Escola Tcnica Superior dEnginyeria telecom Escola Tcnica Superior dEnginyeria

de Telecomunicaci de Barcelona
Departament de Teoria del Senyal
telecom
BCN
UNIVERSITAT POLITCNICA DE
CATALUNYA
Departament de Teoria del Senyal
i Comunicacions
FIBER-OPTIC
COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS
JOAN M. GEN BERNAUS
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS GROUP OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS GROUP
G C O
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
CONTENTS CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION
2. OPTICAL FIBER
3. OPTICAL SOURCES
4. OPTICAL RECEIVERS
5 OPTICALAMPLIFIERS 5. OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
6. FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide2 CONTENTS CONTENTS
6. FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
1.INTRODUCTION 1.INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICALPERSPECTIVE
BASICFIBEROPTICSYSTEM
F.O.COM.ADVANTAGES
5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM 5GENERATIONSOFOPTICALCOM.
F.O.LOCALIZATION
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide3 CONTENTS CONTENTS
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICALPERSPECTIVE HISTORICALPERSPECTIVE
1800
PrimitiveSignals Oldcivilizationsusedfireorsmokesignsasa
communicationmechanism.DigitalOpticalCommunications.
XVIII Century The optical signals used were produced using flags XVIIICentury Theopticalsignalsusedwereproducedusingflags
andflashlightsamongothers.
1792 ClaudeChappe inventstheaerialtelegraph.Akindof
h i l i d (F h R )
1900
mechanicalantennausingasecretcode(FrenchRev.).
Transmissionsof100kmwithrepeaterseach10km.Speed1b/s.
1837 SamuelMorsepresentstheelectricaltelegraph.Startsthe Sa ue o se p ese s e e ect ca te eg ap S a s e
electricalcommunications.TheMorsecodespreadsoutrapidlyand
thetransmissionspeedincreasesupto10b/s.Thetransmission
distancereaches1000sofKm.
1866 Firsttransatlantictelegraphcable.
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide4 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
2000
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
1800
1876 AlexanderGrahamBell patentsthetelephone,twohours
before ElishaGray.Recentlytheinventionhasbeenattributedto
Antonio Meucci, 1871. Starts the analog communications era. The AntonioMeucci,1871.Startstheanalogcommunications era.The
telephoneexperiencesaworldwideextensionuntiltoday.
1895 Firstradiocommunications experimentsbyGuglielmo
Marconi
1900
Marconi.
1931 TransmissionoffirstTV.imagesbyRenBarthlmy.
Fi i l bl i i O d f MH
1900
1940 Firstcoaxialcable transmissionsystem.OrderofMHz.
1948 Firstmicrowave transmissionsystemovercoaxialcable.
OrderofGHz.Transmissionspeedupto100Mb/swithrepeater O de o G a s ss o speed up to 00 b/s t epeate
distanceofjust1Kmduetocablelosses(510dB/km).
1956 Firsttransatlantictelephonecable.
2000
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide5 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
1800
1952 PhysicistNarinder S.Kapany performedfirstlightguiding
experimentsconsideredtheinventionofopticalfiber.Kapany based
his experiments on John Tyndalls theoretical work (Total Internal hisexperimentsonJohnTyndall stheoreticalwork(TotalInternal
Reflection 1850s)aboutlightguidinginwaterfountains.
1953 MaserTheory byCharlesH.Townes(Columbia),and
independently Nikolai G Basov and Aleksandr M Prokhorov (Soviet
1900
independently,NikolaiG.BasovandAleksandr M.Prokhorov(Soviet
Union).NobelPrize1964.
1957 LaserTheory byCharlesH.Townes(Columbia)andArthur
1900
Schawlow(BellLabs).Patentedon1960andconflictwithGordon
Gould(graduatestudentatColumbia,recognized1987).
1960 First Rubi Laser (694 nm) by Theodore H Maiman (Hugues 1960 FirstRubi Laser (694nm)byTheodoreH.Maiman (Hugues
ResearchLab).Thisallowstothinkaboutanopticaltransmission
systemwithacarrierontheorderof100THz.D=1mm.Wealready
havesource.AlittlelaterAliJavan (Iran)presentsthefirstGasLaser
(H N )
2000
(HeNe).
1962 FirstpulsedsemiconductorGaAs (850nm)laserbyRobertN.
HallandredlaserbyNickHolonyak,Jr.(GeneralElectric).
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide6 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
y y , ( )
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
1800
1965 CharlesK.Kao(NobelPrize2009)andGeorgeA.Hockham
(StandardTelephonesandCables)demonstratedthatthemain
attenuation source of silica glass (1000 dB/km) was the presence of attenuationsourceofsilicaglass(1000dB/km)wasthepresenceof
impurities.Theirstudiespredictedanattenuationaround20dB/km.
1970 RobertD.Maureretal.(Corning)demostratedanopticalfiber
(SiO ) transmission with an attenuation of 17 dB/km in the region of
1900
(SiO
2
)transmissionwithanattenuationof17dB/kmintheregionof
1m.Wealreadyhavemedium.IzuoHayashyandMortonPanish
(BellLabs),andindependently,ZhoresAlferov(SovietUnion)develop
thefirstsemiconductor(GaAs)laserdiodeworkingincontinuous
1900
( ) g
waveatroomtemperatureusingtheheterostructure.Dimensions
similartoanopticalfiber.DevelopmentoffirstLEDdiodesand
photodetectors.
1973 Developtmentofopticalfiberswithlowerattenuationthan
coaxialcables(4dB/kmat850nm).
9 D l t f thi d i d b NTT (0 2dB/k t 1550 )
2000
1977 DevelopmentofthirdwindowbyNTT(0.2dB/kmat1550nm).
1979 FirstSingleModefiber(0.2dB/kmat1550nm).
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide7 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
1800
1980 Developmentoffirstsemiconductoropticalamplifiers.First
commercialfiberoptictransmissionsystem.45Mb/sandarepeater
distance of 10 km. distanceof10km.
1986 Firstdopedfiber opticalamplifiersDavidPayne(U.
Southampton)andEmmanuelDesurvire (BellLaboratories).Became
commercial late 80s and increase the transmitter distance up to
1900
commerciallate80 sandincreasethetransmitterdistanceupto
100km.
1988 Firsttransatlanticopticalcable (TAT8)
1900
1996 Firsttranspacificopticalcable(TPC5)includingWDM
technology20x5Gb/s.
2000
backtodititaloptical
communications
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide8 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
1800
1e+15
CAPACITYEVOLUTION
WDM
1e+12
opt.amplif.
1900
1e+09
t
/
s

