1.

Yu cu phn cng
Ty theo mc ch s dng v s lng ngi dng h thng s c trang b phn cng theo cc mc khc nhau. Di y l mt khuyn ngh t cng ng s dng asterisk Mc ch S lng cc knh Cu hnh ti thiu Th nghim, hc tp 1-5 400-MHz x86, 256 MB RAM H thng cho vn phng 5-10 1-GHz x86, 512 MB RAM hoc nh ring H thng cho doanh nghip Ti 15 knh 3-GHz x86, 1 GB RAM nh H thng thng mi c Hn 15 Dual CPUs hoc trin khai va v ln trn nhiu server

2. Ci t Asterisk
2.1. Lp t phn cng
My ch: ch thng s in th trn khe PCI phi tng thch vi cc card giao tip cn kt ni Card giao tip mng: Kt ni my ch vi mng IP Card giao tip analog: Kt ni my ch vi mng PSTN. Card ny c hai loi FXO Foreign eXchange Office Kt ni ti nh cung cp PSTN FXS Foreign eXchange Station Kt ni cc in thoi PSTN vo PBX

Hnh 1: M hnh kt ni phn cng Asterisk server Thng tin v cc loi card cng nh gi c ca chng c th tham kho ti trang webhttp://www.digium.com Hin ti ti s dng hai card nghin cu v xy dng ti liu ny l card TDM400P. (01 card 4 port FXO TDM04B v 01 card 4 port FXS TDM40B)

2.2. Yu cu phn mm
H iu hnh: Linux based. th nghim v xy dng ti liu ny, ti s dng bn phn phi Redhat linux 9.0 Gi phn mm asterisk: Download t asterisk. http://www.asterisk.org/downloads Zapata driver zaptel trong trng hp s dng cc card kt ni FXO/FXS ni vi mng PSTN. Nu h thng ko s dng cc card ny (ch l IP n thun) th c th s dng module

ztdummy thay th. Zapata driver c th tihttp://downloads.digium.com/pub/telephony/zaptel/ Cc yu cu v th vin v trnh bin dch: Trnh bin dch gcc phin bn 3.x tr ln Gi m ngun nhn kernel-source (vi phin bn nhn 2.4) Th vin bison: gip asterisk phn tch cu lnh CLI Th vin openssl v openssl-devel tr gip vic m ha Th vin libnewt v gi devel lin quan bin dch zaptel driver Tm li: Cc gi phn mm cn thit thi im hin ti bao gm asterisk-1.4.4.tar.gz zaptel-1.4.2.1.tar.gz Cc gi rpm cn ci t thm cho bn RedhatLinux 9.0 (nu cha ci) gcc-3.2.2-5 bison-1.35-6 openssl-devel-0.9.7a-2 openssl-0.9.7a-2 newt-0.51.4-1 newt-devel-0.51.4-1 kernel-source-2.4.20-8 Ch khi ci cc gi trn s c thng bo cn ci t mt s gi khc lin quan.

download

2.3. Bin dch v ci t

n gin, ta copy cc file nn vo th mc /usr/src ri dng lnh sau gii nn : cd /usr/src/ tar -zxvf zaptel-*.tar.gz tar -zxvf asterisk-*.tar.gz Sau khi gii nn, ta c cc th mc cha m ngun tng ng. Thc hin bin dch v ci t cho vi tng gi ny nh cc phn di y

