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Study Guide for Mid-Term Exam SS102, Spring 2014 Who/What is it What are the main detai!

s of the person/"on"ept/do"ument DATES MATTER YOU NEED TO KNOW WHEN EVENTS OCCURRED# $!so, %hat histori"a! period it "ame from matters &S"ientifi" 'e(o!ution, En!ightenment, )ren"h 'e(o!ution, *i+era! period, et"#,#

Elizabeth I (ruled !!"# $%&' S()ial Cha*+e i* E*+la*d, be+i**i*+- (. S)ie*ti.i) Re/(luti(*0 -n order to get .ouse of /ommons to support ta0eo(er of the "hur"h to +e %ith $nn 1o!eyn, .enry 2--- must a!!o% par!iament to meet more often 3esire to marry $nn 1o!eyn in"reases po%er of 4ar!iament o Gra(itates a%ay from /atho!i"ism o Ta0es o(er !ands5 distri+utes to fa(orites o 4o%er of "hur"h diminishes E!i6a+eth sur(i(es to ta0eo(er thro%n5 sur(i(es reigns of Mary o Mary %as extreme "atho!i"5 tries to +ring Eng!and +a"0 to /atho!i"ism o 4o!i"ies ha(e !ed to (io!en"e When E!i6a+eth ta0es thro%n, Eng!and is unsta+!e po!iti"a!!y and e"onomi"a!!y o She is unmarried and a %oman gi(ing her a %ea0 perspe"ti(e to par!iament o 4!ays games, ne(er marries +e"ause she 0no%s it %i!! ta0e a%ay her po%er $# Sheep, "oa!, and trade7 Eng!ish mer"anti!ism and the +ourgeoisie Eng!ish %oo! is good produ"t5 E!i6a+eth puts state money into de(e!oping pasture !ands and roads to he!p %oo! industry o 8otion of sheep "entra! to Eng!and no% o There is huge demand for Eng!ish %oo! o 9rders "ome in from o(erseas5 peop!e need %armth o Money starts f!o%ing into Eng!and /oa!- +urns %e!!, "an +e used to ma0e iron and stee!5 this "an +e used to ma0e armor, %eapons, ships, +ridges,

"annons, guns5 iron is (a!ua+!e o E!i6a+eth en"ourages ship +ui!ding 'ise in nationa! in"ome and trade 1ourgeoisie- he!p ensure de(e!opment of produ"ts from ra% materia!s, insuran"e industry forms, +an0ing industry forms o See0 prote"tion from E!i6a+eth for de(e!opment of produ"ts5 prote"tion from foreign "ompetition o En"ourage exports, 0eep out imports5 go!d and si!(er "ome +a"0 to Eng!and &mer"anti!ism, o This he!ps midd!e "!ass E!i6a+eth %ants re!igious to!eran"e in order to 0eep sta+i!ity5 no one has ta!0ed a+out to!eran"e sin"e 'eformation 1# :nsta+!e "ompromise7 4uritan &/a!(inist, (s# $ng!i"an (s# /atho!i" 4uritan ; /a!(inists o 4rotestanism o 8o adornment o 8o !a(ish goods o 2ery "onser(ati(e $ng!i"an "hur"h offi"ia! "hur"h of Eng!and +ut %ants to!eran"e for "atho!i"s and other re!igious groups :nsta+!e "ompromise +ut Eng!and is a+!e to a(oid re!igious %arfare and uprisings -f re!igion +e"omes a pro+!em she has them arrested and 0i!!ed /# *ondon &1<20 = <0,000 peop!e5 1><0 = ?@<,000 peop!e, *arge popu!ation exp!osion $round ?rd or 4th !argest "ity in the %or!d +y 1>00 3# So"ia! "hange7 Eng!and in 1>0? Eng!and +e"oming finan"ia! "enter of the %or!d -nsuran"e "enter Trading "enter 1egun to in(est in exp!oration/na(igation of $meri"a, money goes to na(y 'apid!y "hanging so"iety

o E"onomy "hanging7 agrarian ;A manufa"turing and high finan"e, money is "entra! to this e"onomy o 8e% group of peop!e that are gro%ing &+ourgeoisie, o Sing!e person ru!ing for 4< years fina!!y dies, "hange of roya! fami!ies Tudor ;A Stuarts, 0no%n for !ong history of /atho!i"ism o Eng!and has mo(ed a%ay from /atho!i"ism o There is anomy, e(erything is +eing Buestioned Cardi*al Ri)helieu (Ar(u*d 1id# $%%2-' 3th Ce*tur4 Ab-(luti-10 'i"he!ieu +oth "!ergyman and statesmen o C'eason of stateD thought any a"tion %as Eustifia+!e as !ong as it aided the po%er and prestige of )ren"h monar"hy !esson out of Ma"hia(e!!i7 end a!%ays Eustifies the means 1asi"a!!y "reated the notion and Eustifi"ation of a+so!utism Ab-(luti-1 a*d 5(ui- 6IV (ruled $7&# 3 !' 3th Ce*tur4 Ab-(luti-10 *ouis F-2 o 1rought $+so!utism at its apex &pea0,

Absolutism at its Apex: Louis XIV (ruled 1643-1715) Rea tio! to t"e #ro!de o $ade a %er& stro!' impressio! o! Louis XIV (o!ti!ued tre!d to)ard absolutism be'u! b& *e!r& IV a!d Ri "elieu o Louis XIV brou'"t it to its best Absolutism as a! art +"e s&mbols o, absolutism: Versailles u!der Louis XIV +oo- 6./ o, ro&al tax re%e!ue 0sse!tial ompo!e!t o, Louis XIV st&le o, absolutism be ause it 'a%e "im o!trol o, aristo ra & Re1uired me! o, ourt to li%e "ere so "e ould -eep a! e&e o! t"em Re'ulated t"em t"rou'" stri t pala e eti1uette #as"io! at Versailles o 2sed ,as"io! to s"o) presti'e o Aristo rats )e!t t"rou'" all t"is i! order to 'ai! ,a%ors a!d promotio!s Absolutism at its Apex: Louis XIV (e!trali3atio! o, po)er o 2pper bour'eoisie sta,, 'o%er!me!t4 !ot !obilit& o 5uppressed aut"orit& o, estates-'e!eral o I! reased bureau ra & a!d role o, i!te!da!ts o I! reased o!trol o%er "ur " o I! reased taxatio! $ai!l& impa ted peasa!ts $+so!utism- go(ernments in %hi"h the monar"h a"ts as the so!e po!iti"a!, !ega!, and e"onomi" authority %ithin his or her rea!m, and posses po%er un!imited +y !a%, a "onstitution , or representation institutions

