CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.

1 Mechanical jack
A jack is mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces. Jacks employ a screw thread or hydraulic cylinder to apply very high linear forces. A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy equipment. The most common form is a car jack, floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that maintenance can beperformed. Car jacks usually use mechanical advantageto allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone. powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide more lift overgreater distances. are usually rated for a ma!imum lifting capacity. ore echanical jacks

1.2 Scissor Jacks

"cissors jacks are also mechanical and have been in use at least since the #$%&s. A scissor jack is a device constructed with a cross'hatch mechanism, much like a scissor, to lift up a vehicle for repair or storage. (t typically works in just a vertical manner. The jack opens and folds closed, applying pressure to the bottom supports along the crossed pattern to move the lift. )hen closed, they have a diamond shape. "cissor jacks are simple mechanisms used to drive large loads short distances. The power screw design of a common scissor jack reduces the amount of force required by the user to drive the mechanism. ost scissor jacks are similar in design, consisting of four main members driven by a power screw. A scissor jack is operated simply by turning a small crank that is inserted into one end of the scissor jack. This crank is usually *+* shaped. The end fits into a ring hole mounted on the end of the screw, which is the object of force on the scissor jack. )hen this crank is turned, the screw turns, and this raises the jack. The screw acts like a gear mechanism. (t has teeth ,the screw thread-, which turn and move the two arms, producing work. Just by turning this screw thread, the scissor jack can lift a vehicle that is several thousands of pounds.

CHAPTER 2 ITERATURE SUR!E"

"cissor type mechanical jacks were very common for jeeps and trucks of )orld )ar (( vintage. .or e!ample, the )orld )ar (( jeeps ,)illys / and .ord 01)- were issued the *Jack, Automobile, "crew type, Capacity # #23 ton*, 4rdnance part number 5#'J'66. This jacks, and similar jacks for trucks, were activated by using the lug wrench as a handle for the jack7s ratchet action to of the jack. The 5#'J'66 jack was carried in the jeep7s tool compartment. "crew type jack7s continued in use for small capacity requirements due to low cost of production raise or lower it. A control tab is marked up2down and its position determines the direction of movement and almost no maintenance. The virtues of using a screw as a machine, essentially an inclined plane wound round a cylinder, was first demonstrated by Archimedes in 3&&/C with his device used for pumping water.

#i$. 2.1

There is evidence of the use of screws in the Ancient 8oman world but it was the great 9eonardo da :inci, in the late #5&&s, who first demonstrated the use of a screw jack for lifting loads. 9eonardos design used a threaded worm gear, supported on bearings, that rotated by the turning of a worm shaft to drive a lifting screw to move the load ' instantly recognisable as the principle we use today.

#i$. 2.2 )e can;t be sure of the intended application of his invention, but it seems to have been relegated to the history books, along with the helicopter and tank, for almost four centuries. (t is not until the late #<&&s that we have evidence of the product being developed further. )ith the industrial revolution of the late #<th and #$th centuries came the first use of screws in machine tools, via =nglish inventors such as John )ilkinson and >enry audsley The most notable inventor in mechanical engineering from the early #<&&s was undoubtedly the mechanical genius Joseph )hitworth, who recognised the need for precision had become as important in industry as the provision of power. )hile he would eventually have over ?& /ritish patents with titles ranging from knitting machines to rifles, it was )hitworths work on screw cutting machines, accurate measuring instruments and standards covering the angle and pitch of screw threads that would most influence our industry today. )hitworths tools had become internationally famous for their precision and quality and dominated the market from the #<?&s. (nspired young engineers began to put )hitworth s machine tools to new uses. @uring the early #<<&s in Coaticook, a small town near Auebec, a 35' year'old inventor named .rank >enry "leeper designed a lifting jack. 9ike da :inci s jack, it
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was a technological innovation because it was based on the principle of the ball bearing for supporting a load and transferred rotary motion, through gearing and a screw, into linear motion for moving the load. The device was efficient, reliable and easy to operate. (t was used in the construction of bridges, but mostly by the railroad industry, where it was able to lift locomotives and railway cars. 9ocal Coaticook industrialist, Arthur 4smore Borton, spotted the potential for "leepers design and in #<<6 hired the young man and purchased the patent. The CBorton jack was born. 4ver the coming years the famous CBorton jacks were manufactured at plants in /oston, Coaticook and oline, (llinois. ississippi

