http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcTwoDIRECTORY/trigintdirectory/TrigInt.

html

Strategy: The strategy is not obvious. Multiply and divide by (sec x + tan x); use Substitution. 1. sec x + tan x dx sec x dx = sec x sec x + tan x set u = sec x + tan x then we find du = (sec x tan x + sec2 x) dx substitute du = (sec x tan x + sec2 x) dx, u = sec x + tan x

sec x + tan x sec x sec x + tan x dx =

(sec2 x + sec x tan x) dx sec x + tan x

du = u

solve integral = ln |u| + C substitute back u=sec x + tan x = ln |sec x + tan x| + C sin x 2. tan x dx = dx COs x

set u = COs x. then we find du = - sin x dx substitute du=-sin x, u=COs x

sin x COs x dx = -

(-1) sin x dx COs x

du =u

Solve the integral = - ln |u| + C substitute back u=COs x = - ln |COs x| + C

Q.E.D.

2. Alternate Form of Result

tan x dx = - ln |COs x| + C = ln | (COs x)-1 | + C = ln |sec x| + C Therefore:

tan x dx = - ln |COs x| + C = ln |sec x| + C

3.

cos x cot x dx = set u = sin x. then we find du = cos x dx dx sin x

substitute du=cos x, u=sin x

cos x sin x dx =

du u

solve integral = ln |u| + C substitute back u=sin x = ln |sin x| + C

4.

csc x + cot x csc x dx = csc x dx csc x + cot x

set u = csc x + cot x then we find du = (- csc x cot x - csc2 x) dx substitute du = (- csc x cot x - csc2 x) dx, u = csc x + cot x

csc x + cot x csc x csc x + cot x dx = -

(- csc2 x - csc x cot x) dx csc x + cot x

du =u

solve integral = - ln |u| + C substitute back u=csc x + cot x

= - ln |csc x + cot x| + C

Integral trigonometri

1. Strategy: Use definition of sinh. ex - e-x sinh x = 2 ex - e-x sinh x dx = dx 2 e-x dx

= (1/2) ex dx - (1/2) solve left equation = (1/2) ex - (1/2) set u=-x then we find du = - dx e-x dx

substitute du= - dx, u= - x = (1/2) ex + (1/2) = (1/2) ex + (1/2) - e-x dx eu du

solve the right integral = (1/2) ex + (1/2) eu + C substitute back u= - x = (1/2) ex + (1/2) e-x + C ex + e-x = 2 which by definition = cosh x + C +C

ex + e-x 2. cosh x = 2 ex + e-x cosh x dx = dx 2 e-x dx

= (1/2) ex dx + (1/2) solve left equation = (1/2) ex + (1/2) set u=-x then we find du = - dx e-x dx

substitute du= - dx, u= - x = (1/2) ex - (1/2) = (1/2) ex - (1/2) - e-x dx eu du

solve the right integral = (1/2) ex - (1/2) eu + C substitute back u= - x = (1/2) ex - (1/2) e-x + C ex - e-x = 2 which by definition = sinh x + C +C

sinh x 3.tanh x = cosh x =

(ex - e-x) / 2 (ex + e-x) / 2

ex - e-x tanh x dx = ex + e-x dx

set u = ex + e-x then we find du = (ex - e-x) dx substitute du= (ex - e-x) dx, u = ex + e-x

du

solve = ln |u| + C substitute back u = ex + e-x = ln |ex + e-x| + C since ex and e-x are always positive = ln (ex + e-x) + C since (ex + e-x)/2 = cosh(x) = ln (2 cosh x) + C = ln 2 + ln (cosh x) + C ln 2 is merely a constant that can be combined with C = ln (cosh x) + C

cosh x 4. coth x = sinh x =

(ex + e-x) / 2 (ex - e-x) / 2

ex + e-x coth x dx = ex - e-x dx set u = ex - e-x then we find du = (ex + e-x) dx substitute du= (ex + e-x) dx, u = ex - e-x

du

solve = ln |u| + C substitute back u = ex - e-x = ln |ex - e-x| + C since (ex - e-x)/2 = sinh(x) = ln |2 sinh x| + C = ln 2 + ln |sinh x| + C ln 2 is merely a constant that can be combined with C = ln |sinh x| + C
http://math2.org/math/integrals/tableof.htm integral berpangkat Let u = cos^(n-1) x, dv = cos x dx => v = sin x, du = (n-1) cos^(n-2)x (-sin x) dx Let I = cos^n x dx = u dv = uv - v du = cos^(n-1) x sin x - -(n-1) cos^(n-2) x sin^2 x = cos^(n-1) x sin x + (n-1) cos^(n-2) x (1 - cos^2 x) dx = cos^(n-1) x sin x + (n-1) * cos^(n-2) x dx - I] So I + (n-1) I = cos^(n-1) x sin x + (n-1) cos^(n-2) x dx => I = 1/n cos^(n-1) x sin x + ((n-1)/n) cos^(n-2) x dx

 tan^n(x) dx = tan^(n-2)(x) * tan^2(x) dx . . . . . . . . . = tan^(n-2)(x) * (sec^2(x) - 1) dx . . . . . . . . . = tan^(n-2)(x) * sec^2(x) dx - tan^(n-2)(x) dx Now use substitution: u = tan(x) du = sec^2(x) dx . . . . . . . . . = u^(n-2) du - tan^(n-2)(x) dx . . . . . . . . . = u^(n-1) / (n-1) - tan^(n-2)(x) dx . . . . . . . . . = tan^(n-1)(x) / (n-1) - tan^(n-2)(x) dx

2. I = sec^n(x) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) sec^2(x) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) dtan(x) = sec^(n-2)(x) tan(x) - tan(x) (n-2) sec^(n-2) tan(x) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) tan(x) - (n-2) sec^(n-2) tan^2(x) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) tan(x) - (n-2) sec^n(x) + (n-2)sec^(n-2)(x) dx, since tan^2(x) = sec^2(x) - 1 = sec^(n-2)(x) tan(x) - (n-2) I + (n-2)sec^(n-2)(x) dx Solve for I, I = sec^(n-2)(x)tan(x))/(n-1)) + ((n-2)/(n-1)) sec^(n-2)(x) dx 3. Use integration by parts via sec^n(x) = sec^(n-2)(x) * sec^2(x). Let u = sec^(n-2)(x), dv = sec^2(x) dx du = (n-2) sec^(n-3)(x) * sec x tan x dx, v = tan x.

So, sec^n(x) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) tan x - (n-2) sec^(n-2)(x) tan^2(x) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) tan x - (n-2) sec^(n-2)(x) (sec^2(x) - 1) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) tan x - (n-2) sec^n(x) dx - (n-2) sec^(n-2)(x) dx. Now, solve for sec^n(x) dx: sec^n(x) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) tan x - (n-2) sec^n(x) dx - (n-2) sec^(n-2)(x) dx ==> sec^n(x) dx + (n-2) sec^n(x) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) tan x - (n-2) sec^(n-2)(x) dx ==> (n-1) sec^n(x) dx = sec^(n-2)(x) tan x - (n-2) sec^(n-2)(x) dx ==> sec^n(x) dx = *sec^(n-2)(x) tan x]/(n-1) - [(n-2)/(n-1)+ sec^(n-2)(x) dx.