Four components of absolutism Elimination of competition for power o Competitors obedient o Replaced church and nobles with king and elected officials o Suppressed traditional governing bodies Centralization of power o Built bureaucracies, hierarchies of authority under direct control of monarch Control of the economy o ational systems of ta!ations o ational machinery of election Religion as a source of legitimacy o "ustified use of power on basis that kings were representative of #od $divine right%

GGG$uthority of 0ing "annot +e Buestioned Mer)a*tili-1 ( $%%2-0# an e"onomi" po!i"y that unified and in"reased the po%er and %ea!th of a nation through stri"t go(ernment regu!ation designed to a"hie(e a fa(ora+!e +a!an"e of trade
Shift from traditional economy to command economy &ncreased amount of goods they were able to e!port and limited amount of imports o Be most self'sufficient as possible o (imit imports by imposing ta!es )wo important outcomes of mercantilism o Spurred colonial e!pansion &n constant competition with other countries for new markets Colonies provide new markets Could supply Europe with raw materials needed *ealth would stay within the nation o (aid the foundation for capitalism Relied heavily on government regulation and intervention ew profitable industries +pportunities for bourgeoisie Encouraged economic growth

E*+li-h Ci/il War ( $78# $790 a*d Charle- I (ruled $8!# $790 /har!es - &1>2<-1>4H0 Son of Iames - &/atho!i", /har!es - ta0es po%er &1>2<-1>4H,

o Wants to get rid of par!iament o 1>2H- does not "a!! par!iament anymore %hen par!iament refuses to gi(e him more money5 "hooses to ru!e as a+so!ute monar"hy o does not "a!! par!iament for 11 years (io!en"e +rea0s out and is suppressed +y +ritish army o $!so see Eng!ish /i(i! War Eng!ish /i(i! War E# WhoJs fighting %ho 7 /onfusion and destru"tion 4rotests against 0ing, *ondon is turning against 0ing /har!es - f!ees to *ondon and esta+!ishes his o%n army5 "i(i! %ar +egins 2io!en"e is "onstant and terri+!e5 not too many +att!es 4ar!iament "ontro!s "ities5 "ountries support 0ing )# 4uritans, 9!i(er /rom%e!!, and the 8e% Mode! $rmy, 1>4< 1>4K /har!es - surrenders army that defeats /har!es - !ed +y 9!i(er /rom%e!! 1>4<, par!iament "a!!s on /rom%e!! to organi6e army /rom%e!! is 4uritan o /reates puritan army, ne% mode! army 3is"ip!ined, %i!! not stea!, true +e!ie(ers in "ause, 4romises freedom of %orship /rom%e!! head of Eng!and o 3emands exe"ution of /har!es G# 'egi"ide7 /har!es - +eheaded &Ian# 1>4H, 4ar!iament gi(es o0ay 'egi"ide7 0i!!ing of 0ing 4ar!iament and mi!itary form !arge!y puritan o /atho!i"s and $ng!i"ans s"ared of puritan Eng!and o S"ares Europe &0i!!ing of 0ing,- 0i!!ing of GodJs right arm /rom%e!! sets up /ommon%ea!th- go(ernment of the peop!e o )orm of repu+!i"an go(ernment o There is a par!iament o 1asi"a!!y fun"tions as a di"tator

-rish rise up against /rom%e!! &-rish are "atho!i"s, o /ommon%ea!th army s!aughters -rish aristo"ra"y and "ommon peop!e o -rish !and gi(en to puritans Th(1a- H(bbe-, :5e/iatha*; ( $! ' <(-t#E*+li-h Ci/il War0 Influenced by Machiavelli Influenced by English Civil War o Saw brutality of people Men by nature are equal o We are essentially the same in characteristics o Act fairly similar o **contradiction to estate system State of nature &.o++es,- there are no ru!es5 tota! !i+erty, anar"hy *eads to "onstant %arfare, Eea!ousy, fear, %ar/fights 8o %ar ; pea"e -n the state of nature there "annot +e pea"e o 8o e"onomy, "u!ture, "reation, progress o E(erything is "onstant and nothing is mo(ing for%ard o /ontinua! fear 1asi" goa! ; sur(i(a!5 +asi" human !a% *i(ing in the state of nature is not good 'eason $!! peop!e possess this, e(eryone %i!! ha(e the a+i!ity to understand +e"ause of reason 'eason !eads humans to see0 "ontro! in order to es"ape +ruta!ity of state of nature So"ia! /ontra"t &.o++es, -n order to ha(e "ontro! in so"iety, %e must ha(e a 0ing or assem+!y to ru!e/0eep "ontro! &"entra!i6ed po%er, o Must surrender our !i+erties to this so(ereign So"ia! /ontra"t detai!s o Ling %ith su+Ee"ts "reate so"ia! "ontra"t o Su+Ee"ts gi(e up freedoms/!i+erties o /reate !a%s defining +eha(ior &a(oiding "haos of state of nature, These !a%s do not app!y to 0ing

o Su+Ee"ts %i!! !et 0ing 0i!! them if they step out of !ine o Su+Ee"ts a!!o% 0ing to ha(e "ontro! of them in order to a(oid state of nature o -n ex"hange, 0ing must prote"t su+Ee"ts from outside %or!d and themse!(es &prote"t them from hurting ea"h other, Ling must "reate sta+i!ity and pea"e GG%ith pea"e and sta+i!ity, you progress GGGpurpose of !i(ing +e"omes to expand, impro(e, exp!ore ideas considered radical because he said that a ing gets his power from the people instead of !od" !od is absent if stability brea s down# people can ill ing o social contract is two way system son of dead ing should ta e thrown ne$t o ing was illed because of character flaw not considered enlightened thin er because he was pessimistic about human nature Rea-(* (H(bbe-, 5()=e, R(u--eau' The E*li+hte*1e*t0 $!! peop!e possess this, e(eryone %i!! ha(e the a+i!ity to understand +e"ause of reason 'eason !eads humans to see0 "ontro! in order to es"ape +ruta!ity of state of nature :se reason to o+tain 0no%!edge in order to impro(e Mention a!! thin0ers 8eed reason to ha(e a so"ia! "ontra"t /on"ept that is "entra! to The En!ightenment State (. Nature (H(bbe-, 5()=e, R(u--eau' The E*li+hte*1e*t0 &.o++es,- there are no ru!es5 tota! !i+erty, anar"hy *eads to "onstant %arfare, Eea!ousy, fear, %ar/fights 8o %ar ; pea"e -n the state of nature there "annot +e pea"e o 8o e"onomy, "u!ture, "reation, progress o E(erything is "onstant and nothing is mo(ing for%ard o /ontinua! fear 1asi" goa! ; sur(i(a!5 +asi" human !a% *i(ing in the state of nature is not good %&oc e'( there is no one to protect rights" government is needed to protect

