QEVXMI 1908. (. %. 3:908-09, "IHMR'E HMR
4 HIGIQFVMI P# 03, T. 28. 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 217-218.
2. *MPMTIWGY, 8IRHMR'IPI WSGMEPMWXI EPI KYZIVRYPYM &VXMERY, )YGYVI#XM,
1909, T. 16-18. -FMHIQ, T. 3-15.
'. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., ---, T. 179-181. %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 430, J.
1. 2. *MPMTIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 23, 18-19. 1EKE^MR MWXSVMG, RV. 3, QEVXMI 1969, T.
53-56. 1. PSWE #M 8V. 0YRKY, ST. 'X., T. 255. -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 426 #M
YVQ. %R. 0SVHEGLI. 3T. 'X., T. 20-21. '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -:, &YGYVI#XM,
1932, T. 6. '. <IRM, ST. 'X., T. 217-218. %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 124-125.
-WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 429-431. %G'MYRIE, -<. RV. 2635 HMR 15 JIFVYEVMI
1912, T. 1. '. &EGEPFE#E. 3T. 'X., -:, T. 9-10. %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 37,
38, 53-54. -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 433-435. -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 338. %R
PSVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 30, 48, 49. ' &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -:, T. 21, 35-37. %R.
0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 54-62. -FMHIQ, T. 100, 109-113, 118. -WXSVME
4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 439. '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -:, T. 39-40. %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST.
'X., T. 109-113, 118. -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 345-352.
104 %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 125-126, 127, 132-146.
106 -FMHIMR, T. 150.
107 -FMHIQ, T. 192-193.
108 -FMHIQ, T. 183-184. *
109 '. &EGEPFE#E, ST. 'X., -:, T. 106-107.
110 %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 205-213. *#
111 -FMHIQ, T. 220, 246-248.
112 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 440, J. 6; RV. 460, J. P-2; RV. 475
*. P-2.# #
113 -FMHIQ, RV. 455, J. 1.
114 %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 128-129.
115 %. 7. &., *SRH &VXMERY, RV. 443, J. P-2.:
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KEVER'ME VIKIPYM G TVSGPEQEXI TVMRGMTMEP VIJSVQIPI WI ZSV QTPMRM PE 3RIPI
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RZMRKI ZIGLMPI VIXMGIR'I. %GIEWX GPEW TSPMXMG IWXI RY RYQEM PYGMH, HEV #M
I\XVIQ HI GVMXMG R TVMZMR'E VIKMQYPYM TSPMXMG #M WSGMEP GEVI, 'MRYX RGVIQIRMX R
JSVQIPI HMR 1866, RY JYWIWI R WXEVI W MQTVMQI YR HMREQMWQ WSGMEP-
IGSRSQMG. 1IRENEVIE PEXMJYRHMMPSV, GSRWMHIVEXI QYPX XMQT, HMR GEY^E WPFMGMYRMM
YRIM GPEWI HI QMNPSG, XIQIPME WXEXYPYM RE'MSREP, QTMIHMGEWI EWGIRWMYRIE PE
ZME'E TSPMXMG E QEWIPSV PEVKM EPI TSTSVYPYM. 6I^MWXIR'E GSRWIVZEXSEVI JE' HI
HIWGLMHIVMPI HIQSGVEXMGI, WYW'MRYX R QEVI QWYV HI 'EVSP -, E 'MRYX
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QSQIRXYPYM 1917 GSRWXE R JETXYP G XSGQEM EGIE SPMKEVLMI E JSWX GYTVMRW HI
YR TYXIVRMG WIRXMQIRX HIQSGVEXMG, E EZYX FVF'ME HYT 8EOI -SRIWGY W
RI HIGETMXQ WMRKYVM TIRXVY KIRIVE'MMPI ZMMXSEVI 23s, W RJTXYMEWG TI GEPI
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WSGMIXEXIE VSQRIEWG HI GEXEGPMWQI MRXIVRI 231. 4VMR EGIPI HIGM^MM ITSGEPI
IVEY VWGYQTVEXI IVSVMPI TSPMXMGI HMR ITSGE VWGSEPIPSV HMR 1888 #M 1907.
