Confusion From Ancient Islamic History

www.QuranInBurmese.
com
OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 1
trSmpm
þ ]]tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm; }} rnfaomusrf;onf uRefawmf\a&mif;
&if;udkpdk;vGif(Nidrf;csrf;vQyfppf)u a&; om;jyKpkao usrf;jzpfygonf/ udkpdk;vGifonf t&ADpmayomru t&AD
pum;ud k v nf ; uRrf ; usifpG m wwf a jrmuf a omjrefr mjynf z G m ;ynm&S i f w pf O D ; jzpfo nf / þusrf ; onf ol\
t&ADuu kd Rr;f usirf t I ay:rSmay:xGe;f vm jcif;jzpfonf/ tcsKd Uonf t&ADo'´gudk wwfonf/ tcsKd Uonft&ADpm
a&;wwf? zwfwwfonf/ odkY&mwGif tjcm;t&ADpum;ajymol\ pum;udkvdkufrrSDyJ tcsdK;wpf0ufomcHpm;
&jcif;jzpfonf/
tD*spEf ikd if H udik &f Nkd rKd U&Sd tvftZf[&fwuúov kd o f nf rGwpf vifru f rÇmomru urÇmwpf0rS ;f &Sd wuúov kd rf sm;wGif
ta[mif;EGr;f qH;k wuúov kd wf pfct k jzpfwnf&&dS rkH u urÇmay:&Srd nfonfw h uúov kd u f rkd qdk qufvufNy;D bJUG vGeyf nm
oif,lydkYcscGifh&&Sdaom tpövmrfhbmoma&;qdkif&m wuúodkvfwpfck tjzpf *kPf,l0ifh<um;pGm wnf&Sdaeonf/
zgoDr, D mrif;qufumv wnf axmifpOfupí ,aeYtxd urÇmt0Sr;f &Sd rnfonft h pdwt f ydik ;f wGif aexdik o f jl zpfap?
tpövmrfa&;&mESifhpyfvsOf;aom bmom&yf tvHk;pkHudk txl;jyK avhvmí &&SdEdkifygonf/ tpövmrfhordkif;?
tpövmrfph ;D yGm;a&;? tpövmrfEh ikd if aH &;&m? tpövmrft h yk cf sKyaf &;pepf? tpövmrfv h rl q I ufqaH &; ponfjzifrh suaf rSmufwikd f
MuHKawGU&aom jyóem&yfrsm;udk usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmefESifhwrefawmfjrwf\ ['DqfMo0g'wdkY\ udk;um;csufjzifh
ydcYk sonf/ pifppftm;jzifh tZf[&ftmvifrw f o
Ykd nf rG*so f [d'rf sm;jzpfNy;D ? ud, k w f idk u f , kd u f st*d so
f [ d m'fq;kH jzwfcsurf sm;udk
csrSwfjyoEdkifpGrf;&SdMuonf/
zdu[f"r®owfrsm;udk ydcYk s&mwGi?f [ezD? &SmzDt?D [efAvD? rmvuDzu d [f"r®owfrsm;omru &St d m wd\ Yk
*smz&D,[fzu d [frsm;udv k nf; ydcYk sonf/ þausmif;xGuf bJUG &tmvifrrf sm;onf 'g0ofjyKvkyif ef;udak qmif
&Gu&f mwGif oabmxm;Bu;D onf/ tD*spjf ynfom; tmvifrt f rsm;pkonff &SmzDtaD usmif;awmf0g'Drsm; jzpfMuaomvnf;?
olwdkYa&mufav&m a'owGifa'oESifhtH0if*Gifusaom "r®owfudk usifhoHk;avh&SdMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhtvf-
tZf[&ftmvifrw f o Ykd nf tar&Duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f tpövmrfah &;&mudu k sio fh ;kH &mwGif [ezDzu d [fukd toH;k jyK\/
taMumif;rlum;? tdrmrftAl[eDzmocifonf ]]tJ[af vh&mtD}} jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ud,mqf[ak c:onfh
qifjcifwHkw&m;udk txl;jyKonf/ tar&duefjynffaxmifpk\ vlaerIpepfESifh tH0if*Gifusaomzdu[f"r®owfudk
avhvmMunfah omtcg tvftZf[&f tmvifrrf sm;onf [ezD zdu[fuakd wGU&Scd o hJ nf/olwo Ykd nf olw\ Ykd yifu, kd f
vufcu H sio hf ;kH aeaom &SmzDtzD u d [fukd twif;t"r®x;kd ray;acs/ þonfuyifvQif tvftZf[&fwuúov kd Bf u;D \
BuD;rm;vSaom oabmxm; xm;&Sad tmifoeG o f ifay;aom pGr;f aqmifcsufyif jzpfonf/
20 &mpkuek q f ;kH csed f ESpf 20 tvdrk pS í tvftZf[&fwuúov kd o f nfurÇmt0Sr;f &St d mvifrrf sm;udk ac:um
wuúov kd &f dS a&Scyf garmu©q&mBuD;rsm;jzifh rGr;f rHoifwef;udk ydcYk scJo h nf/ þoifwef;odYk jrefrmEdik if rH S tmvifrf
rsm;onfvnf; wufa&mufcJh&m trsm;tm;jzifh wufa&mufolwdkYonf t&ADDpmayESifhpum; ruRrf;usifrIaMumifh
udkif&dkNrdKUudkvnfywfNyD; jyefvmcJh&onfursm;\/ þusrf;jyKol udkpdk;vGif(Nidrf;csrf;vQyfppf)ESifhtmvifrftcsdKUom
vQif ,if;ausmif;\ ydkYcscsufrsm;udk aocsmusepGm qnf;yl;um trdjrefrmEdkifiHodkYjyefvmEdkifcJhjzpfonf/
þrGr;f rHoifwef;wGif ausmif;awmfBu;D \ ygarmu©csKyEf iS hf r[m XmerSL;ygarmu©rsm;onf oifwef;om;rsm;ESihf
awGUqHu k m ar;jref;p&mrsm;?udk yGiv hf if;pGm;ar;jref;aqG;aEG; apcJo h nf/ urÇmt0Sr;f rS vma&mufaomt&ADpmwwf
ynm&Sifrsm;onf/ olwdkYem;rvnfaom taMumif;rsm;? odkYavm odkYavmjzpfae&aom "r®owfqdkif&m tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk ar;jref;vm&mwGif q&mBu;D a&Scrf sm;taejzifh csucf si;f yif usr;f ud;k um;rsm;jzifh jyefvnf ajzMuonfukd
tHMh opGmawGUjrifc&hJ onf/ udpk ;kd vGio f nf t&ADpmayudu k Rr;f usipf mG a&;zwfemvnf;onft h wGuf þaqG;aEG;csurf sm;udk
ausnufpGm odjrifcGifh&&Hkru þusrf;tm;jzifh jyefvnfítrsm;ynmwwfrGwfpvifrfwdkY em;vnfodjrifEdkifapzdkY
jzefUa0Edkif&ef usrf;jyKpkjcif; jzpf ygonf/
þusr;f wGif az:jycsurf sm;onf uREykf w f t Ykd wGuf todw&m;yGm;rsm;zdYk Feeding tpmauR;jcif; oabm
jzpfygonf/ þBuD;rm;vSaompGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;t& tpmrauscJhvQif? pmzwfoltaejzifh tpmraus? tpm
tdraf &m*gomjzpfwef&m\/ ,aeYacwfumvwGif urÇmBu;D onf aus;&Gmomomjzpfvm&Hrk u IT (Information
tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;
www.QuranInBurmese.com
Technology) t& tajccHaom todw&m;A[kow
k ydrk kd jrefqefpmG odjrifvm&onftcsu?f tem*gwfacwfumv
wGif MuHKawGU&rnfh bmoma&;qdkif&m tpmrausrIrsm;udk urÇmhrGwfpvifrfynm&Sifrsm;u tifwmeufrSaeí
ajz&Sif;today;vsuf&Sd&m? rsm;rMumrDaomumvonf tvdrftnmrsm; uGufuGufuGif;uGif; aysmufuG,f
oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ þusr;f onf ,if; odaYk vm odaYk vm [laom 0J*,ufwiG f epfjrKyf tcsed u
f ek cf rf;aeaom olwtYkd wGuf
tv,ftvwff vrf;aMumif;rS ty tjcm;enf;vrf; r&Sad Mumif; &Si;f jyonfh usr;f jzpfaMumif;udk zwf&cI pH m;rdygaMumif;
wifjyrSwcf sufcs vdu
k f&ygonf/
*sm0d('f)oef;
BSc. (Chem)
ù
ú'
'
ù
usrf;OD;pum;
ú '
'

=cs;D usL;axmremjcif;taygif;onfpMu0VmteE´EiS hf a0ae,s
ouf&o dS ufrt hJ m;vH;k wdt Yk m; r&S&d mrS&&Sd modzYk efqif;jyKpyk sKd ;axmifxed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smufawmfral om tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwftwGuo f mvQijf zpfayonf/

'

'
= xdt k &Sijf rwfonfomvQiw f pfyg; wnf;aomcsKd UwJrh t I aygif;rS
pifMu,fawmfral omt&Sijf zpf ayonf/
'
uRefawmfonf þpmtkyu f akd &;om;&ef &nf&, G f cJo h nfrmS ESpt f wefMum
umvuyifjzpfayonf/ odaYk omf tcGit hf a&; rMuKH cyhJ g/ tb,f aMumifq h akd omf uReaf wmf wifjyrnfh
taMumif;t&monf tpövmrfhorkdif;wpfavQmuf tpövmrhf "r®owfOya'rsm; ajymif;vJvmyHk
tqifq h ifu h w kd ifjy xm;aom taMumif;t&mjzpf ayonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd wifjy&mü tpövmrfh ordik ;f ESihf ywfouf
aom&I axmifhpHkrSa&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udkzwf&I&ouJhodkY tjcm; wpfzufwGifvnf;tpövmrfh
"r®owfqikd &f m zdu[fusr;f rsm;? ['Dpf usr;f rsm;udk tus,zf iG hf qdck suu f sr;f rsm;udk avhvmzwf&I &ayonf/
xdu k ohJ Ykd avhvmqnf;yl;&efEiS hf a&;om;&eftwGuf t"du vdt k yf csurf mS tcsed Ef iS v hf tkd yfaom pmtkyf
rsm;jzpfayonf/
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\aus;Zl;awmfjzifh ESpfaxmifjynfhESpf aemufydkif;avmufrS pwifí
uReaf wmfa&;om;rnfh pmtkyt f wGuf vdt k yfcsupf mtkyrf sm;ESihf zwf&aI vhvmcGiq hf akd om tcsed u f kd xkwEf ikd f
cJah vonf/ uReaf wmfonf þpmtkyu f akd &;om;& jcif;ESiyhf wfoufí rdru d , kd rf rd d txyfxyf jyefvnf
prf;ppfro d nf/ aemufq;kH xGuv f m onft h ajzonfum; rSeu f efaomtaMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd wifjy&rnf
rSm rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D \ wm0efjzpfonf[al om tcsuyf if jzpfonf/
xduk o hJ Ykd rSeu f efaom taMumif;t&mwpfcu k wkd ifjy&mütusKd ; oufa&mufrt I wdik ;f twmonfvnf;
tajctaeESit hf csed t f cgay: wGif rlwnfí tusKd ;jzpfxeG ;f Edik rf nf[k ,HMk unfcyhJ gonf/ tb,f aMumifq h akd omf
uReaf wmf\bd;k ab;? rdbrsm;vufxufru S Reaf wmfwYkd cyf&, G &f ,
G f tcsed t f xd xde;f odr;f vmcJah om tpOftvm
wpf&yfrSm rdrdwdkY\ a&SUaqmifvlBuD;rsm;\ ajymqdkaom pum;rsm;udk twwfEdkifqHk; emcHMuonf?
vdu k ef musio hf ;kH Muonf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd vdu k ef musihf oH;k &jcif;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufí r&Si;f vif;aomtcsut f vufrsm;udk
jyefvnfar;cGe;f xkwjf cif;? apm'uwwfjcif;rsm;onf xdak cwf xdu k mv\ avmu0wft& &dik ;f pdik ;f aom
tjyLtrltjzpf cH,cl MhJ uayonf/
,aeYacwfumv vli,fv&l , G rf sm;onf 4if;wdaYk cwf? 4if; wdyYk wf0ef;usi?f 4if;wdaYk vhvm
qnf;yl; Muonfah usmif;rsm;? ynm&yfrsm; onf vufawGUusonf/ r&Si;f vif;aomudp&ö yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í
ar;cGe;f xkw&f mü &Iaxmifph rkH aS r;MuouJo h ?Ykd ajzMum;ay;aom q&m rsm;uvnf; &Iaxmifph rkH S tao;pdwu f kd
jyefvnf&iS ;f jyaompepfukd usio hf ;kH Muavonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd ausmif;rsm; ywf0ef; usirf sm;rS Bu;D jyif;vmMuaom
vli,fv&l , G f rsm;taejzifh tpövmrfomoemESihf ywfoufí 4if;wdUk ud, k w f ikd u f vnf; avhvmvdu k pf m;
Muonf/ r&Si;f vif;aom udp&ö yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D vufawGUususocd sio f rl sm; jzpfMuayonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd
vli,fv&l , G rf sm;ESihf ,cif&&dS if;pJt G pOftvmrsm;udk xde;f odr;f vmcJMh uaom a&SUaqmifvBl u;D rsm;\ pyfMum;wGif
rwlnD aom uGm[csuu f r[mwHwikd ;f Bu;D ozG,f jcm;vsu&f adS eayonf/
xdu k o hJ aYkd omumvwGif ay:xGuv f maom uReaf wmf\ pmtkyo f nf a&S;tpOftvmudk
xde;f odr;f Muaom rGwpf vifrrf sm; twGuf &mEIe;f jynfph w d Bf uKd ujf zpfEikd cf sirf S jzpfEikd af yvdrrhf nf/ tb,f
aMumifq h akd omf? uReaf wmfu, kd w f ikd Bf u;D jyif;vmaom ywf0ef;usio f nf a&S;tpOftvmudk xde;f odr;f vGe;f aom
ywf0ef;usirf jS zpfonf/ uRef awmf\pmtkyf wGiyf g0if aom ajrmufrsm;pGmaom taMumif;t&m rsm;teufrS
tcsuw f pfcsuf ESiyhf wfoufí wifjyygrnf/ xdt k csuf onf uReaf wmfu, kd w f idk f uav;b0rS 1999
ckEpS af vmuftxd vdu k f emusio hf ;kH vmygvsuf xdu k o hJ Ykd vdu k ef musio fh ;kH &onfh taMumif;&if; ESiyhf wfoufí
wdusaocsmonfh tajzudrk &&Scd ahJ y/ tv’m[ft&Sif jrwf\aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh 1999 ckEpS w f iG f udik &f Nkd rKd U&Sd
tvftZf[&f tpövmrfw h uúov kd Bf u;D wGif oH;k voifwef;wufciG &hf cJo h nf/ xdt k csed wf iG f oifwef;q&m
rsm;jzpfMuaom bmom&yfqikd &f m ygarmu©rsm;u 4if;wdo Yk ifMum;ydcYk scsurf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;&ef
wufa&muf vmMuaom oifwef;om;rsm;udk zdwaf c:cJyhJ gonf/
uReaf wmfonf i,fpOfuav;b0rSvu kd ef musio fh ;kH cJNh y;D xdu k o hJ Ykd vduk ef musio hf ;kH cJ&h onfh
taMumif; &if;udk rodcahJ om ]]a,musmf ;uav;rsm; ajcrsuaf phtxd0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;udk tpövmrfw&m;
awmfu rnfonfh twGuaf Mumifh [&mrf[í l wm;jrpfcyhJ goenf;}}[laom tcsuu f kd ar;cJo h nf/ xdak r;cGe;f udk
ajzqdkaomq&mtygt0if tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS wufa&mufaom oifwef;om;rsm;taejzifh ar;p&m
r[kwfaomar;cGef;udk ar;onf[kyif xifjrif,lqMuavonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf xdkuhJodkY
udp&ö yfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom ['Dqrf sm;onf [pf*s&D 256 ckEpS af vmufu pwifay:aygufNy;D xdu k sr;f yg
['Dqrf sm;udk tus,w f 0ifh &Si;f vif;xm;aom &Si;f vif;csuf usr;f rsm;onfvnf; [pf*s&D 700 ckEpS f
avmufuxJu &SNd y;D jzpfaMumif;udk yPmr&Si;f jyonf/ az:jyyg ajcrsuaf phtyk o f nfh
txd 0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;ESihf tjcm;tjcm;aom udp&ö yftawmf rsm;rsm;udk Alcg&Dusr;f yg ['Dqrf sm;? xdu k sr;f udk
tus,fzGifhqdkxm; aom tpfAae[*s&f\ zo[GvfAm&Dusrf;? rGwfpvifrfusrf;yg ['Dqf rsm;ESifh
xduk sr;f udt k us,zf iG q hf akd om tDrmrfe0g0D\ zGiq hf kd csurf sm;udk rl&if;usr;f zGiq hf ckd suu f sr;f ? u@? pmrsuEf mS ?
['DqftrSwf? oHk;oyf csuf trSwfrsm;tm;jzifh &Sif;vif;xm;aom a'gufwm,lqGzf u&f 'Gg0D \
]]wrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é rf sm;jzifh b0wnfaqmufMupdUk }} qdak omt&ADr&l if;usr;f udk uReaf wmftygt0if
wufa&muf vmMu aom oifwef;om;tm;vH;k udk wpftyk f pDvufaqmiftjzpf ay; cJo h nf/
txufygusrf;wGif &Sif;vif;xm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;teuf uRefawmfwdkY\
ywf0ef;usit f odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;twGi;f &Sd rGwpf vifrf rsm;twGuf odoifo h x d ukd af omtaMumif;t&m? tcsut f
vufrsm;udk a&G;cs,í f jrefrmpmayjzif b h momjyefqckd o hJ nf/ xdpk mtkyrf S bmomjyefqckd ahJ om taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk uReaf wmf\pmtkyw f iG o f ;D jcm;u@wpfct k jzpf az:jyxm; ygonf/ uReaf wmftxufu qdck hJ
onfhtwdkif; xdkpmtkyfonf tajctaeESifhtcsdeftcgay:wGif rlwnfí tusdK;oufa&mufrItwdkif;
twmonf ,aeYacwfvil ,frsm;twGuf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef? ['Dqf rsm;? zdu[frsm;? ['Dqpf ak qmif;cJo h rl sm;?
['Dqfrsm;udk tus,f zGifhqdkolrsm;? wrefawmfjrwf()ESifh qG[mAmrsm;? omAdtDefrsm;? acwf
&S&tD m"r®owfrsm;? cvDz[ftrnfcH oufO;D qHyikd f tkrikd , f [frif; qufrsm;ESihf tAÁmqD,[frif;qufrsm;acwf
"r®owf Oya'rsm;? xdrk if;qufrsm;ESihf acwfNyKd it f rd mrfBu;D rsm; taMumif;rsm;tjyif yg&Si;f tifyg,m?
r*dktifyg,m? atmfwdkreftifyg,mrsm;? acwf &S&Dtm "r®owfrsm; jyKjyifajymif;vJvmyHkrsm;udk
vufvrS ;f rSo D a&GUtwwfEikd q f ;kH
wifjyxm;aom pmtkyjf zpfayonf/
xdkpmtkyfwpftkyfwnf;udk zwf&Hkjzifh pmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmudkzwf&Iavhvm&bdouJhodkY
txufaz:jyyg taMumif;t&mrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D ay:aygufvmyHo k rdik ;f ckEpS rf sm;jzifh uGuu
f uG u
f iG ;f uGi;f
rD;armif;xdk; jyxm;ygonf/ uRefawmf\pmtkyfESifh qufpyfrI&Sdaom taMumif; t&mrsm;jzpfonfh
tpövmrf"r®Ard mef ESpo f ;kH q,f txl;xkwrf *¾Zif;rS (uG,v f eG o
f )l oD&d OD;El&u f akd v; \ ]]umzd&zf of0g\
tedXm&Hpk pfwrf;}} wuúov kd af rmifarmifoef;(c)*sm0d'o
f ef;\]]qm&fquf,'f\ Bu;D rm;vSaom pGeUf vTwf pGepYf m;
jyKcsurf sm;}} aqmif;yg;rsm;rS tcsKd Utyd'k f rsm;udu
k ;l ,laz:jycJNh y;D ? q&mOD;jrwfo\ l ]]ordik ;f pmrsuEf mS ay:rSoifcef;pm
rsm; }} aqmif;yg;udk tprStqH;k wdik f jyefvnfaz:jycJo h nf/ az:jyyg aqmif;yg;rsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í
aqmif;yg;&Sirf sm;xH BuKd wif cGijhf yKcsurf awmif;cHyJ az:jycJo h nfukd cGiv hf w T yf g&ef arwÅm&yfct H yfyg onf/
txl;aus;Zl;wifvmT
t&ADpmayESiphf yfvsO;f í vufO;D q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom? q&m OD;jrwfol MSc. q&m bDvmvf&efEikd f
B.A., LLB. wdkYonf t&AD pmayudk oifMum;ay;&mü rdrdwdkY od&Sdxm;orQ q&mpm;rcseftdyf
oGezf marSmufoifMum;ay;cJyh gonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwiG v f nf; 4if;wdYk wufa&mufvsu&f adS om q&mCmZD\
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf Alcg&D usr;f zGiq hf ckd suo f ifwef;odw Yk ufa&mufapcJyh gonf/ xdo k ifwef; rS wpfqifh
tD*spEf ikd if H udik &f Nkd rKd U&St
d vftZf[&ftpövmrfw h uúov kd wf iG f oH;k voifwef;wufciG &hf &Sjd cif;? usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef?
['Dqu f sr;f rsm;? zdu[f usr;f rsm;? zGiq hf ckd suuf sr;f rsm;udt k &AD pmayjzifh avhvm vdu k f pm;Edik rf rI sm;onf
4if;wd\Yk aus;Zl;aMumifjh zpfaMumif;? rSww f rf;wif tyf ygonf/
þpmtkyfay:aygufvma&;twGuf vdktyfaompmtkyfrsm;udkEdkifiH&yfjcm;&SdrdwfaqGrsm;xHrS
wpfqifrh mS ,lay;cJah omUSMAN MADHA (CALIFORNIA) AvDa*gyuOuú|tm;vnf;aumif;? tjcm;
vdtk yfaompmtkyrf sm;udk tifwmeufrS rSm,lay;jcif;? a&;xm;aom pmtkypf mrlrsm;udpk mzwfy&dówfrsm;\
&Iaxmifrh zS wfí a0zef ay;cJah om om;oruf armif&efEikd f BSc., Geology .,Hon,MCSC tm;vnf;aumif;
txl;aus;Zl;wiftyfygonf/
þpmtkyw f iG f u@wpfct k jzpf oD;jcm;az:jyxm;aom ['Dqrf sm;qdik &f m? taxmuftuljyK
ynm&yfrsm;ESihf a'gufwm ,lqzG u f &f'gG 0D\]]wrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é rf sm;jzifh b0wnfaqmufMupd}Yk } [laom
t&AD r l & if ; usrf ; ud k jref r mbmomjzif h jyef q d k & mü pd w f a &m ud k , f y g 0d k i f ; 0ef ; ul n D a y;cJ h a om
a'gufwmarmfv0Daqmif;vGiaf tmif tm;vnf;aumif;? þpmtkyx f w
k af 0 Edik af &;ESihf jrefrmpmom;rsm;udk
wnf;jzwfay;aom i,fuRr;f rdwaf qGBu;D OD;cifñeG Yf BSc., tm;vnf; aumif;? trSmpmrsm;a&;ay;aom
q&m *sm0d'o f ef;tm; vnf; aumif; txl;aus;Zl; wif&ydS gaMumif; rSww f rf;wif tyfygonf/ t&ADpmay
rsm;udak vhvm&müvnf;aumif;? oifwef;rsm;udk wufa&muf&müvnf;aumif;? pmtkyrf sm;udk zwf&aI vh
vm&mü vnf; aumif;? rdrdwwfEdkifonfhzufrS bmoma&;qdkif&m? a[majymydkYcsrIqdkif&m? vkyfief;
rsm;üvnf;aumif;? þpmtkyaf y:aygufvm a&;twGuf taxmuftuljyK pmtkyrf sm;udk zwf&aI vhvm&mü
vnf;aumif;? þpmtkyu f kd a&;om;jyKpk &mü vnf;aumif;? ukev f eG cf ahJ omtcsed rf sm;udk rdr\ d &ydik cf iG t
hf csed rf sm;rS
Munf j zLpG m cJ G a 0ay;jcif ; tm;jzif h yg&rD j znf h a y;cJ h a om uRef a wmf \ cspf Z eD ; tm; txl ; aus;Zl ;
Oyumwif&ydS gaMumif;udv k nf; rSwwf rf;wiftyfygonf/
OD;pd;k vGif
(Nird ;f csrf;vQyfppf)
! "

