Tapestry 2014 WITH NOTES

AN INSIGHTFUL ART
visualization to communicate with general audiences

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo
Dear friends and colleagues, I would like to thank you and the organization of the Tapestry conference for having me here today. I am honored to be able to share some ideas about what I believe the future of visualization may be or, better, said, about what I WOULD like it to be. This is going to be a very personal, opinionated presentation, although Ill do my best to explain the reasoning behind all ideas Ill present.! I will be sharing these slides with everybody today, so dont worry if you dont have enough time to write down a reference or copy any of the links that I will show. I will also share my notes. This is the rst time in fteen years that I have written detailed notes for a presentation, by the way. That says something about how worried I was about having you as an audience!! Final side note: Im very sorry that you have to endure all this at 8.45AM. Its cruel, I know. Blame Robert Kosara. Actually, I dont think that it is a coincidence that his avatar on Twitter looks like Flash Gordons Emperor Ming
, looks like Flash Gordons Emperor Ming. I think that the schedule of the Tapestry conference proves that he is indeed an evil mastermind.! But Ill do my best to keep you awake, even if that involves dancing or screaming at some point during the presentation.! Anyway, the future of visualization! In the past few months, a number of conferences have tried to answer the following question: What lies ahead for us? Where should we put our resources, our e"orts? What new conceptual or technical developments will dene the elds that comprise visualization information news graphics, data visualization, scientic visualization, and the like.! I would like to share some thoughts about this matter. I will be focusing on the kind of visualization I am more interested in, which is visualization to communicate with non-specialized audiences. We can call it news visualization, although its not just journalists who produce them. Anybody who does a graphic to explain something to other citizens engages in this kind of activity.
Is storytelling the future of visualization?

Let me begin with storytelling. After all, that word is part of the name of this conference, and it seems to be everywhere nowadays.! As a journalist who reads and shares tons of good and also bad journalism every day, I can attest that shaping complex information as stories can certainly be powerful and e"ective.
SOURCE: Beginning Psychology http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-psychology/s12-01-memories-as-types-and-stages.html
And it is powerful maybe because stories mimic the way our brains store and, more importantly, retrieve certain kinds of information.! To store information in the form of episodic memories, the brain somehow threads that information in the form of stories. It imposes narrative structures, and cause and e"ect relationships, to loosely connected events. With the goal of making sense of them.!
SOURCE: Beginning Psychology http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-psychology/s12-01-memories-as-types-and-stages.html
We could argue that this also happens when the brain stores memories that are not episodic in nature. When we gain ANY kind of new EXPLICIT knowledge that can be described into mental words, encoded in the mental language some psychologists call mentalese, the brain always relates it to pre-existing memories. In some cases, these relationships can be similar to stories.
So storytelling can be indeed a very powerful tool. But is storytelling the future of visualization? I believe that it may be, but only in part.!
Francis Gagnon http://www.chezvoila.com/ blog/visualized14
Is managing complexity the future of visualization?
According to Francis Gagnon, and Im quoting here: the foremost debate of the Visualized 2014 conference, which took place less than a month ago in New York City, was about storytelling, likely because no one dened the term.! Yet it seemed like the true theme of the conference, the one to which every speaker was bringing a perspective, was the same: How to make complexity comfortable?
WIND MAP!
Fernanda Viegas and Martin Wattenberg
http://hint.fm/projects/wind/
And yes, I agree. Dealing with the increasing complexity of the world, and with the deluge of data, is a major challenge for visualization.! It was a challenge twenty years ago, and it is an even larger challenge today, when digital data is everywhere, and it needs to be visualized to be understandable.! But should be dealing with complexity our core goal or value as visualization designers?!
http://fellinlovewithdata.com/reections/data-soul
Finally, Enrico Bertini in one of his latest posts, mentioned that he recently attended the Aid Data Conference.! Enrico was surprised by what political and social scientists would like to see in a visualization, compared to what we are creating for them.! Enrico wrote a summary of his impressions. Im quoting: Its stunning for me to see how most (of our) visualization projects are organized around the detection and depiction of trends, patterns, outliers, groupings, #and so seldom around causation. Yet, in most scientic endeavors causal relationships is what matters the most.
Telling evidencebased stories?
Taming! complexity?
Revealing! causation?
So what is it? What should be the future of visualization? Storytelling, dealing with complexity, or revealing causation? Can those be considered ultimate goals for those who communicate with the general public through visualizations?! To answer that question, lets ask ourselves: Isnt complexity just a challenge, storytelling just a means to deal with that challenge, and revealing causation one of the possible results of meeting that challenge? I believe that they are.! As major goals in visualization, they are too narrow in scope.! So what should be the ultimate goal of visualization for communication with general audiences, in my opinion?
2012
To answer that question I need to talk a bit about what Im working on right now.! I dont need to tell you that I wrote that book back in 2012. But what some of you probably dont know is that Im working on a follow-up, tentatively titled The Insightful Art
2012
2015*
DU
Y M M
R E V O C
*Fingers crossed!
Thats the dummy cover. By the way, Kim Rees and the other folks at Periscopic still dont know that I might use their Gun Deaths visualization for the cover.! And Stephen Few doesnt know that he will write that enthusiastic blurb, either. But he will. Eventually. Im pretty persuasive when I want to! Anyway, the book! Just a bit of a warning: SPOILERS ahead, so leave the room if you dont want to know more.
warning
SPOILERS! AHEAD!
Ahead. A-head! I could play with that word for a while but only fans of the Game of Thrones show will get my stupid joke.
What are the features that dene a great infographic or data visualization?
Back on-topic! The book will be structured into ve sections, each one corresponding to one of the features that in my opinion dene great information graphics and visualizations for communication.! And the last one of those ve features is the core value that I believe we should all pursue and keep in mind.! So here we go
1. Truthful! 2. Functional! 3. Beautiful! 4. Insightful! 5. Enlightening