(EV WSEVXE QEVMPSV WGLMQFVM RWGVMWI R 'SRWXMXY'MI IVE TYW R
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QTSXVMZE 4YXIVMPSV 'IRXVEPI. R ZEVE PYM 1917, QSFMPM^EX R NYVYP VIKIPYM, HI#M
WJVXIGEX #M SGYTEX HI JSV'I QMPMXEVI WXVMRI, R ZIWXMXIPI FXPMMM HI PE
1V#XM, 1V#I#XM #M 3MXY^ RE'MYRIE VSQR
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EHSTXEXIPI QSHM3GVM GSRWXMXY'MSREPI. RGITRH HMR XSEQRE ERYPYM 1917, RW,
GSRXMRYEVIE V^FSMYPYM HIZIRIE TVSFPIQEXMG HEXSVMX TVFY#MVMM JVSRXYPYM
VWVMXIER WYW'MRYX HI 6YWME. 'SRXEQMREX HI HIJIXMWQ, TEGM3WQ #M FSP#IZMWQ.
(MR SGXSQFVMI 1917, HYT TVIPYEVIE TYXIVMM HI FSP#IZMGM, RSYE GSRHYGIVI E
6YWMIM WI RHVITXE WTVI S TEGI WITEVEX GY +IVQERME #M %YWXVS-9RKEVME, WTVI
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HIWGLMWIWI RIKSGMIVM HI TEGI GY 4YXIVMPI 'IRXVEPI, WSEVXE V^FSMYPYM RXVIKMVMM
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IVE GIVYX #M HI KIRIVEPYP %P. %ZIVIWGY, GEVI, PE 29 MERYEVMI/PM JIFVYEVMI 1918,
IVE RZIWXMX GY JYRG'ME HI #IJ E KYZIVRYPYM, QTYXIVRMGMX W RGIET RIKSGMIVM
HI TEGI.
R EGIPI QSQIRXI HVEQEXMGI, 'EVE WI E4E EXX WYF TIVMGSPYP SGYTE'MIM
XSXEPI HI GXVI 4YXIVMPI 'IRXVEPI, GX #M R WMXYE'ME HI E WI HIWXVQE WYF
MQTEGXYP VIZSPY'MIM VYWI. 4EGIE IVE MQTYW #M HI RIGIWMXEXIE EWMKYVVMM YRIM
PMFIVX'M HI EG'MYRI TIRXVY KYZIVRYP VSQR R VETSVX GY QM#GEVIE HI
IQERGMTEVI RE'MSREP E GSRE'MSREPMPSV HI TIWXI 4VYX. 4VMR#M R ZPXSEVIE ZEPYPYM
VIZSPY'MSREV GEVI VMHMGEWI HMR EQSV'MVI XSEXI TSTSEVIPI HMR -QTIVMYP 'EVMWX,
FEWEVEFIRMM EY VIY#MX W HIWGLMH YR TVSGIW TSPMXMGS-WSGMEP HI
EYXSHIXIVQMREVI, WSPHEX PE 3RIPI PYM 1917 'Y TVSGPEQEVIE PSV RXV-S IRXMXEXI
EYXSRSQ. (EV JSV'I SWXMPI TVSGIWYPYM PSV HI IQERGMTEVI RE'MSREPMWQYP
YGVEMRIER #M FSP#IZMWQYP,
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)YVSTIM VWVMXIRI, W WI TSEX QM#GE R VIPEXMZ PMFIVXEXI R WTVMNMRYP
GSRE'MSREPMPSV HI TIWXI 4VYX, I\TY#M RY RYQEM PE GSRXEKMYRI FSP#IZMG, HEV #M
PE HIWXVQEVIE YRIM MHIRXMX'M TSPMXMGI VIGIRX TVSGPEQEXI.
+YZIVRYP %ZIVIWGY RW IVE GSRGITYX GE S JSVQE'MYRI HI XVER^M'MI,
QMWMYRIE PYM 3MRH RGLIMIVIE EVQMWXM'MYPYM #M TVIPMQMREVMMPSV TGMM, YVQRH,
XSXSHEX, W EHYG R TVMQ-TPERYP ZMI'MM TSPMXMGI TIVWSREPMX'M SVMIRXEXI WTVI
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%VMSR PE )\XIVRI, GEVI WI FYGYVE HI WYTSVXYP HITPMR EP &IVPMRYPYM. )P E EZYX YR
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6SQRME, QTPMRMRH-S QTSXVMZE WTIVER'IPSV, E#XITXVMPSV #M GLMEV WIRWYPYM
TSPMXMGMM #M EG'MYRMM QMPMXEVI HMR RXVIEKE ITSG QSHIVR, GEVI JGYWIV HMR
8VERWMPZERME E\YP HIXIVQMRERX EP RXVIKMVMM RE'MSREPI.