# $%È&
$ ý(ú
'
)
"*+
ý
,

-"
.+/012$
ý
3 +
4567ù8 ù8
9-"#ú!7 1:
;
$ -"

$#
]]csD;usL;axmremjcif;taygif;onf pMu0VmteE´tm; jyKpkysdK;axmifawmfrlaom

edpx ö m0&tv’m[f t&Sijf rwftwGuo f mjzpf ay onf/ xdt k &Siof nf tpövmrfomoemtm; uREykf w f t
Ykd wGuf
]] 'De}f } b0 wnfaqmufrI vrf;pOftjzpfEpS o f ufoabmwlcaJ vonf/
xdktv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf wrefwmfjrwf rk[r®'f() tm;eAD tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
vrf;ñTeo f t l jzpfvnf;aumif;? &plvf tjzpfvnf; aumif;? Ed;I aqmfot l jzpfvnf;aumif;? tvif;a&mifay;aom
aerif; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? t&Sijf rwfxo H Ykd zdwaf c:ol tjzpf vnf;aumif;? vlom;wpf&yfv;kH xHoYkd
trSefw&m;twGuf NyD;jynfhpHk aomvlom;tjzpf apvTwfcJhavonf/ xdkwrefawmfjrwfonf
tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHrS apvTwfjcif;cH&aom eADwrefawmfrsm;\ OaoQmif? pMu0Vm teE´twGuf
r[mu&kPm&Sit f jzpf txl;ap vTwcf &H oljzpfonf/
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf 4if;\ /" pnf;pdrfrsm;tm; vlom; wpf&yfvHk;twGuf
Ny;D jynfph ckH ahJ vonf/ xdt k &Sio
f nftpövmrf om oem udk ]] b0 wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOf }} tjzpf
tpOfwnfwefcY ikd jf raJ p cJah vonf/ xdo k moemawmf\ vif;a&mifjcnftm; b,faomtcgrSNird ;f owfrnf
r[kwo f uJo h Ykd xm0&&Sio f efvif;0if;aprnf jzpfonf/ xdt k &Sijf rwf\ Oya'rsm;wGif csKd UwJrh [ I íl pd;k pOf;rQ
tvsO;f r&Scd ahJ y/ pMu0VmtwGi;f &Sd t&mcyford ;f wdu Yk kd xdt k &Siu f omvQif xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufvsuf
&Sad yonf/
xdtk &Sijf rwfonf wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd csay;cJah om usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf xdu k srf;yg
trdeyYf nwf csurf sm;tay: tao;pdwf vdu k ef musio hf ;kH í taumiftxnfaz:jycJh aomwrefawmfjrwf\
pG E é [ f usif h p Of r sm;onf v nf ; usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef E S i f h t wl ud , mrof aeY w d k i f tjrJ x m0&
&Sio f efaernfjzpfayonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k tf mef pl&[f(5) tm,wfawmf(48)wGi?f -
9-"
+ù8$+ù50 ,$8#<75
ú#ú+ = #3 +<75
;
$ -"

>)8$#/,?ù5$#$ )ø5 >3
ú#@A B),ùA
B
ô!7C¾ '
]] xd k Y t jyif igt&S i f j rwf o nf toif w ref a wmf x H o d k Y rS e f u ef aomusrf ; ud k

xkwjf yefcsrw S af y;cJah vonf/ ,if;usr;f onf ,cif&dS cJah omusr;f rsm;udk axmufcv H su&f \ dS / xdt Yk jyif
,if;usr;f rsm;udk vnf; xde;f odr;f vsu&f \ dS / odjYk zpfay&m (td-k eAD) toifonf xdo k w l Ykd pyfMum;0,f
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf xkwjf yefycYkd saom uk&t f mefEiS t hf nD w&m;qH;k jzwfygav/ 4if;tjyif toifonf
rdrx d aH &muf&v dS maomrSeu f efaomusr;f udpk eG í Yf 4if;wd\ Yk tvdq k E´rsm;udk rvku d af vESi/hf igt&Sio f nf ,?
ac:Oya'ESihf D8$# ac:enf;Oya'udk toif wdt Yk euf toD;oD;wdt Yk zdYk owfrw
S jf yXmef;awmfrcl ahJ vonf }}
az:jyygtm,wfawmft& wrefawmfjrwfyifvQif usrf;jrwf uk&ftmefOya'ESifh
omqH;k jzwfyikd cf iG hf &Sad yonf/ ,? rSmuk&f tmef jzpfNy;D ? D8$#rSm uk&t f mefyg ynwfcsurf sm;udk wrefawmfjrwf
utao;pdwf taumiftxnf az:jycsujf zpf ayonf/ tpövmrf omoem 0ifrw G f pvifrrf sm;u
uk&t f mefygOya'rsm;udk tao;pdwf taumif txnf az:jycJah omwrefawmfjrwf\aqmif&u G cf suu f kd
pGE[
é [ f k ac:qdMk uonf/ E!$
/$ qdo
k nfrmS wrefawmfjrwf\ vkyaf qmifcsuf odrYk [kwf aqmif&uG cf suf
jzpfonf/
usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefuajymaompGE[
é f
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif ]] pGEé[f }} qdkaoma0g[m&(13) Budrfyg0ifayonf/ xdk
(13)Burd pf vH;k wGif ]] pGEé [f}} \t"dymÜ ,fuOkd ya'pnf;urf;[lí zGiq hf x kd m;ygonf/
È!C ' /$ FCú Gø!=ú#
Hú:
ý0 '
/$
þonf a&S;txufausmu f mvü vGeaf vcJMh uaomol wdEYk iS yhf wfoufí tv’m[f t&Sif
jrwf\ Oya'pnf;urf;yif/ pifppf toif onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ Oya'pnf;urf;ü rnfonfh ajymif;vJru I kd
rQ toiftvsO;f awGU&vdrrhf nfr[kw/f (33 ; 62) wGiEf pS Bf urd ?f pl&[f (8 ; 38) wGiw f pfBurd ?f (15 ; 13)
wGiw f pfBurd ?f (17 ; 77) wGiw f pfBurd ?f (18 ; 55) wGiw f pfBurd ?f (33 ; 88) wGiw f pfBurd ?f (35 ; 43) wGio f ;kH Burd ?f
(40 ; 85) wGiw f pfBurd ?f (48 ; 23) wGiEf pS Bf urd f yg0ifavonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd (23) ESpw f ikd q
f ifu h qJ ifuh u
J sa&mufc\ hJ /
xdu k sa&muf cJah om Oya'rsm;udk wref awmfjrwfu tao;pdwt f aumiftxnf az:jycJ\ h / xdak z:jycsuf
rsm;udk pGE[ é f [kac:onf/ pGE[ é q f o kd nfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefu cif;ay;aom vrf;ay:odYk wrefawmfjrwfu
avQmufjyjcif;jzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS phf EG [é q f o kd nfrmS '*Fg;jym;wpfaph\ acgif;ESiyhf ef; yrm'Gew f í GJ
&Sad ecJo h nf/ aemif ud,mrofaeYwikd v f nf; &Sad etH;k rnf jzpfonf/
Äusrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef y g tcsd K UOya'rsm;onf wref w mf j rwf \ pG E é [ f r ygyJ
vdu k ef musio fh ;kH ír&Edik af Mumif;/ Oyrmtjzpf wifjy&rnf qdyk gu?- usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f (17)? tm,wf
(78) ü?

8.#41F6
4
'=4
> F6
4
'= ø
÷Iý '
J.
@ K'
ù=
az:jyygtm,wfwiG f rGe;f vJcG sdeZf [ k &G q f v G mof? neufyikd ;f td&mS qGvmof?rd;k aomuf,H
z*s&q f vG mof0wfjyK&eftrdeaYf y;a0g[m& jzifh oH;k pJx G m;onf/ tvm;wl pl&[f(11) tm,wfawmf(114)wGi?f -
ø
ú#6 L8$
ý0MK
ù=
aeY\tpGe;f ESpzf ufqv G mofrsm;udv k nf;aumif;? nESiehf ;D pyfaom tpdwt f ydik ;f qGvmofukd
vnf;aumif;? 0wfjyK&ef rdeYf qdx k m; onf/ aeU\tpGe;f ESpzf ufqo kd nfrmS z*s&Ef iS t hf qG&f qGvmofjzpfonf/
nESiehf ;D pyfaom n\tpdwt f ydik ;f qko d nfrmS r*f&pfAq f v G mof udq k v kd o kd nf/ pl&[f(30) tm,wfawmf
(18) wGi?f -
]]Zk[&G rf eG ;f vJcG sed Ef iS hf td&mS tcsed w f iG f tv’m[f t&Sif jrwftm;owd&Muuke}f }
pl&[f(20) tm,wfawmf (130) wGi?f -
]]toif\arG;jrLzefqif;&Sit f m; aerxGucf iftvsiüf vnf; aumif;? aer0ifciftvsiüf
vnf;aumif;? zGi[ hf cs;D usL;Muygav}} [k rdeq Yf x
kd m;avonf/
xdt k m,wfawmftm;vH;k udk avhvmMunfrh nfqv kd Qif z*s&?f Zk[&G ?f tqG&?f r*f&pfA?f td&mS [lí
qGvmofig;BudrfpvHk; 0wfjyK&eftrdefYay;a0:[m&rsm;tm;jzifh oHk;pJGxm;NyD;? qGvmof0wfjyK&ef enf;
vrf;tao;pdwu f rkd l usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f tao;pdwf az:jyxm;jcif;r&Sad y/ az:jyygOya'rsm;udk
wrefawmfjrwfu tao;pdwaf qmif&u G jf yrI ]]pGE[ é }f } tay:urÇmwpf0rS ;f &Sd AvD0wfausmif;rsm;? tm;
vH;k aomrGwpf vifrrf sm; qGvmofig;Burd w f nl pD mG ? &umofrsm; wlnD pGm0wfjyKaeMujcif;jzpfayonf/
ÄpGEé[fqdkonfrSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefua&;aom ZmwfñTef; udk wrefawmfjrwfu
o&kyaf qmifonfh o&kyaf qmifcsujf zpfonf/]]pGE[ é }f } qdo
k nfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef\ tpdwt
f ydik ;f jzpfonf/
pG E é [ f o nf usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef E S i f h t wl tjrJ x m0&&S i f o ef a ernf j zpf a om wref a wmf j rwf \
vkyaf qmifcsujf zpfonf/
wrefawmfjrwf ay;cJah omvufaqmif

4
#ù50N1C=NO +=E0ý =2$ P
P 8
Q,P0
/$ '
71$+
#
+
RCú 0+ù77,
td-k vlom;taygif;wdYk ,ckwifjyrnfh uREykf \ f rdecYf eG ;f udk toifwpYkd Of;pm;qifjcifMu/

uREykf o f nf toifwx Ykd oH Ykd vuf aqmifyg;cJrh nf/ xdv k ufaqmifukd pJjG rpJ mG udik x f m;jcif;tm;jzifh toif
wdb Yk ,faom tcgrS vrf;rSm;odaYk &mufvrd rhf nfr[kw/f xdv k uf aqmifonf usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf
wrefawmf\pGE[ é jf zpfonf[k [*s*f sov G 0f 'd [fwiG f wrefawmfjrwf\ aemufq;kH EIwq f ufred Uf cGe;f udk [pf*s&D
10 ck ZGv[ f *sv f 9 &ufaeYü t&zofuiG ;f jyif &[frof awmifwiG f rdr\ d ukvm;tkwaf usmjyifay:rS
rdecYf eG ;f acRc\hJ / xdrk ed Yf cGe;f em;axmifMuaom qG[mbm taygif;wpfoed ;f wpfaomif; ig;axmifcefY &Sad vonf/
Akcg&Dusrf;wGif wrefawmfjrwftm; rjrifbl;cJhaomomaAtDef wpfOD;u tmat
,S[o f cifrBu;D tm; wrefawmf jrwf\usihf pOfEiS hf pyfvsO;f í ar;cJo h nfah r;cGe;f udk ajzMum;&mü?
4
'Q
÷ H '
941 = wrefawmfjrwf\usiphf Ofonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefjzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef
onf wref awmf jrwf\usiphf Ofjzpfonf[k ajzMum;cJo h nf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(4) tm,wf(5 9)?-
Gù5$##S
ý
9
M
'
M

$#
'ú:
8
ÊCú
H; *'>H'S
%
-----T0ý@?ý0ù7,L$C40
]] td-k ouf0if,MkH unfot l aygif;wdYk toifwo Ykd nf tv’m[f t&Sijf rwf\trdeu fY kd vdu
k ef mMu
avuke/f xdek nf;wlpmG toifwYkd onf &plvw f refawmf\ trderYf sm;udk vdu k ef mMuavuke/f xdt Yk jyif
rdrw d t Ykd eufrw S m0ef&o dS w
l \ Ykd trderYf sm;udk vdu k ef mMuuke/f tu,fí toifwo Ykd nfwpfpw kH pf&mudp&ö yfEiS hf
pyfvsOf;í tjiif;yGm;cJhMuaomf? toifwdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudkvnf;aumif;? aemufqHk;aeY
udvk nf;aumif; ouf0if,MkHunfMuygvQi?f xdt k jiif;yGm;rIupd &ö yfukd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxaH wmfoYkd vnf;aumif;?
wrefawmfjrwfxH awmfov Ykd nf;aumif;? jyefvnfíydMYk uavuke/f þodjYk yKvyk jf cif; onfum;? trGejf rwfq;kH jzpf
onft h jyif tusKd ;tm;edoiftm;jzifh taumif;qH;k jzpfayonf }}
az:jyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tus,fzGifhqdkrIonf rdrdwdkY tcsif;csif;tjiif;yGm;
aomudp&ö yfrsm;udk tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxH jyef vnfyjYkd cif;? jyefvnfvt TJ yfjcif;qdo k nfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k f
tmefESifhtnD qHk;jzwfjcif;udkqdkvdkonf/ wrefawmfjrwfxH jyefvnfvTJtyfjcif;qdkonfrSm wref
awmfjrwf\pGE[ é Ef iS thf nD qH;k jzwfjcif;udk qdv k jkd cif; jzpfonf/ xdt k m,wfyg wm0ef&o dS \l trdeu Yf v kd u
kd f
em&rnf[k qdkjcif;onf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifhwrefawmfjrwf\ pGEé[frsm; taMumif;udk bufpHkrS
em;vnfoabmaygufNy;D usKd ;aMumif;qifjcifMuq H qk;H jzwfEikd af om pGr;f &nfEiS jhf ynfph o kH nfo h rl sm;udk qdv k jkd cif;
jzpfonf/
az:jyygtm,wf\ &nfñeT ;f csurf mS udp&ö yfwpfcEk iS h f pyfvsO;f Ny;D tjiif;yGm;rIay:aygufvmygu
usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f tajz&Sm&rnf/ wrefawmfjrwf\pGE[ é wf iG f tajz&Sm&rnf/ usrf;jrwfu&k f
tmefEiS phf EG [ é rf sm;taMumif;udk aphipkH mG em;vnfo\ l tqH;k tjzwfukd emcH&rnf/
Oyrm uk&t f mef(16 ; 64)wGi?f -
&plvw f refawmf\ trdeu Yf v kd u
kd ef mMuavuke/f
V0
6 7 H