natural rights Advocated constitutional monarchy) ing and parliament o *rotect people+s rights through) laws# ta$es" everyone must obey these laws# laws are sovereign o ,our freedom e$tends until it impacts everyone else ***everyone has inalienable rights# even women people may remove ing if he brea s social contract %does not protect natural rights# infringes upon them' o either through overthrow or voting out by parliament &'ousseau,- Man is +orn free %ith reason, +orn %ith empathy Chains) laws-ta$es limit freedom and liberties o We develop selfishness o .ecome more worried about how others perceive us Competition forms" winner become governing power Create laws and rules" might ma es right &aws benefit the strong" eeps them in power /orm the laws# government# and social stratification *oor in chains because rich suppress them" chains of labor 0ich in chains because they depend on the poor" will always be afraid of being overthrown by the poor %**fear' S()ial C(*tra)t (H(bbe-, 5()=e, R(u--eau' The E*li+hte*1e*t0 &.o++es, -n order to ha(e "ontro! in so"iety, %e must ha(e a 0ing or assem+!y to ru!e/0eep "ontro! &"entra!i6ed po%er, o Must surrender our !i+erties to this so(ereign So"ia! /ontra"t detai!s o Ling %ith su+Ee"ts "reate so"ia! "ontra"t o Su+Ee"ts gi(e up freedoms/!i+erties o /reate !a%s defining +eha(ior &a(oiding "haos of state of nature, These !a%s do not app!y to 0ing o Su+Ee"ts %i!! !et 0ing 0i!! them if they step out of !ine o Su+Ee"ts a!!o% 0ing to ha(e "ontro! of them in order to a(oid state of nature o -n ex"hange, 0ing must prote"t su+Ee"ts from outside %or!d and themse!(es &prote"t them from hurting ea"h other,

Ling must "reate sta+i!ity and pea"e GG%ith pea"e and sta+i!ity, you progress GGGpurpose of !i(ing +e"omes to expand, impro(e, exp!ore ideas considered radical because he said that a ing gets his power from the people instead of !od" !od is absent if stability brea s down# people can ill ing o social contract is two way system son of dead ing should ta e thrown ne$t o ing was illed because of character flaw not considered enlightened thin er because he was pessimistic about human nature &*o"0e, Su+Ee"ts surrender some of their freedoms to go(ernment Go(ernment &monar"hy and par!iament, must prote"t su+Ee"tsJ ina!iena+!e rights5 ma0e !a%s that prote"t these rights -f su+Ee"ts +rea0 these !a%s, go(ernment has right to punish them -f go(ernment +rea0s so"ia! "ontra"t &not prote"ting or infringing on natura! rights, su+Ee"t ha(e right to o(erthro%/(ote out go(ernment &'ousseau, 1ew social contract o Civil society o Everyone gives up liberties again We want power# protection# and freedom !eneral will) all of us coming together agreeing to give up freedom# same desires# empathy o !eneral will ma es laws) applies equally to everyone" we are punished if we brea them *eople choose government %direct democracy'" vote and elect !overnment) enforce laws# cannot create laws o Must remain separate from !eneral Will o 2iffers from &oc e o **if !eneral Will fights amongst each other" government crumbles when you are in the !eneral Will you are) stronger# have protection# have your rights" won+t interfere with others because of empathy if someone imposes will on others+ rights %essentially brea ing the

social contract'# they have the right to be illed %we will force you to be free' >l(ri(u- Re/(luti(* ( $""' <re#E*li+hte*1e*t0 3ethro%ning and exi!e of Iames - 'ise to po%er of Wi!!iam --- &Wi!!iam of 9range of the 8ether!ands, and Mary -o Ma0e "!ear if they ha(e agreement, Wi!!iam and Mary must share po%er %ith 4ar!iament ;A no a+so!ute monar"h o These do"uments of po%er sharing %ritten +y Iohn *o"0e Transitiona! moment7 4ar!iament no% has rights o 4ar!iament ma0es finan"ia! de"isions o Ling "annot arrest mem+ers of 4ar!iament ar+itrari!y o .a(e "ontro! o(er foreign po!i"y o /ontro! mi!itary affairs o 1i!! of rights ?(h* 5()=e, :8*d Treati-e (* Ci/il >(/er*1e*t; ( $"9' The E*li+hte*1e*t0 We are born with an intellectual blan slate %tabula rosa' o We are neither good nor bad o .orn with freedom and rights o Inalienable rights to life# liberty# and property *roperty is sacred /ill blan slate with o 0eading# e$perience# education o Studying abroad# travelling to obtain nowledge and e$perience State of nature( there is no one to protect rights" government is needed to protect natural rights o Advocated constitutional monarchy) ing and parliament *rotect people+s rights through) laws# ta$es" everyone must obey these laws# laws are sovereign ,our freedom e$tends until it impacts everyone else ***everyone has inalienable rights# even women people may remove ing if he brea s social contract %does not protect natural rights# infringes upon them' o either through overthrow or voting out by parliament I*alie*able (*atural0 Ri+ht- (?(h* 5()=e' The E*li+hte*1e*t0

E(eryone is +orn %ith these rights &e(en %omen, o 'ight to !ife, !i+erty, and property 4roperty7 o+Ee"ts o%ned, inte!!e"tua! property/things you impro(e %ith your mind 4roperty is sa"red C(*-tituti(*al M(*ar)h4 (?(h* 5()=e' The E*li+hte*1e*t0# Ioint po%er +et%een monar"h and representati(e assem+!y En!ightened go(ernment idea!s o 8e% era- emphasis on indi(idua! rights Go(ernment shou!d prote"t indi(idua! rights5 en!ightenment is "entered on this notion of the indi(idua! -ndi(idua! ethos is forming5 "entered upon ea"h indi(idua!Js inte!!e"tua! and "reati(e freedom Lant7 dare to !earn, dare to Buestion, dare to "reateMdare to +ring something ne% in En!ightenment7 +rea0ing do%n tradition and opening to ne% %or!d %here indi(idua! is po%erfu! S)ie*ti.i) Re/(luti(* ( !!"# 3%%0 1<007 most s"ientifi" 0no%!edge "ame from Gree0 and 'oman pra"ti"es5 e(erything re(o!(ed around the Earth o no medi"a! +rea0throughs There had +een no s"ientifi" or medi"a! ad(an"e $s 'enaissan"e "omes to end, peop!e %ant to understand %or!d +etter through s"ien"e7 +io!ogy, earth s"ien"e, physi"s, "hemistry, et"# o Want to understand natura! %or!d5 %ant to understand ho% God %or0s E!i6a+eth - en"ourages this understanding7 0no%s ad(an"ement of 0no%!edge %i!! he!p +ring "ommer"e and money into Eng!and 8e%tonJs 4rin"ip!es of Mathemati"s &1>K@, o Existen"e of uni(ersa! !a%s5 app!y motions of physi"a! o+Ee"ts o These !a%s "ou!d +e used to predi"t "ause and effe"t o Spar0ed peop!e to !oo0 for uni(ersa! !a%s that affe"ted humans /an "ome up %ith prin"ip!es to sho% ho% human so"iety %or0s in order to +etter pro+!em so!(e in order to a"hie(e progress 'eason, natura! !a%, and deism o 1e!ie(ed natura! !a%s they %ere trying to find %ere GodJs