R QEM 1918, KYZIVRYP GSRWIVZEXSV %P. 1EVKLMPSQER HYT HM^SPZEVIE
4EVPEQIRXYPYM PMFIVEP HIWGLMHIE GEQTERME IPIGXSVEP. 2Y VIGYRS#XIE
EQIRHEQIRXIPI GSRWXMXY'MSREPI HMR 1917, ZSXRHY-WI HYT PMWXIPI IPIGXSVEPI
HMR ERYP ERXIVMSV 232. (VITX YVQEVI, PE EPIKIVM WI EF'MR PMFIVEPMM #M
GSRWIVZEXSVMM HIQSGVE'M, TEVXMGMTER'M 3MRH GSRWIVZEXSVMM PYM %P. 1EVKLMPSQER,
KVYTYP 4. 4. 'EVT, 4EVXMHYP 1YRGMM, 4EVXMHYP 2EXMSREPMWX-(IQSGVEX (%. '. 'Y^E) #M
VIGIRX GVIEXE 0MK E 4STSVYPYM, GSRHYW HI KIRIVEPYP %ZIVIWGY. %HIT'MM PYM
1EVKLMPSQER #M EWMKYVEY QENSVMX'MPI TEVPEQIRXEVI,
6IYRMX PE -E#M, PE 4/17 MYRMI R WEPE 8IEXVYPYM 2E'MSREP, 4EVPEQIRXYP
MQTYXIVRMGIE TI %P. 1EVKLMPSQER W KYZIVRI^I TVMR HIGVIXI, TVIPYRH
TVIGIHIRXYP -SRIP &VXMERY, GRH TYXIVIE PIKMYMXSEVI IVE GSRWYPXEX HSEV R
QTVINYVVM I\GIT'MSREPI. 0E 15 #M 21 MYRMI, GIPI HSY 'SVTYVM PIKMYMXSEVI
VEXM3GEY, GE TI YR VY MRIZMXEFMP. 8VEXEXYP HI TEGI HI PE &YGYVI#XM, WIQREX
HI KYZIVRYP 1EVKLMPSQER PE 24 ETVMPMI. 7 QEM233.
(EV 4EVPEQIRXYP GSRWIVZEXSV IWXI GSRJVYRXEX GY EWTVE VIEPMXEXI E
VIJSVQIPSV GSRWEGVEXI R 1917, TVMR JETXYP G 'VRMQIE HIZIRMWI
'SR#XMIRX G M WI HHYWI HVITXYP HI ZSX #M TQRX. 'I TS^M'MI W WI
EHSTXI JE' HI EGIPI JVQRXVM# %QREVIE R GEVI WI GSQTPGIE KYZIVRYP
TVIE EXMXYHMRIE GIE QEM TSXVMZMX, HEV IVE GSQFXYX HI -. 8ISHSVIWGY, +V.
8VERGY-0E#M, KIRIVEPYP %P. %ZIVIWGY #M '. 7XIVI. %GIWXE HMR YVQ, E4EX PE
'LM#MRY, HIQSRWXVE G &EWEVEFME RY ZE EGGITXE HIGX S 'SRWXMXYERX
HIWIQREX TVMR ZSX YRMZIVWEP.
+YZIVRYP %P. 1EVKLMPSQER GVIHIE RW G VIJSVQIPI EV XVIFYM VIZM^YMXI,
MQTVMQRHY-PM-WI YR GEVEGXIV QSHIVEX. 4VSTYRIE YR TVSMIGX HI VIJSVQ
EKVEV E\EX R NYVYP YRIM GPEWI HI TVSTVMIXEVM QMNPSGMM #M EP YRIM EKVMGYPXYVM GY
YR PSX TVSHYGXMZ QE\MQ. 4I TPER IPIGXSVEP, TVMQYP-QMRMWXVY ETIPE PE GPEWIPI
TVSJYRHI WTVI E WI MRM'ME PE ZME'E TSPMXMG. )VE GSR#XMIRX HI RIZSME ZSXYPYM
YRMZIVWEP, HEV,. GY SEVIGEVI XIQTIVEQIRXI, EHMG EP GIRWYPYM #XMMR'IM HI
GEVXI. R EGIWX WIRW, QS#MIVYP -. 0IR# VIE3VQE G IVE MREHQMWMFMP GE QEWIPI
MKRSVERXI W EMF WYTVIQE'ME EWYTVE IPIQIRXYPYM GYPX, WYKIVRH ZSXYP TPYVEP
GY GSPIKMY YRMG, GY GIRWYP #XMMR'IM HI GEVXI #M EP PMQMXIM HI ZVWX. 7IREXYP W-#M
HIWIQRI^I QIQFVMM TI ZME', EGI#XME R GIE QEM QEVI TEVXI YVQRH E 3
RYQM'M HYT ERYQMXI GVMXIVMM.
