Common coenzymes: o (1) Biotin transfers carboxyl groups (CO2) o (2) FAD and FMN common hydrogen acceptor/donor

or transfers two hydrogens at a time, both attached to riboflavin portion o (3) NAD and NADP common hydrogen transfer transfers two hydrogens, but only one is covalently linked to the enzyme NAD => NADH + H(H3O) note: - catabolic reactions typically use NAD reactions - anabolic reactions typically use NADH reactions o (4) Lipoic acid functions as hydrogen OR acyl carrier o (5) Folate (tetrahydrofolic acid) carries around carbons (methyl, methylene, methenyl, formyl) DNA synthesis (make DNA by purines and pyrimidines) important in anti-metabolite drugs o (6) Cobamide two reactions use cobamide: methylation of homocysteine to form methionine (important in interrupting cellular replication; see in pernicious anemias) conversation of methylmaloynl-CoA to succinyl-CoA (nerve functioning) o (7) Pyridoxal phosphate amino acid formation aldehyde formation in Schiff bases Schiff base = amine + an aldehyde/ketone used to conjugate a monosaccharide onto a protein o (8) Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) active in decarboxylation reactions of alpha-ketoacids o (9) Coenzyme A derivative of pantothenic acid thiol (-SH) group acts as the acyl carrier by forming a thioester bond can carry a compound with any carboxyl group