"reation /om+ination of faith and reason 3eism- God as a "!o"0ma0er, "reated %or!d !i0e me"hani"a! parts in a "!o"0 to %or0 in me"hani"a! predi"ta+!e %ays God is inte!!igent, +ene(o!ent for"e5 "reated uni(erse %ith rationa! p!an Wanted to study ho% this "!o"0 %or0ed in order to ma0e %or!d +etter @ra*)i- Aa)(* ( !$ # $8$0 a*d the S)ie*ti.i) Meth(d ( $%%2-' S)ie*ti.i) Re/(luti(*0 )ran"is 1a"on o Wor0ed for E!i6a+eth at end of reign and Iames -5 high in no+i!ity o 1e!ie(er in ho% %e need to 0no% ho% %or!d %or0s &na(igation, o S"ientifi" method- o+ser(e something in nature, "reate hypothesis &%hy ,, test it, ma0e "on"!usions from data "o!!e"ted, and repeat &"an you get same resu!ts , o 9n!y %ay to ad(an"e s"ien"e is to !et peop!e 0no% %hat youJre doing, other%ise peop!e %i!! repeat your experiment and thereJs no point in that5 point is to +ui!d 0no%!edge Write up s"ientifi" experiement and distri+ute it amongs the pu+!i" -f %e understand ho% the %or!d %or0s, %e "an impro(e it o Want to understand GodJs "reation in order to ma0e it +etter5 God %ants you to impro(e %or!d he "reated God ga(e us inte!!e"t and reason5 use it God !eft room for us to ma0e %or!d +etter o 4u+!ishes anyoneJs %or0s dea!ing %ith s"ien"e5 in(ests in printing presses5 promotes !e"tures, Eng!and em+ra"es this, Eng!and has highest !itera"y rate o /reates foundation of s"ientifi" re(o!ution %ith s"ientifi" method and pu+!i"ation o We "an "hange nature S"ientifi" Method- o+ser(e something in nature, "reate hypothesis &%hy ,, test it, ma0e "on"!usions from data "o!!e"ted, and repeat &"an you get same resu!ts ,

o 4u+!ish experiment and findings and distri+ute them5 a!!o%s peop!e to !earn and he!p +ui!d 0no%!edge E*li+hte*1e*t ( $""# 3"90# effort to understand human %or!d7 po!ti"a! systems, e"onomi" systems, "u!ture, %arfare, !a%s, Eudi"iary5 indi(idua! must ha(e freedom to understand so"iety *roblem solving /inding rational ways to do things" relied on rationalism /eatured observation# reason# empiricism %scientific revolution' Enlightenment set of attitudes rather than ideas o Come up with new ideas to ma e world better o 3ptimism of improving life +rea0ing do%n tradition and opening to ne% %or!d %here indi(idua! is po%erfu! &Lant, Dei-1 ( $%%2-' S)ie*ti.i) Re/(luti(*0# God as a "!o"0ma0er, "reated %or!d !i0e me"hani"a! parts in a "!o"0 to %or0 in me"hani"a! predi"ta+!e %ays /reated +y 'ene 3es"artes &1<H>-1><0,5 Buestion e(erything o $nd then find something "ertain and +ui!d from there o 'e+ui!d %hat is rea! in this %or!d o - thin0, therefore - am- thoughts in head must exist some%here, if there are thoughts, - must exist )oundations of his phi!osophy /an pro(e existen"e of other things 3onJt trust senses God is inte!!igent, +ene(o!ent for"e5 "reated uni(erse %ith rationa! p!an5 started "!o"0 ti"0ing and !eft it to humans to figure out ho% "!o"0 %or0ed to impro(e %or!d Wanted to study ho% this "!o"0 %or0ed in order to ma0e %or!d +etter We ha(e free %i!! sin"e God is not here The Sal(*- ( $%%2-' The E*li+hte*1e*t0# hosted parties/meet-ups %here phi!osophes %ou!d dis"uss phi!osophies and +ui!d 0no%!edge off of ea"h other

,hilosophes' lovers of learning ,aris became cultural center' contained many intellectuals that often gathered in houses of wealthy $Salons% oble *omen played a role in hosting young intellectuals who had great ideas -lso met in cafes, pubs, scientific communities (earning became fashionable Educated people of all classes were able to mingle with each other ,hilosophes became celebrities

M(*te-Buieu ( $"9# 3!!' The E*li+hte*1e*t0# "reated the "on"ept of separation of po%ers 2idn+t thin constitutional monarchy was good balance of government( need third branch of government for true balance Separation of powers Studied# did research# e$amined systems in various countries# made conclusions and published findings Spirit of the &aws o 2id first cross(cultural comparisons o &oo ed at different societies in a comparative way &oo ed at how different parts of society wor ed together %functionalism' o 0eali4ed different societies had different needs and different resources available" this shaped their systems government o Sprit of the &aws( considered first serious study of sociology and political ideology *ower of law should be greater than power of ing Separation of powers based on 5 branch government SeCarati(* (. <(Der- ( $%%2-' M(*te-Buieu' The E*li+hte*1e*t0# Exe"uti(e-!egis!ati(e-Eudi"ia! +ran"h go(ernment &three %ay go(ernment,7 purpose is to prote"t rights of indi(idua! De*i- Dider(t ( 3 &# 3"7' The E*li+hte*1e*t0# "reated the first en"y"!opedia /o!!e"t a!! human 0no%!edge to ha(e %ritten do%n and pu+!ished &en"y"!opedia, Got in tou"h %ith a!! great En!ightened thin0ers of Europe7 2o!taire, 'ousseau, 1e""are, MontesBuieu -f a!! human 0no%!edge is %ritten do%n and printed, "an +e distri+uted and any one "an 0no% a+out it

o 4eop!e "an then +ui!d upon it 4rodu"ed a+out ?0,000 "opies and most of Europe has it o 1anned in a+so!ute monar"hy nations Wi0ipedia is !i0e "ontinuation of this Lno%!edge a(ai!a+!e to e(eryone in order to ma0e it +etter The E*)4)l(Cedia ( 3! # 3$$' De*i- Dider(t' The E*li+hte*1e*t0

o ,ut together by whole group of people in France and elsewhere. by a society of people of letters/ duty to spread knowledge of world o Collection of all of world0s knowledge o 1ad 23,444 entries in 5 volumes. Rousseau, 6ontes7uieu, 8oltaire o ,roclaimed to be ob9ective and neutral/ partial to intellectual freedom &n favor of monarchy and freedom of religion o Banned in France/ never shut down, too many supporters a royal court o &ntellectuals in other places in Europe and in -merica were publishing these encyclopedias and other works/ commitment to intellectual freedom o 8anity to prove each other wrong. radical vs: conservative o Stimulated Europeans to think unlike they had before