eanwhile, in Alleghany County near 1ittsburgh in #<<%, an enterprising

river boat captain named Josiah /arrett had an idea for a ratchet jack that would pull barges together to form a Ctow. The idea was based on the familiar lever and fulcrum principle and he needed someone to manufacture it. That person was "amuel @uff, proprietor of a local machine shop. Together, they created the @uff varying capacities. 4ver the ne!t %& years the @uff anufacturing Company became the largest anufacturing Company, which by #<$& had developed new applications for the original C/arrett Jack and e!tended the product line to seven models in

manufacturer of lifting jacks in the world, developing many new types of jack for various applications including its own version of the ball bearing screw jack. (t was only natural that in #$3<, The @uff Borton anufacturing Company (nc. merged with A.4. Borton to create the @uff' anufacturing Company. /oth companies had offered manually operated screw jacks but the first new product manufactured under the joint venture was the air motor'operated power jack that appeared in #$3$. )ith the aid of the relatively new portable compressor technology, users now could move and position loads without manual effort. The jack, used predominantly in the railway industry, incorporated an air motor manufactured by The Chicago 1neumatic Tool Company. Air otor 1ower Jack There was clearly potential for using this technology for other

applications and only #& years later, in #$5&, the first worm gear screw jack, that is instantly recogniDable today, was offered by @uff'Borton, for adjusting the heights of truck loading
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platforms and mill tables. )ith the ability to be used individually or linked mechanically and driven by either air or electric motors or even manually, the first model had a lifting capacity of #& tons with raises of 3E or 5E. "ince then the product has evolved to push, pull, lift, lower and position loads of anything from a few kilos to hundreds of tonnes. 4ne of the biggest single screw jacks made to date is a special 1ower Jacks ='"eries unit that is rated for %?& tonnes Feven in earthquake conditions for the nuclear industry. ore recent developments have concentrated on improved efficiency and durability, resulting in changes in both lead screw and gearbo! design options for scissor jacks. Today, scissor jacks can be linked mechanically or electronically and with the advances in motion'control, loads can be positioned to within microns. (mprovements in gear technology together with the addition of precision ball screws and roller screws mean the applications for scissor jacks today are endless and a real alternative to hydraulics in terms of duty cycles and speed at a time when industry demands cleaner, quieter and more reliable solutions.

CHAPTER % PRO& EM DE#INITION

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 The most common problem encountered while using scissor jack is the instability of jack while giving jerks to loosen the wheel nut. Also the common jack having small base is unable to provide proper support on uneven surface esp. off'road and no inclination in that jack is tolerable.

CHAPTER ' O&JECTI!E

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 The project relates to the designing of simple scissor jack and its analysis along with structural improvements to make such a modified jack that is very stable and can take enough load on uneven surfaces and somewhat inclination is also allowed. The project also aims at designing and finding stresses, efficiency, e!pected life of screw. )e endeavor to develop a scissor jack such that it is cost effective, having a long life and can be handled roughly.

CHAPTER ( SCISSOR JAC)

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(.1 S*eci+ica,ions
The term *scissor jack* describes a wide variety of tools that all follow the same principleG using crossed beams to lift something. They do this by acting on the object they are lifting in a diagonal mannerH the lift on the right side lifts the object from its left side and vice versa. This allows the user to store the jack when it is not in use ,with the diagonal beams flat- and to e!pand it when it is needed.

.ig. ?.#

.ig. ?.3

The major specification of scissor lifts is that they are all symmetrical. (n order to work, the distance from the loaded point to the cross point must be the same as the distance from the cross point to the ground. This ensures that weight is distributed equally throughout the scissor lift beams.