k
m
]
fiberoptic
1900
1e+06
C
x
D

[
b
i
t
coaxial microowaves
1e+03
telephone
2000
1850 1900 1950 2000
Year
1e+00
telegraph
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide9 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Year
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
What does What does 10 Gb/s 10 Gb/s mean ? mean ? Whatdoes Whatdoes10Gb/s 10Gb/smean? mean?
EncyclopediaBritannica
BCN
32volumes
NYC
44millionwords
24,000photos
1sec
10Gb
10Gb/s
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide10 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
FIBER FIBEROPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FIBER FIBER OPTICTRANSMISSIONSYSTEM OPTICTRANSMISSIONSYSTEM
Information Information
Source
Destination
LogicalDomain LogicalDomain
Electrical
TX
Electrical
RX
ElectricalDomain ElectricalDomain
Optical
TX
Optical
RX
Optical
Optical
Optical
TX
Optical
RX
Optical
Fiber
OpticalDomain OpticalDomain
Optical
Sources
pp
LEDLASER PINAPD
Photodetectors Amplifiers
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide11 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- BASIC FIBER BASIC FIBER--OPTIC SYSTEM OPTIC SYSTEM
SOA,EDFA
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
Fib Fib O ti S t E l O ti S t E l
ELECTRICAL
FILTER
Fiber FiberOpticSystemExample OpticSystemExample
MODULATION
SIGNAL TX
FILTER
ELECTRICAL
OPTICAL
AMPLIFIER
RX
OPTICAL FILTER
ELECTRICAL
FILTER
LASER
EXTERNAL
MODULATOR
RX
PHOTODETECTOR
OPTICAL
FIBER
Cladding (125 microns)
External Jacket
(4 microns thick)
SiO PVC
Core (9 microns)
Internal Jacket
(250 microns)
SiO
2
Acrilate
PVC
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide12 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- BASIC FIBER BASIC FIBER--OPTIC SYSTEM OPTIC SYSTEM
Acrilate
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide13 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- BASIC FIBER BASIC FIBER--OPTIC SYSTEM OPTIC SYSTEM
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
100
70s
1
st
window
m
)
2
nd
i d
10
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
/
k
2 5dB/km
2
nd
window
3
rd
window
80s
90
1
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
0 4dB/k
2.5dB/km
90s
0.1
0.2dB/km
0.4dB/km
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 (nm)
Lasers AlGaAs InGaAsP InGaAsP
SCAmp.
FiberAmp
Photodet
AlGaAs InGaAsP
PDFA EDFA
Si G I G A P
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide14 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- BASIC FIBER BASIC FIBER--OPTIC SYSTEM OPTIC SYSTEM
Photodet. Si Ge InGaAsP
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic Spectrum ElectromagneticSpectrum ElectromagneticSpectrum
Wavelength Wavelength(m) (m)
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
6
nn
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
6
t
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
i
o
n
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
i
o
n
A
u
d
i
o
V
L
F
L
F
M
F
H
F
V
H
F
U
H
F
S
H
F
M
i
l
i
m
e
t
r
i
c