V(ltaire, :Ca*dide; (K*(D the *a1e- (. the )hara)ter-, their 1ai* )hara)teri-ti)-, a*d be able t( a*-Der the Bue-ti(*- (* the -tud4 +uide0 /andide- naN(e, impu!si(e, inno"ent &ex"ept to%ards end of +oo0, /unegonde- daughter of 1aron, @2 generations of no+i!ity5 /andideJs !o(e interest o -s +eautifu! +ut at the end of the no(e! is ug!y 4ang!oss- tutor of /andide 9ptimist o When things happen, it is for the +est o Ex7 Eustifi"ation of Iohn the $na+aptistJs death Sea %as made for him to dro%n /riti"ism- not e(eryone is good5 2o!taire "riti"i6es peop!e %ho thin0 +ut do not a"t Iohn the $na+aptist- (ery generous, houses /andide and 4ang!oss o $na+aptists donJt +e!ie(e in +aptism When he fa!!s into the sea, is +eing +apti6ed

4ang!oss7 Sea %as made for him to dro%n 4aBuette- "ham+er maid, gi(es 4ang!oss syphi!is5 ends up %or0ing as a prostitute for a mon0 El D(rad(# sort of hidden :topia in the $meri"as /hi!dren p!ay %ith gemstones +e"ause they ha(e no %orth o They serious!y are Eust ro"0s5 it is the idea that they are pre"ious that ma0es them pre"ious -nn- payments "o(ered +y the go(ernment5 used for housing mer"hants and tradesmen o 'epresents a fo"us on trade o E! 3orado is "ity of +ourgeoisie5 go(ernment en"ourages se!fmade %ea!th E(eryone is eBua! o -mportant professions7 mer"hants, engineers +e"ause they impro(e the "ity o .a(e %hat seems to +e "onstitutiona! monar"hy o 4u+!i" edu"ation ;A e(eryone shou!d ha(e 0no%!edge 'e!igion- one God, no prayer5 the peop!e are simp!y gratefu! for God E! 3orado is *o"0eJs utopia o Eng!and "omes "!osest to mode!ing E! 3orado Emotion and passion are missing o GGte"hni"a!!y peop!e "anJt exist in a utopia +e"ause humans are too f!a%ed5 utopia is idea! so"iety peop!e under "ontra"t not to !ea(e E! 3oradoM%hy %ou!d you any%ays o -tJs a !itt!e too perfe"t5 !a"0s emotion and passion E*li+hte*ed De-C(ti-1 ( 3%%2-' The E*li+hte*1e*t0

6onarchies remained absolutists/ most encouraged enlightened ideas because it helped their position in state, some even accepted ideas and used them to improve kingdoms $Enlightened absolutism' enlightened monarchical reform% o ;id this out of desire to ma!imize profit, rule and efficiency o Frederick )he #reat of ,russia <ltimate enlightened monarch 1ad 8oltaire living as an advisor. finance, military, infrastructure, etc: 1elped him know there was a war to come between ,russia and France/ he then bought stock in France increasing his wealth Reforms benefited both the ruler and the ruled )hough this limited monarchical power it greatly improve lives of people

@rederi)= the >reat (. <ru--ia ( 37%# 3"$' The E*li+hte*1e*t0 spreads en!ightened a+so!utism throughout 4russia 9ne tax "ode &rationa!, Mi!itary- ended serfodom5 e(eryone is free to mo(e around to ma0e it easier to mo(e into army &e(eryone ser(es in army, :ni(ersa! edu"ation- more produ"ti(e and easier to "ontro! for propaganda &pu+!i" edu"ation, Gets reid of feuda!ism to +ring peasants under "ontro! ?ea* ?a)Bue- R(u--eau, :The S()ial C(*tra)t; ( 3$7' The E*li+hte*1e*t0
)he Common *elfare o Believed that it was artificial civilization with an emphasis on private property that fueled greed o Real enlightenment was possible only if people recognized their dependence on each other o &f a society made the common welfare the top priority there would be true virtue o &f people cared about others more than themselves, true happiness could be achieved

II6 Man is born free" and everywhere he is in chains State of nature) total liberty Innocence" people have reason Emotion) empathy %fell what others feel" pain of others'

o 2ifferent from 7obbes) we are selfish o 2ifferent from &oc e) we must learn empathy III6State of nature( people have feelings for each other *eople form relationships with each other o Marriage o /orm communities !emeinschaft# small scale I86 Chains) laws-ta$es limit freedom and liberties We develop selfishness .ecome more worried about how others perceive us o Competition forms" winner become governing power Create laws and rules" might ma es right o &aws benefit the strong" eeps them in power /orm the laws# government# and social stratification 86 *oor in chains because rich suppress them" chains of labor 8I6 0ich in chains because they depend on the poor" will always be afraid of being overthrown by the poor %**fear' 8II6 Must e$it society to escape chains Must have revolution# overthrow government 1ew social contract o Civil society o Everyone gives up liberties again We want power# protection# and freedom !eneral will) all of us coming together agreeing to give up freedom# same desires# empathy o !eneral will ma es laws) applies equally to everyone" we are punished if we brea them *eople choose government %direct democracy'" vote and elect !overnment) enforce laws# cannot create laws o Must remain separate from !eneral Will o 2iffers from &oc e o **if !eneral Will fights amongst each other" government crumbles 8III6 when you are in the !eneral Will you are) stronger# have protection# have your rights" won+t interfere with others because of empathy

I96 if someone imposes will on others+ rights %essentially brea ing the social contract'# they have the right to be illed %we will force you to be free' 96 **rebuttal of &oc e and 7obbes General Will (Rousseau; The Enlightenment)- all of us coming together agreeing to give up freedom# same desires# empathy o !eneral will ma es laws) applies equally to everyone" we are punished if we brea them 5(ui- 6VI ( 3!7# 39&' @re*)h Re/(luti(*0# 0ing of )ran"e at time of )ren"h 'e(o!ution, a+so!utist *i(es in 2ersai!!es /a!!s estates genera! &1@KH, 1eheaded &1@H?, WomenJs re(o!t 'efusing ?rd estate $+so!utist reign @re*)h Re/(luti(* ( 3"9# " !0# see +oth IS$ and 2arat notes 3ates 8apo!eoni" part 3e"!aration of the rights of man and "iti6en 3e"!aration of the rights of %oman 1asti!!e Great fear 'o+espierre The terror Sa*- Cul(tte- ( 3%%2-' @re*)h Re/(luti(*0

o <rban workers of various classes and situations o 6any were unemployed, uneducated, superstitious, violent o *anted e7uality of wealth with Constitution 1ated rich o *ith 9acobins, purged national convention of wealthy and moderates o French government controlled by ,aris mob who were hungry and angry/ took things further and further to e!tremism o "acobins turned France to military dictatorship/ created command economy o 6ob o ,art of the great fear o Beginnings of working class

