Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

IVU/IR/KHALAF/01

11-5-2009

11-5-2010

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Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

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2010 - 2009
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:
1-1

2-1

3-1

1-3-1

2-3-2

21

4-1

28

1-4-1

Decision

29

2-4-1

)Formal Decision Method (FDM

30

3-4-1

)Decision Analysis (DA

32

4-4-1

Decision Making Decision Taking

33

5-4-1

34

5-1

35

36

www.abahe.co.uk

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

:
1-2

39

2-2

40

1-2-2

. 1973

40

2-2-2

. 1985

41

3-2-2

2002

43

4-2-2

2003

45

3-2

49

1-3-2

. 2001

49

2-3-2

2004

52

3-3-2

2007

54

4-3-2

2007 Mc Dewitt et al.

57

4-2

61

1-4-2

,1989 Dr. Samuel Holtzman

61

2-4-2

. 2002

65

3-4-2

2003

68

4-4-2

2004

70

5-2

73

74

:
1-3

76

2-3

77

1-2-3

77

2-2-3

79

3-2-3

82

4-2-3

83

5-2-3

91

3-3

92
8

www.abahe.co.uk

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

1-3-3

Research Methodology

2-3-3

3-3-3

92

4-3-3

Variables relationship measurement

92

5-3-3

Scale

93

6-3-3

93

7-3-3

4-3

94

1-4-3

94

2-4-3

94

5-3

95

92
92

Research Setting

Results treatment

93

:
1-4

98

2-4

98

3-4

102

4-4

104

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Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

1-1

2-1

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5-1

17

6-1

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31

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32

1-2

39

2-2

42

3-2

44

4-2

46

5-2

58

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59
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63

8-2

64

9-2

69

1-3

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Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

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.


.

.


.

. ) (1 .
1

) : (1

Preface

.

.
. .
) (1-1 .

:
:

:

) : ( 1-1

2-1 :
1-2 -1

: Research Problem

:
: : .

:
:

.
: :

" " .

2-2-1

: Research Importance

3-2-1

: Research Aims

* :

.

* :

4-2-1

: Basic Terms

: " "
.1 :
][ 1
. " "

i

" :
" ] .[ 2

" "ethic " "ethos " "moral ""mores

""morals
" " ethic ""moral
" "ethic

] [3

:
- Oxford Dictionary:

[ ]4

Ethic: system of moral principles rule of Conduct, Ethics (n):

a- Science of moral . Ethics is a branch of philosophy.
b- Moral soundness.

Ethical of moral or moral questions; an ethical basis for education .

- Webster Dictionary:
Etymology: Middle English ethik, from Middle French ethique, from Latin ethice.
Date: 14th century
1- The discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation
2-A: a set of moral principle, a theory or system of moral values "the present-day
materialistic ethic" "an old-fashioned work ethic" -often used in plural but singular or
plural in construction, an elaborate ethics, "Christian ethics". B: the principles of conduct
governing an individual or a group "professional ethics". C: a guiding philosophy. D: a
consciousness of moral importance "forge a conservation ethic". 3- A set of moral issues
[]5

)or aspects (as rightness

.2
) (

: ) 421-320(

" " ) . " "

1426 1 . ( 19-17

.3 : Ethics philosophy

][ 6

][ 7

." meta-ethic

Brell

][ 8

.4 : Ethical Kant

][ 9

. Morality

Amorality

.

] [ 10

.5 :Human Sources "

" " "
" " " "
.
" " " " .

" " " " " " "

" .

.6 :Human Development

:
7

.7 : Ethical Act

ii

becoming

] .[ 11

.8 :

] . [12

.9 : Values
" "

. )( ) (

.

.10

: Axiology

.11 :Decision Making

ii :

" " ) . " "

1983 ( 107

3-1 :

1-3-1
-1

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" " " "

] [ 13

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2-3-1

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-1

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. xiii

Idealists

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xiii

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Hobbes

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Kant Weber
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Hedonism
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4-1 :
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.

] [ 75

] . [ 76

.
:



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xxii : archaeology

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28

1986 ( 53

.
"" ""

] . [ 77

1-4-1 Decision

" )Decision (DA

"Analysis "
" . Formal Decision Method (FDM

DA

FDM

) : ( 7-1

) : (

.
29

:
. :

2-4-1

)Formal Decision Method (FDM

action axiom

Validity


Formal Decision Model

] [ 78

FDM

) : (8-1 MDF
-

xxiii

: action axiom " "

xxiii

30

FDM
. element of faithful trust

- :

xxiv

FDM
insight

-1 to be locally correct

-2 to have extrapolability

regularity of the problem structure

.