The rst value or goal or feature: Any infographic or visualization should be truthful. I am not talking about the TRUTH, in all caps. THE TRUTH is unattainable even through the most sophisticated analysis techniques.! We communicators should be humble enough to drop the word truth and use the word truthful instead. Being truthful implies conveying your best understanding of what the truth behind a phenomenon or a data set is.! This smaller truth is not what you would like the truth to be, it is not what benets your clients or employers, and it is not what can help you advance your political ideals. It is an evidence-driven, provisional, understanding of the truth.

Second, a great visualization should be functional. This is: The visual shapes youll make your data adopt should not depend on your personal aesthetic preferences alone.! Quite the contrary. The choice of shapes to encode your data should be tied to the tasks you predict your audience will try to to undertake using your visualization as a tool to gain knowledge. Function should not DICTATE form, but function MUST CONSTRAINT form, for sure.! I believe that many designers still dont embrace this common sense notion.

Third of all, a great visualization should be beautiful.! I know that beauty is a slippery, subjective, and context-dependent term, but still, I think that we can all agree that a visualization that looks good, that is well designed, that uses type and color in a visually pleasant way, and that is surprising in some sense, will be more e"ective and e$cient than another one that sticks to, say, Excels defaults.! The next feature is, in my opinion, one of the most important ones, and its one that we visualization designers often overlook.

Great infographics and visualizations are always INSIGHTFUL.! That is, they dont just throw tons of data at you, or present just predictable messages, but force you to discover things that are surprising, unexpected, counterintuitive and, ultimately, useful.! And to do that, in most cases they take you by the hand and guide you, rather than leaving you alone to let gure stu" out by yourself.!
1. Truthful! 2. Functional! 3. Beautiful! 4. Insightful! 5.