2.3.1. Bin dch v ci t Zaptel

Asterisk s dng module chan_zap giao tip vi nhn h iu hnh v iu khin phn cng. Giao din iu khin zaptel l mt module ng c np vo nhn h iu hnh. y chng ta s bin dch v s dng hai module chnh l zaptel.o v wctdm.o bin dch c module zaptel trong vi nhn h iu hnh Redhat Linux 9.0 (bn nhn 2.4), trnh bin dch cn tm kim cc file tiu v th vin kernerl-source ti th mc /usr/linux-2.4. Tuy nhin, gi kernel-source li t cc file ny trong th mc /usr/src/linux -2.4.20-8. Vy nn cn to mt slink vi tn linux-2.4 n th mc ny nh sau: ln s /usr/src/linux-2.4.20-8 /usr/srv/linux-2.4 Trc khi bin dch, ta c th thay i mt s tham s trong file zconfig.h. Cc tham s ny s nh hng n hot ng ca trnh iu khin sau khi bin dch. Mt s tham s c th thay i v tnh nng ca chng c m t trong bng sau: Tnh nng Cu hnh mc nh /* #define BOOST_RINGER */ Boost ringer /* #define CONFIG_CALC_XLAW */ Disable -law/A-law precomputation /* #define CONFIG_ZAPTEL_MMX */ Enable MMX optimization /* #define ECHO_CAN_STEVE */ Choose echo cancellation method /* #define ECHO_CAN_STEVE2 */

/* #define ECHO_CAN_MARK */ #define ECHO_CAN_MARK2 /* #define ECHO_CAN_MARK3 */ /* #define AGGRESSIVE_SUPPRESSOR */ Enable aggressive suppression /* #define NO_ECHOCAN_DISABLE */ Disable echo cancellation /* #define CONFIG_ZAPATA_NET */ Enable HDLC /* #define CONFIG_ZAPATA_PPP */ Enable ZapRAS /* #define CONFIG_ZAPTEL_WATCHDOG */ Enable Zaptels watchdog #define DEFAULT_TONE_ZONE 0 Set default tone zone /* #define CONFIG_CAC_GROUNDSTART */ Enable CAC ground start signaling TDM400P Revision H PCI ID /* #define TDM_REVH_MATCHALL */

workaround
Thng tin c th v tnh nng cng nh ti u ha thit b da trn cc tham s ny s c tm hiu v trnh by trong mt phn khc. n gin, ti s dng thng s mc nh bin dch v ci t module zaptel. Cc lnh bin dch v ci t nh sau: cd /usr/src/zaptel-version make distclean ./configure make make install make config Lu vi lnh ./configure, chng ta c th thm vo mt s tham s. bit chi tit cc tham s ny, g lnh ./configure help. Lnh make config s to script trong th mc khi ng h iu hnh np module vo nhn khi h thng khi ng. Vi lnh make instal, module zaptel v mt s ng dng s c ci t vo h thng trong c hai cng c h tr rt hiu qu l ztcfg v zttool. Cng c ztcfg dng kim tra v cu hnh thit b da trn file cu hnh /etc/zaptel.conf. Cng c zttool c s dng kim tra trng thi ca thit b. S dng lnh man xem thng tin chi tit v hai chng trnh ny. bt u khi ng trnh iu khin thit b, ti s dng lnh sau y: /etc/init.d/zaptel start kim tra module zaptel c np vo b nh cha, ta dng lnh lsmod. Kt qu lnh thc lsmod ca ti nh sau:

Ch cc dng gch chn chnh l module iu khin thit b zaptel Ta c th thay i tham s ca module wctdm bng lnh modprobe ti u ha hot ng ca module ny. Vn ny s c tm hiu v trnh by sau.

2.3.2. Bin dch Asterisk

bin dch v ci t mc nh, ta thc hin cc lnh sau cd /usr/src/asterisk-version make distclean ./configure make make install make samples Lnh make samples s to ra cc file cu hnh mu vi cc tham s mc nh gip cho vic thit lp v ci t asterisk c nhanh chng v d dng hn. Chng ta s iu chnh cc tham s ny trong cc phn sau. Sau khi bin dch v ci t thnh cng, chng ta c th khi ng v s dng Asterisk vi cc tham s mc nh nh trn. C nhiu cch khi ng asterisk nhng cch n gin nht l thc hin lnh sau: /usr/sbin/asterisk vo ch dng lnh ca asterisk ta dng mt trong hai cch sau /user/sbin/asterisk cvvvv Nu asterisk cha chy hoc /user/sbin/asterisk rvvvv Nu asterisk ang hot ng to cc script khi ng asterisk khi boot h thng, s dng lnh sau khi make install make config