FDM


xxv
local
correctness

Validity

MDF

) : (9-1 MDF

xxiv
xxv

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31

FDM

Formulation

Evaluation
.

Interpretation .

xxvi

] [ 79

) (

feedback
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3-4-1

)Decision Analysis (DA

xxvi

: 2 .

32

] .[ 80 .

] .[ 81

4-4-1 Decision Making Decision Taking

.
:

.
Congruence
.

Association
Dissociation ] .[ 82

.

. .
.

33

] [ 83

. Human power

] .[ 84

5-4-1

o :
.

o :

. .

o :


.
o :

.
o :
.

34

5-1

Conclusion

. :

35

1st. Chapter References

1

- " " 1971 . 770

- " " 1426 2005- .31

- " " . 1997 1 .65- 64

.edition 1974. P: 292

rd

- Hornby, A S," Oxford Advanced learner's dictionary of Current English "Oxford university Press, 3

- http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethics
6
7

" " 1426 1 .9 - " " 1983 .124

- " " 1983 .5

1 1974 . 366
10

- " " 1974 . 367

11

- " " 1998 . 14

12

- " " 1998 .13

13

- ) ( 2005 . 38

14

- ) ( 1998 . 19-13

15

- " " .103

16

- ) . ( 207 204

17

- " " . 2004 . 129

18

- " " ) 11 1996 ( 12 .51

19

- " " 1980 7.24-9

20

- " " .

21

- " " 1424 ) 2004 ( .289 -288

1973 .35
22

- ) 1425 ( ) ( 3 . 81

23

- ) 1424 ( 2004 - . 290

24

- ) 1426 ( . 118

25

- ) ( 2001 .39

26

- ) ( 1998 .31

27

- ) ( 1998 .32

28

- " " 1425 2004 -

29

- " " 2005 .65-64

. .49- 30
30

- ) ( 1971 ) . ( 278 -275

31

- . " " 2008 . 105

32

- ) ( 2004 . 59

33

- . 55

34

- . " " 1 2009 . 59-50

35

- " " 1424 2003 - . 309 -306

36

- " " .. 1949 1 112

37

- ) ( 1998 .23-27

38

- . " " http://madarik.org/mag5and6/24.htm :

39

- ) ( 1973 .29

40

- . " " .2000 1)( 57-54

36

41

- " " 4

42

- ) ( 1973 . 429-421

43

- ) ( 2008 .86-73

2001 . 145-130

44

- . " " :

45

- ) ( 2005 .37

46

- ) ( 163-147

http://www.imamsadeq.org/bookLsub3Lthahsin-va-al-tagabih/index2.html 147

47
48
49

" . " 1971 . 770 - " . " 2001 38

- " " 1971 .773 -771

50

- " " . 134 1989 .171

51

- ) ( 1998 . 124-119

52

- " " 1994 1 . 12

53

- 148-145

54

- " " 1977 43

55

- http://www.tahawolat.com/cms/article.-

56

) ( 1998 . 162-15957 Albrow Marin,Max "Weber's construction of social theory". Mac Milan education LTD London 1990 P43-44..

58

- " " ) 1997 1 (45 -41

59

- " ) " 1997 ( 50 -48

60

- " " 1989 ) . ( 20 14

61

- " " 1997 . 28

62

- " " 6 1989 . 37

63

- " " 18 2001 . 135

64

- ) ( . 164

65

) ( 1983 . 177-176

66

) ( 1983 . 178

67

- " " 1984 2 . 241

68

) ( 1983 .175

69

- ) ( . 189 187

70

- ) ( 1983 .174

71

- .70

72

- " " .1975 . 152

73

75

. " " .1986 1 . 128http://www.tahawolat.com/cms/article. - ". " . . 415

74

76

- .402

77

- .389

79

75 Holtzman , Samuel "Intelligent Decision System". Addison Publishing Company, 1989,P 289.
- " Holtzman, 1989" 33

80

- " Holtzman, 1989" 239

81

- " " 2008 . 113-111

82

- . " " 5 2003 . 127-108

83
84

" " 2009 . 42-34 - . 11-8

37

38

1-2 Preface


.

) (1-2 .

:

:

1973

2001

1985 Holtzman

1985

2004

2002

2002

2007

2003

2003

2007 Mc Dewitt et al.

2004

) : ( 1-2

39

2-2 :

1-2-2 . 1973

i " "

. .

.
" "

" "
][1
.

