SEX LINKAGE

THOMAS MORGAN EXPERIMENTED WITH FRUIT FLIES, Drosophila melanogaster. HE CROSSED A PURE BREEDING, RED EYED FEMALE WITH A MUTANT, WHITE EYED MALE. F1 = ALL RED EYED FLIES (SHOWING RED DOMINANT TO WHITE) HE THEN CROSSED TWO OF THE F1 FLIES AND GOT: F2 = 3 RED: 1 WHITE

THIS WOULD BE EXPECTED EXCEPT, MORGAN NOTICED: - ALL THE FEMALES HAD RED EYES (NO WHITE FEMALES) - THE MALES WERE 1:1 RED: WHITE

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WITH MORE CROSSES HE FOUND THAT HE COULD GET WHITE EYED FEMALES. HE CONCLUDED THAT

THE EYE GENE WAS SEX CHROMOSOME).

LINKED (ON THE X-

XR = WILD (RED) EYE; Xr = WHITE EYED IF THE GENE IS ON THE X-CHROMOSOME, MALES WILL ONLY HAVE ONE COPY OF THE GENE WHERE FEMALES CAN HAVE TWO.

= XRXR, XrXr, OR XRXr

= XRY OR XrY

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XR = RED EYE; Xr = WHITE EYE

P= WHITE = XrY
XR XR Xr XR Xr XR Xr Y XRY XRY

WILD =

XRXR

GENOTYPES: 2:2

PHENOTYPES: ALL RED

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XR = RED EYE; Xr = WHITE EYE

F1= WILD =
XR Xr XR XR XR XR Xr

XRY
Y XRY XrY

WILD =

XRXr

GENOTYPES: 1:1:1:1

PHENOTYPES: 3 RED:1 WHITE OR 2 WILD :1 WILD :1 WHITE

WHAT IS THE ONLY WAY TO GET A WHITE EYED FEMALE? GENOTYPE = XrXr THE ONLY WAY TO GET A WHITE EYED FEMALE IS TO MATE A WHITE EYED MALE TO A FEMALE WHO IS ACARRIER OF THE WHITE ALLELE.

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PAGE 500 #1-3
1. Xh = HEMOPHILIA; XH = NORMAL

a) HOW CAN A HEMOPHILIAC BE BORN TO TWO NORMAL PARENTS?

NORMAL DAD = XHY XH XH Xh XH XH XH Xh Y XHY XhY GENOTYPES: 1:1:1:1 NORMAL MOM = XHXh

PHENOTYPES: 2:1:1
NORMAL :NORM: HEM.

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1. Xh = HEMOPHILIA; XH = NORMAL

b) CAN ANY OF THE FEMALE OFFSPRING DEVELOP HEMOPHELIA?

NO IN ORDER FOR A FEMALE TO HAVE HEMOPHELIA, SHE HAS TO BE HOMOZYGOUS (XhXh) MEANING SHE WOULD HAVE TO GET A Xh FROM EACH PARENT. THE DAD WOULD, THUS, HAVE TO HAVE HEMOPHELIA. XH XH Xh XH XH XH Xh Y XHY XhY GENOTYPES: 1:1:1:1 PHENOTYPES: 2:1:1 NORMAL :NORM: HEM.

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2. XNXN, XNY = DEAD; XNXn = NOTCHED; XnXn, XnY= NORMAL

a) PHENOTYPES OF F1 FROM XnXN x XnY

Xn XN Xn XN Xn Xn Xn

Y XNY XnY

GENOTYPES: 1:1:1:1 PHENOTYPES: 1:1:1:1 NOTCHED: NORMAL : NORM: DEAD

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2. XNXN, XNY = DEAD; XNXn = NOTCHED; XnXn, XnY= NORMAL

b) COULD DEAD FEMALES EVER BE FOUND?

NO IN ORDER FOR A FEMALE TO BE DEAD, SHE HAS TO BE HOMOZYGOUS (XNXN) MEANING SHE WOULD HAVE TO GET A XN FROM EACH PARENT. THE DAD WOULD, THUS, HAVE TO BE DEAD. BEING DEAD IS NOT GOOD FOR MATING.

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2. XNXN, XNY = DEAD; XNXn = NOTCHED; XnXn, XnY= NORMAL

c) WHY IS THE MATING OF XNXn AND XNY UNLIKELY?

MALE IS DEAD. BEING DEAD IS NOT GOOD FOR MATING.

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3. b = BROWN EYE; Xv = VERMILLION EYE; B __ XV __ = WILD; bbXv __ = WHITE a) BBXVXV x bbXvY GAMETES = BXV GAMETES = bXv , bY

PUNNETT SQUARE: bXv BXV bY

GR.: 1:1
PR.: ALL RED ( /)

`BbXVXv BbXVY

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3. b = BROWN EYE; Xv = VERMILLION EYE; B __ XV __ = WILD; bbXv __ = WHITE b) BbXVXv x BbXVY GAMETES = BXV, bXV, BXv, bXv GAMETES = BXV, BY, bXV , bY

BXV

bXV

BXv

bXv
PR.: 6 WILD : 4 WILD : 3 VERM: 2 BROWN : 1 WHITE

BXV BBXVXV BbXVXV VY VY BBX B b X BY

BBXVXv BbXVXv BBXvY BbXvY

bXV
bY

BbXVXV
BbXVY

bbXVXV
BbXVY

BbXVXv
BbXvY

bbXVXv
bbXvY

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3. b = BROWN EYE; Xv = VERMILLION EYE; B __ XV __ = WILD; bbXv __ = WHITE c) bbXVXV x BbXvY GAMETES = bXV PUNNETT SQUARE: BXv BY bXv bY GAMETES = BXv, BY, bXv , bY

bXV

BbXVXv

BbXVY

bbXVXv

bbXVY

GR.: 1:1:1:1

PR.:
2 WILD: 2 BROWN

PEDIGREE PROBLEMS
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT is excluded by the following:

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE is excluded by the following:

PEDIGREE PROBLEMS
X-LINKED DOMINANT is excluded by the following:

X-LINKED RECESSIVE is excluded by the following:

PEDIGREE PROBLEMS
Y-LINKED is excluded by the following:

- - any condition where a female is affected - any time a son and his father are opposite =>