"ince scissor lifts have such a wide variety of use, they also have a wide variety of power sources. "cissor lifts for lifting cars can be powered electrically, hydraulically and of course mechanically. 4n the other end of the spectrum, industrial scissor lifts that people stand on are often powered by diesel, although electrical options do e!ist.

"cissor lifts basically fall into two categoriesG single scissor lifts and multiple scissor lifts. A single scissor lift has just two crossbeams and one *!.* This means it can only go so high because the length of the crossbeams restricts the height of the lift, and making them too long would make it unstable.
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4n the other hand, multiple lifts have beams crossing each other, and then attaching to more beams that go the opposite direction. This allows the scissor lift to rise higher.

(.2 Asse-.l/
A scissor jack has four main pieces of metal and two base ends. The four metal pieces are all connected at the corners with a bolt that allows the corners to swivel. A screw thread runs across this assembly and through the corners. As the screw thread is turned, the jack arms travel across it and collapse or come together, forming a straight line when closed. Then, moving back the other way, they raise and come together. )hen opened, the four metal arms contract together, coming together at the middle, raising the jack. )hen closed, the arms spread back apart and the jack closes or flattens out again.

(.%0orkin$
A scissor jack uses a simple theory of gears to get its power. As the screw section is turned, two ends of the jack move closer together. /ecause the gears of the screw are pushing up the arms, the amount of force being applied is multiplied. (t takes a very small amount of force to turn the crank handle, yet that action causes the brace arms to slide across and together. As this happens the arms e!tend upward. The car7s gravitational weight is not enough to prevent the jack from opening or to stop the screw from turning, since it is not applying force directly to it. (f you were to put pressure directly on the crank, or lean your weight against the crank, the person would not be able to turn it, even though your weight is asmall percentage of cars.

(.' Co-*onen,s
.rame 1ower screw
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8ivets Coupling nut Crank

(.'.1 #ra-e1
The entire frame of the scissor jack consists of links,top and bottom-, base frame, support frame. The frame is manufactured by sheet metal processes and forming by low'medium carbon steel.

(.'.2 Po2er scre21

1ower screws are used to convert rotary motion in to translational motion. (t is also called translational screw. They find use in machines such as universal tensile testing machines, machine tools, automotive jacks, visesH aircraft flap e!tenders, trench braces, linear actuators, adjustable floor posts, micrometers, and C'clamps. A screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical groove around the cylinder. These grooves are cut either left hand or right hand. The majority of screws are tightened by clockwise rotation, which is termed a right'hand thread. "crews with left'hand threads are used in e!ceptional cases. .or e!ample, anticlockwise forces are applied to the screw ,which would work to undo a right'hand thread-, a left'hand' threaded screw would be an appropriate choice. 1ower screws are typically made from carbon steel, alloy steel, or stainless steel and they are usually used with bronDe, plastic, or steel mating nuts. /ronDe and plastic nuts are popular for higher duty applications and they provide low coefficients of friction for minimiDing drive torques. There are important terms and figures that need to be understood before designing power screwsG #. Pitch: is the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding thread on the ne!t adjacent thread, measured parallel to the a!ial plane.
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3. Lead: is the distance the screw would advance relative to the nut in one rotation. .or single thread screw, lead is equal to pitch. %. Helix Angle: is related to the lead and the mean radius by the equation belowH

.ig. ?.%

(.'.2.1 &asics o+ *o2er scre2s

1ower screws provide a compact means for transmitting motion and power. They are ideal for replacing hydraulic and pneumatic drive systems as they require no compressors, pumps, piping, filters, tanks, valves or any other support items required by these systems. Also, screws don7t leak so there are no problems with seals which are so common to hydraulic and pneumatic systems. And, screw systems are quiet running ' no noisy compressors, pumps or e!haust valves. "crew systems are simple, reliable and easy to utiliDe.

