Cell Membranes

Textbook Chapter 4

Cell Membrane

The Effects of Surface Area

The greater the surface area, the smaller the volume The SA determines how much transport can occur The volume determines how much is needed by the cell Low SA: ratio is bad for cells Cells want more SA than olume

!luid Mosaic Model

Composed of a lipid bilayer with protein molecules embedded throughout in a random fashion The lipid bilayer is fluid in nature and lipid molecules have freedom to move The proteins that are found embedded in the bilayer are scattered in various locations and stic" out in varying amounts to create a mosaic pattern

!luid Membrane

Molecules in the Membrane

Phospholipids # the main component of cell membranes Cholesterol # four ring steroid adding rigidity to the membrane Proteins # various functions from pumps to channels Carbohydrates # form uni$ue surfaces on cells for cell%to%cell recognition

A Selectively &ermeable Membrane

Allows small uncharged molecules to move across the membrane
Eg. oxygen gas, carbon dioxide gas or water

Charged particles or ions are not able to enter the cell through the lipid bilayer
Eg. sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions

The lipid bilayer also allows for free passage of lipid soluble molecules (other lipids) li e steroid hormones

Selectively &ermeable Membrane

Membrane &roteins
'ntegral proteins determine membrane functions Channel and carrier proteins allow molecules through the membrane (ecognition proteins identifies different cells from different organisms (eceptor proteins are specifically shaped to fit a particular molecule En)ymatic proteins catalyze specific reactions

Membrane &roteins
Channel proteins allow molecules of specific si)e and shape to move passively in and out of the cell

Membrane &roteins
Carrier proteins are AT&%driven transporters of specific molecules

Membrane &roteins
Membranes can also transport large molecules through vesicle formation leading to endocytosis

Movement through the Membrane

Molecules can move through the membrane in four ways: *iffusion !acilitated *iffusion +smosis Active Transport

*iffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area where the molecule is in high concentration to an area where the molecule is in lower concentration *iffusion continues until the molecules are in equilibrium ,same concentration across the membrane.ecause no energy is involved, diffusion is considered passive transport

!acilitated *iffusion
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*iffusion

*iffusion
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!acilitated *iffusion
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of a molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of a protein channel or carrier Movement occurs until the concentration of the molecules reaches e$uilibrium

!acilitated *iffusion

!acilitated *iffusion
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+smosis
smosis is the diffusion of water through a semi%permeable membrane 9ater molecules can be transported by channel proteins and can also diffuse directly through the membrane

+smosis

+smosis
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Active Transport
!ctive transport is the movement of molecules from areas of low concentration to areas where the molecule is found in higher concentration This movement is not spontaneous and re$uires AT& energy and a protein carrier AT& is used to change the shape of the protein to pump molecules against their concentration gradient

Active Transport
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(ate of Transport
The rate of transport is affected by the following factors:
Size # small molecules are transported more easily Shape # some carrier proteins are more suited to a specifically shaped molecule Concentration % greater concentration gradients mean greater rate of transport Charge % charged particles cannot pass by diffusion and re$uire help Lipid solubility % these particles can move through the lipid bilayer Temperature % increased temperature means increased rate of transport

Endocytosis and E:ocytosis

Endocytosis transports materials into the cell while e:ocytosis transports materials out of the cell .oth methods re$uire energy Two types of endocytosis
&hagocytosis ,large particles # li"ened to eating&inocytosis ,small particles # li"ened to drin"ing-

Tonicity
Tonicity refers to the relative concentration of solutes with regard to a cell Three types:
;ypertonic ;ypotonic 'sotonic

Tonicity
;ypertonic solutions have more solute outside the cell than inside 9ater diffuses outside the cell to e:tracellular fluid, causing the cell to shrin"

Tonicity
;ypotonic solutions have more solute inside the cell than outside This causes water to diffuse into the cell, ma"ing it swell or lyse

Tonicity
'sotonic solutions have the same solute concentration as the cell +smosis does not occur because the cell is already in e$uilibrium

The Effects of Changing +smotic &ressure

The Effects of Surface Area

The greater the surface area, the smaller the volume The SA determines how much transport can occur The volume determines how much is needed by the cell Low SA: ratio is bad for cells Cells want more SA than olume