7YF TVIWMYRIE 4YXIVMPSV 'IRXVEPI, TVIQMIVYP %P. 1EVKLMPSQER IVE RIZSMX
W TYR TI XETIX NYHIGEVIE KYZIVRYPYM -SRIP &VXMERMM. 8IRXEXMZE EGIEWXE E
ETVYX R GXIZE #IHMR'I TEVPEQIRXEVI HMR VWXMQTYP 28 MYPMI #M 10
WITXIQFVMI. 9RMM TEVPEQIRXEVM GSRWIVZEXSVM EY EXEGEX GY HYVMXEXI JSWXYP
KYZIVR, RGIVGRH R JETX E WI V^FYRE RY EXX EWYTVE XIPYPYM GYQ GSRHYWIWI
V^FSMYP. 'YQ M WI VITVS#E, GM QEM GY WIEQ TIRXVY WGLMQFVMPI
GSRWXMXY'MSREPI IJIGXYEXI. >IPYP HIQSPEXSV E JSWX HMWGVIX TSXSPMX HI %P.
1EVKLMPSQER, HEV QEM EPIW HI VIKI, GIIE GI E GSRHYW PE S XVKREVI E
TVSGIWYPYM #M PE RIQYP'YQMVIE &IVPMRYPYM #M :MIRIM.
0E 24XSGXSQFVMI/6 RSMIQFVMI 1918, R GSRHM'MMPI WGLMQFVMM GSRNYRGXYVMM
I\XIVRI TVMR TVFY#MVIE QMPMXEV E 4YXIVMPSV 'IRXVEPI, KYZIVRYP 1EVKLMPSQER
IVE RPSGYMX GY YR KYZIVR 'SERH, GVYME, HYT 0 PYR, M-E YVQEX S EPX
JSVQE'MI QMRMWXIVMEP GSRHYW HI -SRIP &VXMERY, GEVI HM^SPZRH 4EVPEQIRXYP
GSRWIVZEXSV ERYPE RXVIEKE PYM EGXMZMXEXI PIKMWPEXMZ. 4R PE EGIE HEX, YR
EWIQIRIE TVIGIHIRX RY QEM JYWIWI GVIEX. 7I VIGYRS#XIE, R JETX, G TYXIVIE
TSPMXMG %'MRYX HI %P. 1EVKLMPSQER JYWIWI YR VY RIGIWEV, MQTYW HI
JSV'IPII\XIVRI HI SGYTEJMI. )P RY IVE GSRWMHIVEXR QSH S3GMEP GE XVHXSV,
b GYQ TVIGSRM^EY YRMM QEM EPIW G HI RYQIPI PYM IVE PIKEX YRMVIE
&EWEVEFMIM GY 6SQRME. (EV VIMRWXEPEVIE PYM -SRIP &VXMERY R JVYRXIE
KYZIVRYPYM HIWGLMHIE GEPIE GSRWSPMHVMM #M VIGYRSE#XIVMM MRXIVRE'MSREPI E
RXVIKMVMM RE'MSREPI #M E QTPMRMVMM EQIRHEQIRXIPSV GSRWXMXY'MSREPI. 6IKIPI
RWY#M WSGSXIE MRHMGEX E HE S RSY KEVER'MI GXVI RE'MYRI, TVIGM^RH G RSMPI
QTVINYVVM GVIEY TYXMR'E HI E RHITPMRM GIIE GI Z-EQ JKHYMX #M GIIE GI R
WY4IXYP QIY R-EQ RGIXEX W
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23 8)
1 %R. -SVHEGLI. 3T. 'X., T. 250, 264-265. 1. 3., RV. .0, 5 QEVXMI
1914, T. 107. (M -FMHIQ, RV. --, 6 QEVXMI 1914, T. 123.
- '. %VKIXSMERY, ST. 'MP., -J4, T. 71-73.
5 1. 3., RV. 6, 28 JIFVYEVMI 1914, T. 46. %R. -SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T.
267-268, 271.
7 '. %VKIXSMERY, ST. 'X., T. 76.
8, (. %. (:, RV. 43, 14 QEVXMI 1918, T. 480-482.