3. Thit lp cu hnh Asterisk server

3.1. Cu trc th mc ca Asterisk
Asterisk s dng mt s th mc trong h thng file Linux lu tr cc lnh thc thi, d liu v cc tham s cu hnh. V tr v tn cc th mc ny c th thay i khi ta bin dch h thng (khi chy lnh configure trc khi make g ./configure help xem chi tit). Theo mc nh, Asterisk s dng cc th mc sau: /etc/asterisk: Cha cc file cu hnh ca Asterisk (tr file zaptel.conf c t ti th mc /etc) /usr/lib/asterisk/modules: Cha cc module ng ca Asterisk server. Cc module ny s c np khi chy hoc khi ng li dch v /var/lib/asterisk: Cha cc file v mt s th mc d liu phc v cho hot ng ca Asterisk nh cc file sound, cc file thc thi kch bn cuc gi, kha m ha d liu /var/spool/asterisk/: Cha mt s file v th mc lin quan n hot ng ca Asterisk server nh lu tr voice mail, ghi nh cuc gi /var/run/: Cha file ghi process ID ca Asterisk server phc v vic qun l tin trnh /var/log/asterisk/: Cha cc file log hot ng ca Asterisk server trong c th mc /var/log/asterisk/cdr-csv cha d liu phc v vic ghi cc s dng Ngoi ra, cc lnh thc thi ca Asterisk server c lu tr trong cc th mc ca h thng nh /usr/sbin, /user/lib

3.2. Cc file cu hnh ca Asterisk

Ngoi tr file cu hnh thit b zaptel.conf, cc file cha cc tham s cu hnh ca Asterisk server u c t trong th mc /etc/conf (theo mc nh). Asterisk s dng rt nhiu tham s cu hnh trong cc file khc nhau thit lp cc tham s hot ng ca dch v nh tham s tr li

t ng (amd.conf), tham s phc v ghi cc (cdr.conf), tham s m ha (codecs.conf). y ti ch xin tp trung vo mt s file cu hnh chnh quyt nh n hot ng ca Asterisk server nh kch bn cuc gi, d liu ngi dng, kt ni PSTN Cc tham s khc c th thit lp mc nh nh lnh make samples nh hng dn phn trn. Chng ta s cn xem xt cc tham s cu hnh trong cc file sau: zaptel.conf : Cc tham s cu hnh cho trnh iu khin card giao tip zapata.conf : Cu hnh cho asterisk giao tip vi phn cng extensions.conf : Thit lp cc kch bn cuc gi sip.conf : Thng tin cu hnh ngi dng v giao thc bo hiu SIP iax.conf : Thng tin cu hnh ngi dng v cuc gi theo knh IAX Ch khi thay i cc tham s trong cc file cu hnh trn, cn khi ng li Asterisk server dch v hot ng vi cc tham s mi.

3.3. Cu hnh card giao tip zaptel

Trong th nghim ny, ti s dng hai server lp t hai card zaptel khc nhau l card 4 cng FXO TDM04B v card 4 cng FXS TDM40B. Nh trnh by trn, cng FXO c s dng kt ni vi ng dy ca nh cung cp dch v in thoi, cng FXS c s dng kt ni cc in thoi analog thng thng vi Asterisk server. im khc bit d nhn bit nht gia hai loi cng ny l cng FXS cung cp m quay s (dial tone) trong khi cng FXO th khng c. Do vy khi ta kt ni mt in thoi analog vo cng FXS, ta s thy m ch quay s in thoi trong khi nu ni vo cng FXS th s khng c m ny. Chnh v vy, khi gn card c cng FXS vo my tnh, cn phi cp ngun cho cc cng FXS card ny c th pht m quay s v pht bo hiu chung ti in thoi. Trn module FXS c cng kt ni ngun in t my tnh v vy cn ch kt ni ngun cho module ny. Cc cng giao tip s c nh ngha v xc nh da vo kiu bo hiu n s dng trong file cu hnh zaptel.conf. Cng FXO s c khai bo s dng kiu bo hiu FXS v tng ng cng FXS s c khai bo s dng kiu bo hiu FXO. Di y, ti xin trnh by vic cu hnh vi tng loi cng giao tip v th nghim chng theo tng bc Cu hnh file zaptel.conf Cu hnh file zapata.conf t kch bn cuc gi Kim tra hot ng

