Memory

Learning outcomes

Evaluateschematheory. Evaluatetwomodelsoftheoriesof memory. Explainhowbiologicalfactorsmay affectmemory.

Memory

Whatismemory? Whatarethedifferenttypesof memory? Howlongdomemorieslast? Howmuchinformationcanaperson remember?

Multi-store model of memory

By Atkinson and Shiffrin

Put forward by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Multi-store model of memory

Theysawmemoryasaflow of infor ation throughaninformation-processingsystem. Thesystemisdividedintoaseriesofstages asinformationpassesfromonestoreto another. Ateachstageoftheprocess,thereare !onstraintsintermsof"apa!ity# duration and en!odin$%

Sensory memory

Allinformationentersthesystemfrom theenvironmentthroughthesenses tothesensorymemorystore Itstayshereforaverybriefperiodof timebeforeeitherde!ayin$or passingontotheS&'store.The !apa!ityissaidtobevastbut thedurationhoweverisonly .!"to !seconds.

Informationfromsensory memoryispassedtoshortterm memorybyattentioni.e.ta#ing noticeofsomething.

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Short-Term Memory store

$horttermmemoryismuchsmaller thanyoumightthin#,onlylastingup to() se!onds Thecapacityisthoughttobe%&'-! (sevenplusorminustwo,i.e."-)* items. Theencodingismainlyvisual and a!ousti!. Thememorytraceshereare+uite fragile

Capacity
,iller(-)".*foundthatthe shorttermmemoryhadacapacityof %&or/!("-)*

0articipantstendtoremember%piecesof information.

However,wecanoftenholdmuchlarger amountsofinformationinaprocess #nownas!hunkin$wherebythe informationisconsolidatedinto1chun#s1 ofinformation.

STM

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Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) Primacy- ecency !ffect

Thisisawell#nowne2perimentthat demonstratesthemulti-storemodel well.Initparticipantsarereadalist ofwordsandthenhavetorecall themeitherimmediatelyoraftera distraction.

What this shows

3ecency&0rimacyeffect Thisisbecauseinimmediaterecall thefirstwordsareinthelongterm memorybecausetheyhavebeen rehearsedandthelastwordsare stillintheshorttermmemory. Thewordsinthemiddlearelesswell recalledbecauseyouweretoobusy rehearsingthefirsttoremember themwell.

Distraction = almost nothing?

Afterdistra!tionrecallofthelast wordsispoorsinceithasbeenlost frommemorybecauseithasn1tgot tolongtermmemoryandis displa!edfromshorttermmemory.

Long term memory

Accordingtothismodelofmemory longtermmemoryhasa potentiallyli itless !apa!ity and durationbutitisverydifficultifnot impossibletoprovethis. It1sencodingisse anti!,thatis themeaningandunderstandingof something.

Levels of processing

Shallow processing

Deep processing Which improves recall?

Levels of processing (Craik and Lockhart !"#$%

This theory concentrates on the processes involved in memory.

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Learning outcomes

Evaluateschematheory. Evaluatetwomodelsoftheoriesof memory. Explainhowbiologicalfactorsmay affectmemory.