" " " "

. ( 1958-1894 ) :

1947 " "

" " 1973 800 ) .(

40

ii

iii

. iv ":

"

][ 2

.
.

2-2-2 . 1985

"" v " "

][ 3

ii
iii
iv
v

78

. 15 14
.4

. ) ( -1939

.1968 .
.
. ) .(

41

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) : (2 -2

" "
.



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][5

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3-2-2 2002

vi

" :
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-


vi

( 1973-1905) : 1935

1963
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43

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4-2-2 2003

vii

. Kant
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) ( ( 1980 -1935) :

45

.
.

Kant

.
Kant


. empirical

] [ 12

. .
Kant

] [ 13

. )
(

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) : (4 -2
46

"
,
" .

viii

. " " ix " " x

.

] . [ 15

:

.

.

viii

] [ 16

: Introspection

) . " "
1983 ( 10

ix

) . "

" 1983 .( 121

x

1917-1858 ) Durkhiem (

: . ).(

47

" "

.
.

1973

1985

2002

2003

) : (1-2

48

3-2 :

.

1-3-2 . 2001

xi

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xii

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. ) ( -1935

1967 1970 )

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49

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.

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. :
.

xiv

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xiv

( 1677 -1632 ) : Spinoza

) " " 1997 1 (55

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" " . 1341989 ( 154

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Brundtlands Report 1987 "

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55

] .[ 24

] .[ 25

] .[ 26
.

1994

" "

] .[ 27

""

.

56


4-4-2

2007 Mc Dewitt et al.

Lawrence Kohlberg
:
.1 Pre conventional Morality :

) (Punishment Avoidance and obedience

Hedonistic Relativisms or Exchanging favors

.

xxi

.2 Conventional Morality :
Good boy /Good girl

.

Law and Order

.

.2 Post Conventional morality :

Social Contract
.

.

Environmental Ethics
,

xxi

Buber " :

confirmation

" . " : Sartre " Sartre , J.P. , Being .

and Nothingness : An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology , Philosophical Library , New York , 1965 , p.11

57

] .[ 28

;Total integration synergy

&synthesis of social
environmental context

Egoistical; Max personal gain, I

want to do my own thing.

Law & Order

Good boy /nice girl

Hedonistic Relativisms

Masochistic; force it, make it work to

hell with impacts

Punishment - obedience

Implied; Attitudes & Manifestation

in the environment

) : (5 -2

Pre

Style; Keeping up with Jens

I did it because it's vogue.

conventional

&Functional; social law, technological

)economy efficiency (physical science

Conventional

Social purpose& quality; use

)participation (human science

Social Contract

Post

Environmental Ethics

conventional

)(Ecologist science

Six Stage of Moral

Relation to
conventional
Norm

Maslow

Maslow

:
- ) Physiological .( ...

- ) Safety (

) Love/ Belonging ( ) Esteem (

- ) Self-actualization .[ 29 ] (...

58

Territoriality, Mental Health Services

Security & Bodily Production

Kinship, Marriage

Reproduction

Air, water, Food& Shelter

Economics & Technology

Subsistence

Physiological

Shelter, Territoriality; Medical, Polices,

weaponry; Law & Government

4 Social Dysfunction

General Types of Needs

5 Anxiety

The Arty Religion; Philosophy; Myth

& Magic. Community
;Ethics, Sense of Community

Psychological & Social

Freedom & Responsibility.

Education; The Arts

SelfRealizatio

Six Levels Of Human Needs

:
) Maslow's hierarchy of needs : (6 -2
Maslow ) ( -2


Needs Wants

Market forces

Needs Wants

Needs

] .[ 30

Hierarchy of needs

xxii

xxii Abraham H. Maslow
) ( .

59

BASIC NEEDS

. Maslow

.

2001

2004

2007

Mc Dewitt
et al.
2007

Punishment

Hedonistic
Relativisms
or
Exchanging
favors

Avoidance
and
obedience

Good boy
/Good girl

Post Conventional morality

Law

and Order

Social
Contract

Environmental
Ethics

) : (2-2
60

4-2 :

.

1-4-2

Dr. Samuel Holtzman

,1989

Holtzman " " Intelligent Decision System

distinction in decision analysis

.
.1 Conceptual distinctions
.
.
.2 Procedural distinctions


:

.

.
.

Decision Analysis Cycle

- basic development

61

controllable

] .[ 31

subjective

) : (6-2

objective

Deterministic analysis

.xxiii

attention-focusing method
.
-3 Probabilistic analysis

xxiii

sensitivity analysis

) ( .

62

) : (7 -2

.1 .