3.3.1. Cu hnh cng FXO

Cc tham s ti thiu cn t trong file /etc/zaptel.conf nh sau: fxsks=1,2,3,4 loadzone=us defaultzone=us Dng u tin ch ra bo hiu s dng l fxsks cho cc cng t 1 n 4 (do ton b 4 cng ca card u l FXO). FXS ch ra kiu bo hiu cn KS l loi giao thc. C ba loi giao thc nh sau: Loop start (ls): Ground start (gs): Kewlstart (ks): Ti u loop start vi kh nng nhn bit kt ni xa hn v thng c la chn lm giao thc bo hiu mch analog cho asterisk Tham s loadzone ch ra tp cc tham s nh nhc chung, bo bn c s dng cho cc cng tng ng. Tham s defaultzone s c s dng nu khng t loadzone cho cng ny.

Sau khi thit lp cu hnh zaptel, np li module cho thit b bng lnh sau: /etc/init.d/zaptel restart Hoc np trc tip module vo nhn modprobe wctdm Ch : C th lnh khi ng trn s gp thng bo bn do module ang c s dng bi Asterisk. Nu gp thng bo ny, ta tt chng trnh asterisk bng lnh sau: killall -9 asterisk Ri thc thi li cc lnh trn Sau khi np c module, kim tra li h thng bng lnh ztcfg: ztcfg vv Sau y l kt qu ca ti:

Tip theo, ta s cu hnh cho Asterisk giao tip vi card zaptel bng cc tham s trong file zapata.conf nh sau: [trunkgroups] ; nh ngha cc nhm trung k ti y. Mc nh c th b qua [channels] ; Cc gi tr mc nh usecallerid=yes hidecallerid=no callwaiting=no threewaycalling=yes transfer=yes echocancel=yes echotraining=yes ; nh ngha cc cng context=incoming ; Cuc gi n s ng vi context [incoming] signalling=fxs_ks ; Dng kiu bo hiu FXS cho cng FXO channel => 1 ; ng thoi PSTN gn ti cng s 1 callerid=incoming <123> ; nh ngha ID cho cuc gi n Khi c cuc gi n cng s 1, Asterisk server s phi thc thi cc tc v p ng cuc gi. Nh cu hnh trn, Asterisk server s tm n kch bn cuc gi ti context [incoming] trong file extension.conf. to kch bn test, trong file extension.conf ta thm mt kch bn nh sau: [incoming] ; incoming calls from the FXO port are directed to this context

from zapata.conf exten => s,1,Answer( ) exten => s,2,Echo( ) Vi kch bn trn, cc cuc gi n s c kt ni vi mt b lp nhc li li ngi gi. kim tra card, s dng lnh zttool theo di hot ng ca thit b, khi kt ni line thoi vo cng s 1 th thng tin hin th ti zttool hnh di y:

Ch s 1 c gch chn hin th 01 ng kt ni. S dng mt in thoi khc (di ng hoc c nh) gi n s thu bao ca line thoi gn vo card th Asterisk server s nhc my v khi ng b lp hot ng.