>reat @ear ( 3"9' @re*)h Re/(luti(*0- 'umors of "onspira"y +et%een 0ing, "!ergy, and no+!es to put do%n ?rd estate5 Ling *ouis F2- %as "onspiring against his o%n peop!e 8e%s to paris7 massi(e peasant re+e!!ions in "ountryside .unger riots5 peasants ha(e no idea %hatJs going on in 4aris o Li!!ing of no+i!ity and +urning no+!e houses :De)larati(* (. the Ri+ht- (. Ma* a*d Citize*; ( 3"9' @re*)h Re/(luti(*0 1a"0ground and signifi"an"e o 8ationa! assem+!y meets7 a!! feuda! o+!igations are remo(ed5 spe"ia! taxes gone &$ugust de"rees, /hur"h property "an +e ta0en o(er +y peasants 8o+!es !osing rights o 8eed some +asi" "onstitution that out!ines rights of "iti6ens of )ran"e and +inds them together5 +rea0 o!d po%er MarBuis de *afayette &no+!emen part of nationa! assem+!y, ;A refers them to Thomas Iefferson5 draft 3e"!aration of the 'ights of Man and /iti6en )irst )ren"h "onstitution5 moderate +ut not radi"a! 4assed &$ugust 1@KH, 8otion that "iti6ens of )ran"e exist5 had not +een idea that there %as "ommona!ity of "iti6en in )ran"e &peop!e share "u!ture, !anguage, and history5 different from others,

o -ttempt by ational -ssembly to assert power and retain stability over people o (ed to first constitutional monarchy phase

3etai!s o Ouoting 'ousseau and *o"0e o So"ia! distin"tion +ased off of a"hie(ement o So(ereign- a+!e to ma0e !a%s $!! of us "an ma0e !a%s &'ousseau,5 %e are the 8ation o /anJt harm anyone, rights and !i+erties extend to the point %here it affe"ts other peop!e &*o"0e, o *a%s prote"t indi(idua! rights &ina!iena+!e rights, &*o"0e, o E(eryone is eBua! +efore the !a%5 ex"ept %omen o 4unishment rationa!!y +ased on "rime &1e""aria,5 "rime is +ased on ho% it affe"ts others in so"iety o 4o!i"e for"e o E(eryone taxed +ased on in"ome o 4roperty is sa"red &*o"0e, o GGthis is a midd!e "!ass "onstitution Ol41Ce de >(u+e-, :De)larati(* (. the Ri+ht- (. W(1a*; ( 39 ' @re*)h Re/(luti(*0 equal rights for both men and women o ownership of property equal) property that shared in marriage women eep their inherited property property established together during marriage is shared o if women own property# should also be ta$ed o women should have equal occupation opportunities military positions and government positions o women also have right to be punished %legitimi4es case' o women have right to name father of child women wa e up from oppression# you have rights men are stronger now with rights given to them from 2eclaration of 0ights of Man o men are in chains because they can+t e$press empathy" in constant fear# must always suppress women to eep power o women are more unequal during the /rench 0evolution since men have more rights now women are stronger %childbearing'

o men need women more than women need men women have made their role worse by promoting themselves as whores" acting as mistresses gave them political power and sway o however when women lose their beauty# they have nothing and are tossed aside Social Contract %marriage-prenups' o &egal document o Everything divided equally in case of divorce o Children inherit property from parents o Illegitimate children can also inherit property Child has right to name parents MaEi1ilie* R(be-Cierre ( 3!"# 3970 :The ?u-ti.i)ati(* (. Terr(r; Nati(*ali-1 ( 39&' @re*)h Re/(luti(*0 0evolution is being attac ed by monarchists# selfish people %with private interests'# catholic church# foreign invaders# any nonbeliever in 0epublic o Enemies of virtue : enemies of the people o *rivate interests are wrong 8irtue) love of country# equality# and freedom %nationalism' ; opposing spirits o /rench 0evolution is the end of the world o <al s about supernatural powers o /uture of humanity <error : =ustice o <hrough illing and violence# people become afraid and won+t choose the wrong side or dare to o It is a virtue because it is for a good cause Ends =ustify the means) 0ousseau+s utopia %equality of men' is at the end-the result We must do anything necessary to get there" terror will get us there >we will force you to be free? ((0ousseau Ci/il (NaC(le(*i)0 C(de ( "%7' @re*)h Re/(luti(*0 There are hundreds of different !ega! systems prior to 8apo!eon /a!!s for a sing!e !ega! system5 attended meetings and find out %hat %as +eing dis"ussed %hen he %asnJt fighting o 2000 arti"!es defining %hat is !ega!, prote"ted in )ran"e

o +iggest a"hie(ement enshrines pri(ate property as an a+so!ute- if you ha(e a tit!e to it, it is yours and no one "an ta0e that a%ay5 it is yours inno"ent unti! pro(en gui!ty against torture a!! men are eBua! +efore the !a% prote"ts ina!iena+!e rights GGGG%omen not treated eBua!!y- thought it %ou!d destroy so"iety5 men are master of %omen &%omen may not ha(e pri(ate property, first "entra!i6ed !a% for )ran"e Ada1 S1ith (Heilbr(*er )haCter, :W(*der.ul W(rld (. Ada1 S1ith;0 (See di-)u--i(* *(te-' here are -(1e =e4 C(i*t-0 first to exp!ain ho% mar0et e"onomy %or0s %hat is the sour"e of (a!ue &%ea!th, in so"iety o *a+or produ"es (a!ue5 %hat you do %ith materia!s o 4rodu"ti(ity Mar0et e"onomy assures indi(idua!ity- someho% peop!e sti!! !a+or to produ"e %hat %e need and %ant /ompetition o $ raise in pri"es %i!! "reate in"enti(e for others to enter and !o%er pri"es in order to ma0e more profit o 3emand %i!! then in"rease and pri"e %i!! in"rease a!ong %ith it o /ompetition %i!! in"rease supp!y, %ages %i!! in"rease to gi(e in"enti(e to !a+or &demand for !a+or, Mar0et se!f-regu!ates a""ording to supp!y and demand 3i(ision of !a+or- in"rease produ"tion and de"rease "osts *a% of a""umu!ation- a""umu!ate %ea!th and rein(est in +usiness o -f you rein(est in +usiness you %i!! get more +a"0 o -f you donJt do this "ompetition %i!!5 sur(i(a! Ma"hines a!!o% for greater di(ision of !a+or o E"onomy %i!! stop thri(ing %hen you "annot further di(ide !a+or *a% of popu!ation- if %ages in"rease ;A standard of !i(ing %i!! in"rease ;A peop!e !i(e !onger o $s %ages in"rease, more "hi!dren %i!! sur(i(e to %or0ing age 8o go(ernment inter(ention5 free trade Go(ernmentJs ro!e