E: ù 8 ú ! 7
¾

75
;
$ - "

]] igt&Sio f nf toifx h o H Ykd usr;f *efuckd say;cJ\ h / toifonf xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;udk xdo k l
wdt Y k m; tao;pdwf &Si;f vif;jy &efEiS hf pOf;pm;qifjcifEikd &f eftvdiYk gS jzpfayonf }}
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefyg Oya'rsm;udk vlom;wdkYtwGuf wrefawmfjrwfu tao;pdwf
&Si;f jycsurf mS pGE[ é jf zpfonf/ pGE[ é q f o kd nfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ t&if;tjrpfyifpnfrS xGuv f maom
tudik ;f tcuftoD;tyGiw hf u Ykd kd qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ uk&t f mefEiS phf EG [ é fonf Oya'ESix hf Okd ya'twdik ;f
vdu k ef musio hf ;kH rI enf;Oya'jzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f K'
ù=
= qGvmofwnfaqmufMu?
K1'-
C
' = Zumof(qif;&Jom;aMu;)ay;aqmifMu[k rdefYqdkcsuf aygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifayonf/
xdrk ed q Yf ckd surf sm;ESiyhf wfoufí jyKvyk jf cif; tao;pdwyf g0ifjcif;r&S/d xdu k o hJ Ykd usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefwiG f trdeafY y;
a0g[m&tm;jzifh rdeq Yf ckd surf sm;udk wrefawmfjrwfutao; pdwf aqmif&u G jf ycsu?f vufawGU
usio hf ;kH jycsurf sm;onf wrefawmfacwfrS wrefawmfjrwfEiS t hf wl r[mom0ursm;u vdu k ef musio hf ;kH
cJMh uonf/ qG[mbmrsm;ESit hf wl omaAtDerf sm;uvnf; vuf awGU usio hf ;kH cJMh uonf/ xdpk EG [ é rf sm;onf
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef ESit hf wl xm0& wnf&adS ernfjzpfonf/
tb,faMumifqakd omf....wrefawmfjrwfonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftwdik ;f usiMfh uí H
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf wref awmfjrwf\usipfh Ofjzpfonf/ txufyg pl&[f(4) tm,wfawmf (59)t&
(tv’[f t&Sifjrwf\trdefYudkvdkufemMu? wrefawmfjrwf\ trdefYudk vkdufemMu? toifwdkYteufrS
wm0ef&Sdol\trdefYudk vdkuf emMu) qdkonfrSm usrf;jrwf uk&ftmefyg Oya'twdkif;vdkufemjcif;?
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefyg Oya'rsm;udkwrefawmfjrwfu tao;pdwf&Sif; vif;jycsuf? aqmif&Gufjycsuf?
pGE[ é Of ya'twdik ;f vdu k ef mjcif;/ xdu k sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg Oya'rsm;ESi?hf Oya'rsm; tay: wrefawmfjrwfut
ao; pdw&f iS ;f vif;jycsu?f aqmif&u G jf ycsu?f pGE[ é Of ya' rsm; taMumif; udk aphipkH mG bufprkH S em;vnf
oabmaygufo\ l trdeu Yf kd vdu k f emjcif; wdo Yk nf uJjG ym;jcm;em;onfh trdeo Yf ;kH rsKd ;r[kwaf y/ usr;f jrwfu&k f
tmefygOya'wpfcw k nf;udk vdu k ef mcdik ;f jcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm qGvmof 0wfjyK jcif;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg
tv’[f t&Sijf rwf\t rdejYf zpf onf/ xdu k sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg tv’m[f t&Sif jrwf\ trdehf udw k ref
awmfjrwfu tao;pdwq f v G mof wnfaqmufjyonf/
xdkwref awmfjrwf\ tao;pdwfwnfaqmuf jyaom qGvmof wnf aqmufrIudk
wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mbmBu;D rsm;uvnf; wnf aqmufcMhJuonf/ wrefawmfjrwf r&Sad wmhonfah emufyikd ;f
omaAtDefrsm;u? qG[mbmBuD;rsm; qGvmofwnfaqmufonfh twdkif; wnfaqmufjcif;onf
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg tv’m[f t&Sif jrwf\ trdeu Yf v kd nf;aumif;? wref awmfjrwf\trdeu Yf kd vnf; aumif;?
toifwt Ykd eufrS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;\ trdeu Yf kd vnf;aumif;? vdu k ef musio hf ;kH jcif;yif jzpfayonf/
qG[mbmrsm;acwf w&m;Oya'qH;k jzwfrOI ya'

qG[mbmBu;D rsm;\ w&m;qH;k jzwfcsuOf ya'onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef? wrefawmfjrwf
\pGE[é rf sm;udt
k ajccHonhf w&m; qH;k jzwfcsupf epfukd toH;k jyKcMhJ uonf/ ay:aygufvmaom jyóem
&yfrsm;udk ]] td*saf or[f }} ac: pHn
k cD &kH ;kH zJUG í xdpk n
kH cD &kH ;kH rS usr;f jrwf uk&t
f mefEiS phf EG [
é rf sm;udk tajccHí ]]
ud,mqf }} 0dik ;f 0ef;csifh csdeí
f qH;k jzwfMuonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\aemufyikd ;f or®wBuD; tAlbuú&f
(W)ocif?or®wBu;D tGr&® (f W)ocif? or®wBu;D tGqrf mef (W)ocif? or®wBu;D tvD(W)ocifwYkd
av;OD;pvH;k u 4if;wdYk tkycf sKyf csed wf iG f rdeq Yf akd omtrderYf mS ]]uREykf o
f nf toifwEYkd iS phf yfvsO;f í w&m; awmf
ESit
hf nDw&m;ojzifh qH;k jzwfaeonfEiS t hf rQ ? toifwo Ykd nf uREykf f \trderYf sm;udk vdu k ef mMu avuke/f
tu,fí uREykf o f nf w&m; awmfEiS q hf efu Y siíf trdeaYf y;cJo h nf&adS omf? toifwt Ykd ay:uREykf \
f trdeuYf kd
emcH&efwm0efr&Sd }} [k rdeq Yf ckd MhJ uonf/ (u&S')f
qG[mbmBu;D rsm; pHn k cD &kH ;kH zJUG í usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS phf EG [
é f rsm;udt
k ajccHonf&h m;qH;k jzwf
csurf sm;u ý,.
ù5 tpövmrfh "r®owfOya'[kac:onf/
tdrd mrftAl[eDz[f([pf*s&D 80-150)

tdrmrftAl[eDz[focifonf omaAtDefrsm; acwf udkrSDaom yk*¾dKvfjzpfonf/
4if;\w&m;qH;k jzwfcsuo f nf omaAtDerf sm; w&m; qH;k jzwfonft h wdik ;f w&m;qH;k jzwf oljzpfonf/ xdw k &m;
qH;k jzwfcsuf ynm&yfrsm;udk tD&mufEikd if ?H ulzmNrdKU *smarAvDBuD;wGif wynfah ygif; 1500 ausmfukd
aeYpOfvufawGU ydcYk sco hJ jl zpfonf/ 4if;\acwfwiG f ay:aygufvmcJah om jyóemrsm;udk vufawGUusus
ajz&Si;f ay;Edik cf hJ avonf/
xdkacwfrSpwifí "r®owf qHk;jzwfonfhynm&yfudk ]]zdu[f}} [kac:qdkNyD;? "r®owf
qH;k jzwf&mwGif uRr;f usio f ul kd ]] zuD[f }} [kac:onf/ 4if;\ "r®owftwkid ;f vduk ef molrsm;udk ]][ezDrZf[Af}}
*dP
k ;f 0ifrsm;[k ac:qdMk uonf/ 4if;onf tkrikd , f [frif;qufwiG f arG;zGm;í tAÁmqD ,[f'w k ,d rif; quf
cvDzm tAl*smz&ftvfrefql&f ([pf*s&D 138-159) \ cefYtyfaom w&m;olBuD;csKyf&mxl;tm;
jiif;y,fonft h wGuaf Mumifh ao'Pfay;cHc&hJ onf/
rmvpfuAf ifet
f eqf([pf*s&D 93-179)
tdrmrfrmvpfuo f nf r'DemNrKd Uom;jzpfonf/ zdu[f"r®owf ESiyhf wfoufí ausmMf um;
ouJo h Ykd ['Dqrf sm;udpk ak qmif;í MUWATTA trnfjzifh tvGeaf usmMf um;aom['Dqu f sr;f udk jyKpck hJ
oljzpfonf/ 4if;onf zdu[f\ordik ;f udk qef;opfov l nf; jzpfonf/ zdu[f"r®owfq;kH jzwf&mü 4if;\
MUWATTA usr;f yg ['Dqr f sm;udk tajccHí"r®owfjyKco hJ nf/ 4if;\acwfNyKd iyf nm&Sirf sm;\ 0dik ;f 0ef;xd;k
ESufjcif;udktvl;tvJcHcJh&onf/ xdkacwfynm&Sifrsm;\ cH,lcsufrSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefonf
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHjzpfonfqkd aom cH,cl suu f kd tdrmrfrmvpfuu f qefu Y sif cJoh nf/ 4if;u
usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ tzefqif;cHr[kwf tv’m[f t&Sijf rwf\ ]] uvmrf }}
pum;jzpfonf[k qdjk cif;aMumifh axmif oGi;f tusO;f csccH &hJ onf/ axmifwiG ;f ü ESyd pf ufr'I PfaMumifh
axmifrv S w
G í
f rMumcifu, G v f eG cf &hJ onf/ 4if;\ "r®owftwdik ;f vdu k ef molrsm;udk ]] rmvDurD Zf[Af
*dP
k ;f 0ifrsm;}} [k ac:qdMk uonf/
['Dqrf sm;udk yxrOD;qH;k pkaqmif;ol

IBN ISHAQ ([pf*s&-D 151) onf yxrOD;qH;k ['Dqf rsm;udk pkaqmif;cJo h jl zpfonft
h avsmuf
4if;ESiahf cwfNyKd if ynm &Sirf sm;u? qG[mbmrsm;? omaAtDerf sm;acwfwiG jf yKvyk f avhjyKvyk x f r&Sad om
['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;tay: topf tqef;wDxiG o f [l k ac:qdo
k rkwjf cif;cHc&hJ onf/ xkyd *k Kd¾ vo
f nf
wrefawmfjrwf\ tw¬Kyw Ü u dÅ sr;f udk t&ADbmomjzifh yxrOD;qH;k a&;om; cJo h jl zpfonf/ pmtky\ f trnfrmS
(SIRA- TUL RASU-UL-ALLAH )jzpfonf/ xdkpmtkyfuk d A. GULLAUME u t&ADbmomrS
t*Fvyd b f momodYk THE LIFE OF MOHAMED trnfjzifh 1955 ckEpS w
f iG f ENGLAND Edik if H LON-
DON NrKd UrS xkwf a0cJo h nf/
tdrmrf&mS zDtD ([pf*s&D 150-204)
*gZma'owGifarG;zGm;í uav;b0üyif ruúmNrdKUodkY a&TUajymif; aexdkifchJonf/

zdu[fynm&yfrsm;ESihf ['Dqyf nm&yfrsm;udk r'DemNrKd U&Sd tdrmrfrmvpfux f w H iG f qnf;yl;cJo
h nf/ 4if;\trnfrmS
rk[r®'Af ifef tpf'&pfjzpfonf/ 4if;\tzd;k rSm uav;b0u wrefawmfjrwfujkd rifawGUcJb h ;l cJah om qG[mbm
wpfO;D jzpfonf/ trnfrmS &SmzDtD jzpfonf/ rk[r®'f Aifet f pf'&pftm; tdrmrf&mS zDt[ D k ac:qdjk cif;rSm
4if;\trnf aemufq;kH wGif tzd;k \trnfuw kd í
GJ rSnahf c:jcif; aMumifjh zpfonf/
zdu[f"r®owfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tdrmrf tAl[eDzmocif\ "r®owfrsm;udk twdkif;
twmwpfct k xdom ESpo f ufco hJ jl zpfonf/ "r®owfq;kH jzwf&mwGiu f sr;f jrwfu&k t f mef ESihf wrefawmfjrwfacwf?
qG[mbmacwf?oaAtDerf sm;acwf ['Dqrf sm;udpk k aqmif;í "r®owfq;kH jzwfjcif;u ydí k avsmu f efonf[k
cH,cl ohJ jl zpfonf/ 4if;\wynfrh sm;tm; ['Dqrf sm; udpk ak qmif;&efEiS hf xd[ k 'Dqf rsm;ESiyhf wfoufywfoufík
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd rSwaf usmuftjzpfxm;&rnf/ vlwpfa,mufajymqdak ompum;onf rnfrQyifaumif;
apumrl usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf udu k n f D jcif;r&Syd gu xdo k \ l tqdk omvQif jzpfonf [k qdck o hJ nf/
(tvf'&l 'Gvf b[D,musr;f ? pmrsuEf mS -38)
Alcg&Dusr;f udk jyKpck o hJ l rk[r®'Af ifef tpörmtDvf ac:tdrmrfAcl g&Donf tdrmrf&mS zDt\ D
wynfw h pfO;D jzpfonf/ tdrmrf &SmzDtD acwfwiG M f UWATTA ac: tdrmrfrmvpfupf ak qmif;cJah om ['Dqf
usr;f wpfaqmifomvQif ay:aygufco hJ nf/ tdrmrf&mS zDto D nf tAÁq, D [frif;quf cvDzm [m&Get f vf&&S'D f
(A D 786-809 ) tkycf sKyf olEiS hf acwfNyKd ijf zpfonf/ tdrmrf&mS zDto D nfvnf; usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefonf
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHr[kw[ f k cH,l csuaf Mumifh 4if;\q&m tdrmrfrmvpfuef nf;wl axmifoiG ;f
tusO;f csjcif;cHc&hJ onf/ axmifrv S w G o f nfEiS hf tD*spEf ikd if u
H ikd &f kd NrKd UodYk ajymif; a&TUtajccs aexdik cf o hJ nf/
4if;\ tkw*f al e&mwGif tdrmrf&mS zDtD [lí ,aeYwidk f wnf&adS eonf/ xdt k w k *f El iS w
hf v GJ suf
AvDBu;D wGif tdrmrf&mS zDt\ D tw¬Kyw Ü u dÅ kd a&;om;xm;avonf/ tdrmrf tAl[eDzm uG,v f eG f aomaeYwiG f
tdrmrf&mS zDtu D kd arG;zGm;cJah Mumif; az:jyxm;ayonf/ tdrmrf&mS zDt\ D "r®owftwdik ;f vdu k ef molrsm;udk ]]
&SmzDtD rZf[Af *dP k ;f 0ifrsm; }} [kac:Mu avonf/
t[fr'ftpfAae[rfAvf([pf*s&D 164-241)
td&mufEikd if H b*¾'g'fNrKd UwGif arG;zGm;cJo
h nf/ zdu[fEiS yhf wfouf í uRr;f usio f uJo
h Ykd ['Dqrf sm;udv k nf;
pkaqmif;cJoh jl zpfonf/ rGqef 'ftrnfjzifh ['Dqu f sr;f jyKpck o
hJ jl zpfonf/ 4if;\acwfwiG f "r®owfjyK&mü
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;yg ['Dqrf sm;udk tajccHonfph epfukd rGwpf vifraf vmuwpfcv k ;kH uJo
h Ykd
us,u f s,f jyefjY yefU a&mufapcJo h jl zpfonf/ 4if;onf tAÁmqD,[frif;quf rmrGeAf ife[ f m&Get f vf&&S'D f
([pf*s&D 192 -230)ESiahf cwfNyKd ijf zpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHr[kwf
[laom cH,cl suaf Mumifh axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csccH &hJ onf/ 4if;\ "r®owftwdik ;f vdu k ef musio hf ;kH olrsm;udk
]][rfAvD rZf[Af*P kd ;f 0ifrsm; }} [kac:qdMk uonf/
ý, .

ù5
(ac:) tpövmrfOh ya'
tpövmrfomoemwGiXf ? (ac:) Oya'a&;qJo G rl mS tv’m[f t&Sijf rwfomvQif jzpfonf/
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfa&;qJcG ahJ om tajccH Oya'rSm usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefjzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;udk
vufawGUtaumiftxnfaz:jyjcif;? trlt&mrsm;tm;jzif?h EIwt f m;jzif?h tao;pdwf usiMhfut H m;xkwjf ycJah om
wrefawmfjrwf\ aqmif&u G f csuf rsm;udk pGE[ é [ f ak c:onf/
az:jyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefOya'rsm;ESifh uk&ftmef ygOya'rsm;tay: tao;pdwf
aqmif&u G jf ycJah om wrefawmfjrwf\vkyaf qmifcsupf EG [ é rf sm;udk tajccHí qG[mbmrsm;? omaAtDef
rsm;\w&m;qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udý k ,.
ù5 ac:tpövmrfh Oya' [k ac:onf/
ý,.
ù5 ac: tpövmrfOh ya'udk avhvmvdu k pf m;&m ü t"du uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom
tcsuEf pS cf suu f o kd &d efrmS tvGet f a&;yg aomudp&ö yfjzpfayonf/
1/ ýY Q
ø ac: wdusaocsmaom taxmuf txm;ESichf ikd v f pkH mG qH;k jzwfcsu/f
2/ ý$;
ø ac:xifjrif,q l csut f m;jzifh qH;k jzwfcsu/f
tdrmrfBu;D av;yg;pvH;k \ "r®owfrsm;wGif ýY Q
ø ac: wdusaocsmaom taxmuftxm;ESihf
cdik v f pkH mG qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;wGiw f pfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D uJv G cGJ surf &S/d wlnMD uayonf/
ý$;
ø ac: xifjrif,l qcsuftm;jzifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGifwpfOD;ESifh wpfOD;
uJv G cGJ su&f MdS uayonf/
xdu k o hJ Ykd uJv G cGJ su&f MdS uaom ý$;
ø rSm tpövmrfo h m oemwGif r&Srd jzpf ta&;ygaom
udp&ö yfrsm;r[kwaf y/ xdu k o hJ Ukd Oya'rsm;udk avSe"H g;xpf w&m;ao0g'tjzpf vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &rnf[k
rnfonft h rd mrfrsm;urS rdeq Yf x dk m;cJjh cif; tvsO;f r&Scd ahJ y/
tdrmrftAl[eDzmocifu qdo k nfrmS uREfyk fonf pum;wpf ckuq k d k\d / (odrYk [kw)f
qH;k jzwfcsuw f pfcu k kd qH;k jzwf\/ xdak jymqdk csu?f xdq k ;kH jzwfcsuo f nf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ rnfonft h m,wf?
wrefawmf jrwf\ rnfonfhpGEé[f? qG[mbmrsm;? omaAtDefrsm;\ rnfonfh td*sfaor[f
]]pHnk cD &kH ;kH qH;k jzwfcsu}f }rS ud;k um;onfukd rodyJ rnforl Q uREykf \ f qH;k jzwfcsut f wdik ;f yHw k u
l ;l í rqH;k jzwf&/
uREykf \ f qH;k jzwfcsux f ufaumif;aom "r®"Xd mefusaom qH;k jzwf csuu f kd awGUygu uREykf \ f qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd
y,fí uREykf \ f qH;k jzwfcsuf xufaumif;aom qH;k jzwfcsuu f v kd ufcyH g[k rdeq Yf ckd ohJ nf/
(tvf'&l 'Gvb f [D,[fusr;f ? pmrsuEf mS -38)
ýY Q
ø wdusaocsmaom taxmuftxm;qdo k nf rSm usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG v f nf;
ð$
[kac:aom rl&if;tom;ygonft h aMumif;t&mrsm;? Oyrm qGvmof? Zumof? [*s?f qd, G mrf uJoh Ykd
aompmom;rsm;yg0ifNy;D ? xdu k pd &ö yfrsm;udk tao;pdwaf qmif&u G jf y&Hk oufoufr[kwyf ?J wrefawmfjrwfu
qG[mbmrsm;ESihf twl b0wnfaqmufcjhJ cif;tm;jzifh a&muf&v dS maom Oya'rsm;wGif qGvmofig;Burd ?f
&umofrsm;uJhodkY udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; tdrmrf BuD;rsm;toGif uJGvJGrIr&Sday/ uJGvJGp&mvnf;
taMumif;r&Sad y/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf? usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef pl&[f(5) tm,wf(3)?-
>$%È&
ù5 N(ý7"ù5 ,NC
ù5$ù5 N 1