3.3.2. Cu hnh cng FXS

Cng ging nh vi cng FXO, cu hnh cng FXS c thc hin vi tham s cu hnh ti cc file nh sau File zaptel.conf fxoks=1-4 ; Ch fxoks cho cng FXS loadzone=us defaultzone=us Load li module bng lnh /etc/init.d/zaptel restart ri dng lnh ztcfg vv cho kt qu nh sau

Trong file zapata.conf [trunkgroups] ; Mc nh b qua [channels] ; Cc gi tr cu hnh mc nh usecallerid=yes hidecallerid=no callwaiting=no threewaycalling=yes transfer=yes echocancel=yes echotraining=yes immediate=no ; Tham s khai bo cho cng FXS context=internal ; S dng context [internel] cho cuc gi i signalling=fxo_ks ; Dng bo hiu FXO cho cng FXS

channel => 1 ; in thoi ni vi cng 1 kim tra thit b, ti to mt kch bn gi lp vi s gi n l 1080 trong file cu hnh extension.conf nh sau [internal] exten => 1080,1,Answer( ) exten => 1080,2,Echo( ) Gn ng thoi t mt in thoi analog vo cng s 1 trn card, s dng cng c zttool kim tra thit b ti c kt qu nh sau: Khi cha nhc my in thoi

Khi nhc my

My in thoi pht m mi quay s, quay 1080 khi ng b lp ca Asterisk server. (Ch ch khi khi ng Asterisk server th mi c m mi quay s ti my in thoi, khi Asterisk cha khi ng th ch c tn hiu bo ti my in thoi ch khng c m mi quay s).

3.4. Cu hnh ngi dng v s dng softphone s dng

Trong phn ny, ti s trnh by v cch cu hnh thm ngi dng s dng dch v VoIP cho Asterisk server. C nhiu loi ngi dng tng ng vi cc giao thc bo hiu khc nhau c s dng trong Asterisk server tuy nhin c hai dng thng c s dng nht l SIP v IAX. SIP l giao thc bo hiu c tnh m cao, c s dng ph bin trong nhiu thit b VoIP hin ti. Tuy nhin n c mt im yu l kh nng hot ng b gii hn khi NAT gia cc lp mng khc nhau. Thng tin c th v giao thc bo hiu ny s c trnh by trong mt phn khc. Giao thc bo hiu th hai thng c s dng vi Asterisk l IAX (Inter-AsteriskeXchange). y l mt giao thc thng c s dng kt ni gia cc Asterisk server vi nhau. Ngoi ra IAX cn c s dng cho cc server dng FWD (Free World Dialup) khi ngi dng khng cn quan tm n h thng mng ca server cng nh client. Tuy nhin, khng nhiu cc thit b VoIP h tr giao thc ny.

3.4.1. Cu hnh SIP

Thng tin v SIP c t trong file cu hnh sip.conf vi cc tham s c chia lm hai phn: - Phn tham s chung: Cha cc tham s chung cho ton b Asterisk server - Phn ngi dng: Cha thng tin v tng ngi dng File sip.conf cha cc tham s n gin nht s nh sau: [general]

context=default srvlookup=yes ;Phn sau khai bo ngi dng huydd vi mt khu l matkhau [huydd] type=friend secret=matkhau qualify=yes nat=no ; Khng s dng NAT host=dynamic ; a ch s c xc nh khi ng k SIP canreinvite=no context=internal ; S dng context internal cho huydd

3.4.2. Cu hnh IAX

Tng t nh vi SIP, cc tham s IAX t trong file iax.conf cng bao gm hai phn chnh l phn cha tham s chung [general] v phn cho tng ngi dng. File cu hnh n gin iax s cha thng tin nh sau: [general] bandwidth=low disallow=lpc10 jitterbuffer=no forcejitterbuffer=no tos=lowdelay autokill=yes ; Khai bo ngi dng huydd_iax vi mt khu matkhau [huydd_iax] type=friend callerid=huydd_iax ;Thng tin hin th khi gi n username=huydd_iax secret=matkhau context=internal host=dynamic

