Mechanism of Transport: Transpiration

On a very hot day, plants cannot afford to lose too much water To combat this, the epidermis of most plants produce a waxy

cuticle, reducing transpiration water loss in the leaves

Water flows from the Soil > Plant > Atmosphere

Ground Tissue
Ground tissue forms much of the interior of the plant, and

is composed of a variety of cells specializing in storage, support and photosynthesis.

Examples of ground tissue include:
The fleshy portions of apples, pears, potatoes and carrots.

Photosynthetic Layer - Mesophyll

Below the epidermal layer, we find the mesophyll layer The mesophyll is composed of palisade and spongy mesophyll: Palisade mesophyll cells are found directly below the epidermal cell

layer, and contain many densely packed chlorophyll containing cells

This is the major site of leaf photosynthesis

Spongy mesophyll cells found below the palisade mesophyll cells,

above the lower epidermis and possess few chloroplasts Contain large air spaces, allowing rapid gas exchange

Other Leaf Functions

In addition to capturing light energy for photosynthesis,

leaves can serve a variety of other functions

Leaves can: Store water and nutrients Form tendrils to support the plant Form sharp spines for defense Attract insects and pollinators

Leaf, Stem, Root, or Flower?

Leaf, Stem, Root, or Flower?

STEM!

http://www.async.caltech.edu/~mika/potato/POTATO.jpg

The potato is an underground storage stem, technically called a tuber. The eyes are actually buds from the stem!

Leaf, Stem, Root, or Flower?

ROOT!

http://www.naturesfinestproduce.com/webshop/index.php?main_page=popup_image&pID=144

The carrot is a modified tap root.

Leaf, Stem, Root, or Flower? LEAF!

Celery stalks are actually really large petioles!
http://www.seriouseats.com/2010/06/in-season-celery-choosing-storing-recipes-20100619.html

Leaf, Stem, Root, or Flower?

FLOWER!

http://www.yourfoodstorage.com/product/1446927100

The broccoli tops are under-developed flowers sometimes called broccoli florets!

Leaf, Stem, Root, or Flower?

ROOT!

http://www.self.com/fooddiet/blogs/nutritiondata/2010/11/the-difference-between-sweet-p.html

The sweet potato is really quite different from a regular potato!

Leaf, Stem, Root, or Flower?

LEAVES!

http://mansurovs.com/recipes/lagman-recipe

http://cccmkc.edu.hk/~keikph/Food%20storage%20organ/Food%20storage%20orga n.htm

Most of what we eat from the onion are the modified fleshy storage leaves around the stem.

Leaf, Stem, Root, or Flower?

FLOWER!

http://dinnerzing.ning.com/profiles/blogs/is-artichoke-extract-a-good

http://www.duke.edu/~mdw7/photos/pages/artichoke%20fl ower.htm

The artichoke is actually a flower bud, picked before the purple flower blooms!

Leaf, Stem, Root, or Flower?

Ginger root is actually not a root at all. It is a modified storage stem called a rhizome.

STEM!

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090514221920.htm

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NiTMbsmZR_k/SJ009bwtvuI/AAAAAAAACM0/8HJ M97JzSZE/s400/01+Ginger+Root+Sprouts.jpg

 This PowerPoint was obtained from a site called the

instructor exchange.
http://instructorexchange.pearsoncmg.com/

Monocots and Dicots

Flowering plants can be divided into monocots and dicots Monocots and dicots possess many structural differences As the zygote grows into the embryo, the first leaves of the young

plant develop and are called cotyledons (seed leaves)

Monocots possess one cotyledon (corn, etc) Dicots possess two cotyledons (bean, oak, etc)

Monocot

Dicot

Comparing Monocots and Dicots

 Monocots have fibrous roots

Dicots have taproots

References
2002 Nelson Biology 11

Campbell and Reese (2005)

Pictures from Mary Olaveson http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10726/10726-h/10726-h.htm http://www.slideshare.net/thelawofscience/plant-biology# http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1 &ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftjdanielson.wikispaces.co m%2Ffile%2Fview%2FMaple%2BSyrup.ppt&ei=7EzwUryGI6a0ygG Nh4HQAQ&usg=AFQjCNFIaF5Qe_AjQIoRfGwMNHozPIXfQ&bvm=bv.60444564,d.aWc http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1 &cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scasd.org %2Fcms%2Flib5%2Fpa01000006%2Fcentricity%2Fmoduleinstance% 2F5490%2Fmono_vs_dicot.ppt&ei=IErxUrObG8fuyAGy4G4DQ&usg=AFQjCNGyZerkdt51SYX3Kh6VATgsZMBSfg&bvm= bv.60444564,d.aWc