9 1. 3., RV. 1, 22 JIFVYEVMI 1914, T. 1.
10 -FMHIQ, RV. 4, 26 JIFVYEVMI 1914, T. 24.
-- -FMHIQ, RV. 7, 27 JIFVYEVMI 1914, T. 63-71.
12, 1. 3., RV. 8, 2 QEVXMI 1914, T. 73.
13 -FMHIQ, RV. 12, 7 QEVXMI 1914, T. 136.
14 -FMHIQ, RV. 21, 18 QEVXMI 1914, T. 194, 200.
16 -FMHIQ, RV. 26, 23 QEVXMI 1914, T. 284.
16 -FMHIQ, RV. 7, 27 JIFVYEVMI 1914, T. 63-71.
11 -FMHIQ, RV. 4, 26 JIFVYEVMI 1914, T. 24-25.
18 -FMHIRMN RV. 9, 4 QEVXMI 1914, T. 88.
19 2. *MPMTIWGY, )\TVSTVMIVIE #M VIJSVQE IPIGXSVEP, 1914, T. 6.
20 1. 3., RV. 4, 24 JIFVYEVMI 1914, T. 25.;
2 -FMHIQ, RV. 11, 6 QEVXMI 1914, T. 120-121.
* 22 -FMHIQ, RM. 42, 25 ETVMPMI 1914, T. 811.
.: E3 -FMHIQ, RV. 9, 4 QEVXMI 1914, T. 90.:
24 -FMHIQ, RV. 12, 7 QEVXMI 1914, T. 131.
5 -FMHIQ, RV. 10, 5 QEVXMI 1914, T. 108-109.
26 %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 277-278.
37 1. 3., RV. 21, 18 QEVXMI 1914, T. 202.
23 -FMHIQ, RV. 10, 5 QEVXMI 1914, T. 103-104.
29 -FMHIQ, RV. 6, 28 JIFVYEVMI 1914, T. 50.
30 2. *MPMTIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 17.
31 1. 3., RV. 9, 4 QEVXMI 1914, T. 88, 94-95.
33 -FMHIQ, RV. 10, 5 QEVXMI 1914, T. 109.
83 -FMHIQ, T. 112-113.
34 (. %. (., RV. 41, 10 QEVXMI 1918, T. 461.
35 -FMHIQ, RV. 45, 17 QEVXMI 1918, T. 495, 497-498.
37 -FMHIQ, RV. 44, 16 QEVXMI 1918, T. 489.
37 1. 3., RV. 9, 6 QEVXMI 1914, T. 120, 122.
3 %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 266.
3~ 1. 3., RV. 42, 25 ETVMPMI 1914, T. 811.
40 (SGYQIRXI HMR MWXSVME QM#GVMM QYRGMXSVI#XM HMR 6SQRME,
1910-1915,
&YGYVI#XM, 1968, T. 744, 761, 762.
41 '. %VKIXSMERY, ST. 'X., T. 94-95; %P. 1EVKLMPSQER, 2SXI TSPMXMGI, -
4. 153.
42 2. 4SPM^Y-1MG#MQI#XM, RWIQRVM. 1914-1916, &YGYVI#XM, 1936, T. 42.
43 1. 3., RV. 5, 27 JIFVYEVMI 1914, T. 40.
41 2. *MMMTIWGY, ST. 'X., T. 29-30.
4, 1. 3., RV. 10, 5 QEVXMI 1914, T. 106.
46 -FMHIQ, RV. 9, 4 QEVXMI 1914, T. 88.
47 -FMHIQ, T. 93-94.
47 2. *MPMTIWGY, ST. 'X. 4. 34.
49,. 1. 3.. 10, 5 QEVXMI 1914, T. 114-116.
7S -FMHIQ, RV. 21, 18 QEVXMI 1914, T. 198.
51 -FMHIQ, RV. 29, 28 QEVXMI 1914, T. 348.
52 -FMHIQ. RV. 11, 6 QEVXMI 1914, T. 122.
53 -FMHIQ, RV. 9, 4 QEVXMI 19, 4, T. 89.
1 (SGYQIRXI HMR MWXSVME QM#GVMM QYRGMXSVI#XM HMR 6SQRME, T, 737. 56
-FMHIQ. 4. 744, 761, 762.
56,. (. 3., RV. 42, 25 ETVMPMI 1914, T. 811.
57 -FMHIQ, RV. 12, 7 QEVXMI 1914, T. 137.
58 -FMHIQ. RV. 30, 29 QEVXMI 1914, T. 359.