So we have the rst four features that dene great infographics. The fth one is the consequence of paying attention at all those.! When you create a graphic (1) that is based on your best understanding of the truth, (2) that is designed in a way that lets people do things with the data e$ciently, (3) that is beautiful and attractive, and (4) that tells me whats relevant, surprising, or unexpected, it is very likely that you will CHANGE MY MIND for the better. You will be increasing my knowledge in a signicant way. You will be ENLIGHTENING ME.! Therefore, feature number ve is that any great infographic is

Enlightening. And enlightening people, citizens, other human beings, is what we should always strive for when designing a visualization.! Not to tell stories, or to deal with complexity, not to reveal causation, not to have fun, or be great artists, and so on, and so forth.! All those are worthy goals, and we should think about them. But they are BYPRODUCTS.! At their core, visualization and infographics should always be about increasing understanding about the world, and about changing peoples minds for the better based on an evidence-driven approach to information.! Embracing these ideals is, in my opinion, what will dene the future of visualization for communication much more than technological or conceptual innovation.
TRUTHFUL
Being truthful
We all like to laugh at graphics like these.! There are even websites that are devoted to that. They are great fun and they play an important role in our community.! But these are easy targets Most visual lies or half-truths nowadays are more insidious, subtle.! In my opinion, they are tied to a WELL-KNOWN PHENOMENON that worries journalists a lot
Journalists vs. Public Relations Specialists and Managers in the U.S.

per 100,000 people 100
Public Relations Specialists and Managers
Chart: ! The Insightful Art. Prologue!

!
Source:!
!
75
50
Total editorial workforce
25
Radio and TV
Newspapers
0 1980 1990 2000 2009

