Spesies tumbuhan boleh dikumpulkan menggunakan persamaan biologi dalam kumpulan FILUM pembahagian berdasarkan PERSAMAAN EVOLUSI berbanding

g persamaan fungsional

PATEN DIVERSITI TUMBUHAN DI DUNIA

kepelbagaian semulajadi pada EKOSISTEM adalah refleksi kepada percampuran pelbagai jenis tumbuhan

PENGKELASAN TUMBUHAN
1. TUMBUHAN BERVASKULAR vs. TUMBUHAN TIDAK BERVASKULAR vaskular menunjukkan tumbuhan dengan sel KHAS mengalirkan air

bervaskular
angiosperma gymnosperma ferns

tidak vaskular
lumut liverworts alga lichens fungi

specialized water conducting plumbing - vessels

2. TUMBUHAN BERBIJI BENIH vs. TUMBUHAN BERSPORA

biji benih
angiosperms gymnosperms

spora
paku pakis lumut & liverworts algae lichens fungi fern spores

seed from the Asteraceae (daisy family)

seeds of Black Bean - Castanosperma

(Queensland)

TUMUBUHAN BERBIJI BENIH biji benih mengandungi SUMBER MAKANAN, EMBRIO TUMBUHAN dan dilindungi dengan KULIT BIJI ideal package for dispersal on land comprises 2 groups of VASCULAR PLANTS

food store seed coat root shoot

3. TUMBUHAN BERBUNGA vs TUMBUHAN TIDAK BERBUNGA

Tumbuhan berbunga
angiosperma

Tumbuhan tidak berbunga

gymnosperma paku pakis lumut & lumut hati algae lichens fungi

flowers

cones

1.

Angiosperma tumbuhan berbiji benih, bervaskular

berbunga
biji benih dalam BUAH includes most food plants, Acacia, nut trees, Eucalyptus, fruit trees, decorative plants large diversity in many different habitats

flowers of Eucalyptus

flowers of Drosera (sundew)

flowers of a grass - Wallaby Grass (Austrodanthonia)

aquatic plants many different forms of flowering plant

2.

Gymnosperma
berbiji benih, bervaskular

tiada bunga
biji benih dalam KON

the conifers, pines, cycads, ginko (maidenhair tree)

large diversity in many different habitats

Pinus cross section showing seeds

seed cone of Araucaria

Callitris near Suggan Buggan, Victoria

Callitris in NW Victoria

male and female cones of the gymnosperm Callitris

Macrozamia understorey, NSW

Macrozamia seeds

seeds

Macrozamia female cone

Cycas NT

Cycas seeds

Encephalartos ferox female cone Southern Africa

Bristle cone pine

Pinus aristata

Ginko biloba Maidenhair Tree

Phyllocladus celery-top pine

female cones with seeds

Welwitschia, Namibia, southern Africa female plant

Welwitschia, Namibia, southern Africa female plant

3.PAKU PAKIS berspora, bervaskular

paku pakis bervaskular photosynthetic pembiakan dengan spora; air diperlukan untuk melengkapkan kitar hidup terdapat di habitat daratan dan akuatik (kebanyakan lembab) kebanyakan 10,000 spesies tiada tiada tisu sokongan khas jadi saiz amat terhad

typical terrestrial ferns

Marsillia (nardoo), aquatic fern