-. 2. 4SPM^Y-1MG#YRI#XM, 2. *MPMTIWGY, T. 50, 68, 71.
*s %R. 0SVHEGLI, ST. 'X., T. 286.
61 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 377, 379.
%., 8MQTYP, 'VEMSZE, -:, RV. 153 HMR 27 ETVMPMI 1914, T. 1.
83, 2IEQYP VSQRIWG, -<, RV. 17 HMR 4 QEM 1914, T. 1 2* %R. 0SVHEGLI,
ST. 'X., T. 292-295. )5 %-. 1EVKLMPSQER, ST. 'X., -, T. 176.#: n (. % (: 5, 6
MERYEVMI 1917, T. 21, 23.
67 -FMHIQ, RV. 1, 14 HIGIQFVMI 1916, T. 2.
8W -FMHIQ, RV. 5, 6 MERYEVMI 1917, T. 20, 23.
'9, (. 7., RV. 18, 9 EYKYWX 1917, T. 169.
70 -FMHIQ, RV. 11, 6 MYRMI 1917, T. 133; (. %. (., RV. 12, 23 QEMP; `7
4. 70. .#
71,# ".4. >)., RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI 1918, T 622.
72 (. 7., RV. 27, 27 EYKYWX 1917, T. 263.
73 -FMHIQ, RV. 18, 9 EYKYWX 1917, T. 196.
74, >". B. (., RV. 57, 11 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 614.
75 -FMHIQ, RV. 6, 11 MERYEVMI 1917, T. 43.
76 -FMHIQ, RV. 5, 6 MERYEVMI 1917. 4. 33.
77 -FMHIQ, RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 623.
78 -FMHIQ, RV. 18, 11 MYRMI 1917, T. 147.
79 -FMHIQ, RV. 33, 29 MYPMI 1917, T. 381.
80 -FMHIQ, RV. 29, 14 MYPMI 1917, T. 300, 306.
81 -FMHIQ, RV. 34, 1 EYKYWX 1917, T. 394.
83 -FMHIQ. RV. 40, 9 QEVXMI 1917, T. 458,. -
83 -FMHIQ, RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 624.
84 -FMHIQ, RV. 35, 29 HIGIQFVMI 1917, T. 425.
85 +V. 4VSGSTMY, 4EVPEQIRXYP R TVMFIKMI (1916-1918), 6QRMGY :GIE
1920, T. 68, 71-72.
86, (. %. (., RV. 13, 27 QEM 1917, T. 70.
87 -FMHIQ, RV. 48, 22 QEVXMI 1918, T 530.
88 -FMHIQ, RV. 34, 1 EYKYWX 1917, T. 394-395, 399.
80 -FMHIQ, RV. 32, 27 MYPMI 1917, T. 369.
90 -FMHIQ, RV. 13, 27 QEM 1917, T. 77-78.
91 -FMHIQ, RV. 48, 22 QEVXMI 1918, T. 530.
92 -FMHIQ, RV. 43, 14 QEVXMI 1918, T. 475.
93 -FMHIQ, RV. 18, 11 MYRMI 1917, T. 147.
94 -FMHIQ, RV. 17, 8 MYRMI 1917, T. 125-126.
95 -FMHIQ, RV. 32, 27 MYPMI 1917, T 362-364.
96 -FMHIQ, RV. 37, 30 HIGIQFVMI 1917, T. 441.
97 -FMHIQ, RV. 44, 1. QEVXMI 1918, T. 487, 488.
98 -FMHIQ, RV. 37, 30 HIGIQFVMI 1917, T. 437.
99 -FMHIQ, RV. 33, 29 MYPMI 1917, T. 380.
100 -FMHIQ, RV. 37, 30 HIGIQFVMI 1917, T. 430.
101 -FMHIQ, RV. 43, 14 QEVXMI 1918, T. 479.
102 -FMHIQ, RV. 30, 20 MYPMI 1917, T. 324-325.
103 -FMHIQ, RV. 22, 21 MYRMI 1917, T. 190-191.
104 -FMHIQ, RV. 13, 23 QEM 1917, T. 70.
105, (. 7: 11, 6 MYRMI 1917, T. 134.106, (. %. (, . 14, 28 QEM 1917, T.
34 #M YXQ.; RV. 13, 27 QEM 1917
4. 69.
107 -FMHIQ. RV. 18, 17 MYRMI 1917, T. 166-168.
108 -FMHIQ, RV. 28, 9 MYPMI 1917, T. 269.