]] ,aeYaomfum; igt&Sijf rwfonf toifwt Ykd zdYk toifw\ Ykd 'Deo f memudk Ny;D jynfph akH wmfrcl ahJ vonf/
4if;tjyif igt&Sifjrwfonf tpövmrfomoemudk toifwdkYtzdkY 'Defb0wnfaqmufrI vrf;pOf
tjzpfoabmwlEpS Nf rK§d Uawmfrcl aJ vonf }}
az:jyyg tm,wfonf wrefawmfjrwf ruG,v f eG rf D tvsif (81) &uftvdw k iG f usa&mufcjhJcif;onf/
wrefawmfjrwfoufawmf xif&Sm;&SdpOfuyif? tpövmrfomoemonf NyD;jynfhpHkNyD; jzpfavonf/
tpövmrfomoemwGif r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfcsurf sm;[lí uGuv f yf rsm;tjzpfuse&f adS ecJjh cif; tvsO;f r&Scd ahJ y/
tdrmrfrsm;twGif; uJGvJGcsuf&SdcJhaom ý$;
ø rsm;udkjyefvnf prf;ppfMunfhrnfqdkvQif
tpövmrfomoemwGif r&Srd jzpfvt kd yf csurf sm; r[kwo f uJo h Ykd wrefawmfjrwfacwf? qG[mbmrsm;acwf?
omaAtDerf sm;acwfwiG f r&Scd ahJ om jyóemtopfrsm; jzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zefqif;cH[w k ?f
r[kwq f ak d om jyóem ESiph f yfvsO;f í tdrmrftAl[eDzmocif vufxufwiG f ay: aygufcjh Jcif; yif r&Scd ah J o;ay/
tdrmrftAl[eDzmocif\ "r®owft& qHyifaq;qd;k jcif; onf >cif;csurf &Sd wm;jrpfcsuf ]][&mrf}}
jzpfonf/ 4if;\ ausmMf um; aomwynfEh pS Of ;D jzpfMuonfh tdrmrfr[ k r®'Ef iS hf tdrmrf,q l zG w
f Ykd acwf wGif >cif;
csujf zifh qHyifaq;qd;k ydik cf iG &hf o dS nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd q&m\ t,l tqESiw hf ynfw h \ Ykd t,ltquJv G jGJ cif;onf
q&mESifhwynfhwdkYMum; y#dyu©jzpfjcif; r[kwf/ rdrdwdkY\ ywf0ef;usif umvHa'oHt*¾Ht&? t,l
tquJv G jGJ cif;jzpfayonf/
xd k u d p ö & yfESifh p yfv sOf; NyD; tjcm;td r mrf o H k ; yg;pvH k ; u qHy if aq;qd k ; jcif; ES i f h p yfv sOf; NyD ;
aq;qd;k ydik cf iG &hf o dS nf[k cH,Ml uonf/ tb,f aMumifq h akd omf? tdrmrfrmvpfu\ f MUWATTA usr;f wGif
wref awmfjrwfu qHyiftm; teDa&mif'ef;qdk;aMumif; ['Dqfyg0ifonf/ [pf*s&D 179 ckESpf?
tdrmrfrmvpfufocifESifh tdrmrf&SmzDtDocifwdkYvufxufwGif MUWATTA usrf;wpfckwnf;om
ay:ao;onf/ tdrmrf tAl[eDzmocifvufxufwiG f ['Dqrf sm;udk wpfpw k pfpnf;wnf; usr;f tjzpfay:
aygufcjhJ cif;yif r&Sad o;ay/ tdrmrf t[fr'f tpfA ae[rfAvfocifvufxufwiG f MUWATTA ([pf*s&-D
189)? MUSNAD ([pf*s&-D 203)? MUSNAD ([pf*s&-D 241)[lí usr;f tjzpf oH;k usr;f ay:Ny;D jzpfonf/
az:jyyg ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif teufa&mifqyH ifaq;qd;k íoGm;
aom olwpfO;D udk jrifawGUaom wrefawmfjrwfu vSywifw h ,fonf [k cs;D usL;cJo h nf/ tvm;wl
teDa&mifqyH ifaq;qd;k xm;ol wpf a,muf udk jrifawGUaomtcg omíyif vSywifw h ,fonf[k cs;D usL;
xm;aom ['Dqyf g0ifayonf/
,aeYrsufarSmufacwfwGif tausmfMum;qHk;jzpfonfh Akcg&Dusrf;? 0wfpm;qif,ifrIu@wGif?
tajctaeESihf tcsed t f cgay:wGif rlwnfí qHyifaq;qd;k &ef trderYf sm;ay;xm;aom ['Dqrf sm;yg 0ifayonf/
xdu k o hJ Ykd udp&ö yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í tdrmrfBu;D rsm;twGi;f ? "r®owf rsm; uJjG ym;jcm;;em;cJMh uonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd
uJ G j ym;jcm;em;jcif ; onf ý $ ;
ø xif j rif , l q csuf t ay: qH k ; jzwf c suf u J G v J G j cif ; jzpf o nf /
xduk o hJ uYkd v GJ aGJ omtaMumif;t&mrsm;onfvnf; tpövmrfomoem wGif r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfcsurf sm;r[kwaf y/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(4) tm,wf(101)wGi?f -
[K '
ú#
Q C 4
\
] $ )ù5 , 2 0 ^
¾
ý0ù7 + (
*

]] 4if;tjyif tMuiftcg0,f toifwo Ykd nf urÇmajrjyif0,f c&D;xGuMf uuke\ f / xdt k cg0,f
toifw\ Ykd qGvmof0wfjyKru I kd avQmí h jyKjcif;tm;jzifh tjypfr&Sad cs }}
az:jyygtm,wfwGif c&D;onfrsm;twGuf qGvmof0wfjyKrIudk avQmhí0wfjyKjcif;tm;jzifh
tjypfwpfpw kH pf&mr&S[ d k qdx k m;aom tm,wftay: tdrmrftAl[eDzmocif\ xifjrif,q l csut f & rdik f
50 a0;uGmaomc&D;odo Yk mG ;ol rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D tzdYk ]] uq&f}}c&D; onf qGvmof0wfjyK&rnf/ 4
&umof&adS omqGvmofrsm;udk 2 &umof omvQif 0wfjyK&rnf/ tjynf0h wfjyK&efrvd/k tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwfu, kd af wmfwikd u f avQmhí0wfjyK&ef rdeq Yf kx
d m;onf/ tjynfh t0 0wfjyKjcif;onfrydik f [k
4if;\"r®owfwiG f qH;k jzwf xm;onf/
az:jyyg ]]uq&f}} c&D;onfrsm;twGuf tuGmta0; owfrw S &f mü tdrmrfav;yg;pvH;k \
"r®owfrsm; wlnaD eonf/ odaYk omf ]]uq&f}} avQmí h 0wfjyKjcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í tjcm;tdrmrf oH;k yg;u c&D;onf
rsm;tay:wGifrlwnfonf? c&D;yef;olrsm;twGuf avQmhívnf; 0wfjyKydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ tu,fí
c&D;onftaejzifh tjynft h 0 0wfjyKyguvnf; tjynfh 0wfjyKyikd cf iG &hf o dS nf[k 4if;wdYk \"r®owfrsm;wGif
az:jyxm;ayonf/
txuftrd mrf tAl[eDzmocifEiS hf tjcm;tdrmrfo;kH yg;\"r®owfrsm; uJjG ym;jcm;em;jcif;\taMumif;udk
jyefvnfprf;ppf Munfrh nfqykd gu tdrmrftAl[eDzmocifvufxufwiG f ['Dqrf sm; onf wpfpw k pfa0; wnf;
usr;f tjzpfay:aygufcjhJ cif;r&Sad omumv jzpfonf/ 4if;vufxuf wGif wrefawmfjrwfxrH S tGr&® o f cif\
qifjh yefcahJ om ['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd tajccHí Oya' jyKcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/
wref a wmf j rwf u rd e f Y q d k o nf r S m c&D ; \tuG m ta0;ES i f h ywf o uf í vl w pf a ,muf
av;&ufvrf;avQmuf&aomc&D;wGif uq&f av;&umof&adS om qGvmofrsm;udk ESpS &f umofom 0wfjyK&
rnf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd ESp&f umof0wfjyK&ef tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu, kd w f idk f csjD ri§ chf hJ onft h wGuf tjynf0h wfrjyK&qdak om
['Dqu f kd wrefawmfjrwf xHrS tGr&® f ocifuqifjh yefco hJ nf/ xd[ k 'Dqu f t kd ajccHí Oya'jyKchJ aom
tAl[eDzmocif\ "r®owft& c&D;onfqv G mofukd tjynfh 0wfjyK jcif;tm;jzifh qGvmoftxrajrmufay/
tjcm;tdrmrfrsm;vufxufwiG f ['Dqrf sm;onf usr;f tjzpf wpfpw k pfa0;wnf;&Sad omumv
jzpfonfhtwGuf tmat,S[f ocifr? tAl[l&dkif&[fuJhodkYaom qG[mbmrsm;pGmu qifhjyefxm;
aom['Dqrf sm; ]]wrefawmfjrwfu rdeq Yf ckd o hJ nfh c&D;oGm;&mü yifyef; EGr;f e,forl sm;tzdYk avQmí h 0wfjyKEidk o
f nf
}} tu,fí tjynfht0 0wf jyKyguvnf;tjynfh0wfjyKEdkifonfqdkaom ['Dqfrsm;udktajccHí
4if;wd(Yk 3)yg;pvH;k \"r®owfrsm;wGif c&D;onfrsm;tay:rlwnfí tjynf0h wfjyKrI odrYk [kwf avQmí h az:jyyg
uJv G cGJ surf sm;onf tpövmrfomoemwGif r&Srd jzpf? ta&;Bu;D aom udp&ö yfr[kwaf y/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf?
uREykf o f nf [ezDrZf[Af*P kd ;f 0ifjzpfonf/ uREykf o f nf &SmzDt?D rvuD?[rfAvDqakd om *dP k ;f *etpJrG sm;udzk ,fí
az:jyyg tdrmrfBuD; rsm;\ uJv G aGJ om ,lqcsufrsm;udk tjrif&iS ;f &Si;f ESiMhf unfrh nfqykd gu tpövmrf
omoemonfv, G u f al om vrf;ñTerf jI zpfonfqakd om tcsuu f kd awGUjrif&rnfjzpfonf/
acwfrw DS ;kd wufaeaom Edik if BH u;D rsm;wGif wGiFf ree Way[k ac:aom tjrefajy;um;vrf;rBu;D rsm;wGif
tjrefEeI ;f jzifh um; armif;í tvkyo f mG ;vkyaf omae&mrsm;ESihf rdrw d \ Ykd tdrw f nfae&mrsm;rSm tenf;qH;k
rdik &f mausm&f adS yonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd rdik f 50 &Sad omc&D;twGuf ,aeYacwfumvwGif em&D0uf c&D;rQomvQi&f dS
ayonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefp&l [f(5) tm,wf(6)wGi?f -
ù5 )
I 0K '
ý
ù 7 $ =
*
$#
ú' :
8 '
>ú! 5
ý
ù 5 )
ù 5
_ +
#
÷0

ý
ù 5

]] td-k ouf0if,MkH unfot l aygif;wdYk toifwq Ykd v G mof0wfjyK rnftcg toifw\ Ykd rsuEf mS rsm;udk
aq;aMumMu/ vufrsm;udk wH axmifqpftxdaq;aMumMu/ toifw\ Ykd OD;acgif;rsm;udk yGwo f wf Mu/
toifw\ Ykd ajcaxmufrsm;udk ajcrsuaf phtxd aq;aMumMu}}
az:jyygusrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftm,wfyg 0kZla&oefYpif&mürsuf ESmaq;aMumjcif;? vufudk
wpfaxmifqpftxdaq;aMumjcif;? acgif;udrk q[fjyKjcif;? ajcaxmufukd ajcrsuaf phtxd aq;aMumjcif;rsm;udk
z&Zf wm0eftjzpf tdrmrfBu;D (4)yg;pvH;k u 4if;wd\ Yk "r®owfrsm;wGif wlnMD uonf/ az:jyyg OD;acgif;rsm;udk
yGwfowfMuqdkaomae&mwGif OD;acgif;\a&SUwGif qdkaom0dbwfvdkufonfhtwGuf t"dyÜm,frSm
OD;acgif;rsm;\tpdwt f ydik ;f [k t"dymÜ ,foufa&mufonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd OD;acgif;[laom t"dymÜ ,fukd ,lq&mü
tdrmrftAl[eDzmu acgif;\ oH;k yHw k pfy[ kH k ,lqonf/ tdrmrf&mS zDtu D acgif;\xdyyf ikd ;f xd&jkH zif0h Zk l
txajrmufonf[k ,lqonf/ tdrmrfrmvpfuf ESihf tdrmrf [rfAvfwYkd url OD;acgif;wpfcv k ;kH [k,q l Muonf/
acgif;wpfcv k ;kH qdak omtcsuu f rkd l (4)OD;pvH;k tqdw k o l nf/ tdrmrftAl[eDzm ESit hf rd mrf&mS zDtw D uYkd
tu,fíta&;ay: taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh tjref0Zk al &oefpY if&ygu wpfa,mufu acgif;\oH;k yHw k pfy?kH
tjcm; wpfO;D u OD;acgif;xdyyf ikd ;f [k,q l jcif;tm;jzifh 4if;wd\ Yk "r®owf rsm;onf uJv G v GJ su&f MdS uonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd
uJv G &GJ jcif;\ t&if;tjrpfuo d m;jcif;tm;jzifh ýY Q
ø ac:t"duusaom udp&ö yfrsm;ü uJv
kd x G jGJ cif;r&Syd ?J
ý$;
ø ac: t"durusaom udp&ö yfrsm;üom uJv G GJ jcif;jzpfayonf/
tvm;wl qGvmof0wfjyK&mü tBurd rf sm;? z&Zfqv G mof? &umofrsm;wGif uJv G rGJ rI &Sad y? vufyu kd &f mü
[ezDrsm;u csu\ f tay:ydik ;f okv Yd ufyu kd o f nf/ &SmzDtED iS [ hf rfAvDrsm;u &ifbwfay:odv Yk uf yduk o f nf/
rmvD u D r sm;u vuf c síqG v mof 0 wf j yKMuonf / þonf w d k Y r S m vnf ; t"d u tcsuf r sm;wG i f
uGmjcm;jcif;r[kwaf y/
tdrmrftAl[eDzmocifonf omaAtDeaf cwfurkd DS aom yk*Kd¾ vjf zpfonf/ 4if;acwf"r®owfrsm;onf
omaAtDef rsm;\ td*saf or[f]]pHn k cD &kH ;kH qH;k jzwfcsu}f } rsm;udt k ajccHí qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/tcsKd Uudp&ö yfrsm;udk
qH;k jzwf&mü ø ý Q, ac: rdr\ d tod ÓPfut kd ajccHí qH;k jzwfonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd rdr\ d todÓPfut kd ajccH
í qH;k jzwfcahJ omtaMumif;t&mrsm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f vnf; trdeaYf y;xm;jcif;? odrYk [kwf
wm;jrpf x m;jcif ; r&S d a om ud p ö & yf r sm;? Oyrm a&uef w pf c k x J o d k Y aMumif w pf a umif u sí
aoqH;k oGm;yguxdak &udo k ;kH cGihf &Srd &Sqd akd omar;cGe;f rsm;tay: tdrmrftAl[eDzmocifu aMumiftaoudk
a&uefrSxkwfNyD; a&uefü&Sdaoma&\ oHk;yHkESpfyHkudkcyfNyD; oGefvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh a&uefxJrSa&udk
oH;k ydik o f nfqakd omqH;k jzwfcsu&f adS yonf/
xdu k ohJ Ykd qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í tdrmrf&mS zDto D cifurdr\ d todÓPfukd tjccHjcif;xuf
wrefawmfjrwf qG[mbm rsm;acwf? omaAtDerf sm;acwfww Ykd iG f jyKvyk af vh jyKvyk x f &Sad omudp&ö yfrsm;udk
odEikd &f efrmS 4if;wdaYk cwfumv&Sd ['Dqrf sm;udk EIwt f m;jzifh pkaqmif;xm;csurf sm;pkaqmif;í xd[ k 'Dqf
rsm;twGif; ü wrefawmfjrwfESifh qG[mbmrsm;? omaAtDefrsm;\ usifh oHk;csufrsm;udk &&SdEdkifrnf?
xd&k &Scd surf sm;udt k ajccHí Oya' jyKjcif;u ydrk akd vsmu f efonf[k qdjk cif;jzpfonf/
4if;\qdkvdkcsufrSm tpövmrfomemawmfwGif vdktyfcsufonfuGufvyftjzpf usef&Sdaeonf?
xdu k u G vf yfrsm;udjk znh&f rnf[q k jkd cif;r[kwaf y/ aemufyikd ;f ay:aygufvmaom tpövmrf omoemwGif
t"durusaomudp&ö yfrsm;udk qH;k jzwf&mü rdrw d \
Ykd todÓPfukd tajccHí qH;k jzwfjcif;xuf pkaqmif;&&Sad om
['Dqrf sm;ud tajccHíqH;k jzwfjcif;u ykí d avsmu f efonf[k qdjcif;jzpfoayonf/
wrefawmfjrwfacwf Oya'
wrefawmfjrwfoufawmf 40 rSpwifíusr;f jrwfu&k t f mefusa&mufvmcJo
h nf/ wrefawmfjrwfxH
pwifusa&mufaomtm,wfrsm;onf ]]aom0f [D'}f } ac:wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sit f m; ud;k uG,rf q I ikd &f m
tm,wfrsm;? vlraI &;qdik &f m tm,wfrsm;? uwdopömydik ;f qdik &f mtm,wfrsm;? pm;ydik cf iG fh aomufyikd cf iG rhf &Sad om
taMumif;t&mrsm;?ESihf pm;ydik cf iG hf aomufyikd cf iG q hf ikd f&m tm,wfrsm;onf wpfqifjh cif;? wpfqihjf cif;
wrefawmfjrwf\oufawmf 63 ESpx f ?d 23 ESpw f ikd w f ikd u
f sa&mufcohJ nf/
wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd wpfqifjh cif; wpfqifjh cif; usa&mufchJ aom Oya'rsm;udk qG[mbmrsm;ESit hf wl
vufawGUb0wnf aqmufcJhjcif;tm;jzifh tpövmrfomoemudk &kyfvHk;az:cJhavonf/ az:jyyg
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f tkycf sKyaf &;? Edik if aH &;? w&m;qH;k jzwfa&;?vlraI &;? pmcsKypf mwrf;qdik &f m Oya'?
oufaoxGufqdkcsufqdkif&mpnf; urf;csuf? todoufaoqdkif&m pnf;urf;csuf? vifcef;r,m;cef;?
jywfprJ q I ik d &f m Oya'? tarGcaG J 0rIqik d &f m Oya'? aowrf;pmqdik &f mpnf;urf;csu?f vifEiS rh f ,m;? rdbESio h f m;orD;?
nDtpfuakd rmifErS ? tdref ;D em;csi;f ? rGwpf vifrt f csi;f csi;f ? rGwpf vifrrf [kwof rl sm;ESiyhf wfoufaomusi0hf wfrsm;?
a&mif;0,fazgufum;rIqdkif&mpnf;urf;csufrsm;? tajym tqdktoGm;tvm? &,farmjcif;qdkif&m
pnf;urf;csurf sm;uJo h Ykd tao;pdwrf sm;yif yg0ifavonf/
az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ trdeyYf nwfcsurf sm;twdik ;f avQmufvrS ;f cJah om wrefawmfjrwf\
z0g;xyfwv l ukd cf MhJ uonfh qG[mbmrsm;\ *kP&f nfukd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f ]] tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf
xdo k wl t Ykd m; ESpo f ufco hJ nf/ tvm;wl xdo k w l uYkd vnf;tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfukd ESpo f ufcohJ nf }} [k
*kPjf yKrw S w
f rf;wifco hJ nf/
az:jyyg qG[mbmBuD ;rsm;tkyfcsKyf c J haom acwf u d k 4 ?
tpö v mrf h O ya'ES i h f t nD
tkycf sKycf ahJ omacwf[k rSnahf c:cJMh uonf/4if;wdaYk cwf tpövmrfomoemonf urÇmwpf0rS ;f 0,f aerif;\
tvif;a&mifyrm vTrf;jcHKEdkifcJhonf/ 4if;wdkYacwf tpövmrfomoem0if rGwfpvifrfqdkonfrSm
urÇmv h o l m;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf pHjyacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfcMhJ uonf/ ,aeYwikd f urÇmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;&Sd pmoif
ausmif;rsm;wGif qG[mbmBu;D rsm;\ w&m;rQwrI? ud, k u
f siw
fh &m;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufí oifMum;ay;vsuf
&Sad eayonf/
bmoma&;&Iyaf xG;rItp
f [frif;qufonf(f A D-705 rS A D-750 )txd 45 ESpt
tkrikd , f yk cf sKycf o
hJ nf/ tAÁmqD,[frif;quf
onf(A D-750 rS A D-935 )txd 185 ESpw f w d d tkycf sKycf o
hJ nf/ tkrikd , f [fqo kd nfrmS qG[mbmBu;D
rktm0d,[frsKd ;qufrS ay:aygufvmaomtrnf jzpfonf/ tkrikd , f [frif;qufukd cvDzm tvf0vD'(f A
D -705-717)txd tkyfcsKyfcsdefrSpwifí owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ 4if;acwfrSpwifí oufOD;qdkifydkif
bk & if p epf t jzpf vH k ; vH k ; vsm;vsm; pwif f c J h o nf / tk r d k i f , [f a emuf q H k ; rif ; quf r S m cvD z m
'kw, d refq&l jf zpfonf/ tkrikd f ,[frif;quf 45 ESpt f wGi;f tpövmrfomoemwGif rsm;pGmaom tkypf u k ?GJ
*d k P f ; uJ G r sm; ay:ayguf c J h o nf / az:jyyg tk y f p k u J G ? *d k P f ; uJ G r sm;onf E d k i f i H a &;ud k tajccH í
jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfayonf/ tkrikd , f [facwfw&m;qH;k jzwfa&;pepfonf zdu[f"r®owftm;jzifh qH;k jzwfonf/
tkrikd ,f [faemufq;kH rif;quf cvDzm 'kw, d refp&l A f D-750 tm; tAÁq, D [frif;qufcvDzm
Abdul-al Abbas al Saffa (AD-750-54) utmPmod r f ; cJ h o nf / xd k t mPmod r f ; yJ G w G i f
tkrikd , f [fbufawmfom;rsm; tpkvu kd t
f jyKH vukd f towfcMH u&onf/ txufyg Abdul-al Abbas al
Saffa onf tAÁmqD,[frif;quf\ yxrOD;qH;k cvDzmjzpfonf/ tAÁmqD,[f[ak c:&jcif;onf wref
awmfjrwf\ bBu;D awmf tAÁmqfocif\ tEG,rf q S if;oufvmoljzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
Haroon al Rashid(A D, 786-809) vufxufwi G f tAÁm qD,[frif;quftyk cf sKyfro I nf
txGwt f xdyo f aYkd &mufco
hJ nf/ tawG;tac:ynm&yf? uAsm? ocFsm? eu©waÅ A'ESihf acwfopf\ odyHÜ
ynm&yfrsm;udG k reekESihSf yriac bmomrsm;rS t&ADpmayodYk bmom jyefqckd o hJ nf/ bmoma&;qdik &f m
t,l0g'onf wrefawmfjrwf acwf/ r[mom0ursm;acwfEiS hf vH;k 0uJjG ym;jcm;em;cJo h nf/ 4if;acwf rS
pwif í cvDzmqdo k nfrmS urÇmajrjyifay:rS tv’m[f t&Sijf rwf\ t&dyjf zpfonfqakd om t,l0g'
pwifco hJ nf/ xdak cwfcvDzmrsm;onf aoap &Siaf p[laom tmPm&So d rl sm; jzpfMuonf/
Haroon al Rashid acwf zdu[f"r®owf

usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf tvGew f &mrS El;nHo h rd af rGUaomESv;kH om;ydik &f iS f wrefawmfjrwftay:odYk
uscahJ om usr;f jzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd zwf&w G o f &Zösm,fjcif;tm;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf tm;
zl;awGUEdik o f nf/ usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef\ teuft"dymÜ ,fukd zGiq hf Ekd ikd cf iG &hf o
dS lrsm;rSm? qlzu D sifph Ofrsm;udk
usiMhf ut H m;xkwNf y;D emrfyikd ;f qdik &f mwd;k wufjrifrh m;olrsm;uom zGiq hf ckd iG &hf o dS nfqakd om t,l0g'rsm;pwif
cJo
h nf/
bmoma&;qdik &f m oif&;kd ñTe;f wrf;rsm;wGif oifMum;ay;aomzdu[f"r®owfrsm;twGi;f wGif Aristotle
ESifh Plato wd\ Yk tawG; tac:rsm; a&maxG;cJo h nf/ 4if;acwf ynma&;pepfonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg
Oya'rsm;udk trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;vdu k ef mvkud pf m;rIrjyKEikd af om enf;pepfqo D Ykd OD;wnfonf/ cvDzmtrnfcH
oufO;D qHyik d b f &k ifpepfwnfjraJ &;rSm rGwpf vifrt f rsm;pk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg t"dymÜ ,frsm;ESih f uif;a0;ae&efrmS
t"duta&;ygaom tcsujf zpfayonf/
tb,faMumifq h akd omf? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f oufO;D qHyikd t f yk cf sKyaf &;pepfonf omoemydik pf epf?
vly*k Kd¾vw f pfO;D wpfa,muftm;,HMk unfu;kd pm;vGe;f aompepf? tcGix hf ;l cHvw l ef;pm; pepfrsm;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef
xm;jrpfxm;aom usr;f jzpfonf/ trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg Oya'rsm;ESiahf 0;avav
4if;wd\ Yk cvDzmtrnfco H ufO;D qHyikd pf epfonf oufwrf;&Snaf vavqdak om rl0g'rsm;udk usio fh ;kH jcif;tm;jzifh
tAÁmqD,[frif;qufoufwrf; 185 ESpMf umtkycf sKyEf ikd cf o hJ nf/
tkrikd , f [frif;qufEiS hf tAÁmqD,[frif;qufrsm;onf trnftm;jzihf uJjG ym;jcm;em;aomfvnf;
tkycf sKyo f nfph epfonfum; twlwyl ifjzpfayonf/ xdrk if;qufEpS q f ufpvH;k onf tazcvDzm\ t&du k f
t&mudk 4if;wd\ Yk om;rsm;u qufcaH om pepfukd usio hf ;kH cJMh uonf/
tAÁmqD,[frif;qufwpfavQmuf ay:aygufcJhaom bmom a&;qdkif&m jyóemrsm;rSm
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zefqif;cHjzpfonfqakd omolrsm;ESihf zefqif;cHr[kwf qdak omolrsm;twGi;f y#dyu©rsm;
yifjzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ ]]t&&S}f } ]]uk&q f }D } [laoma0g[m&rsm;udk zGiq hf &kd mü
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfxdkif aomyv’if[k zGifhqdkolrsm;ESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tcsKyftjcmtmPm[k
zG i f h q d k o l r sm;twG i f ; y#d y u© r sm;? usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef y g ig; rzrf ; &ef owf r S w f a omaeY ü
ig;zrf;olrsm;arsmufjzpfomG ;onf [l aomtm,wftay: trSew f u,f arsmufowÅ0grsm;jzpfomG ;onf
[k,lqolrsm;ESifh trSefwu,f arsmufowÅ0grsm; jzpfoGm;jcif;r[kwf?arsmufESifhcdkif;EdIif;jcif;om
jzpfonfqakd omolrsm;twGi;f y#dyu©? tvm;wl rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f tjiif;yGm;rIrsKd ;pHk &Iyaf xG;cJo h nf/
4if;acwf zdu[f"r®owfrsm;twGi;f wGif usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf pGE[ é u f kd tajcrcHyJ 4if;wd\ Yk ø ý Q, (ac:)
rdrwd \ Ykd ÓPf&nfukd tajccHíqH;k jzwfMuonf/
tAltvf[peftvft&S&f D (A D- 935)
tAltvf[pef tvft&Sf&Donf tAÁmqD,[frif;quf wpfavQmufay:aygufcJhaom
jyóemajrmufrsm;pGmteufjyóemtcsKd U udak jz&Si;f ay;Edik cf o
hJ nf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefonf zefqif;cHjzpfonf?
rjzpfonfqakd om jyóemESiyhf wfoufí usrf;jrwfu&k t f meftm,wfrsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\
EIwu f ygwfawmfjzpfí tv’m[f\zefqif;cHr[kw/f usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm,wfrsm;udk a&;om;aompuúL
rsm;? rSirf sm;onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHjzpfonf[k qH;k jzwfrt I ay: t,ltqrwlnaD om
tkypf Ek pS pf t
k wdik ;f twmwpfct
k xd nDñw
G af pcJo
h nf/
[ezD0g'onf tkrikd , f [frif;qufrS pwifay:aygufcNh Jy;D tAÁmqD,[frif;quftwGi;f wGif vltrsm;qH;k
vdu k ef musio hf ;kH aom0g'jzpfco hJ nf/ aemufyikd ;f rmvuD? &SmzDt?D [rfAvD0g'rsm;ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/
xd0k g'rsm;\ aemufvu kd rf sm;twGi;f tkypf u k rGJ sm;jzpfcMhJ uonf/ rdrw d qYkd ikd &f m0g'rsm;udk a&SUwef;wifí
nDñw G rf NI yKd uv GJ su&f o
dS rl sm;udk tdrmrfav;yg;pvH;k \ 0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk vufc&H rnf/ vdu k ef musio
hf ;kH &mü
rdrw d EYkd pS o
f uf&m 0g'wpfcck u k kd vduk ef musio fh ;kH olrsm;ud]k ]tJ[af vpGE[ é 0f vf*srmtof}} ac: pGEréD sm;jzpfonf[k
qH;k jzwfrt I ay:0g'rwlnaD omolrsm;udk nDñw G af pcJo h jl zpfonf/4if;\acwfwiG f ['Dqpf ak qmif; olrsm;?
rsm;jym;vmavonf/ tpövmrf"r®owfqHk;jzwf&mwGif ['Dqfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;tajccHí
Oya'jyKaompepfjzpfco hJ nf/ ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;yg wrefawmfjrwf\tao;pdwf oGm;vmaexdik yf rkH sm;udk xdak cwf
rGwpf vifrx f t k wGi;f oGwo f iG ;f ay;Edik cf o
hJ l jzpfonf/ wref a wmf j rwf o nf qif ; &J o nf h b 0ud k
ES p f o uf o nf / qif ; &J o nf h b 0onf csrf ; omonf h b 0xuf yd k j rwf o nf / csrf ; omol o nf /
csrf;omonfhtavsmuf Zumof? [*sf? ckduf&mofuJhodkY aomtvSL 'gersm;udk qif;&Jolrsm;xuf
ydrk jkd yKvyk af omfjim;vnf;? *sEo é f okcbHo k 0Ykd if&mü qif;&Jom;rsm;xuf ESpaf ygif;ig;&maemufusNy;D rS 0if
a&muf&rnfqakd om ['Dqrf sm;onf xdak cwf tAÁq, D [fcvDzmrsm;&JUtkycf sKyaf &;atmufü vltrsm;pkjzpfaom
qif;&Jom;rsm;twGupf rGJ ufz, G &f m ['Dqrf sm;jzpfco hJ nf/ az:jyyg tAÁmqD,[fcvDzmrsm;acwfwiG f
qif;&Jaomb0 a&muf&jdS cif;yifvQif uHx;l olrsm;[k cH,o l rl sm;jym;vmcJo h nf/
qlz0D g'
tAÁmqD,[fvufxufwiG f ausmMf um;aom trsKd ;orD;qlzD olawmfpifrmS Rabiah (A D- 801)
ay:aygufco hJ nf/ Abu YazidBustami(AD-874), Hasan al Mansur Anal Haq(AD-922), Junaid
Bugdadi(AD-910) wdo Yk nf tAÁmqD,[facwfwiG f ay: xGe;f cJah om ausmMf um;onfh qlzrD sm;jzpfMuayonf/
tAÁmqD,[ftyk cf sKycf sed w f iG f rGwpf vifrwf pfO;D tzdYk rdrEd pS o
f ufaom ]]wG&u D m}}ac: qlzv D rf;pOfwpfcck u k kd
vufcHusifhoHk;&onf/ xdk]]wG&Dum}} vrf;pOfudkOD;aqmifol a&S(cf)\ trdefYynwfcsuftwdkif;
wpfaoGrwdr;f vdu k ef míb0wnfaqmufru I kd ]]zemaza&S(cf)}}[kac:onf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd vdu
k ef m usiohf ;kH jcif;onf
]]zemaz&plv}f } ac: wrefawmfjrwf\trdeyfY nwfawmftwdik ;f vdu k ef musiofh ;Hk jcif;rnfonf[k cH,Ml uonf/
xd k u J h o d k Y a omol o nf ]]zemazv’ m [f } } tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf \ trd e f Y y nwf awmf t wd k i f ;
vdkufemusihfoHk;jcif;jzpfonf/ tpövmrfusihfpOfusihf&yfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifhywfoufí xdkacwf
rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ cH,cl surf mS ]]tdvaf rheAl0of}} ESihf ]]Ela&eAl0of}} [lí ynm&yf ESprf sKd ;ESppf m;&So d nf/
]]tdvfarheAl0of}} qdkonfrSm wrefawmfjrwf\ usifhMuHtm;xkwfcsuf? a[majymcsufqdkonfh
ynm&yfrsm;uqG[mbmBuD;rsm; rSwpfqifv h ufqifu h rf;a&muf&v dS maom omoemESiyhf wfoufaom?
trsm;ESio hf ufqikd o f nfh ynm&yf[k ac:onf/
]]Ela&eAl0of}} qdo k nfrmS wrefawmfjrwf\ oD;oefY usiMhf uw H &m;tm;xkwrf rI sm;udk wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf
tvGeef ;D pyfaom qG[m bmBu;D rsm;teufrS tenf;i,frQaom ta&twGujf zpfonfh qG[m bmBu;D rsm;u
usiMfh ut H m;xkwcf jhJ cif;tm;jzifh ESv;kH om;rSEv S ;kH om;odv
Yk ufqifu h rf;a&mufvmaom usipfh Ofusi&fh yfqikd &f m
ynm&yf[ak c:qdo k nf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf wifjy&rnfqv kd Qi.f ....,aeYvt l rsm;od xm;aom ]]um'&d,[f wG&u D m ESihf
usp&f wfS , D [fw&G u D m}} qdak om
wG&u D m usipfh Ofusi&hf yfrsm;onf tvDocifu wrefawmfjrwfxrH t S xl;oD;oef&Y &Sx d m;aom wrefawmfjrwf\
txl;usipfh Of usi&hf yf rsm;jzpfonf/ wG&u D m0ifwikd ;f wdo Yk nf tcsed w f ikd ;f xGuo f ufEiS 0hf if oufwikd ;f ü tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwftm; ]] Zdu&d f }} wo owd& Muonf/
]]euf&AfS ED, ´ [f? rk*s''´ , D [f}} ac:wG&u D musiphf OfrmS ? wrefawmfjrwf\ txl;usiMhf uH tm;xkwf
csurf sm;rS? qG[mbmBu;D tAl buú&o f cifu oD;oef&Y &Scd ahJ om usiphf Ofjzpfonf/ xdw k &G u D m0ifwo Ykd nf
rdrw d \ Ykd ESv;kH cHEk eI ;f wdik ;f ü ]]tv’m[f}} [lí ]]Zdu&d }f } wo owd&Muonf/
]] tdvaf rheAl0of }} ac: wrefawmfjrwf\ jrifawG&Y aom jyifyqdik &f m ynm&yfrsm;twdik ;f
vkud ef musio fh ;kH jcif;onf wrefawmfjrwf\ &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m pGE[ é rf sm;udk taumiftxnfaz:jcif;jzpfonf/
]]Ela&eAl0of}} onf wrefawmfjrwf\ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m usipfh Ofjzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd wrefawmfjrwf\
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m usipfh Ofusi&fh yfrsm;qdik &f m ynm&yfrsm;udk ydcYk saom wG&u D m wpfcck rk S a&SUaqmifenf;jy
jzpfol ]]a&S(cf)}} \trdeyfY nwfcsut f wdik ;f b0wnfaqmufjcif;onfwrefawmfjrwf\ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
pGE[ é rf sm;udk taumiftxnfaz:Edik af yrnf/ az:jyyg wrefawmfjrwfxrH S a&muf&v dS maom ynm&yf
ESprf sKd ;pvH;k udk vdu k ef musio fh ;kH í wrefawmfjrwf\ &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mESiphf w d yf ikd ;f qdik &f m pGE[ é rf sm;ESiyhf wfoufaom
ynm&yfrsm;udk wwfajrmufjcif;? vdu k ef musio fh ;k H í tvif;&&Sad omynm&Sirf sm;uomvQi?f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg
trdeyYf nwfcsurf sm;udk zGiq hf ckd iG hf &SMd uonf/
Hasan al Mansur (922) onf Zdu&d f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf tm; wo owd&&if; yDwad omrewÅpcef;
wpfco k Ykd a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/xdt k csed w f iG f 4if;olawmfpOfBu;D \EIwrf S ]] Anal Haq }} ]]÷ "
}}]] igtv’m[f}} ]]
igonf rSefuefaom opöw&m;}} [líxGufcJhavonf/ xdkacwftpövmrfh "r®owfynm&Sifrsm;u
ao'Pfay;cJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd xdo k al wmfpifBu;D EIwrf x S uG v f maom ]]igtv’m[f}} qdak oma0g[m&ESihf
ywfoufí tpfAaet&ADocifu ]]0[f'[f0*sL'f}} ac:tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS hf tv’m[f\zefqif;cHwt Ykd Mum;
twdik ;f twm tqift h wef;ay:wGirf w l nfí twm;tqD;r&Sd xdawGUa&m>yrf;pdr0hf if íESpu f , kd w
hf pfpw d (f 0g)
ESpu f ed ;f rSwpfued ;f jzpfomG ;aom tcsed w f iG x f u G af y:vmaom a0g[m& jzpfonf[k zGiq hf ckd o hJ nf/ 4if;u
yrmcdik ;f íjyonfrmS rD;awmufr;D vQx H o J Ykd oHw;kH wpfw;kH udk xnfv h udk f xdo k w H ;kH onf rD;xJwiG af &mí rD;ESichf jGJcm;í
r&Ekid o f nft h jzpfrsdK;jzpfomG ;onf[t k xufyg olawmfpifBuD;\ jzpf&yfukd axmufccH o hJ nf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd
t,ltqrsm;udk vufcaH om qlzrD sm;vnf; &Sad yonf/
Junaid Bugdadi(910) onf xdkuJhodkYaom t,ltqrSjyef vnfqkwfcGmcJholjzpfonf/
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS hf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf wd\ Yk tMum;wGif rnfonht f ajcaewGirf Q xdawGUa&m>yrf;jcif;?
ESpfudk,fhwpfpdwfjzpfjcif;(0g)ESpfudef;rSwpfudef;rjzpfEdkif[k cH,loljzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\
oufaovu©mPmrsm;ESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf \zefqif;cHwdkY pyfMum;üomvQif a&m>yrf;pdrfh0ifjcif;?
xdawGUjcif;qdak om]]0[f'[f&[ S 'l }f } qdak om0g'udk vufccH o hJ nf/
wG&u D musipfh Ofrsm;twGi;f ü ]]0[f'[f0*sL'f}} (ac:) tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS t fh v’m[ft&Sijf rwf\
zefqif;cHwdkYpyfMum; xdawGUa&m>yrf;pdrfh0ifjcif; (0g)ESpfudef;rSwpfudef;jzpfoGm;jcif; qdkaomudpö&yfudk
vufcHolrsm;&Sdvm ouJhodkY ]]0[f'[f&S[l'f}} (ac:) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\oufaovu©Pmrsm;ESifh
tv’m[fzh efqif;cHwYkd pyfMum;üomvQix f ad wGUa&m>yrf;pdr0hf ifjcif;(0g)ESpu f , kd w
hf pfpw d jf zpfEikd o f nf qdak omt,l
tq ESpcf pk wifí uJjG ym;jcm;em;cJo h nf/
txufaz:jyyg udp&ö yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í aemufyikd ;f wGif Ahmed Sarhind(1625) \ `+75#
trnf&Sd wG&DumESifhywfonfh&Sif;vif;csufwGif wifjyxm;onfrSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef pl&[f(6)
tm,wfawmf(103)ü?-
]] pu©Krsm;onf xdt k &Sijf rwftm; (pdwif )kH rdEikd o f nfr[kw?f od&Yk mwGif xdt k &Siu f pu©Krsm;udk
(pdwif )kH rdvsu&f \
dS }}
xdtk v’m[ft&Sijf rwftm; pdwif í
kH r&Edik ?f wenf;tm;jzifh pdwu
f ;l ESiyhf ifreS ;f qí r&Edik /f rSe;f qí&ygu
xdtk &Siv f nf;r[kw?f xdk t&Sio f nf rSe;f qí&jcif;? jrifawGUí&jcif;? xdawGUjcif;qdak omt&m rsm;rS
uif;pifaom t&Sijf zpfayonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef pl&[f(53) tm,wfawmf(68)ü?-
]]{uefrvJG xdktaz:onf 4if;tm;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sif\ BuD;us,fvSpGmaom
oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;udk awGUjrifcahJ yownf; }}
xdktm,wfawmft& wrefawmfjrwfonfyifvQif tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ BuD;us,fqHk;aom
oufaovu©Pmawmfuo kd mawGUjrif cJ&h avonf/ az:jyygtm,wf r sm;ud k ud k ; um;í az:jyyg
]]0[f'[f0*sL'f}}t,l0g'udk qefUusií f a&;om;xm;avonf/ az:jyyg tAÁmqD,[facwfrS pwifcahJ om
jyómemaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmonf ,aeYxufwikd jf yóemtjzpf rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ &d;k wGi;f csOq f x
D o
J Ykd
pdr0hf ifaepJjzpf ayonf/
Yaqoob Ibn Ishaaq al Kindi(AD-870)

