Chapter 13 Key Concepts: The Northern Christian humanists: The believed in the power of education. A reformation of Christianity.

They did not want to leave the church. Thomas More: Believed in a perfect Utopia written in 1516, an account of idealistic life and institutions of the community of Utopia. Perfect world. Island (imaginary) reflect Mores concerns with the economic, social, and political problems. Northern European humanists such as Erasmus studiously learned Greek expressly to return to the original meaning. The bible was first in Greek. The religious reformer who laid the egg that Luther hatched was Erasmus. Popular religion in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance was marked by the focus on salvation. Salvation almost became mechanical- indulgences, etc. Oratory of Divine Love: an informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity. Martin Luthers early life was characterized by how he went to law school and wanted to focus on religion, he became a good monk but worried about assurance of salvation. The early 15th century religious reformer who was burnt at the stake was John Hus. To Martin Luther, the question of How can I be saved was answered through the doctrine of justification by grace through faith alone. The event that eventually led to Luthers break with the church was the selling of indulgences. Luthers pamphlet, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church was in Latin, and attacked the sacramental system as the means by which the pope and church had hold the real meaning of the gospel captive for a thousand years. Reform of monasticism, clergy marry. The Edict of Worms was when Luther was made an outlaw. Luthers ideas were spread primarily through sermons, because not many people were literate. The Peasants War of 1524-1525 was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against Gods divine order. Concerning the sacraments of the Catholic Church, Luther believed the means by which the Pope and church had held the real meaning the gospel captive for a thousand years. Only kept 2/7 of the Catholic churchs sacraments-Baptism, Lords supper. At its outset, the Reformation in Germany was largely an urban phenomenon.

The Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation opposed by Luther holds that the substance of the bread and wine consumed in the rite is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus. Among the other religious innovations championed by Luther were a new worship service conducted in German, denunciations of clerical celibacy and encouragement that all clerics should marry, dissolution of all single-sex monastic orders, and the use of two rather than seven sacraments. Although Charles V had many adversaries, his chief concern during his reign was his rivalry with the Volois king of France, Francis I. In the Eastern part of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from the Ottoman empire. The Schmalkaldic War: (1546-1547) Lutheran protestants vs Emperor Charles V. Charles V won. Protestant cause seemed doomed. Luthers ideas were most readily accepted in Germany. In the 16th century, Switzerland was made up of thirteen cantons, under the leadership of wealthy bourgeoisie. Zwinglis interpretation of the Lords supper differed form Luthers by that he believed that the scriptural words This is my body and This is my blood should be taken symbolically and not literally. The Marburg Colloquy of 1529 produced no agreement and no evangelical alliance. It was a foretaste of the issues that would divide one reform group from another and lead to the creation of different Protestant gourps. The Anabaptists: the true Christian church was a voluntary association of believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized into the church. Adult baptism, no one forced to accept the bible. Tried to return literally to the practices and spirit of early Christianity. Complete separation of church and state. The Reformation in England was under Henry the VIII, some of the things that triggered with this were: King wanted a divorce because she failed to produce a male heir. Fallen in love with Queen Catherine. Catholic church wouldnt allow divorce so switched to Protestant to get a divorce, switched English church. Political not religious. Millenarianism: end of the world, kingdom of God with Munster as the New Jerusalem. These Millenarian Anabaptists took control of the city, drove out who they thought godless or unbelievers, burned all books except the bible. Englands break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the Act of Supremacy. Englands Edwardian Reformation: Archbishop cranmer and others inclined toward Protestant doctrines were able to move the Church of England in a more Protestant direction. New acts of Parliament- clergy marr, elimination of images, and creation of a revised Protestant liturgy.

The reign of Queen Mary of England was most noted for bloody Mary- Burning over 300 Protestants. Englands Queen Elizabeth was a moderate protestant, made Catholics happy too, didnt upset them. Chief characteristics of John Calvins reform movement: Belived in faith alone. Absolute sovereignty of God or the power of grace and glory of God Predestination. Possible salvation: open profession of faith, a decent and godly life and participate in sacrament- baptism and communion. John Calvins Institutes of the Christian Religion: Synthesis of Protestant thought that immediately secured his reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism. In Geneva, the Calvinists imposed strict penalties for blasphemy and immoral behavior. The Reformation changed conceptions of the family by stress on mutual love between a man and wife marriage offered the best means to control sexual intercourse and give it a purpose the procreation of children. Wife-obey husband, bare children, punished by sins of eve. Noticeably transformed womens subordinate place in society. The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by altered the content. Implementing and using humanist methods in Protestant secondary schools and universities. Wider audience. Schools paid for by public. Everyone go. 3 divisions based on age or capabilities. liberal arts based on instruction in Greek and Latin. Hebrew, philosophy and theology. The Reformation successfully abolished all of the following from the lives of Europes Protestant community for indulgences, the celebrations of religious saints days, clerical celibacy, and monasteries and nunneries. Jesuits: 1540- Papal ball. The chief instrument of the catholic reformation. Ignatius of Loyola. Resembled the structure of a military command. Established highly disciplined schools, propagation of the Catholic faith among non-Christians, and determined to carry the catholic banner and light Protestantism. The Jesuit missionary who propagated Christianity in India, Malacca and the Moluccas, and Japan, and who died just before reaching China was Francis Xavier. The Catholic Reformations ultimate refusal to compromise with Protestantism was exemplified by the Council of Trent, at which moderate Catholics and Jesuits heard the Protestants proclaim their doctrines. The Council of Trent: Pope Paul III was general council of Christendom to March 1545- cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians met in the city of Trent. Met 3 times. Final doctrinal degrees traditional catholic teachings in opposition to protestant beliefs. In France, the Protestant minority was known as Huguenots. In France, the politiques were those who placed politics ahead of religion in an attempt to end the wars of religion.

The Edict of Nantes: 1598, acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guarantees the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and allowed them to retain the fortified towns for their protection. Allowed to enjoy all political priviliges. The greatest advocate of militant Catholicism was king Phillip II of Spain. (1556-1598) Philip II and Spain was ultimately unable to defeat England. The Importation of silver from the New World to Spain resulted in inflation. Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the 16th century was achieved by England.