o Must prote"t natura! rights5 espe"ia!!y property rights o Mi!itary prote"tion o -mpro(e infrastru"ture, transportation, se%age, par0s, "ommuni"ation, edu"ation, hea!th"are .ated monopo!ies- determine supp!y and pri"e o Mar0et e"onomy "annot fun"tion %hen these exist5 go(# must destroy them The I*/i-ible Ha*d (Ada1 S1ith' E*li+hte*1e*tF0# the in(isi+!e for"e that guides the de"isions made +y "onsumers &to "onsume, and produ"ers &to produ"e,5 the mar0et %i!! a!%ays fix itse!f +e"ause of this /onsumers and produ"ers a"t in their o%n se!f-interests E*li+hte*ed -el.#i*tere-t (Ada1 S1ith' E*li+hte*1e*tF0 4eop!e %or0 to ma0e a profit in their o%n se!f-interests 1e"ause e(eryone a"ts in their o%n se!f-interests, so"iety is +enefits Greed is good -t I*du-trial Re/(luti(* (u-e 14 tea1 le)ture here 4(u d(*2t *eed t( D(rr4 ab(ut ?(-iah Wed+D((d 4(u *eed t( D(rr4 ab(ut the )hara)teri-ti)- (. Aritai* that all(Ded .(r the I*du-trial Re/(luti(* t( be+i* there0 (Ae+i*- i* 3!%0
/ourse of o(er 100 years 1egins in Great 1ritain 'ep!a"ement of human po%er %ith ma"hine po%er in produ"tion of goods 'eBhires in(ention of ma"hines5 essentia!, mor effi"ient, more po%erfu! o(er time Wi!! produ"e a!most e(erything Europe "onsumes T%o "ore e!ements7 iron and "oa! o 4o%er ; "oa!5 steam po%er o Strength ; iron 8e% e!ite, peop!e %ith money ; +ourgeoisie o .a(e +een a""umu!ating money for hundreds of years &%ea!thy, ha(e "apita! reBuired, 1irth of +ig fa"tor- thousands of peop!e ta!0ing together *a+or- pro!etariat5 %or0ing "!ass /ities- !ots of peasants pour into "ities for Eo+ opportunities5 "ity popu!ations gro%, ur+ani6ation Go(ernment p!ays more a"ti(e ro!e in e"onomy o 1egins to produ"e infrastru"ture in !arge amounts 'oads, rai!roads Eng!and7 so"ia! mo+i!ity, merit matters &in(ention is 0ey ro!e,, mar0et

e"onomy &demand, response "an +e Bui"0 to it5 Eng!and is the most e"onomi"a!!y ad(an"ed than any%here e!se in Europe,, respe"ts s"ien"e and s"ientifi" method &in(entions +ui!d on othersJ %or0,, natura! resour"es &"oa! and iron,, money &Eng!and is 2nd %ea!thiest nation in %or!d,, p!a"e %here midd!e "!ass matters &midd!e "!ass dri(es -ndustria! 'e(o!ution,

Urba*izati(* (late 3%%2-' -t I*du-trial Re/(luti(*0# %hen masses peasants mo(ed to "ities to %or0 in fa"tories .uge transition o /ountryside ;A "ities o $gri"u!ture ;A Manufa"turing/-ndustry <r(te-ta*t W(r= Ethi) ( !%%2-G 3%%2-' <r(te-ta*t Re.(r1ati(*G -t I*du-trial Re/(luti(*0 /a!(inism We+er- notion in /a!(inism that you are predestined5 if you re"ei(e e"onomi" su""ess, you %i!! most !i0e!y +e going to hea(en -dea e(o!(es o(er time- %or0 as hard as you "an &!oses re!igious "onnotation, Wedge%ood7 %or0 hard ;A sa(e ;A in(est ;A rein(est into in(entions o 4rime examp!e of this E*)l(-ure M(/e1e*t (late 3%%2-' @ir-t I*du-trial Re/(luti(*0 1ui!ds a fa"tory to house produ"tion &expensi(e, 1ui!ds housing for peasants to 0eep peasants on !and &"ompany housing,5 spa"e for hundreds of peop!e to "ome as %or0ers &not peasants anymore, o :r+ani6ation o 4ro!etariat +egins Training- spe"ia!i6ation, di(ision of !a+or5 no s0i!! ex"ept in the one Eo+ that you do &$dam Smith, 8ot too many ma"hines yet &in"rease of human po%er at this point, GGend of gemeins"haft5 mo(ing into gese!!s"haft &a tiny to%n that gro%s into a (ery popu!ated "ity, <eter 5a-lett, :The W(rld We Ha/e 5(-t; ( 9$!' di-)u--e- tra*-iti(* i*t( I*du-trial Re/(luti(*0 To%n7 1a0er house- %ife, "hi!dren, apprenti"es, ser(ants o $pprenti"e "ontra"ted o )ami!y unit )ather ; master o Tea"hes apprenti"e

o -n "harge of househo!d Masters are mem+ers of gui!ds o Gui!ds determine produ"tion, pri"e and Bua!ity 4rodu"tion happens at the +a0erJs house, distri+ution happens in !o"a! mar0et ; traditiona! e"onomy $pprenti"e- must stay at house, "anJt get married unti! 21, no mora!!y +ad a"ti(ities, master "an punish him o Master is father of apprenti"e o Gemeins"haft !o(e re!ationships o Master- must feed, "!othe, and pro(ide she!ter to apprenti"e Iourneymen- step +et%een apprenti"e and master /ountryside7 %ife, "hi!dren, ser(ants !i(e in house o 1ring extra peop!e during har(ests ;A simi!ar to master and apprenti"e re!ationship5 treated !i0e fami!y /onta"t %ith outside %or!d on!y through "hur"h Iosiah Wedg%oodJs so"iety o /ity !ife ; gese!!s"haft o 8o persona! re!ationships 1are!y any primary re!ationships More se"ondary/monetary re!ationships o )o"us on money o *ong %or0ing hours o )ami!y stru"ture +rea0s do%n E(eryone is %or0ing o 8o re!igion, !oss of God 4eop!e too tired to go to "hur"h on Sunday 'i"h and upper"!ass go to "hur"h 8ationa!ism is %hat +inds so"iety together and pre(ents anomie >uild# determine produ"tion, pri"e and Bua!ity of pertaining to industry >uild1a-ter# master of househo!d and +usiness5 train apprenti"es &father to apprenti"es, $gainst industria! re(o!ution ?(ur*e41a*# step +et%een apprenti"e and master ACCre*ti)e# must stay at house, "anJt get married unti! 21, no mora!!y +ad a"ti(ities, master "an punish him Master is father of apprenti"e