4if;onf rGwfpvifrfrsm;twGif;wGiftvGefausmfMum;aom EdkifiHjcm;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif
wpfO;D jzpfonf/ tD&mufEikd if H ulzmNrKd UwGif arG;zGm;Ny;D bmq&mNrKd UwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJo h nf/ rGwpf vifrf
avmuwGif yxrOD;qHk; Aristotle ESifh Plato wdkY\ tawG;tac: 0g'rsm;tm;jzifh edpöxm0&
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfwnf&adS eaMumif;udk wifjycJo h jl zpfonf/ xdak cwf tAÁmqD,[fcvDzmrsm; vufxufwiG f
tpövmrf "r®owfrsm;twGi;f Edik if jH cm;tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk yg0if apcJo h jl zpfonf/
az:jyyg EdkifiHjcm; tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh wnfaqmufxm;aomOya'rsm;udk tpövmrfh
"r®owfOya'trnfwyfí w&m;qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ rGwfpvifrftcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;twGif;
tcsed u
f ek v
f eG af pjcif;? rSeu
f efaom ynm&Sirf sm; uGurf sucf &H jcif;? axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csjcif;cH Mu&ayonf/
//////////////
Oya'rsm; azgif;yGraI cwf

(AD 786) rS (AD 935) twGi;f wGif usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef onf zwf&w
G o
f &Zösm,f&aomusr;f tjzpf
wnf&SdcJhonf/ vlom;wdkYa&;onfhusrf;ESifh vlom;wdkYa&;onfhOya'rsm;onf vdkufemusifhoHk;&aom
usrf ; rsm;tjzpf aygrsm;azgif ; yG v mcJh o nf / xd k a cwf xd k u mvrsm; &S d tpö v mrh f O ya'rsm;[k
ac:qdkaom"r®owfOya'rsm;rSm usrf;jrwf uk&ftmefudk Oya'tjzpftajccHaomvrf;aMumif;rS
vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm;cJcG mG cJah om acwfjzpfayonf/ az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefudk tajcrcHaom vlraI &;
usr;f trsKd ;rsKd ;wdtYk m;jzifh rGwpf vifrx f t
k wGiw f iG f tkypf u k ?GJ *dP
k ;f *euJrG sm;vnf; ay:rsm;azgif;yG vmcJo
h nf/
az:jyyg rwlnaD om tkypf u k ?GJ *dP k ;f *euJrG sm;u rdrw d Ykd pdwx f ufoef&m 0g'vrf;pOf rsm;udk uJjG ym;jcm;em;onfh
ausmif;rsm;zGií hf oifMum;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh t,ltqrwlnaD om ynm&Sirf sm;onfvnf; aygrsm;azgif;
yGvmcJMh uayonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ynm&Sirf sm;u 4if;wd\ Yk ausmif;awmf0g'pJ?G q&m0g'pJrG sm;udk
a&SUwef;wifí a[majymjcif;?a&;om;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh t,ltqrwlnMD uaom rGwpf vifrrf sm;onf vnf;
aygrsm;azgif;yGvmcJah wmhonf/
vla&;usr;f [lonf uJv
G rGJ nfom
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef pl&[f(4) tm,wfawmf(82)wGi?f -

a 1 0È7H
0
)
'
I $ , ú
# 4 1 > 4
' Q
4 + 7 È
0

]] 4if;wdo
Y k nf usr;f jrwfu&k tf mefuk d *CeP Edu I Ef u
d I cf Rwcf Rwaf phipk H mG avhvmoH;k oyfjcif; r&SMduavoavm/
tu,fíom ,if;usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxaH wmfrS r[kwyf J tjcm; olwpfO;D OD;xHraS &muf&cd S h J
aom usr;f jzpfcyhJ grl? xdo k wl o
Ykd nf 4if;usr;f wGiaf jrmufrsm;pGmaom uJv G rGJ w I u Ykd kd {ueftrSef awGU&SMd uuket f hH }}
az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef tm,wfukd axmuf&jI cif;tm; jzifu h sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwfxrH S usr;f *efjzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f yg taMumif;t&mrsm;ESihf Oya'rsm;wGif uJv G rGJ w I pfpkH wpf&m
r&Sad Mumif;udk qdx k m;jcif;jzpfayonf/
vlom;wpfO;D OD;jzpfap? vlwpfpjk zpfap a&;om;xm;aom usr;f jzpfygu vH;k 0OókaH &SUaemufrnD
uJjG ym;jcm;em;rnfjzpfaMumif; tcdik t f rmqdx k m;aom tm,wfawmfjzpfayonf/
vlom;\ oabm obm0onf a'gojzpfonft h cg ajym qdak &;om;csurf sm;wGif aus;Zl;&Siu f ykd if
owdrrlwwfay/ u&kPm yGm;rsm;onft h cg ajymqdak &;om;csurf sm;wGif a'goxm; &rnfh olrsm;udyk if
rjrifacs/ avmuDa&;&mrsm;udk ajymqdak &;om; &mü? avmukw&Å mtaMumif;rsm;udv k nf;aumif;?avmukw&Å m
taMumif; rsm;udk ajymqdak &;om;&mü avmuDtaMumif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? arhwwfavonf/
tajctaewpf&yfwiG f ajymqdak &;om;csuo f nf tjcm;tajctaewpf&yfwiG f ajymqdak &;om;csuEf iS hf
uJGjym;qefYusifonfudk awGU &wwfayonf/ tcsdKUtajymtqdk ta&;tom;rsm;onf pmay
ajrmufaomfvnf;? tcsKd Utajymtqdk ta&;tom;rsm;onf pmayrajrmufay/ tcsKd UtaMumif;t&mrsm;onf
rS e f u ef a omf j im;vnf ; ?tcsd K Utcsd K UtaMumif ; t&mrsm;onf rS m ;,G i f ; rI r sm;yg0if a vonf /
tcsKd Uajymqdak &;om;csurf sm;onf a&SUaemufrnD tjrw J pfap csKd UwJrh rI sm; a&m>yrf;vsuf &Sad eayonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonfum; vlom;wd\ Yk ajymqdak &;om; csuw f iG f yg0ifaom cRw, f iG ;f csurf sm;
ESiu hf m; vH;k 0 uif;&Si;f ayonf/
(az:jyyg tm,wftay: ozfp&D t f qG rf meD\ oH;k oyfcsu)f
tpövmrfh tifyg,mBu;D oH;k ydik ;f uJjG cif;

AD 1500 rS 1700 tMum;wGif tD&efEikd w
f iG f Safavidtifyg,m(ac:)yg&Se;f tifyg,m? tdE,
´d wGif
r*dktifyg,mESifh Anatolia (ac:) wl&uDwGif atmfwdkreftifyg,m[lí tpövmrf tifyg,m
oH;k ydik ;f uJcG ahJ vonf/
SAFAVID (ac:) yg&Se;f tifyg,m

,cif tAÁmqD,[frsm; enf;wl oufO;D qHyikd f bk&ifpepfjzifh
tkycf sKycf ohJ nf/ tkycf sKyo
f l vlwef;pm;onf urÇmajrjyifay:rS tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwf\ t&dyrf sm;jzpfonfqakd om 0g'udk jyefvnftoufoiG ;f cJh
onf/
Shah Abbas I (AD 1585-1629)tkyfcsKyfcsdew f iG f Safavid tifyg,m txGwftxdyfodkY
a&mufco hJ nf/ 4if;acwfwiG f atmfwrkd eftifyg,m\ tcsut f jcmusaom e,fajrrsm;udk odr;f ydu
k Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf/
4if;tkycf sKyaf om NrKd UawmfrmS Isfahan NrKd Ujzpfonf/ 4if;acwf,Ofaus; rIrmS Pre-Islamic Persian Cul-
ture (ac:) tpövmrfrwdi k rf D yg&Se;f ,Ofaus;rItwdik ;f jzpfonf/ 4if;NrKd Uawmf&dS taqmuftOD;rsm;? yef;jcH
rsm;? AvD0wfausmif;rsm;? wuúov kd rf sm;ESihf eef;awmftygt0if taqmuftOD;tm;vH;k udk a&S;yg&Se;f
tEkynmvuf&mrsm;jzifh yHak z:xm;onf/
qlz0D g'udt k ajccHaom tpövmrf"r®owfjziht f yk cf sKycf ohJ nf/ Mohamed Baqir Majlisi(1700)
acwfwiG q f zl 0D g'udk ESyd uf yG Nf y;D ?tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udk tajccHaom "r®owfrsm;jzifh jyKjyifajymif;
vJtkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ xdktawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udkvnf; bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif tajccHí
oifMum;ay;aompepfukd usio hf ;kH cJo
h nf/ xdak usmif;rsm;rS tawG;tac:ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf ,cif&&dS if;pJq G zl 0D g'udk
tajccH a om ynm&S i f r sm;\ rwl n D a om 0g'vI d i f ; *,uf r sm;onf Safavid twG i f ; &S d
trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odYk &du k cf wfvmjcif;tm;jzihf pnf;vH;k nDñw G rf I NyKd ucGJ o
hJ nf/
MIRDIMAD(AD-1631) ESihf 4if;\wynfh MULLAHSADR(1640) wd\ Yk acwfwiG af wG;
ac:rIynmESihf qlz0D g'ESprf sKd ;aygif; í zdu[f"r®owfrsm; a&;qJcG MhJ uonf/ 4if;wd\ Yk tawG;tac:t,ltq
rsm;rSm Aristotle ESihf acwfopfoyd u HÜ kd tajccHaom zdu[fynm &yfjzpfonf/ (Al Afsan al Arabaab)THE
FOUR FOLD JOURNEY ac: av;zufjrif bHpk cef;odYk c&D;aygufjcif;qdak om t,ltqudk pwifco hJ nf/
az:jyygpcef;odYk aygufa&muforl sm;u omvQif tkycf sKyaf &;? bmoma&;? w&m;qH;k jzwfa&;udprö sm;udk aqmif
&Gucf iG &hf o
dS nfqakd om t,l0g'rsm;udk qJu G ikd cf o
hJ nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd topftqef; ay:aygufvmcJah om t,l0g'
rsm;tm;jzihf ynm&Siw f MYkd um;0d0g' uJcG MhJ uonf/
trsm;rG w f p vif r f r sm;\ vd k t yf c suf j zpf a om vl r I a &;? pD ; yG m ; a&;? ynma&;rsm;wG i f
4if;wd\ Yk "r®owfrsm;u uGyu f rJ t I m;enf;vm onft h ay: Safavid tifyg,monfvnf; tm;enf;arS;rSed cf hJ
&avonf/
r*dk tifyg,m
r*dktifyg,mudkHumayun\om;Akbar(1542-1605 AD) u tdEd´,EdkifiHajrmufydkif;rS
pwifco hJ nf/ 4if;\tkycf sKyaf &;pepfwiG f pGvw f ef(ac:)bk&ifpepfjzifh tdE, ´d ajrmufyikd ;f yef*smAfjynfe,f?
rvfAm&fEiS hf Deccan wdw Yk iG f w&m;rQwpGm tkycf sKyEf ikd cf o
hJ nf/ 4if;\tkycf sKyaf &;atmufwiG f rGwpf vifr?f
[dEL´ ? c&pf,mef? Ak'b¨ mom?JainbmomESihf Zoroastrian bmom0ifrsm; &Scd MhJ uonf/ rwlnaD om
vlrsKd ;? bmomtm;vH;k wef;wltcGit hf a&;rsm; &&Scd MhJ uonf/
4if;\ppfwyfwiG f vlrsKd ;aygif;pHyk g0ifco
hJ nfth wGuf ppfwyfo;kH bmompum;wpfcu k kd wDxiG cf o
hJ nf/
xdb k mompum;udk t&AD? zg&pD? [if'?D ygVd? t*Fvyd f bmomrsm;rS aumufEw I í
f wDxiG cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/
xdpk pfwyfo;kH bmompum;rSm ,aeYtrsm;oH;k aeaom ]]tG&'f }l } bmompum;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf bmom
w&m;tm;vH;k udk av;pm;oljzpfonf/ (AD- 1575) ESpw f iG f House of Worship bmomaygif;pHck spMf unfa&;
AdrmefBu;D udk wnfaqmufcahJ vonf/ 4if;rSm qlz0D g'udk avhvmvdu k pf m;oljzpfonf/ 4if;acwf w&m;&H;k
qH;k jzwforl sm;rSm omoemhynm&Sirf sm;jzpfMuonf/ Abufizal Allami (AD, 1551-1602)tawG;tac:
d nf/ Akbar ESihf Abufizal
ynm&SiEf iS hf aygif;zufro
Allami wdaYk ygif;í ]] 'Daetdvm[D }} (ac:) bmomw&m;tm;vH;k onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfwpfyg;wnf;xHrS
jzpfonfqakd om 0g'udk pwifco hJ nf/ xdaYk emuf Sulb-e-Kull (ac:) pMu0Vmjird ;f csr;f a&;? Mohabatte-
e-Kull (ac:) pMu0VmcspMf unfa&;qdak om acgif; pOfrsm;jzifh 0g'opfrsm;wnfaxmifco hJ nf/
4if ; \acwf w G i f rG w fp vif r fr [k w f o lr sm;tm; ]] *spf Z ,m }} uif ; vG w f c G i f ha y;cJ h o nf /
tpövmrfomoemqdik &f m ynm&yf rsm;udk oifMum;ay;onfh ausmif;rsm; wGif zg&pD(ac:) yg&Se;f pmayudk
t"dubmomtjzpfoif Mum;aom pepfukd usio hf ;kH cJoh nf/ t&AD pmayESi&hf cdS ahJ om usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef?
['Dqfrsm;? zdu[fusrf;rsm;udkyg yg&Sef;pmaytm;jzifh oifMum;cJhonf/ 4if;acwfrSpwifí
tpövmrfomoemESifhywfoufaoma0g[m& tawmfrsm;rsm;onf yg&Sef;pmay tac:ta0:rsm;
yg0ifvmcJo h nf/ Oyrm- usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefyg tv’m[fqakd oma0g[m&udk zg&pDbmompum; ]] ck'g}}
[lívnf;aumif;? qGvmofqakd om a0g[m&udk ]] ermZf }}[lí vnf;aumif;? qd, G mrfqakd oma0g[m&ud]k ]
&dZk m }} [lí vnf;aumif;? vdik v f wGvu f '&f jrifjh rwfaomnudk ]] ,SaAb&mof }} [lívnf; aumif;?
vdik v f wGvaf rh&m*su f kd ]] ,SaAarh&m*sf }} [lívnf;aumif; ponfjzifh rsm;pGmaom usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefyg
a0g[m&rsm;udk zg&pD tac:ta0:rsm;tm;jzihf ajymif;vJac:a0:oH;k pJaG om pepfukd pwif cJo h jl zpfonf/
pGvwf ef(ac:)bk&ifqo kd ol nf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ urÇmajrjyifay:rS t&dyjf zpfonf[k cH,cl o hJ nf/
xdkuJhodkY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\t&dyfjzpfaom pGvfwefbk&ifa&SUodkY tcpm;0ifoltm;vHk; OD;ñGwfí
t&dt k aoay;aompepfukd pwifco hJ jl zpfonf/
Shah Jahan(1627-1658) vuf x uf w G i f rG w f p vif r f r sm;\od y Ü H q d k i f & mpmtk y f r sm;ES i f h
[if'u D Asmrsm;udk San Skrist bmomodjYk yefqckd o hJ nf/ 4if;acwfü wnfaqmufcahJ om ]]om*srf [vf
}}taqmuf tOD;onf [dEL´ ESirhf w G pf vifrf &d;k &mESprf sKd ;aygif;íxm;onfAh o d uk m vuf&m jzpfayonf/
4if;acwftkyfcsKyfyHk enf;pepfESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m cH,lcsuf onf 4if;tzdk; Akbar
vufxufuusio hf ;kH oGm;onft h wdik ;f z0g; xyfwl vdu k ef musio
fh ;kH cJo
h nf/
Ahmed Sarhind(1625)
4if;onf txufrSwifjycJhonfh t,l0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk qefY usifonfh omoemhynm&Sif
qlzw D pfyg;jzpfavonf/ 4if;\cH,cl surf mS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf pGE[
é rf sm;tm;jzifh tajccH&&S t D mOya'u
omvsif rGwpf vifrrf sm;udk vrf;rSeo f yYkd aYkd qmifEikd rf nf/ vlom;wd\ Yk tawG;tac:t,l0g'rsm;tm;jzifh
wnfaqmufzUGJ pnf;xm;aom 0g'vrf;pOfrsm;onf rGwpf vifrrf sm;udk tusKd ;rjyKEikd o f nft
h jyif vrf;rSm;zuf
odaYk c:aqmifomG ;onfh vrf;pOfrsm;jzpfonf[k trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odYk xd;k azgufEikd cf o hJ jl zpfayonf/
Shah Jahan bk & if \ teD ; wG i f tMuH a y;rsm;jzpf M uaom ]]tk v rmatpl ; }} (ac:)
tojymomoemhynm&Sif rsm;tm; vnf; aumif; 0efBu;D tzJUG tm;vnf;aumif;? tdyzf iG ahf y;pm rsm;ay;ydcYk o hJ nf/
4if;\rSefuefaom w&m;ppfw&m;rSefrsm;udk Mum;em&aom trsm; rGwfpvifrfrsm;tzdkY wpfaeY
xufwpfaeYw;kd yGm;í Ahmed Sarhind \w&m;yJrG sm;odYk pk&;kH vmMuonf/
4if;\ Khankah (ac:) w&m;bm0empD;jzef; aom "r®&yd f omodYk pk&;kH vmjcif;rsm;udk od&o dS mG ;aomSha
Jahan bk&ifonf Ahmed Sarhind tm; eef;awmfoYkd tcpm;0if&ef trdex Yf w hJ nf/ Ahmed Sarhind
k cf o
tm; 4if;\a&SUarSmufwiG f OD;ñGwtf &dk taoay; jcif;udk qefu Y siaf omaMumifh axmifoiG ;f tusO;f cs cH&av
onf/ 4if;\ ]] rufob l moftrd mrf&AÁmeD }}usr;f onf ausmMf um; onfu h sr;f wpfusr;f jzpfonf/
Aurang Zebe(AD 1658-1707) onf Ahmed sarhind