Which is the rise of P.R. and marketing as a force in the world of communication.! This is a chart that I am including in the prologue of The Insightful Art. It is based on research described in the book that you have on screen right now. If the chart doesnt worry you, please think again.! Its the comparison of the number of PR specialists per 100,000 people versus the number of journalists per 100,000 people.! Of course, we can argue that most P.R. professionals are honest and that some journalists lie. This is true.! But massaging data and information in ways that advance certain goals is in the DNA of P.R. while the same approach is considered a mortal sin in journalism.! Let me show you a denition of P.R.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/10-principles-public-relations-10661.html
Never deceive the public (but) present the facts in a way that sheds as much positive light on your company as possible !
!
Every organization and rm and company has a story to tell. And they want to do it in a way that benets them the most. So heres the most common denition I have found:! (READ)! Call me a cynic if you want, but I believe that this denition needs to be re-written.! Its second section contradicts the rst one. They are telling you, dont lie, BUT So here goes my version
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/10-principles-public-relations-10661.html
Never deceive the public unless you cannot present the facts in a way that sheds as much positive light on your company as possible !
!
I believe that this a more accurate description of what P.R. is really about.! (READ)! This worries me.
http://blog.visual.ly/using-video-and-data-visualization-for-activism-and-social-change/
And it worries me because of what happens if we extend the label PR a little bit.! By PR and marketing I am not referring just to people who formally call themselves P.R. professionals or who work for the corporate world.! I am extending that label to include visualization designers and communicators who call themselves activists. People who want to advance certain causes that they considered just.! Those folks are doing PR and marketing for those causes. They are, therefore, PR specialists.! Visualization (or infographics) for social change is becoming a buzzword as pervasive as storytelling with data and visualization, I think. Theres risk in that.! What worries me nowadays is that some people in visualization seem to be advocating that we should EMBRACE our biases, rather than CONTROLLING them.
http://www.thefunctionalart.com/2014/01/article-about-infographics-gets.html
The thought starts with the message and then gets into putting other related information together to support it instead of starting with the data and thinking of what to make of it the message. The advantage of taking this route is also that you are not just restricted by topics or numbers or just presenting news. You can go a step further and air your views too to make a point.
Raj Kamal
Just one example of where this could lead us, to illustrate that theres real danger here.! This is a quote from an article intended to explain good practices in infographics. But its quite the opposite. Its promoting VERY BAD practices.! (READ)! Horrendous. If you work with data and evidence, you should NOT begin with an idea and then look JUST for data to support that idea. That goes against what rational thinking is about. You should look also for the evidence that could POTENTIALLY disprove your most cherished ideas, no matter how just and beautiful they are.! What this article reveals is that when you think like an activist instead of trying to be truth-teller, you will be consciously or even worse unconsciously prone to cherry-pick the evidence that better pushes your personal political agenda. This is dangerous, and it is wrong, and it should be avoided at all costs.! We need to ght against these practices. All of us in this room.
The rst principle is that you must not fool yourself--and you are! the easiest person to fool
Richard Feynman, 1974, Caltech Graduation Address
http://www.lhup.edu/~DSIMANEK/cargocul.htm
Conscious decisions are not the only risk. Cognitive biases and political ideals can lead us astray, as well. They are much more dangerous, in fact.! When we are strongly ideologically or politically motivated, we are also more likely to nd patterns in the data that conrm our preconceived ideas. Theres research about this,and I will be happy to point out some references after this presentation if you want me to.! We journalists like to say trust your instincts! Well, thats very bad advice. PLEASE, DONT. Dont trust your instincts. Your instincts are a source like any other. And you should always try to double-check your sources.! We should ght against our instincts with reason and logic. And with common sense.! We need to develop what Kaiser Fung, who writes the JunkCharts blog, calls a NUMBERSENSE in his most recent book. Thats a book recommendation, by the way.
Just remember Doctor John Snows 1854 map of cholera.! The story of this map has so often been mistold, that we have forgotten that what what makes it wonderful is not just that it so beautifully displays a pattern of clustering of cholera deaths around the Broad Street water pump. Its something else.! During his research, Snow paid attention at the cases which could potentially DISPROVE his waterborne hypothesis.
Why did some people who didnt live close to the water pump died anyway? Why were there buildings in which no deaths were recorded? Those were data points that could disprove his hypothesis about the connection between cholera spread and the consumption of contaminated water.! Snow looked into those cases, and discovered that sometimes people living close to the pump had access to their own private wells (see the brewery in the middle of the map) and some people who lived far from the pump but died of cholera anyway were people who passed by Broad street on their way to work or to school.! John Snows cholera map is, therefore, not just a landmark of epidemiology or thematic mapping, but also of data or evidence-driven reporting or journalism.
http://www.periscopic.com/
So, by all means, Do good with data. Be an activist for just causes that can improve healthcare, politics, the rights of minorities, or the environment. I am all for that. One hundred percent.! But only if we strive to be TRUTHFUL rst.! And if by being truthful and exploring the data you discover that the evidence contradicts your cherished, preconceived ideals and goals and just causes, youll need to be prepared to change them. Or to drop them.! -Be open-minded enough to be able to do that.
FUNCTIONAL! AND BEAUTIFUL