(.'.2.2 Po2er scre2 -o,ions

There are four distinct motion converting actions that can be produced by power screws and nuts. The two most common involve torque conversion to thrust. (n .igure #, the screw is rotated ,torqued- and the nut moves linearly producing thrust or the nut is rotated ,torqued- and the screw moves linearly. The two less common motions involve thrust conversion to torque. (n .igure 3, the nut undergoes a linear force ,thrust- and the screw rotates or the screw undergoes a
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linear force ,thrust- and the nut rotates. These two motions are commonly referred to as *back driving*, *overhauling*, or, improperly, *reversing*.

.ig. ?.5

.ig. ?.?

(.'.2.% T/*es o+ *o2er scre2s

There are % types of screw threads used in power screws 1. S34are ,hrea5s1 (s used for power transmission in either direction 8esults in ma!imum efficiency and minimum (t is employed in screw jacks and clamps

2. Ac-e ,hrea5s1 (t is a modification of square thread =fficiency is lower than square threads The slope increases the area for shear (t is easily manufactured

%. &4,,ress Threa51 (t is used when large forces act along the screw a!is in one direction only. (t has higher efficiency like square threads and ease of cutting like acme threads. (t is the strongest thread of all
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(t has limited use of power transmission

(.'.% Ri6e,s1
A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. /efore being installed a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the buck' tail. 4n installation the rivet is placed in a punched or pre'drilled hole, and the tail is upset, or bucked ,i.e. deformed-, so that it e!pands to about #.? times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place. To distinguish between the two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the deformed end is called the shop head or buck'tail. (.'.' Co4*lin$ n4,1 A coupling nut is a threaded fastener for joining two male threads, most commonly threaded rod. The outside of the fastener is usually a he! so a wrench can hold it. :ariations include reducing coupling nuts, for joining two different siDe threadsH sight hole coupling nuts, which have a sight hole for observing the amount of engagementH and coupling nuts with left' handed threads.

(.'.( Crank
A crank is an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to the power screw .(t mainly suffers from torsional stresses so medium carbon steel is used as it combines merits of malleability and sufficient torsional strength.

CHAPTER 7 MAR)ET RESEARCH 7.1 Pro54c, Co-*arison

/elow are analyses two other car jacks that are similar to the jack ( wish to design. They represent the two primary models of scissor jacks availableH those powered by electricity and those that require manual input.

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Picture

Features Can lift up to 990kg Electric motor powered b a 12! "C power #ource$ E%tend# 13&' compact# to le## t(an 5&$ 7) power cord$ *eig(# 9kg#$ /ift# 1133 kg$ E%tend# from 3$75&0 15$4&$ 1ec(anic al input re.uired$

Pros +(e electric motor make# operating t(e ,ack #imple and ea# $ Can operate ,ack awa from t(e car$

Cons +(e added weig(t of t(e electric motor (urt# fuel econom $ +(e motor add# co#t and t(e increa#ed comple%it of t(e # #tem create# more opportunit for failure$ -eed of an electrical power #ource could be a (indrance w(en batter power i# not ade.uate$

.ig 6.#

.ig. 6.3

+(e ,ack)# #imple de#ign minimi2e# co#t ' #i2e and weig(t' #o it can be #tored ea#il $ "oe# not rel on electricit $

3perating t(e crank can be difficult$ 4e.uired to be near 5practicall underneat( a 2'000kg ob,ect to operate$ /ike t(e product abo6e' t(ere i# no #tabilit pro6ided from t(e #ide#$ +ool# to rai#e t(e ,ack are not

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interc(angeable$

(t can be seen that the overall concept of the scissor jack is constant and that any new product will be based on that concept.

CHAPTER 8 MATERIA SE ECTION 8.1 oa5 cri,eria an5 ass4-*,ions1

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The load for which the jack is to be employed has to be considered first. .or very heavy loads we have to deal with heavy duty jacks and in those situations scissor jacks do not work efficiently and most probably fail. )hile in case of low and medium intensity loads, scissor jack works efficiently and smoothly without much effort. Also the jack is handy enough to carry in the vehicle. "o considering the above situation, making a scissor jack for low and moderate dead loads will be a good idea. =stimated vehicle weightG ##&?kg2355& kgs,weight of swift in unloaded condition.