\t,ltqrsm;udkESpfoufcJhavonf/ bk&ifa&SUarSmufwGif OD;ñGwfí t&dktaoay;aompepfudk
4if;\acwfwiG f y,fzsucf o hJ nf/ 4if;\acwfwiG f Edik if w H umqufqaH &; tvGeaf umif;rGecf hJ onf/
acwfrwDS ;kd wufaom enf;ynmrsm;ESit hf wl &d;k &m,Ofaus;rItopf tqef;rsm;vnf; a&muf&v dS mcJo
h nf/
4if;\ Edik if t
H wGi;f üyif,cif&dS &if;pJG uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom &d;k &m,Ofaus;rIrsm;u rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odYk
vufOD;rqGuyif vTrf;rdk;cHcJh&NyD; jzpfavonf/ xdkuJhodkY wdkif;wpfyg; rS topfa&muf&Sdvmaom
,Ofaus;rIrsm;tm;jzifh bmom? omoem qdik &f m "avhx;kH wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk tjrpfrES w I jf cif; cH&ouJoh Ykd
rl&if; aysmufí rsKd ;jyKe;f cJ&h avonf/
az:jyyg &d;k &m,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk tajccHaom0g'rsm;u xdak cwftpövmrf"r®owfOya'rsm;twGi;f odyYk if
xd;k azgufae&m0if,cl ahJ yonf/
trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm;xuf edru hf sonf/ trsKd ; orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl
AvD0wfausmif;rsm;? tpf'*grsm;? odkY 0ifa&muf0wfjyKjcif;? uA&pwefrsm;twGif; 0ifa&mufaZ,m
&ofjyKjcif;rsm;udk wm;qD;ydwyf ifjcif; zof0grsm;onf r*db k &k ifrsm;acwf?4if;wdYk \ywf0ef;usirf S vlrsKd ;rsm;\
&d;k &m,Ofaus;rIrsm;jzpfayonf/
r*db k &k ifrsm;wGif zof0gay;ydik cf iG &hf adS om ynm&Sirf sm;vnf;&Scd o hJ nf/ xdb k &k ifrif;qufrS bk&if
tmvrf*&D \ D zof0grsm;udk tdE, ´d Edik if &H dS tcsKd Uaom bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif ]] zof0gtmvrf*&D D }}trnfjzifh
oifMum;vsu&f adS yonf/ txufraS z:jycJah om trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvD0wfausmif;rsm;odYk wufa&muf0wf
jyKa&;qdkif&m wm;jrpfxm;aompmtkyfrsm; wGif taxmuftxm;tjzpf ]] zof0gtmvrf*D&D ac:
tmvrf*&D b D &k if\ zof0grsm;udk ud;k um;í wm;jrpfonfwu Ykd akd wGU&ayvdrrhf nf/
acwftqufquf rGwpf vifro f ufO;D qHyikd b f &k ifrsm; tmPmwnfjraJ &;twGuf omoemhynm
&Sirf sm;\ taxmuftyHo h nf ta&;ygaomu@rS yg0ifcahJ vonf/ xdak cwfausmif;rsm;wGif tav;ay;í
oifMum;ay;aom ynm&yfrsm;teuf tcsKd Uudk wifjy&rnfqykd gu omoemhynm&Sirf sm;onf eADwref
awmfrsm;\ t&du k t f &mrsm;udk qufccH ahJ om tarGpm;tarGcrH sm;jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ tGro ® f
om;rsm;teufrS omoemhynm&Sirf sm;onf AeDtpö&mtDvf vufxufryS ifay:cJah om eADwrefawmfrsm;ESihf
tqift h wef;wlno D nfqakd om ['Dqrf sm;udk OD;pm;ay;í oifMum;ay;jcif;? rGwpf vifrt f rsm;pktwGi;f odYk
xdu k o hJ Ykd ['Dqrf sm;udk a[majymjcif;tm;jzifh pnf;&H;k Edik cf ahJ vonf/
xd k a cwf r G w f p vif r f r sm;onf az:jyyg['D q f r sm;t& ynm&S i f r sm;\ tqd k t rd e f Y r sm;ud k
wpfaoGrwdr;f vdu k ef mMuonf/ xdu k o hJ aYkd omynm&Sirf sm;u rGwpf vifrf oufO;D qHyikd b f &k ifrsm;twGuf
rnfuo hJ t
Ykd axmuftuljyKonfukd avhvmMunfrh nfqykd gu -------
tAÁmqD,[fcvDzmrsm; tmPmouf&n S Mf uma&;twGuf xdb k &k ifrsm;\ ajrm§ ufpm;jcif;cH&aom
ynm&Sirf sm;u aomMumaeY cGwAÅ [fwiG f ^¾
ý , '
øb /6 c
]] cvDzm[lonf urÇmajrjyifay:rS
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ t&dyjf zpfonf }} [k qkawmif;ay;Muonf/
r*db k &k ifrsm;onf pGvw f eftrnfjzifh tkycf sKyo f rl sm;jzpfonf/xdk r*db k &k ifrsm;\ ajrm§ ufpm;jcif;cH&aom
ynm&Sirf sm;u aomMumaeYcw G AÅ [fwiG f ^¾
ý , '
øb 4Y
]] pGew f efb&k ifrsm;onf urÇmajrjyifay:rS
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ t&dyjf zpfonf }} [k qkawmif;ay;Mu&Hrk u '
4Y tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\bk&if
[kyifwifpm;í qkawmif;ay;cJah om cGwAÅ [frsm;udk ]] cGwAÅ [fusr;f }} tcsKd Ubmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif
oifMum;ay;vsu&f adS eMuonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu ]]igt&Sifonfbk&ifrsm;\bk&ifjzpfonf/
w&m;qH;k jzwfaom w&m;olBu;D rsm;\ w&m;olBu;D jzpfonf }} [k rdeq Yf x kd m;ayonf/ az:jyyg tm,wfrsm;
ESiq fh efUusií f '
4Y = pGewf efonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\bk&if jzpfonf qdak om toH;k tEIe;f rsKd ;udk
tAÁq, D [fcvDzmrsm;acwfüyif oH;k EIe;f cJjh cif; r&Scd ahJ y/
xdu k o hJ Ykd r*db
k &k ifrsm; acwfwpfavQmuf tpövmrfOya'rsm;ESiq hf efu Y siaf om vJrG mS ;onfh t,l0g'rsm;udk
uGuu f u G u
f iG ;f uGi;f axmufjyí trSew f &m;rsm;udk ydcYk scahJ om Ahmed Sarhind \ aemufyikd ;f wGif SHAH
VALLIULLAH(1703-1763) u Ahemed Sarhind \t,ltqudk tajccHí usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf
pGE[é f Oya'rsm;udk trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odYk jyefvnf a&muf &Sad pcJo h jl zpfayonf/ 4if;\ BuKd ;yrf;rI
t&Sed t f [keo f nf ESpq f ,f &mpkwikd f wnf&cdS ahJ vonf/
acwftqufquf oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif ]] tkvrmatpl; }} (ac:) tojym
omoemhynm&Sirf sm;ay:ayguf ouJo h Ykd ]]tkvrmat[uf }} (ac:) trSew f &m;ESiyhf wfoufí wifjy&mwGif
rdrw
d \ Ykd toufpnf;pdrrf sm;udyk ifvQif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftwGu?f rSeu f efaom omoemtwGu?f trSew f &m;
twGuf pGev Yf w T pf eG pYf m;íwifjycJah om rSeu f efonfh omoemynm&Sirf sm;vnf; ay:aygufchJ avonf/
atmfwrkd ef tifyg,m
atmfwrkd ef tifyg,mudk (1453-AD)wGif Constantinople ,ck Istanbul rSpwifí qD;&D;,m;?
tD*sp?f ajrmuftmz&du? ta&;AD;,m;ESihf Oa&mywGif pGvw f efb&k ifpepfjzifh tkycf sKycf o hJ nf/ 4if;atmfwrkd ef\
tkycf sKyfraI tmufwiG f rGwpf vifr?f c&pf,mef? *sL;? t&Af? wl&uD ukeo f nf? tGvrf m? wG&u D muJo h Ykd
t,ltqrwlol tm;vH;k Nird ;f csr;f pGm twl,OS w f í
GJ aexdik Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf/ rdrw d \ Ykd ,HMk unf&mudk vGwv f yfpmG
vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf NdS y;D wpfO;D ESiwhf pfO;D ? wpfzUGJ ESiwhf pfzUGJ y#dyu©toGiaf qmifaom tajymtqd?k ta&;tom;rsm;udk
cGirhf jyKcahJ y/
Sulaiman Qumuni(1520-1566 AD) vufxufwi G f atmfwrkd efonf acwftrSq D ;kH aom
tajctaeud k a&muf & S d c J h o nf / aq;buf q d k i f & mwuú o d k v f r sm;? eu© w Å a A'arQmf p if r sm;ES i f h
odyq HÜ ikd &f mvkyif ef;rsm;udk wd;k wufapcJo h nf/ 4if;acwf atmfwrkd efonfurÇmh tvnfwiG f pHjyjzpfco hJ nf/
tajccHOya'tjzpf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefujkdyXmef;onf/ tpövmrfw h &m;&H;k rsm;wGif ý(= (ac:) w&m;olBu;Dd u
w&m;qH;k jzwfonf/ Oya'tMuaH y;rsm;tjzpf tkvrmomoemhynm&Sirf sm;ESihf acwfopf Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;udk
yl;wJí G ceft Y yfco hJ nf/
4if;\acwfwGif rGwfpvifrfwdkif; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk em; vnfvdkufpm;a&;wm0efudk
tkvrmynm&Sirf sm;u wm0ef,Ml u& onf/ bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd t"du
bmom&yftjzpf jyXmef;cJo h nf/ ['Dq?f zdu[fusr;f rsm;ESihf acwfopf
0dZmÆ ? odyEHÜ iS hf tawG;tac:ynm&yfwo Ykd nf yl;wJo G ifMum;ay;aom pepfukd usio hf ;kH cJo
h nf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef
abmiftwGi;f rS acwfrw DS ;kd wufaomenf;ynmudk tajccHí vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&;? tkycf sKyfa&;pepfukd
wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ 4if;acwf 0efBu;D rsm;tzJUG wGif tvTmaygif;pHrk S vlrsKd ;toD;oD; yg0ifco hJ nf/
4if;\acwf w&m;qH;k jzwfa&;rSm usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefuk d vH;k 0tajccHí acwfEiS t h f nDay:aygufvmaom
jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifcJhonf/ atmfwdkrefvufatmufwGif rSDwif;aexdkifMuukefaom
t,l0g'rwlorl sm;? bmoma&;rwlorl sm;? vlrsKd ;rwlorl sm;twGi;f wpfajy;nD tcGit hf a&;rsm; &&Scd ohJ nf/
w&m;rQwrI &So d nf/ 4if;acwftyk cf sKyaf &;rsm;ESihf w&m;qH;k jzwfa&;rsm;onf qG[mbmBu;D rsm;? omaAtDerf sm;
acwfEiS hf teD;pyfq;kH tkycf sKyEf ikd cf o hJ nft h wGuf atmf wdrk efonf txGwt f xdyo f Ykd a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/
Abu al Sand Khola Chelebi(1490-1574) acwfwi G f atmfwrkd efwiG f tkvrmynm&Sirf sm;\
MoZmonf vTr;f rd;k vmcJo h nf/bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;vsu&f adS om oif&;kd ñTe;f wrf;rsm;
tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJco hJ nf/ tAÁmqD,[frsm;vufxufwiG f oifMum;cJah om zdu[f"r®owfrsm;udk t"du
bmom&yftjzpfoifMum;Ny;D acwfopf 0dZmÆ odyyHÜ nm&yfrsm;ESihf tawG;ac:ynm&yfrsm;udk oif&;kd ñTe;f wrf;rS
xkwfy,fcJhonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefyg tajccHOya'rsm;ESifh uif;a0;apaompepfudk jyefvnf
toufoiG ;f cJo h nft h wGuf 4if;acwf w&m;Oya'rsm;wGif bufvu kd rf rI sm;? w&m;rrQwrIrsm; a&m>yrf;vmcJh
jcif;aMumifh atmfwrkd efwiG f twlvufwí GJ yl;aygif;aqmif&u G cf ahJ om vlrsKd ;rwl? bmomt,l0g'rwlorl sm;pyf
Mum;wGif ,cifr&Scd b hJ ;l aomjyóemrsm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/
az:jyyg atmfwrkd efacwf tkvrmrsm;onf qlz0D g'udk ydrk t kd av;ay;aompepfukd usio fh ;kH onf/
4if;acwf tkvrmrsm;\ zof0gt& bmoma&;qdik &f m pmtkyrf sm;udk yHEk ydS pf ufjzif&h u kd Ef ydS jf cif;udk
wm;jrpfcJhonf/ acwfopf toHk;taqmifypönf;rsm;udk oHk;pJGjcif;? a&mif;0,fazgufum;jcif;?
wnfxiG jf cif;rsm;onf 4if;wk\ Yd "r®owft&
w&m;awmfEiS q hf efu
Y sio f nf/ az:jyyg t,l0g' tawG;tac:rsm;udk
bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ tvm;wl trsm; rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odv Yk nf; xdu k o hJ Ykd
tawG;tac: t,ltq rsm;udk oGwo f iG ;f ay;cJjh cif;tm;jzifh wpfcsdew f pfcgu tvGeaf cwf rScD ahJ om
atmfwdkrefonf pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? ynma&; ponfwdkYwGif tzufzufrS ,dk,Gif;
ysupf ;D cJ&h avonf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufru I tkd [eft Y wm;jyKaom Oya'rsm;onf atmfwrkd eftwGi;f
rSw
D if;aexdik Mf uukeaf om jynforl sm;\ vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk "r®"Xd mefusus ajz&Si;f ay;Edik jf cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ xdu k ohJ Ukd
t,l0g'tm;jzifh ESiyhf if 18 &mpkoaYkd &muf&cdS ahJ vonf/
*dP
k ;f *Prsm;\ tedXm&Hpk pfwrf;
wrefawmfjrwf\ BudK;yrf;vIy&f mS ;cJah om oufwrf;rSm umvtm;jzih(f 23)ESpw f mom&Scd o hJ nf/
,if;BuKd ;yrf;csuf vkyif ef;twdik ;f twmxda&mufrrI mS rl ud,mrofwikd f us,0f ef;vSayonf/ wref awmfjrwf\
b0wmrSm wpfpuúeUf [laom tcsed u f av;onfyifvQirf w G pf vifrw f \ Ykd ESpaf ygif;axmifaomif;ruxuf
ydo
k nf[k qdk &ayrnf/ 23 ESpw f mteuf oufwrf;wpf0ufausmjf zpfaom 13 ESpu f mvudrk l ruúmNrKd UwGif
&ke;f uefvyI &f mS ;&if;om ukeq f ;kH cJah vonf/ þumvtwGi;f aMumufcref;vdvd ab;tEÅ&m,f'u k r© sKd ;pHk
ud&k ifqikd f cJ&h Ny;D cufcaJ om ordik ;f aMumif;udk trsm;todjzpfayonf/þrQ toufab;ESiehf ;D vSonfh
tEÅ & m,f t 00ud k MuH h M uH h c H & if q d k i f N yD ; Bud K ;yrf ; tm;xk w f c J h & onf h t wG u f &v'f r S m rl
rGwpf vifrrf [kwaf omvlo;kH &m cefu Y kd tpövmrfh at;&dyq f m,matmufoYkd ta&mufyaYkd qmifEikd cf hJ avonf/
13 ESpaf emufyikd ;f [pf*s&ofjyK Ny;D r'DNrKd UwGi(f 10)ESpw f mtxd]]'tf0tf}} ydcYk sco hJ nf/ þNrKd U&Sd
rGwpf vifrv f el nf;pk\ a&SUa&;twGuv f nf;aumif;? tzd;k xku d wf efvo S nfh omoemwnfwefY ckid jf raJ &;
twGuv f nf;auif;? wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf r[mom0ursm;taejzifh wdu k yf aGJ ygif;rsm;pGm qifEcJT &hJ avonf/
xdw k ukd yf rGJ sm;wGif rsm;pGmaomtouft;kd tdrpf nf;pdrrf sm; pGev Yf wT cf MhJ u&avonf/
þodjYkzifh wrefawmfjrwf\ aemufvu kd af emufyg &Jabmf &Jbufrsm;jzpfMuaom qG[mbmMu;D rsm;onf
jrLrIet Yf pdwt f ydik ;f uav;rSonf tGro ® wf nf;[laom rGwpf vifrv f Ul abmifxk a&tvsiu f kd wpfoiG o f iG f
pD;jzmrysuf&adS pcJo h nf/ þodjYk zifh wpfpxufwpfptiftm;wd;k yGm;vm&mu BuD;rm;us,fajymvSonfh
ork'&´ mBu;D tvm;yif us,jf yefUvmcJah yonf/ þyk*Kd¾vt f m;vH;k wdt Yk ay: tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEpS Nf rK§dUawmfryl gap/
xdq k [ G mbmBuD;rsm;\ vkyaf qmifcsuf onf urÇmwnfoa&GUwnf&adS ernfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfayonf/
wrefawmf jrwf\ pHtwdik ;f tkycf sKycf ahJ om cvDzmBu;D rsm;acwfwiG f tkycf sKyaf &; ESib hf moma&;udk 'Gew f NGJ y;D
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef? wrefawmfjrwf\pGE[ é f ESit hf nD ppfreS af om cdvmzoftyk cf sKyaf &;pepfjzifh tkycf sKycf hJ
avonf/
4 0 ù8 + -+ ø 1 e?
" 1ù 8 $
= 0 ú :
ú#
]] 4if;wdtY k eufrS xdo k wl o Y k d nf rdrw d \ Y k d 'Deo f moemudk tpdwpf w d t f >rm§ >rm§ jyKvyk cf Mh JuNy;D *dP k ;f *PtrsKd ;rsKd ;
jzpfomG ;cJMh uuke\ f / xd*k Pkd ;f *PtoD;oD;wdo Yk nf rdrw d üYkd &Sad om0g'vrf;pOfrsm;ESiyhf if auseyf0rf;ajrmufvsuf
&SMd uayonf }}
>A+ý? ý 0ù8 $ # N ?
" 1ù 8 $
= 0 ú
:
4