Next, I would like to talk about the relationship between purpose and beauty. I will not bore you with tips on how to choose graphic forms for your graphics. My book already does that.! I would like to focus on the topic of creativity, as I have noticed that many of us in visualization, some of them in this room, are very interested in pushing the boundaries of the eld. Thats great.! However, heres my message: Embrace creativity, but be skeptical of creativity.
The great innovator - William Playfair
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Playfair
First of all, creativity plays a crucial role in visualization. Trying new things, inventing new graphic forms, etc.! I usually joke that if William Playfair had lived today, instead of in the 18th Century, and if he had worked as a news designer, he would never had invented charts. His editors would have said these things are TOO COMPLICATED for our readers!!! They WONT understand this complex-looking graphic!!! Lets do a numerical table, a spreadsheet, instead!! They know how to read that!!!! News editors are one of the most reactionary species Ive ever met.! That said, believe that too many of us, visualization designers, are too focused on being creative rather than on being clear.
"We need to fear the consequences of our work more than we love the cleverness of our ideas.
Mike Monteiro - How Designers Destroyed the World http://t.co/Kfegq3ldj6
Related to that, this is a quote that I love, from a talk by designer Mike Monteiro.! (READ)! I have been recently accused of attacking straw men when I say that many designers put their personal aesthetic preferences before their obligation to serve the public.! I disagree. Having worked in newsrooms for many years, I have observed the following attitude many times: Oh, I like this new, cool graphic form, lets use it; Oh, I like this typeface or this color palette Rather than thinking about if that graphic form, typeface, or color palette ts the purpose of your visualization.! May I give you an example of this?
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/sports/2014-olympics/winter-vs-summer-olympics/
This comes from The Washington Post. Let me tell you rst that Im a big fan of their infographics. I praise them constantly.! -This is a FUN and well-designed graphic. I love it, really! It got my attention right away. Unfortunately, it frustrated me a bit afterwards.! It seems to me that this example illustrates that the priority of some visualization designers nowadays is to have fun or to prove how skillful they are at using D3.js, Processing, R, or other trendy scripting languages, rather than making my life easier.! Perhaps we are becoming self-indulgent. We get carried away by our own aesthetic impulses.! Here, we have a visualization showing that low-income countries are less likely to medal in the Olympics. It does that with a chaotic arrangement of dots. Purple is rich countries. Green is for poor countries. A little black dot in the middle of the circle indicates countries that won medals.! Can you clearly see the patterns here? I cant. My eyes and my brain need to make a huge e"ort to estimate the proportions, sizes, amounts, and to make comparisons.
What about if, after showing all those little circles bounce around, which is great fun, and attractive, and eye-catching, we add another slide in which we arrange them graphic like this? (I did this very quickly in Illustrator)?! The desire to be creative, as respectful and admirable as it might be, doesnt free us from the obligation of respecting what the human visual brain can or cant do.! Any innovation must happen within certain constrains imposed by human visual perception and cognition.! If the goal of the graphic is to let readers compare, shape your data in a way that allows for accurate comparisons.! Again, form doesnt follow function. But function should constraint form.
!"#$%&'#(&'($)*+,($--($)*".(-&+&%/(.0*"/0.1"--2($%3( &%.,--&/,%.-24($)*".(5&'&%/(.*(.0,(3,#$%3(.*(),(&%1*5#,34( $-,5.($%3(5,'6*%'&+,4($)*".(),&%/($)-,(.*(#$7,($('*"%3( 8$',(1*5($(80*&8,(*1 (+$-",'($%3(/*$-'4($%3($)*".(&%.,/5&.2( &%(-&+&%/($88*53&%/(.*(.0,(1*5#,5($%3(3,.,5#&%$.&*%(&%( ',,7&%/(.*($80&,+,(.0,(-$..,59
I like to reason based on analogies. On screen you have a paragraph of the best book I read in 2013. Dont be misled by its title, its not a book about atheism, but about Humanism. The paragraph is beautiful. The way its designed visually makes it easy for me to read it. Its not particularly original or eye-catching.! Now think about what a creative designer could do with something like this, to make it look more interesting
!"#$%&'#(&'($)*+,($--($)*".(-&+&%/(.0*"/0.1"--2($%3( &%.,--&/,%.-24($)*".(5&'&%/(.*(.0,(3,#$%3(.*(),(&%1*5#,34( $-,5.($%3(5,'6*%'&+,4($)*".(),&%/($)-,(.*(#$7,($('*"%3( 8$',(1*5($(80*&8,(*1 (+$-",'($%3(/*$-'4($%3($)*".(&%.,/5&.2( &%(-&+&%/($88*53&%/(.*(.0,(1*5#,5($%3(3,.,5#&%$.&*%(&%( ',,7&%/(.*($80&,+,(.0,(-$..,59
This SURELY DOES bring attention to the words. But not to the message. After my initial curiosity and surprise are gone, this display frustrates me. It makes it much harder to decode the message.!
My students sometimes complain that I try to curb their creative impulses in class. I do. A lot. And for a reason.
The Picasso approach to innovation in visualization
To explain why I curb their creativity, I bring up Picasso. Picasso is the most perfect example of highly creative visual artist that I know. The problem is that most people are familiar with his latest work, the abstract and cubist period.!
What we tend to forget is that Picasso began his career being a fantastic gurative painter.
The Picasso approach to innovation in visualization
Here you have an amazing painting made when he was just fourteen or fteen-years old. In The Insightful Art I may include a chapter titled You cannot be a mandolin player before being an old sherman, or something similar.! Its message will be: Sorry, creative visualization designers. Bar graphs, dot plots, time series charts, scatter graphs THEY ROCK, no matter how dull and boring you think they are (they arent). And they should be the foundations of your work. You better LEARN HOW TO USE THEM REALLY WELL before you VENTURE TO CREATE something new (which you most certainly should, at some point in your career.)
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/31/business/20080801-metrics-graphic.html