.2 . MEU
.3

.


.

formal decision analysis

] .[ 32

validity .
Decision Basis
.

xxiv

.) ( -2

.
progressive formulation in
decision analysis .
:
.1 .

.2 .
.3 .

xxiv

: 2 .

63

.4 .
.5 .

.6 .
attention-

focusing method . deterministic basis

. ) (8 -2 .

)(

feedback

) (
:

) : (8 -2
64

)
(

Insight

.




.

2-4-2 . 2002

xxv

.1

.
xxv

. : 1998

" " "

) ( ) .(

65

.2

:

.

.

.

.

.3


.

.4

)(

.5

] . [ 33

Managerial Ethics and Values

66

.
.

1961 Harvard Business Review

:
.1
.

.2

.
.3
.

. ""
Ethical.
Ethically

Responsible

.

.

67

" xxvi "

"


" xxvii ] . [ 34

Kant

3-4-2 2003

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] [ 35

.
.
) (



.

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.

xxvi

/ 1

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xxviii

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(1964 -1904) :

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. .

] . [ 39

.
71

Holtzman
1985

Feedback

2002

attentionfocusing
method

2003

2004

) : (3-2

72

5-2

Conclusion

.
-

.
.

.

.

73

2nd. Chapter References

1
2
3
4

. " " 1973 . 688-686 - ) (595 -588 )( 30 -23

. " " 30 . 1985 - 36 -33 .59-55

- 111-102

- " " 1986 ).( 20 - 19

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

) .( 66 65 - 29

" 81 - . 189

- " " 2002 . 29

" " .105-103 - " " ) 11 1996 ( 12 .51

" " 2004 . 129 - " " . 2003

16

- .124 -122

17

- " " . 1997 1 . 61-58

18

- " " ) (

19

- " " 3 . 2004

2001 . 56-55
20

- 2007 18

21

- 19

22

- 19

23

- 20

25

-UNDP, Human Development Report, Oxford University press. New York, 1993 ,P21
- ) (2007 20

26
27

29

24

- 21

23- Mc Dewitt, M.T and J.E Ormond Child Development and education Merill,USA,2007,P 518
- 8

28

30

9- Holtzman , Samuel "Intelligent Decision System". Addison Publishing Company, 1989,P 230
- 234-233

33

- . " " 2002 ).( 86-83

31

32

34
35
36

- ) .( 288 -279

" " 3 -1 1423 . 2003 - .48 - 53-51

37

- 34-9

38

- " " 2004 83-56

39

- 52

74

75

1-3 Preface


.

) (1-3 .

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76

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xii

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xii

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81

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91

3-3 :

1-3-3

Research Methodology

. Descriptive Analytical method

.

2-3-3

Research Setting

2010-2009
3-3-3 observation check list .

4-3-3

Variables relationship measurement

) (2-3 .

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

X9

X10

X11

X12

X13

X14

X15

X16

) : ( 2-3
92

5-3-3

Scale

Semantically Scale
1

) (
.

) (3 (2) (1) (0)

:

X1

X16

6-3-3

. 250
xiii 5

xiv
. 15 - 10
.

7-3-3

Results treatment

Ticks Master sheet

) (0123 ) ( .
Analysis Tool Pak : T-test
SPSS - version 14 , 2005 .

xiii
xiv

239 11 .

93

4-3 :
1-4-3

T-

test :
- 0.000 0.050

- 0.00 0.019 .

- 0.020 0.039 .

0.040 . 2-4-3

.

) ( T X1 X16 ) ( P

xv

X8

X7

X6

X5

X4

X3

X2

X1

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.717

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.000

.025

.029

.000

X16

X15

X14

X13

X12

X11

X10

X9

.001

.002

.057

.032

.000

.000

.003

.036

-1 . X1, X4, X5, X7, X10,X11,X12,X15,X16

-2 . X2, X3, X9,X13
-3 . X6,X8,X14
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xv

: P

94

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P

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P

0.019

0.000
X16

X15

X14

X13

X12

X11

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X10

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5-3

Conclusion

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T-test

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:

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96

97

97

1-4

Preface

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X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

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X10

X11

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103

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- 1426 1 .
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. 2006 IUCN

.5 " " . 134

1989
.6 " " 1
1949
.7 " " . 1989
.8 . " " 5 2003
.9 " " . 1997 1
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.11 " " 1426 1 2005- .
.12 " " ) 11
. 1996 ( 12
.13 . " "
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.20 . " " .1986 1
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. 2009
.23 " " .1977
.24 " " 3 2004
.