)eight on one sideG 355&25G 6#&kgs. .actor of safetyG 5 )eight for which is designedG 355&kgs.

8.2 Ma,erial selec,ion1

"econdly, the problem of material selection is solved by selecting some materials on the basis of their strength and modulus of elasticity. )e here compared mild steel , aluminum , plain carbon steels and alloy steel, stainless steel and got an overall result for the best fit material to be low'medium carbon steel .,comparison on basis of data given in T8=AT =BT 184C=""=" by 4.1. I>ABBAThe material will be designed completely using plain carbon steel. @esigning a scissor jack using plain carbon steel is a work of sheet metal shop. To overestimate the safety we will use calculations of strength using the plain carbon steel in its undisturbed, solid form. O09MEDIUM CAR&ON STEE will be used &.3$J to &.?5J carbon Fe.g. A("( #&5& steel edium carbon steels can be heat treated to have a good balance of ductility and strength. These steels are typically used in large parts, forgings and machined components.
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AT=8(A9" AB@ >=AT

AT=8(A9 1841=8T(=" at 3?c G low'medium carbon steel @ensity K L<5?kg2m% Moung;s modulus ,=-K3&& 01a 1oisson;s 8atio,v-'&.% Nltimate shear strengthK ?L53& 1"(K%53.5 1"(K?#<.< pa1a 1a appro!. 66J of the NT",<L&&&

Mield strengthK ?3?&& 1"( K%?%.5

CHAPTER : %9D MODE S :.1 Par,s

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7a#e frame #i$ :.1

7ottom link #i$ :.2

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7ottom packing #i$ :.%

7ottom ri6et

#i$ :.'

19

/ink 4i6et

#i$ :.(

8crew

#i$ :.7

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Coupling nut #i$ :.8

+op /ink

#i$ :.:
21

8upport frame #i$ :.; :.2 Asse-.l/

Clo#ed #i$ :.1<

22

E%panded #i$ :.11

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CHAPTER ; PICTURES O# #A&RICATED SCISSOR JAC)

#i$ ;.1

#i$ ;.2
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CHAPTER 1< CONC USION "cissor Jacks are the ideal product to push, pull, lift, lower and position loads of anything from a couple of kilograms to hundreds of tones. The need has long e!isted for an improved portable jack for automotive vehicles. (t is highly desirable that a jack become available that can be operated alternatively from inside the vehicle or from a location of safety off the road on which the vehicle is located. "uch a jack should desirably be light enough and be compact enough so that it can be stored in an automobile trunk, can be lifted up and carried by most adults to its position of use, and yet be capable of lifting a wheel of a 5,&&&'?,&&& pound vehicle off the ground. .urther, it should be stable and easily controllable by a switch so that jacking can be done from a position of safety. (t should be easily movable either to a position underneath the a!le of the vehicle or some other reinforced support surface designed to be engaged by a jack. Thus, the product has been developed considering all the above requirements. This particular design of the motoriDed scissor jack will prove to be beneficial in lifting and lowering of loads.

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CHAPTER 11 RE#ERENCES 11.1 &ooks re+erre5

aterials and heat treatment by 4.1. khanna @esign of machine elements by khurmi "trength of materials by 8.I. rajput A te!tbook of machine design by 1.C."harma and @.I.Agarwal, ".I.Iataria and sons, 3&&6. A te!t book of machine drawing by 8." Ihurmi, ". Chand and Co. 9td., 3&&?. echanical engineering design by Joseph =. "higley, c0raw >ill, #$<6.

11.2 0e.si,es re+erre5 youtube.com,Da6ison Desi$n1 Jack =N S,an5 Ani-a,e5 !i5eo> google.com scribd.com )ikipedia.com >owstuffworks.com "ciencedirect.com /3bhydrualicjacks.com

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