And even if youre going to use a creative, unusual graphic form, something that no one has seen before, please give me the option to switch to another, more traditional means of representation.! Say that youre going to do a stream graph or an area time-based chart, like the one on screen right now, by The New York Times. It displays how di"erent groups spend their day in the US, and its beautiful and fun. Its also not very helpful if you want to go beyond a mere overview of the data. You cannot accurately see the change on each one of those categories, as their baselines are shifting constantly.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/31/business/20080801-metrics-graphic.html
So what did The Times designers did? They let you click on any of those color areas and see the data as a regular time-series chart, which allows to see changes just in this part of the dataset.! So let me see the data in multiple ways to be able to analyze the multiple angles the story youre presenting has.
http://50yearsofchange.com/
Made by graduate students of cartography University of Wisconsin, Madison
This idea was very well understood by a group of cartography students from the University of Wisconsin Madison. They designed a website called 50YearsOfChange, on legislation in favor or against gays and transgender people in the US.! When you visit it, notice that the data is visualized in multiple ways: A map to see geographic patterns, and two di"erent interactive timelines.! Its the same data, but shown throw multiple representations. By creating di"erent charts and maps based on the same numbers, these smart students are letting me access multiple angles in the story. They are helping me understand the story better.
INSIGHTFUL
Insightful in the sense of not just showing the obvious, but of revealing the relevant, the unexpected, the counterintuitive. In the sense of not just throwing data at readers for them to gure them out on their own, but of pointing out rst what they should be focusing on, and then let them explore at will.! Layering and annotating are extremely important.! Unfortunately, plenty of beautiful visualizations nowadays are not particularly insightful. Before I show you some of them, let me tell you in advance that I believe that they are wonderful, they look great, and they should probably be considered the cutting edge in terms of using the technology available. But theres an important component missing in all of them
Fischer, Eric - Language Communities of Twitter
Is that surprising that people in Spain are tweeting in Spanish and folks in Russia tweet in Russian?! What is missing here is explaining to me who the exceptions and outliers are. For instance, who are those people in the middle of France who are NOT tweeting in French?! Point those out, and explain that to me. Thats the story. Thats the unexpected part. Thats the story that I want to know about.
http://workshop.chromeexperiments.com/projects/armsglobe/
This one, by Google, is very disco, isnt it?! Again, dont get me wrong. I appreciate what all these visual experiments are trying to accomplish, which is to push the boundaries of the eld. They are opening doors that everyone else will go through at some point in the future.! This looks great but, still, it overwhelms me. And if it overwhelms ME, someone who creates visualizations and infographics for a living, and who teaches how to design them try to imagine what the reaction of a non-specialized visitor may be.
Ben Fry - All Streets
And all streets in the US, which is probably just a population density map.! When I criticize these beautiful examples Im accused of not understanding what they really are for. Im told that I am missing the point. And I agree. Wholeheartedly.! My answer is: Indeed. WHATS THE POINT OF YOUR GRAPHIC, EXACTLY?! And why investing so much energy in designing something as wonderful as this and then not using some of that energy to point out the interesting stories in the data, by annotating them, by writing about them, by layering or sequencing the information in a way that I can absorb it and understand it?
http://graphics.wsj.com/health-care-explorer
I guess that my message is that, as I grow older, I may be becoming more impatient. So the visualizations that impress me the most are not those that bring attention to themselves, or the ones in which I perceive that the designers are just trying to show o" their technical skills.! Instead, the visualizations that impress me are the ones that function as windows through which I can observe complex data. Visualizations that may make my life easier, like this one by the Wall Street Journal, which lets you compare health care plans all over the U.S. Its simple, but not simplistic. Its engaging and fun, in its own dry, humble, honest way. And its useful.! USEFUL. I would keep that word in mind.
ENLIGHTENING
FINALLY, great infographics are enlightening in the sense of changing peoples minds for the better. In the sense of increasing knowledge about relevant issues.! All my section slides, as you have probably noticed, showcase John Snows cholera map. I believe that Snows masterpiece is a good example of all the ve virtues working together, strengthening each other. Its truthful, its functional, its beautiful, and its insightful. And, as a consequence, its enlightening.! It has the potential to change my understanding of the world in a fundamental way.
Our rst responsibility is towards the planet, humankind, citizens, and only after that towards clients and employers or even towards your artsy inner world. You must be a creator of devices that make this Earth a better place before you can even think of becoming a ne artist.
http://www.thefunctionalart.com/2014/02/against-irresponsible-design-and-blind.html
Call me a romantic or naive journalist, but I still believe that theres value in those words that you have on screen on screen.! I wrote them after watching the lecture by designer Mike Monteiro that I mentioned before. Its titled How Designers Destroyed the World, and it was inspired by Victor Papaneks classic Design for the Real World, a book that I recommend to everybody in this room.! (READ SLIDE)! Thats it. Thats the summary. Thats what I believe the future of visualization for communication with the general public should (AND WILL) look like.! Its been an honor to share all these preliminary ideas with you.
THANK YOU
THANK YOU
Its been an honor to share all these preliminary ideas with you.! Thank you so much.