109 -FMHIQ, RV. 5, 6 MERYEVMI 1917, T. 33.
110 (. 7: 18, 9 EYKYWX 1917, T. 207.
111, (. %. (: 37, 30 HIGIQFVMI 1917, T. 436.
112 -FMHIQ, RV. 22, 21 MYRMI 1917, T. 190.
113 -FMHIQ, RV. 16, 2 MYRMI 1917. 4. 115.
114 -FMHIQ, RV. 35, 29 HIGIQFVMI 1917, T. 425.
115 -FMHIQ, RV. 5, 6 MERYEVMI 1917, T. 23.
116 -FMHIQ, RV. 29, 14 MYPMI 1917, T. 294, 297.
117 -FMHIQ, RV. 47. 21 QEVXMI 19M8, T. 516.
118 -FMHIQ, RV. 43, 4 QEVXMI 1918, T. 481.
119 -FMHIQ, RV. 47, 21 QEVXMI 1918, T. 517.
120 -FMHIQ, RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 623.
121 -FMHIQ, RV. 53, 1 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 581.
122 -FMHIQ, RV. 48, 24 QEVXMI 1918, T. 529, 535.
123., (.W: 18, 9 EYKYWX 1917, T. 193.
121, (. %. (., RV. 28, 9 MYPMI 1917, T. 271.
125 -FMHIQ, RV. 5, 6 MERYEVMI 1917, T. 23, 28.
126 -FMHIQ, RV. 34, 1 EYKYWX 1917, T. 397.
127 -FMHIQ, RV. 22, 21 MYRMI 1917, T. 189.
138, (. 7.. 18, 9 EYKYWX 1917, T. 195, 207-208.
129 (. %. (., RV. 29, 14 MYPMI 1917. 4. 295.
130 -FMHIQ, RV. 49, 24 QEVXMI 1918, T. 546-547.
131 -FMHIQ, RV. 48, 22 QEVXMI 1918, T. 526.
132 -FMHIQ, RV. 35, 3 EYKYWX 1917, T. 406-407.
133 -FMHIQ, RV. 45, 17 QEVXMI 1918, T. 496; RV. 46, 20 QEVXMI 1918, T.
508.
134 -FMHIQ, RV. 28, 9 MYPMI 1917, T. 270-271.
135 -FMHIQ, RV. 49, 24 QEVXMI 1918, T. 548; 8EOI -SRIWGY TSWIHEWI, 3
FYG'M
(I TQRX, ZR^RHY-PI 'EWIM 6YVEPI (-FMHIQ, RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI 1918,
4. 626-627). -FMHIQ, RV. 18, 17 MYRMI 1917, T. 172., (. 7., RV. 18, 9
EYKYWX 1917, T. 208. (. %. (, RV. 17, 8 MYRMI 1917, T. 135.
139 -FMHIQ, RV. 18, 17 MYRMI 1917, T. 167-168, 173.
140 -FMHIQ, RV. 28, 9 MYPMI 1917, T. 273.
141 -FMHIQ, RV. 35, 3 EYKYWX 1917, T. 404.
142 -FMHIQ, RV. 33, 29 MYPMI 1917, T. 383-385.
143 -FMHIQ, RV. 37, 30 HIGIQFVMI 1917, T. 437.144 -FMHIQ, RV. 28, 9
MYPMI 1917, T. 273.
115 -FMHIQ, RV. 22, 21 MYRMI 1917, T. 192.146 (. 7., RV. 13, 30 MYRMI
1917, T. 148.
147 (. %. (: 30, 20 MYPMI 1917, T. 326.
148 -FMHIQ, RV. 14, 28 QEM 1917, T. 86-88.
149 -FMHIQ, RV. 17, 8 MYRMI 1917, T. 137; RV. 33, 29 MYPMI 1917, T. 387.
150 -FMHIQ, RV. 18, 17 MYRMI 1917, T. 178.
-FMHIQ, RV. 17, 8 MYRMI 1917, T. 136.
(. 7: 13, 30 MYRMI 1917, T. 148.,
(. %. (: 14, 28 QEM 1917, T. 84-85, 90.
(. 7., RV. 22, 15 EYKYWX 1917, T. 231.,
(. %. (.. 33, 29 MYPMI 1917, T. 381.
156 -FMHIQ, RV. 26, 1 MYPMI 1917, T. 239.
157 -FMHIQ, RV. 14, 28 QEM 1917, T. 87.
158 -FMHIQ, RV. 17, 8 MYRMI 1917, T. 135.
