 Overflow situation

 Unusually high stage in a

river
 River overflow its banks
and inundates the
adjoining area.
 Significance: damage in
terms of life, property
and economic loss.
 Thousands of crores of
rupees are spent every
year in flood control and
forecasting.
 Death Toll Event Location Date
1)2,500,000- China floods China 1931
3,700,000
China 1887
2)900,000– Yellow River (Huang He) flood
2,000,000
China 1938
3)500,000– 1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood
700,000
4)231,000 China 1975
Banqiao Dam failure, result of Typhoon Nina.
Approximately 86,000 people died from flooding
and another 145,000 died during subsequent disease.

China 1935
5)145,000 Yangtze river flood
St. Felix's Flood, storm surge Netherlands 1530
6)More than
100,000
Hanoi and Red River Delta flood North Vietnam 1971
7)100,000
Yangtze river flood China 1911
8)100,000
 Heavy rainfall
 Huge snow melting
 Failures of dams,
barrages etc.,
(koshi)
 Landslides causing
blockage of river
 Riverine floods
• Slow kinds: Runoff from sustained rainfall or rapid
snow melt exceeding the capacity of a river's
channel. Causes include heavy rains from monsoons
, Unexpected drainage obstructions such as
landslides, ice, or debris can cause slow flooding
upstream of the obstruction.
• Fast kinds: include Flash floods which are much
more dangerous and flow much faster than regular
floods. Result from tropical storms, dam failures or
excessive rain and snow.
Estuarine floods
• Commonly caused by a combination of sea tidal
surges caused by storm-force winds.
Coastal floods
• Caused by severe sea storms, or as a result of
another hazard (e.g. tsunami or hurricane).
Catastrophic floods
• Caused by a significant and unexpected event e.g.
dam breakage, or as a result of another hazard
(e.g. earthquake or volcanic eruption).
• Muddy floods
• A muddy flood is generated by run off on crop land.
EFFECTS
• The damage due to flood may vary with respect to the
magnitude of the flood.
• Thus we can classify the effects as:

Primary effects
• Physical damage - Can range anywhere from
bridges,cars, buildings, sewer systems, roadways,
canals and any other type of structure.
• Casualties - People and livestock die due to drowning.
It can also lead to epidemics and diseases.
Secondary effects
• Water supplies - Contamination of water. Clean drinking
water becomes scarce.
• Diseases - Unhygienic conditions. Spread of
water-borne diseases
• Crops and food supplies - Shortage of food
crops can be caused due to loss of entire
harvest.
• Trees - Non-tolerant species can die from
suffocation
Tertiary/long-term effects
• Economic -, rebuilding costs, food
shortage leading to price increase,
temporary decline in tourism etc.
 Greater losses due to flood
 Need for control, Measures to be taken
 No complete control of flood to zero level
 So Flood Management rather than Flood
Control
 Classification of control measures
› Structural measures and 2. Non-structural
measures
 Storage Reservoir
 Detentio Reservoir
 Levees
 Floodways
 Channel Improvement
 Watershed Management

 Flood Plain zoning

 Flood forecasting and Warning
 Evacuation and relocation
STORAGE RESERVOIR:
 Most reliable and effective flood control method
 Storage reservoir to absorb incoming flood
 Release in controlled way so that downstream
channels do not get flooded.
 Several reservoirs to be placed in a river for
complete flood control.
 Graph Kheichera rakhnu hai………
DETENTION RESERVIORS
 -Consist of an obstruction to a river
with uncontrolled outlet.
 -For small structures and temporary
storage
LEVEES
 -Also called dikes or flood
embankments
 -Earthen structures parallel to the
course of river.
 Height higher than
the design flood
level.
 One of the oldest
and common
methods of flood
protection
 Considerable care
and maintenance
required since
earthen
FLOODWAYS
 -Channels into which part of the flood
will be diverted during high stages.
 -Natural or man-made
CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT
 -Widening or deepening of channel
 -Reduction of channel roughness
(clearance of vegetation)
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
 -Aims at cutting down and delaying the
runoff before it gets into the river.
 -Check dams, contour bonding,
terraces etc.
 -Improve soil infiltration capacity hence
reduce soil erosion
FLOOD PLAIN ZONING
 Identifies the flood prone areas of a river
and regulates the land use to restrict the
damage due to flood.
 Development plans are prepared
FLOOD FORECASTING AND WARNING
 Enables civil authority to take appropriate
control measures.
 Orbiting satellites—Pictures—Cloud growth
—rainfall prediction—flood prediction
 -historical records of
flooding with study on
the parameters:
season, river channel
topography, soil
conditions, rainfall
intensity and weather.
 Study of FLOOD
HYDROGRAPH
 Hydrograph: Study of the hydrological characteristics of
a catchment.
Responses of a given catchment to a
rainfall input.
USES
 Use in the design of hydraulic structures
 Development of flood forecasting and warming systems
based on rainfall
 Extension of flood flow records based on rainfall records
(components of hydrograph: \
1.Rising limb 2. Crest segment 3. Recession limb)
 Factors affecting flood hydrograph:
 Physiographic and climatic factors
Limitations
 Precipitation must be from rainfall only
 Non uniform ppt—doesn’t give good results (unit hydrograph)
EVACUATION AND RELOCATION
 Evacuation of communities along with
their live stocks and other valuables.
 Temporarily—Nonstructural measure,
Permanent resettlement—Structural
measure
 Decrease loss burden
-Flood is on of deadliest
natural disaster.
-Preventive measures
to be taken in time.
-Better engineering
structures to prevent
flood control
-Stringent government
steps.
-Awareness on flood
disaster is required.
Any question?????