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AN INSIGHTFUL ART

visualization to communicate with general audiences

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Is storytelling the future of visualization?

SOURCE: Beginning Psychology http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-psychology/s12-01-memories-as-types-and-stages.html

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

SOURCE: Beginning Psychology http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-psychology/s12-01-memories-as-types-and-stages.html

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Francis Gagnon http://www.chezvoila.com/ blog/visualized14

Is managing complexity the future of visualization?

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Telling evidencebased stories?

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

1. Truthful! 2. Functional! 3. Beautiful! 4. Insightful! 5. Enlightening

1. Truthful! 2. Functional! 3. Beautiful! 4. Insightful! 5. Enlightening

1. Truthful! 2. Functional! 3. Beautiful! 4. Insightful! 5. Enlightening

1. Truthful! 2. Functional! 3. Beautiful! 4. Insightful! 5. Enlightening

1. Truthful! 2. Functional! 3. Beautiful! 4. Insightful! 5.

1. Truthful! 2. Functional! 3. Beautiful! 4. Insightful! 5. Enlightening

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Journalists vs. Public Relations Specialists and Managers in the U.S.

Chart: ! The Insightful Art. Prologue!

0 1980 1990 2000 2009

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

FUNCTIONAL! AND BEAUTIFUL

The great innovator - William Playfair

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

The Picasso approach to innovation in visualization

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

The Picasso approach to innovation in visualization

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Fischer, Eric - Language Communities of Twitter

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Ben Fry - All Streets

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Alberto Cairo University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

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