Gemeins"haft !o(e re!ationships Master- must feed, "!othe, and pro(ide she!ter to apprenti"e :The Sadler ReC(rt; ( "&8' I*du-trial Re/(luti(*0 See 3is"ussion 8otes5 0ey points o -nhumane %or0ing "onditions5 deteriorate hea!th of %or0ers o *ong %or0ing hours o /hi!d !a+or o 3estroys "!ose fami!y re!ations5 fami!y +e"omes more a+out ma0ing money o 'e!igion is irre!e(ant sin"e e(eryone is too tired to go to "hur"h on Sundays o 4eop!e ha(e +een so"ia!i6ed to %or0 sin"e "hi!dhood5 if you donJt %or0 you are unprodu"ti(e &%orth!ess, EH<H Th(1C-(*, :EECl(itati(*; ( 9$&' ab(ut the I*du-trial Re/(luti(*0# -ee di-)u--i(* *(te What the ne% %or!d during the -ndustria! re(o!ution %as !i0e WasnJt a+out money &%ages %ere in"reasing,5 ho%e(er fa"tory %or0ers %or0ed !ong hours, in terri+!e %or0ing "onditions, !a"0 of fami!y time, no re!igion, short !ife span, tediousness of doing same tas0 day after day, di(or"ed from rea! produ"tion o Pou are "og in ma"hine o Ex7 Wi!!iam /ooper5 +ro0en do%n +y fa"tory %or0 at 2@ o Wor!d of Europe during the -ndustria! 'e(o!ution7 e"onomi" ineBua!ity, po!!ution, short !ife spans 5uddite- (I*du-trial Re/(luti(*0# The Luddites were 19th-century English
textile artisans who protested against newly developed labour-saving machinery from 1811 to 1817

Ariti-h A*ti#1a)hi*e A*ti#I*du-trial Re/(luti(* Old >uild-1a* AleEi- de T()Bue/ille (5iberali-10

&nterested in French Revolution as e!ample of what can go wrong Came to <:S:/ concerned that <:S: adult males were allowed to vote (ikes democracy *orried about the tyranny of the ma9ority o &f you give everyone to much freedom or too much power/ mob will suppress minority o Sheep'like *ay to avoid this. inalienable rights are absolute/ no legislation can surpass individual rights of minority #overnment should play minimal role in economy =Essay on the principle of population> serious problem in growth in population o population would always e!pand and consume all available resources o e!. low wages and horrible working conditions were necessary during industrial revolution due to an e!cess of population if you try to help poor people, it will do more harm than good o population checks will decrease population however, this is not true/ as standard of living increased, birthrate decreases

Th(1a- Malthu- ( 3$$# "&7' 5iberali-10


?ere14 Ae*tha1 ( 37"# "&8' 5iberali-10# :ti!itarianism and the /ommon Good

*anted individual rights/ protecting freedom 6ust concentrate on common good in order to benefit society *e could find solutions to problems #reat 7uestioner of things established o )raditions must be revisited in order to try and seek improvement 6ost important role of gov: to make people as happy as possible o ,leasant en9oyable lives o ,revent them from harming each other o #ov: should not try to make people more moral/ lost cause and none of their business o 6ake practical ways to make things better ,eople could rely on reason alone in making decisions/ but not all people are rational 1appiness result of math problem/ lost track of reality ;oes this change create the greatest good to greatest amount of people? ;oes it create more good than harm? o essential conflict between individual rights and common good )he principle of utility )he greatest good to the greatest number

Utilitaria*i-1 (late 3%%2-# "%%2-' Ae*tha1' 5iberali-10


1entham- !a%s must +e +ased on the greatest happiness for the greatest num+er5 ho% you Eudge a !a% o -f !a% "anJt meet that standard, it is in(a!id o *a%s must +e rationa!- are they "ausing the most p!easure and the !east suffering possi+!e o *a%s that fa(or on!y one "!ass are in(a!id o *a%s shou!d try to promote indi(idua! freedom

?(h* Stuart Mill, :O* 5ibert4; ( "!9' Ri-e (. S()iali-1GC(11u*i-10# -ee di-)u--i(* *(te:T4ra**4 (. the 1aI(rit4; (Mill0 8otion that maEority (oi"e %i!! a!%ays "rush minority (oi"e MaEority %i!! a!%ays %in +e"ause it is a demo"ra"y5 dominate (oi"e of peop!e Karl MarE, :C(11u*i-t Ma*i.e-t(; ( "7"' ri-e (. -()iali-1G)(11u*i-10# -ee di-)u--i(* *(teDiale)ti)al Materiali-1 a*d the laD- (. hi-t(r4 (MarE a*d E*+el-0
The 4ro"ess of 3ia!e"ti"a! Materia!ism A6 <hesis Material conditions %natural-economic-productive' cause us to have a certain

consciousness-view of the world %we are what our wor and environment ma e us' .6 Antithesis In order to reali4e our own goals we naturally tend to apply our intelligence to improve# alter# challenge the status quo of the material conditions %through innovation# invention# resistance# rebellion' C6 Synthesis Changes we create in production ultimately alter our original relationships with bosses# co(wor ers# our wor environment %e$) right to combine# formation of political parties'6 <he outcome is a blending of A@. thus bringing about a new condition Synthesis becomes new <hesis# and over time# the process continues In capitalism# e$ploitation increases with new innovations in technology and production Strugg!e +et%een produ"ers and o%ners persists = this strugg!e dri(es history

Sub-tru)ture (E)(*(1i) Aa-e0 (MarE a*d E*+el-0# the e"onomi" "onditions, the too!s, materia! resour"es, means of produ"tion and distri+ution +ourgeois ideas Q (a!ues/ industria! produ"tion SuCer-tru)ture (MarE a*d E*+el-0# the dominant ideas, +e!iefs, (a!ues, institutions of a so"iety as di"tated +y the dominant "!ass &in "apita!ism, the +ourgeoisie, A(ur+e(i-ie# midd!e "!ass5 dominant "!ass, o%n the means of produ"tion <r(letariat# %or0ing "!ass5 !a+or, are exp!oited 8*d I*du-trial Re/(luti(* (u-e 14 tea1 le)ture here0 ( "!$# 9 70# period of rapid so"ia! "hange5 !ots of anomie &peasants adEusting to "ities and peop!e adEusting to rapid ur+ani6ation of "ities, mass industria!i6ation and g!o+a!i6ation te"hno!ogi"a! ad(an"es/in"orporation into fa"tories in"rease effi"ien"y, mass produ"tion, transportation, "ommuni"ation %ages in"rease, standard of !i(ing in"rease, popu!ation in"rease

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