3.4.3. Cu hnh v s dng softphone

C nhiu softphone h tr SIP c th s dng vi Asterisk server m thng dng nht l sn phm Xlite v EyeBeam ca CounterPath Solutions. C th download bn dng th vi cc tnh nng c bn ti http://www.counterpath.com/xlitedownload.html cu hnh ti khon SIP cho Xlite, ta nhp cc thng s nh hnh di y:

 y, my ch Asterisk c a ch tng ng vi tn min sip1.cdit.com.vn Sau khi nhp thng tin v ngi dng, Xlite s tin hnh ng k vi Asterisk server. Trong trng hp ng k thnh cng, server s hin th thng tin log (gi lnh asterisk rvvvvvv trc khi chy Xlite trn my trm hin th thng tin) nh sau

Cn trn ca s Xlite s hin th ngi dng ang ng k hin ti

Vi giao thc IAX, do c thit k ring cho bo hiu lin server nn khng nhiu softphone h tr giao thc ny. y ti s dng sn phm softphone Firefly ca hng Frehstel. Cc tham s cu hnh c thit lp cho ngi dng IAX c m t nh hnh di y:

Sau khi nhp thng tin, trn Asterisk server s hin th thng tin nh hnh di y cho bit ng k thnh cng

Ta c th dng cc softphone trn quay n s 1080 thit lp cc phn trc kim tra.

3.5. Kch bn cuc gi (dial plan)

C th coi dialplan chnh l tri tim ca h thng Asterisk. N s quyt nh Asterisk server lm g vi cc cuc gi n, cc s gi i. Thc cht, dialplan chnh l mt dy cc ch th m Asterisk server thc hin theo ng vi mt iu kin u vo tng ng vi s gi i hoc n. Cc ch th ny c t trong file cu hnh extension.conf v cc file include lin quan c ch ra trong file extension.conf. Kch bn cuc gi trong Asterisk server c phn thnh cc vng khc nhau c gi l context. Mi ngi dng hoc cc phn t h thng thuc cc context khc nhau thc hin theo cc ch th ca context . Theo nh hng dn cu hnh cc phn trn, hin ti chng ta cn cu hnh 2 context: Internal: Cho cc thit b ni vo cng FXS v cc thu bao SIP, IAX gi ln nhau v gi qua PSTN Incoming: Cho kt ni gi vo t mng PSTN Ngoi ra, h thng cn mt context chung cha cc tham s tng qut l general. Mi context s c t trong mt vng bt u bng k hiu tn context trong cp ngoc [], v d [incoming]. Di y ti s khai bo kch bn cuc gi phc v mc tiu sau: Cuc gi n t mng PSTN s c chuyn n a ch thu bao SIP huydd Cuc gi n cc thu bao SIP s chuyn ti ia ch tng ng Cuc gi n cc thu bao mng PSTN s bt u vi u s 9 File cu hnh extension.conf nh sau:

[general] static=yes writeprotect=no clearglobalvars=no userscontext=internal [incoming] exten => s,1,Dial(SIP/huydd) [internal] exten => _[a-z].,1,Dial(SIP/${EXTERN},30) exten => _[a-z].,1,Hangup() exten => _9.,1,Dial(Zap/g1/${EXTERN:1}) exten => _9.,2,Hangup() n y ta c th s dng softphone cng nh in thoi kim tra v th nghim h thng

4. Kt lun
Ch vi mt s thit b phn cng n gin kt hp vi asterisk, chng ta hon ton c th t chc mt tng i hon chnh th nghim dch v VoIP cng nh kt ni gia mng IP v PSTN. Hng dn trn y mi ch l mt s bc c bn thit lp h thng. Cn rt nhiu ch lin quan c th ti u cng nh lm phong ph thm kch bn dch v m ti cha c thi gian nghin cu v trnh by y. Tuy nhin ti hi vng s c dp nghin cu v trnh by thm v h thng rt th v ny.