W
a
v
e
s
F
a
r

I
n
f
r
a
r
e
d
I
n
f
r
a
r
e
d
V
i
s
i
b
l
e
U
l
t
r
a
v
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o
l
e
t
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
M
Radiofrequency Microwaves
FiberOptic Comm
1.7m 0.8m
i
u
m
i
u
m
A
p
p
l
i
A
p
p
l
i
FiberOpticComm.
Optical Fiber Waveguide Coaxial Cu Pair
M
e
d
i
M
e
d
i
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
10
12
10
13
10
14
10
15
10
16
OpticalFiber Wave guide Coaxial CuPair
10
17
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide15 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- BASIC FIBER BASIC FIBER--OPTIC SYSTEM OPTIC SYSTEM
Frequency Frequency(Hz) (Hz)
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
AVANTAGES OF F O COMMUNICATIONS AVANTAGES OF F O COMMUNICATIONS AVANTAGESOFF.O.COMMUNICATIONS AVANTAGESOFF.O.COMMUNICATIONS
Huge Capacity (Tb/s 1% of the carrier 100 THz) HugeCapacity(Tb/s1%ofthecarrier100THz)
Lowattenuation(0.2dB/km)inawidefreq.range(30nm
4THz)
Reducedweightanddimensions.
Isolator(dielectricmedium) electromagnetic
i t f i it interferencesimmunity
Nodiaphony (reducedradiation)
T bili ( 55C 125 C) Temperaturestability(55Cto125C)
Flexibleandrobust(mechanically)
( d d d ) Intrusionssecurity(reducedradiation)
Potentialreducedcost(SiO
2
abundance)
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide16 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- F.O. COM. ADVANTAGES F.O. COM. ADVANTAGES
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
DRAWBACKS OF F O COMMUNICATIONS DRAWBACKS OF F O COMMUNICATIONS
Transductors necessity E/OO/E
DRAWBACKSOFF.O.COMMUNICATIONS DRAWBACKSOFF.O.COMMUNICATIONS
TransductorsnecessityE/O O/E
Expensivedevices(sharedcostLongHaul)
Fiber splices complexity Fibersplicescomplexity
Connectorscomplexity
Tecnology unmaturity
satellites
t
.
Tecnologyunmaturity
optical
communications
(fiber & free-space)
satellites
(microwave links)
100 Km
1000 Km
10,000 Km
e
e

T
X

d
i
s
t
twistedpair mobile
coaxial cable
fixed wireless access
( p )
1 Km
10 Km
100 Km
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
-
f
r
e
twisted pair
wireless LAN
mobile
wireless
1 Kb/
1 Mb/ 1 Gb/ 1 Tb/
10 m
100 m
R
e
g
e
n
e
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide17 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- F.O. COM. ADVANTAGES F.O. COM. ADVANTAGES
1 Kb/s
1 Mb/s 1 Gb/s 1 Tb/s
Data Rate
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
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55 FIBER FIBEROPTIC GENERATIONS OPTIC GENERATIONS 5 5FIBER FIBER OPTICGENERATIONS OPTICGENERATIONS
First Generation First Generation 70s 70s
MultiModeFiber(5dB/km)
B i l i 1980 (45 Mb/ )
FirstGeneration FirstGeneration 70s 70s
Limitedby
tt ti Becamecommercialin1980(45Mb/s)
FPmmLaserAlGaAsat850nm,LED
Bit rate 50 100 Mb/s
attenuation
early early 80s 80s
Bitrate50100Mb/s
Repeaterdistance10km
Si l M d Fib (0 5dB/k )
SecondGeneration SecondGeneration
early early80s 80s