159 -FMHIQ, RV. 48, 22 QEVXMI 1918, T. 526.
160 (. 7., RV. 13. 5, , YM. ' 1917, T. 431-432, 439.
162 -FMHIQ, RV. 23, 24 MYRMI 1917, T. 210.
183 -FMHIQ, RV. 34, 1 EYKYWX 1917, T. 394, 396.
164 -FMHIQ, RV. 17, 8 MYRMI 1917, T. 135, 137.
165 -FMHIQ, RV. 13, 27 QEM 1917, T. 77-78.
166 -FMHIQ, RV. 35, 3 EYKYWX 1917, T. 416.
9M
167 -FMHIQ, RV. 49, 24 QEVXMI 1918, T. 546.
-IW 80.- . -KNA7 MYRMI 19-7N TA68" 170C
2, RV. 48, 22 QEVXMI 1918, T. 529. 7., RV. 23, 16 EYKYWX 1917, T. 236.
)Q, RV. 21, 12 EYKYWX 1917, T. 216.
172 -FMHIQ, RV. 13, 30 MYRMI 1917, T. 148.
173 (. %. (., RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 625-626.
174 -FMHIQ, RV. 18, 17 MYRMI 1917, T. 169-170.
176 (. 7., RV. 18, 9 EYKYWX 1917, T. 197.
176 (. %. (., RV. 35, 3 EYKYWX 1917, T. 415.
177 -FMHIQ, RV. 17, 8 MYRMI 1917 T. 143-144.
178 -FMHBQ, RV. 29, 14 MYPMI 1917, T. 308-309.
2, RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 625-626. 2, RV. 28, 9 MYPMI 1917, T. 286.
181 -FMHIQ, RV. 35, 3 EYKYWX 1917. 4. 416.
182 (. 7., RV. 27, 25 EYKYWX 1917, T. 263.
183 (. %. (., RV. 59, 17 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 633-634.
184 -FMHIQ, RV. 5, 6 MERYEVMI 1917, T. 33.
185 -FMHIQ, RV. 55, 5 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 598.
186 -FMHIQ, RV. 18, 17 MYRMI 1917, T. 170-172.187 -FMHIQ, RV. 35, 3
EYKYWX 1917, T. 414. 4. 270., 59, 17 ETVMPMI 19A8,
)P9.7. 4., 70-P72 RV. 17, 8 MYRMI, 917, T. 142.
3.. 23. -YPMIP917, T. 339 -58, 3 ETVMNMI 19,8, B.623
RV. 28, 9 MYPMI 1917, T. 281. "RV-P5T M 1917, 106.6 MYRMI 1917, T. 135-
P36. 17
%7
2V-27 nEYKYWX 1917, T. 273
2V. 22, 21 MYRMI 1917, T., 88 RV. 18,17 M1MIA9A 4
2V. 40, 9 QEVXMI 1918, T. 458-4~
/&*~. RV. 44, 6 QEVXMI 1918, 4T. 488-B9 n, * nRV. 47, 21 QEVXMI 19, 4
48"5,
2V.45, 17 QEVXMI 1918, T 499,
2V. 47, 21 QEVXMI 1918, T. 520
2. 5, 6 MERYEVMI, 917, . 33 nV. 59, 7 ETVMPMI 1918, .83M
2V. 45,20 QEVXMI 1918, T. 505*
2V. 56, 6 ETVMPMI, 918, T 610
*, RV. 26,28 MYRMI, 917, T. 233.
+ -917 4- 223
2V. 27, 25 EYKYWX 1917, T. 264*
2V. 37, 30 HIGIQFVMI 1917, T 437
' n4MY, S/~. n7., T. 82. RV- 48 22 QEVXMI
BR; 37MV1918, T. 656.
] 75-76, 79
128 R 4 Rh 2# 2# %9KYWX Q7 4- 274-275. 2N9 (. %. (. , RV. 28, 9
MY.MI QM" T B ~ *~. RV. 35, 29 HIGIQFVMI 1917, T. 424.
330 -FMHIQ, RV. 58, 13 ETVMPMI 1918, T. 627.
231 -FMHIQ, RV. 35, 3 EYKYWX 1917. 4. 415-416.
232 -WXSVME 4EVPEQIRXYPYM, T. 466-470.
233 -. &YPIM, ST. 'X., T. 436-439, 441, 449-450.
231 %P. 1EVKLMPSQER, ST. 'X., -:, &YGYVI#XM, 1927, T. 123. -'32'09>--
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