.25 " " 3 -1 1423 -

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.26 " " . 1989
.27 " "
11425 1 2004 - .
.28 " " 5
.1975
.29 " " 1986
.30 " "
2002
.31 " " 6 . 1989
.32 " " 18 . 2001
.33 . " " 30
1985

.34 2007
.35 " " .
. 1973
.36 " " .1997
.37 " "
.1998
.38 . " " 1 . 1971
.39 . " " 2 . 1973
.40 . " "
.2000 1
.41 " "
.

.42 . " " : .

.43 " "
.1994 1
.44 " " . 1980 7
.45 " " 1
.1967

.46 " "

.1983
.47 " " 1424 2003 -
.
.48 1986
.49 " " .1971

1. Albrow Marin,Max "Weber's construction of social theory". Mac Milan education
LTD London 1990 . Hornby, A S," Oxford Advanced learner's dictionary of
Current English "Oxford university Press, 3rd.edition 1974
2. Holtzman , Samuel "Intelligent Decision System". Addison Publishing Company,
1989.
3. Mc Dewitt, M.T and J.E Ormond Child Development and education
Merill,USA,2007.
4. Sartre , J.P. , Being and Nothingness : An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology
, Philosophical Library , New York , 1965
5. . UNDP, Human Development Report, Oxford University press. New York, 1993.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethics
http://www.tahawolat.com/cms/article.http://www.imamsadeq.org/bookLsub3Lthahsin-va-al-tagabih/index2.html
http://madarik.org/mag5and6/24.htm

1.
2.
3.
4.

...
: 1
: 2
: 3

www.abahe.co.uk

) : ( 1 Case Study
Observation List

....

" "

.

) ( ) (3 (2) (1)
.(0)

) (
) (

/

.

....

www.abahe.co.uk

- :

- :

-:

- :

- :

-:

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

X9

X10

X11

X12

X13

X14

X15

X16

) : ( 2

www.abahe.co.uk

: T- test

N
60

Mean
1.5333

Std. Deviation
1.0328

Std. Error Mean

.1333

60

1.1167

1.1213

.1448

60

.9333

1.1625

.1501

60

3.333E-02

.8431

.1088

60

1.5833

1.0782

.1392

60

.7333

1.2469

.1610

60

1.4833

1.0332

.1334

60

1.0000

1.1350

.1465

60

.8167

1.0167

.1313

60

1.3167

1.3083

.1689

60

.2000

.9352

.1207

60

1.3000

1.0625

.1372

60

1.0333

1.0571

.1365

60

.5167

1.0969

.1416

60

1.2833

1.1511

.1486

60

1.3167

1.1716

.1513

One-Sample Statistics

www.abahe.co.uk

Test Value = 0.792

df

Sig.
(2)tailed

Mean
Difference

5.560

59

.000

.7413

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
Lower
1.0081
.4745

2.243

59

.029

.3247

3.500E-02

.6143

.942

59

.025

.1413

-.1590

.4416

-6.971

59

.000

-.7587

-.9764

-.5409

5.685

59

.000

.7913

.5128

1.0699

-.364

59

.717

-5.8667E

-.3808

.2634

5.183

59

.000

.6913

.4244

.9582

1.420

59

.161

.2080

-8.5191E

.5012

.188

59

.036

2.467E

-.2380

.2873

3.106

59

.003

.5247

.1867

.8626

-4.903

59

.000

-.5920

-.8336

-.3504

3.704

59

.000

.5080

.2335

.7825

1.768

59

.032

.2413

-3.1751E

.5144

-1.944

59

.057

-.2753

-.5587

8.016E

3.306

59

.002

.4913

.1940

.7887

3.469

59

.001

.5247

.2220

.8273

One-Sample Test
4

www.abahe.co.uk

) : ( 2
Taxonomy of ignorance

" "
.

.

:

-1

Combinatorial Ignorance

-3

Gordian Ignorance

.
reframing the problem
. .

-4

Ptolemaic Ignorance

-5

magical Ignorance

Formulation .
5

www.abahe.co.uk

-6

Dark Ignorance

. "
"
single magical element

-7

fundamental Ignorance

) : ( 3
-

Orderability axiom

ordering outcomes
. Ranking
.

.
.

ordering
direct consequence
sure loss action
.

monotonicity axiom

www.abahe.co.uk

Decomposability axiom

Decomposing .

Continuity axiom

.
Anchoring availability representation

Motivation
.
.
.

substitutability axiom

.
.

MEU
. locally correct
MEU

. .

.
.

www.abahe.co.uk