SingleModeFiber(0.5dB/km)
Becamecommercialin1987
FP mm Laser InGaAsP at 1300 nm Limited by

FPmmLaserInGaAsPat1300nm
Bitrate100Mb/s 1.7Gb/s
Repeater distance 50 km
Limitedby
attenuation

27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide18 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
Repeaterdistance50km

FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
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Third Generation Third Generation 80s 80s
SingleModeFiber(0.2dB/km)(DSF)
B i l i 1990
ThirdGeneration ThirdGeneration80s 80s
Limited by
Becamecommercialin1990
DFBsmLaserat1310nm&1550nm
Bit rate 2 5 Gb/s
Limitedby
attenuation
Bitrate2.5Gb/s
Repeaterdistance100km
Semiconductor optical amplif. (SOA)
hh
90s 90s
Semiconductoropticalamplif.(SOA)
CoherentSystems
SingleModeFiber(0.2dB/km)(DCF)
FourthGeneration FourthGeneration

Becamecommercialin1996(TPC5)
DBRsmLaserat1550nm
Limitedby
dispersion

Capacity1128x2.510Gb/s(WDM)
Repeaterdistance100km
b d d f b l f ( )
dispersion

27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide19 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
Erbiumdopedfiberamplifier(EDFA)

FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
Fifth Generation Fifth Generation late 90s late 90s early 2000 early 2000 FifthGeneration FifthGenerationlate90s late90s early2000 early2000
Limited by
SingleModeFiber(0.2dB/km)(LEAF)
B i l i 2007
Limitedby
NL&PMD
Becamecommercialin2007
ECsmLasersat1550nm
VCSELs cheap lasers VCSELscheaplasers
Capacity250x40Gb/s(DWDM)
Repeater distance 100 km
1e+16
5 Fiber-Optic System Generations
Repeaterdistance100km
AdvancedModulations
RamanAmplifiers
1 +13
1e+14
1e+15
1e+16
k
m
]
1550 nm
EDFA
WDM
p
1e+11
1e+12
1e+13
L

[
b
i
t
/
s

k
850 nm
MMfiber
1300 nm
SMfiber
SMlaser
Solitons
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
1e+08
1e+09
1e+10
B
L
MMfiber
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide20 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
Next Generation Next Generation 2010 2010 NextGeneration NextGeneration2010 2010
SingleModeFiber(0.2dB/km)(PCF)
Will B i l i 2015 2020
Limitedby
NL & PMD
WillBecomecommercialin2015 2020
BroadbandtunableLasers
Capacity N x 100 Gb/s (100G Ethernet) NL&PMD CapacityNx100Gb/s(100GEthernet)
FibertotheHome(FTTH)
Repeater distance 100 km Repeaterdistance100km
AdvancedModulationsCoherentDetection
Broadband&distributedAmplification p
DigitalSignalProcessing(optical/electronic)
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide21 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide22 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
WDMWAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING WDMWAVELENGTHDIVISIONMULTIPLEXING
8channelsx10Gb/s=80Gb/s
TXSTM64 RXSTM64
TXSTM64 RXSTM64
TXSTM64 RXSTM64
TXSTM64 RXSTM64
TXSTM64 RXSTM64
TXSTM64 RXSTM64
TXSTM64 RXSTM64
TXSTM64 RXSTM64
TXSTM64 RXSTM64 WDM
TXSTM64
TXSTM64
TXSTM64
U
X
U
X
RXSTM64
RXSTM64
RXSTM64
TXSTM64
TXSTM64
TX STM64
M
U
D
M
U
RXSTM64
RXSTM64
RX STM64
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide23 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
TXSTM64
TXSTM64
RXSTM 64
RXSTM64
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
WDM transmission Bands
10
WDMtransmissionBands
10
6
0

