Conclusion In this lab, my lab partners and I were able to calculate the average molarity of EDTA to be 9.

62 x 10-3 and the average volume of EDTA used per liter of water (in milliliters) was 1267mL. With these values, we were able to determine our unknown sample (#7) to have a water hardness of 1.22 x 103ppm of CaCO3*. In this experiment, I learned that the water hardness (or hard water) of certain ions in a solution can be calculated and found through an acid-base titration method. By determining the amount of milliliters used to titrate and the molarity of a certain species, you can calculate the number of grams per liter of water of that species and convert it into ppm (water hardness). Also, another thing that I learned from this lab was that a blank is necessary for water hardness because it allows the removing of certain ions from the solution to create the softening of hard water. This is so that the conditions of the experiment can be under control (in this lab, the creation of a 1:1 EDTA ratio).

Error Analysis One of the most common errors of this lab anyone could encounter is the titration portion of this lab. In our first titration, we over shot the end point of the titration because we titrated too much EDTA into the 250-mL flask, to avoid this problem from occurring in our actual titrations, my lab partners and I carefully titrated our EDTA into the 250-mL flask by slowly adding the EDTA as drops rather than keeping the nozzle open. By doing so, we were able to avoid the over-titration of our actual runs and were able to closely watch our titration as the calmagite indicator slowly changed from red to a purple and then blue color.

*Please refer to lab calculations to see the method of deriving these numbers.