n
m
6
0

n
m
6
0

n
m
3
0

n
m
6
5

n
m
2
5

n
m
7
5

n
m
d
B
/
K
m
)
4THz
1
1
2
1
3
6
1
4
6
1
5
3
1
5
6
1
6
2
1
6
7
t
i
o
n
(
O E S C L U
t
e
n
u
a
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
0.1
1700
a
t
t
wavelength (nm)
O original C conventional(erbium) L longwavelength
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide24 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
g
E extended S shortwavelength
( ) g g
U ultralong wavelength
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
Main Impairments
CS
MainImpairments
BW
OldFiberPlant
Attenuation
GVD PMD
L Crosstalk Attenuation
Dispersion
NLEffects
Noise
Fil i
SPM,IntraXPM.IntraFWM
GVD,PMD
ASE,Shot,Thermal,Phase
MUX OXC
LCrosstalk
NLCrosstalk InterXPM.InterFWM
Filtering MUX,OXC
attenuation
channeleffects
noise
di t ti
opticalfiber
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide25 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
distortion
p
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
System Capacity
TransmissionBandwidth
SystemCapacity
#1 #2 #N
spectrum spectrum
ChannelSpacing
o R
b
Capacity=ChannelsxBitRate
Channels = Bandwidth / Spacing
freq.
R b s ( Channels=Bandwidth/Spacing
Capacity=BandwidthxBitRate/Spacing
B
R
CS
q
b s
Hz
(
(

27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide26 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
SpectralEfficiency
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
System Capacity
Terabit Transmissions
SystemCapacity
TerabitTransmissions
DecreaseChannel
Spacing
ExtendSpectral
Range
IncreaseChannel
Bitrate
200GHz
100GHz
50GHz
30nm
80nm
120nm
2.5Gb/s
10Gb/s
40Gb/s
25GHz 150nm 100Gb/s
Statusofcommercial
equipment(perfiber)
Year1995 Year2000 Year 2005 Year2010
TDMlinebitrate 2.5Gb/s 2.510Gb/s 1040Gb/s 1040100Gb/s
WDMchannels 8 64128 128256 128256
ChannelSpacing 200GHz 10050 GHz 5025GHz 25GHz
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide27 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM. 5 GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL COM.
OverallCapacity 20Gb/s 1Tb/s 5Tb/s 10Tb/s
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
FIBER FIBEROPTIC LOCALIZATION OPTIC LOCALIZATION FIBER FIBER OPTICLOCALIZATION OPTICLOCALIZATION
LonghHaul Longh Haul
(1000km)
Regional
(100km)
Metropolitan
(20 km) (20km)
Access Access
(10km)
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide28 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- F.O. LOCALIZATION F.O. LOCALIZATION
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
SPANISHSITUATION SPANISHSITUATION(CMT (CMT2005 2005))
79%
9 2 %
Ownership?
9.2%
6.6%
5.2%
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide29 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- F.O. LOCALIZATION F.O. LOCALIZATION
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
SPANISHSITUATION SPANISHSITUATION(CMT (CMT2005 2005))
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide30 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- F.O. LOCALIZATION F.O. LOCALIZATION
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
SPANISHSITUATION SPANISHSITUATION(CMT (CMT2005 2005))
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide31 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- F.O. LOCALIZATION F.O. LOCALIZATION
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
SPANISHSITUATION SPANISHSITUATION(CMT (CMT2005 2005))
1%
3 6 %
68.6%
25%
3.6%
1.6%
27SEPTEMBER 2010
slide32 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- F.O. LOCALIZATION F.O. LOCALIZATION
FIBER FIBER- -OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
GCO
SPANISHSITUATION SPANISHSITUATION(CMT (CMT2005 2005))
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slide33 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- F.O. LOCALIZATION F.O. LOCALIZATION
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R id i l S i R i ResidentialServiceRequirements
Application Downstream Upstream Application Downstream Upstream
HDTV
(3 h 20 Mb/ ) 60 Mb/s < 1 Mb/s (3perhomeat20Mb/s)
standardTV4.5Mb/s
60Mb/s <1Mb/s
O li G i 2 20 Mb/ 2 20 Mb/ OnlineGaming 220Mb/s 220Mb/s
VoIPTelephone
(3 per home at 100 Kb/s)
0.3Mb/s 0.3Mb/s
(3perhomeat100Kb/s)
Data/email... 10Mb/s 10Mb/s
DVD rental DVDrental
(downloadtime< 10minutes)
14Mb/s <1Mb/s
TOTAL ~ 100 Mb/s ~ 30 Mb/s
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TOTAL 100Mb/s 30Mb/s
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APPENDIX APPENDIX
CMT2005data
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SPANISHSITUATION SPANISHSITUATION(CMT (CMT2005 2005))
P i 12%
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Penetraci12%
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