]] pifppf{uef tMuifow l oYkd nf omoemudk tpdwpf w d t f >rm§ >rm§ cJyG pfcMhJu\/ 4if;aemuf xdo k w
l o
Ykd nf
*dP k ;f *PtoD;oD;uJMG u\/ toifonf xdo k w l EYkd iS hf rnfoUdk rQ rywfoufay }}
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f *dP k ;f *Prsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D xdu k o hJ Ykd wifjycJjh cif;rsm;pGmteuf az:jyyg
tm,wfEpS yf 'kd u f kd az:jyjcif;tm;jzifh tpövmrfomoem\ &yfwnfcsut f rSeu f kd odEikd af yonf/
txufrS wifjyNy;D jzpfaom acwftqufqufrS ay:ayguf vmcJah om cvDzmtrnfcH oufO;D qHyikd f
bk&ifpepfwnfjraJ &;onfomoemydik 0f g'pepfay:wGif tajccHvsu&f cdS o hJ nf/
az:jyyg 0g'ESpcf o k nf wpfct k ay:wpfck trSo D [JjyKíom &Sio f efEikd af om 0g'rsm;jzpfayonf/
xd0k g'ESpcf \ k qd;k arGrsm;onf wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf qG[mbmBuD;rsm;? omaAtDerf sm;? touf td;k tdrf
pnf;pdrft00ESifh tEÅ&m,ftoG,foG,fudk cg;pD;&ifqdkifNyD;rS jyKpkysdK; axmif xm;cJhaom tpövmrfh
yef;O,smOfBu;D twGi;f rS rGwpf vifryf ef; rmvmrsm;udk wpfyiG chf si;f wpfyiG chf si;f wpfppD wpfppD zJah cRcahJ vonf/
tpövmrfhordkif;udk avhvmoHk;oyfMunfhrnfqdkygu vGefcJh aom ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifESifh
wpfaxmifEh pS &f mpyfMum;umvwGif umzd&rf sm;ESihf ppfjzpfraI Mumifh aoG;ajrusc&hJ aom rGwpf vifrOf ;D a&u
enf;Ny;D rGwpf vifrt f csi;f csi;f 0g'a&;&muJjG ym;jcm;em;rI ay:aygufvmaom ppfyrGJ sm;aMumifh aoG;ajrusc&hJ aom
rGwfpvifrfOD;a&u ydkrdk rsm;jym;onfudk &ifeifhzG,f&mawGU&Sd&ayonf/ xdkuJhodkY jzpf&jcif;rsm;onf
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefu ydwyf ifwm;qD;xm;aom *dP k *f PpJ0G g' rsm;aMumifh jzpfayonf/
acwfopftawG;tac:ESih f rGwpf vifrrf sm;
Abu Hamid Muhammed al Ghazzali(AD-1111) onf tD&mufEdkifiH? b*¾'g'fNrdKU&Sd
aeZmrD,mausmif;rS ausmif;q&mjzpf onf/ tpövmrf"h r®owfrsm;ESihf ywfoufí uRr;f usio f jl zpfonf/
rG w f p vif r f r sm; bmoma&;ynmrsm;ud k qnf ; yl ; &rnf j zpf o uJ h o d k Y acwf o pf y nm&yf r sm;ES i f h
tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udv k nf; wwfajrmuf&rnf[k tapmqH;k wifjycJo h jl zpfonf/
rGwfpvifrfrsm;twGif;wGif bmoma&;ynm&Sifrsm;&Sd&ef vdktyfouJhodkU taqmuftOD;rsm;
wnfaqmuf&ef Adou k mynm&Sirf sm;? aq;0g;uko&ef aq;ynm&Sirf sm;? avmua&;&mudp&ö yfrsm;wGif vdk
tyfaom acwfopfynm&yfrsm;udk wwfuRrf;onfh ynm&Sirf sm;vnf; &S&d rnf[k qdck o hJ jl zpfayonf/
4if;jyKpak &;om;cJah om I Yah-a-lum ad-deen ]] omoemjyefvnfxeG ;f um;a&; }} qdo k nfuh sr;f udk jyKpck o
hJ l
jzpfonf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftvdEk iS hf ['Dqf usrf;rsm;NyD;vQif 4if;\usrf;tm;
ud;k um;a&;om;ajymqdrk I jyKMuonf/4if;tm; rGwpf vifrt hf awG;tac:ynm&Sif tjzpf taemufwikd ;f om;
wduYk odMuayonf/
Ahmed ibn Taymiya(1263-1328 AD) onf tD&mufEidk if ?H b*¾'g'fNrKd UwGiaf rG;í qD;&D;,m;Edik if H
'rwfpuwfNrKd UwGif ynm qnf;yl; cJo h nf/ 4if;onf [rfAvDrZf[Af0ifjzpfonf/ 4if;\zdu[f"r®owfrsm;onf
,cif&cdS ahJ om rZf[Afav;ckpvH;k rS pwifcx GJ u
G cf o
hJ jl zpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd t"dutajccHí
"r®owfq;kH jzwfojl zpfonf/ oH;k wGvmof wpfBurd w f nf;ay;jcif;udk vH;k 0wGvmuf txrajrmufaMumif;
4if;\"r®owfwiG f jyXmef;onf/ wGvmuf taMuif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f pl&[fwv G muf[í l
u@wpf c k t jzpf tus,f w 0if h a z:jyí &S i f ; vif ; xm;NyD ; jzpf o nf / tvm;wl Al c g&D u srf ;
wGvmufu@wGifvnf; pl&[fwGvmufESifhpwifzGifhqdkxm;onf/ tGr®&focif\om;u 4if;\ZeD;
ud, k rf oefcY sed w f iG f
wGvmufay;cJo h nfh taMumif;udk tGr&® o f cifu wrefawmfjrwftm;avQmufxm;&m wrefawmfjrwfu
toif\om;tm;ajymvdu k ?f ud,
k rf oefcY sed w f iG f wGvmufay;jcif;onfrydik ?f jyefaygif;vdu k jyefaygif;? jyef
raygif;vdu k aemufwpfBurd f ud, k rf oefcY sed u f kd xyfapmif?h jyefvnfí ud, k o
f efcY sed w
f iG f wGvmufay; [k
rdeq Yf x kd m;aom['DqEf iS hf pwifxm;onf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeft&vnf;aumif;? ['Dqfusrf;t&vnf; aumif;? wGvmufay;jcif;qdkif&m
Oya'&SNd y;D jzpfonf/ az:jyyg Oya'rsm;ESiq hf efu Y sií f wGvmufay;jcif;? qefUusií f ay;aom wGvmufukd
ydik o f nf[k ,lqjcif;rsm;onf usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf ['Dqu f qkd efu
Y sifjcif;jzpfonft h jyif rnforl qdk
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS q
hf efUusií f ajymqdak ompum;rsm;udk vufrcH&/ vufc&H efrvd[ k k jywfjywfom; om;
qdck o h J jl zpfonf/ 4if; (MAJMU FATWA) onf acwfopf ay:aygufcah J om jyóemrsKd ;pHu k k d "r®"Xd mefusus
ajz&Si;f xm;aomusr;f jzpfonf/ (t[fav['Dqrf sm;onf 4if;\zof0gaygif;csKyu f sr;f tm;jzifh ajz&Si;f Muonf/
4if;\ TAQI-AD-DIN IBN TAYMIYYAH (ac:) omoem&Sif;vif;csuf[laomusrf;onf
acwftqufquf tpövmrh"f r®owfOya'rsm;twGi;f pdr0hf ifcahJ om
Ekid if jH cm;tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udk az:jyxm;aom usr;f jzpfonf/
xdpk mtkyo f nf tD*spEf ikd if H tvftZf[&fwuúov kd &f dS q&m rsm;\ vufqpGJ mtkyjf zpfayonf/
Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898)

4if;onf tdE, ´d Edik if w
H iG f arG;zGm;onf/ usr;f jrwf uk&f tmefwiG o f bm0ody[ HÜ al om obm0
"r®taMumif;rsm;ESihf pyf vsO;f í &Si;f vif;csurf sm;yg0ifonfh rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwf ynm qnf;yl;&rnf?
bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif acwfynmyl; wJo G if Mum;aom pepfukd pwifco hJ jl zpfonf/ tdE, ´d Edik if w
H iG f
ALIGARH wuúov kd f [lí wnfaxmifNy;D acwfynmESib hf moma&;ynmudk yl;wJo G ifMum; aom pepfukd
pwifcahJ vonf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm; acwf ynmwwf&rnf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefut kd ajccHí acwfrw DS ;kd wuf aom acwfa&pD; aMumif;ESit hf nD rdrw d \Ykd
,Ofaus;rIEiS hf taemuf wdik ;f ,Ofaus;rIrS pwifcx GJ u G af pcJo
h jl zpfonf/ 4if;acwf omoem ynm&Sit f rsm;pk\
"r®owft& rGwpf vifrf t*Fvyd pf m oif Mum;jcif;onf umzd&af oGznf olw\ Ykd usiphf Of[ck , H cl hJ aomumv
jzpfonf/ tdE, ´d Edik if &H dS bHak b? uvuwÅm;ESihf r'&mqfNrKd Uwdw Yk iG f 1855 ckEpS rf pS wifí wuúov kd f rsm;zGihf
vSpcf NhJ y;D jzpfaomfvnf; 1878 ckEpS f tvD*&fwuúov kd tf w
k jf rpf csonft h csed f txdrw G pf vifrb f UGJ & pkpak ygif;
20 OD;omvQi&f cdS o hJ nf/ xdt k csed wf iG f [dEL´ vlrsKd ;rsm;wGif bJUG & 131 OD;&Sad eNyjD zpfonf/
xdak cwfwiG f acwfopfynm&yfrsm;jzpfaom 0dZmÆ odyyHÜ nm&yfrsmk ;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m ynm&yfrsm;udk
qnf;yl;Edik pf rG ;f cGio hf nf rGwpf vifrw f wYkd iG f r&&Scd ahJ y/ bmoma&;qdik &f m ausmif;Bu;D rsm;&Sd aomfvnf; ,if;
ausmif;rsm;wGif ['DqMf o0g'awmfrsm;ESihf xdMk o0g'awmfrsm;qdik &f m &Si;f vif;csuu f sr;f rsm;ESihf [ezD"r®owf
wpfrsKd ;wnf;udk tav;ay;oifMum;cJah om umvjzpfonf/ az:jyyg bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifvmMu
aom q&mrsm;onf AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif a&SUaqmifjyKjcif;? bmoma&;ausmif;cJrG sm; xyfqifzh iG jhf cif;?
xdak usmif;rsm;wGif xyfqifí h pmjyjcif; rsm;udo k m jyKvyk v f su&f cdS ohJ nf/
az:jyyg ausmif;rsm;wGif bmoma&;oufoufoifMum;rIjyK&jkH zif?h udv k edk eD ,fcsUJ avmif;&dyaf tmufrS
&ke;f xGuEf ikd rf nfr[kw?f &ke;f xGuEf ikd rf nfeh nf;vrf;onf rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwfynmwwf&rnf/ acwf
ynmwwfrsm;jzpfro S mvQif udv k ekd rD sm;ESihf &ifabmifwef;Edik rf nf[k cH,í l ALIGARH wuúov kd Bf u;D udk
wnfaxmifco hJ jl zpfonf/
az:jyyg acwfopfynm&yfrsm;ESihf yl;wJo G ifMum;aom bmoma&;wuúov kd w f nfaqmufjcif;ESihf
pyfvsO;f í tdE, ´d Edik if &H dS omomemhynm&Sit f rsm;pku Sayed Ahmed Khan tm; umzd&zf of0gay;cJh
Muonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd 4if;tm; ay;cJah om zof0grsm;teuf armfvmemu&Drv G m’ [f\zof0gwGi(f þausmif;Bu;D udk
wnfaqmufjcif;? wnf aqmufrIwGif yg0ifjcif;? ajrae&mESifh wdkufwmtaqmufttHkay;jcif;?þ
npfjirf;aomae&m taqmufttHt k rnfukd r'&fqm[kowfrw S jf cif;onf vlom;jzpfjcif;rS EIwo f rd ;f cH
&jcif;jzpfonf/ þodw Yk nf aqmufro I nf *s[Eérif &Jbu kH kd wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfonf/) [kzof0gay;cJo h nf/
xdu k o hJ Ykd omoemhynm&Sit f rsm;pkonf zof0gqdak om vufeufut kd oH;k jyKí acwfrt DS pövmrfh
wuúov kd Bf u;D jzpfay:vma&; udk t[eft Y wm;jyKcMhJ uonf/ Sayed Ahmed onf ravQmafh omZJjG zifh
rGwpf vifrrf sm;xH tvSLcHc&hJ m tcsKd Uae&mrsm;wGif tvSLaiGtpm;cJrsm; zdeyfrsm;jzifh aygufjcif;cHc&hJ onf/
4if;onf ravQmah omZJu G &kd if;Ny;D acwfrb DS mom&yfrsm;ESihf yl;wJo G ifMum;aom bmoma&;wuúov kd f Bu;D udk
wnfaxmifEikd cf o hJ nf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rSm 1880 jynfEh pS w f iG f pwifí bJUG cs;D jri§ Ehf ikd cf o hJ nf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rS
bJGU&olrsm;onfvnf;?tdE´d,EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd tpdk;&&Hk;rsm;? w&m;a&;Xmersm;wGif tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl
trIxrf;cGi&hf &Scd MhJ uonf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rSwpfqifh t*FvefEikd if H uif;b&pf*sEf iS hf atmufpzd(Yk 'f)uJo h aYdk om
wuúodkvfBuD;rsm;odkY rGwfpvifrfrsm; yg&*lajrmuf ynmqnf;yl;rI tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&SdcJhMu onf/
xdak usmif;Bu;D rS tajccHí rGwpf vifraf cwfynmwwfrsm; wd;k yGm;vmcJah vonf/
qduk , f 'fqal vrefe'f0?D &SpAf vDEt k rf meD? armifvmem [mvD?a'gufwmtAÁ'v G [f [
kd ?f uJo h aYkd om
urÇmhusrf;jyKrsm;udk xdkausmif;BuD;rS arG;xkwfay;cJhonf/ ,aeUacwfumvwGifSayed Khan \
awmfveS af omtjrifrsm;? vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk jyefvnfprf;ppf Munfah omtcg 4if;\ vlraI &;ESiEhf ikd if aH &;
vkyaf qmifjycsurf sm;udv k yk f aqmifjyonfomru? tESpEf pS t f vvu ydwaf ecJah om rGwpf vifrf wd\ Yk
wkeq Yf ikd ;f aeonfh *smrGww f cH g;udk cufcpJ mG zGihf ay;Edik cf jhJ cif; yifjzpf onf/ 4if;\awG;ac:rIonf ESpaf ygif;
600 tvsiu f rGwpf vifrf wd\ Yk &S&d if;pJt G awG;tac:omvQif jzpfco hJ nf/ xdt k awG; tac:onf
b*¾ ' g'f u sqH k ; cef ; ES i f h t wl rG w f p vif r f r sm;twG u f c sd w f y d w f cH c J h & aom wH c g;jzpf avonf /
ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u tydwcf cH hJ &aomwHcg; udk zGijhf cif;rSm tvGecf ufcaJ om udpjö zpfayonf/ Sayed
Khan u rGwpf vifrw f o Ykd nf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHaom b0wnf aqmufrv I rf;pOfukd rjyKEidk af om
umvywfv;kH edru hf srb I 0rS vGwf xGuEf ikd v f rd rhf nfr[kw[ f k ,HMk unfojl zpfonf/
armifvmem[mvD\ ]] [,mao*sma0'f }} (ac:) Sayed Khan \ tw¬Kyw Ü pdÅ mtkywf iG f Sayed
Khan \ tqdw k pf&yfuw kd ifjycJoh nfrmS ]] uREykf t f m; bmomrJ'h Xd [ d k ac:a0:jcif;onf tHMh ozG,&f m
r[kw/f taMumif;rlum; uREykf w f Ykd vlUtzJUG tpnf;0ifwo Ykd nf wpfyg;wnf;aom tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfrw S pfyg;
rdrwd \ Y k d bk;d ab;pOfqufrS "avht,ltqrsm;udk t&Sio f ciftaejzifh vufccH Mh Ju\/ aemufq;k H wrefawmfjrwf
rk[r®'(f )rSví GJ olwb Ykd mom wrefawmfrsm;? ocifBu;D rsm;udk arG;xkwEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef rSví GJ tjcm;usr;f rsm;udk tm;ud;k wpfBu;D &if0,fyu kd Mf u\/uREykf w f Ykd onf bk&m;wk? usr;f wk?
wrefawmfwrk sm;udk azsmufzsu&f efenf;vrf; rSm uREykf w f \ Ykd wrefawmfBu;D tDA&m[Dr(f f) u vkyf
aqmifcahJ om enf;vrf;yifjzpf&ygvdrrhf nf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf ppfrSefaomtv’m[f? ppfrSefaomwrefawmf? ppfrSefaomusrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk
vlom;wdUk twGuf tm;ud;k rIjyKxu kd f aomt&mrsm; tjzpfwnfaqmufjyjcif;onf þodaYk om ,HMk unfcsuf
rsm;aMumifh uREykf w f u Ykd kd tjrifusO;f olwu Ykd 'dXb d momrJ[ h k qdjk cif;rSm qdx k udk yf gonf/ uREykf w f o Ykd nf
olww Ykd nfaqmufxm;aom? owfrw S x f m;aom twkta,mifrsm;udk vufcrH nf r[kwyf g }}
e0gAf rk[pf efrmvpfux f H ay;ydUk aom pmwGiaf &;om;yHu k ?-
]] uREykf w f tYkd m; w&m;ao0g'avmuf rnfonft h &murQ qH;k &H;I rI rjzpfapcJyh g/ w&mao0g'onf
tpövmrf, h MkH unfcsut f wGuf tqdyt f awmufEiS hf wlv\ S / uREykf w f o
Ykd nf twdwu f mv ,[l'D rsm;uJo h Ykd
bmoma&;vkyfudkif pm;aomufolrsm;udk tv’m[fESifh wpfwef;? wpfpm;wnf; owfrSwfcJhMuonf/
þBu;D rm;vSaom tjypfrsm;rS uif;a0;atmif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu u,fawmfryl gap/
tu,fí tv’m[ft&Siu f uREykf w f t Ykd m; w&mao0g'\ vrf;vJv G rf;rsm;rS rvGwaf jrmufapyJ
pl;prf;wwfaomtjrifudk ray;cJhvQif? trSefyif bmomrJhjzpfoGm;NyDjzpfonf/ uREfkyftzdkY tpövmrfh
vrf;ñTerf w I &m;onf aerif;Bu;D xufyif awmufyaom tvif;udk ay;onft h &m tjzpfc, H yl gonf }} [k
az:jycJo h nf/
1884 ckEpS f vm[dNk rKd U vlxak [majymcsuw f iG ?f -
usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef\ oGeo f ifq;kH rcsufonf EGm;ausmif;om;wpfO;D ESihf qku d a&;wD;uJo h aYkd om
tawG;tac:ynm&SiBf u;D wdik af tmif?,if;usr;f udzk wf&NI y;D tusKd ;cHpm;cGihf &&Sad yrnf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef
omvQif þodYk tm;vH;k aomvlwu Ykd kd wpfnw D pfñw G w
f nf; vrf;ñTejf yo onfh xl;jcm;aom 0daoo&So d nfh
usr;f jzpfonf/ ynmrwwf aom vlwpfO;D jzpfap? ynm&So d ck rdeBf u;D jzpfap? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\t"dymÜ ,fEiS hf
vrf;ñTecf suu f kd &,lEidk yf gonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf;ñTecf su?f ydUk cscsuo f nf obm0ESiv hf nf;
qefu Y sijf cif;r&Sad y/
urÇmay:wGif vlNyed ;f wpfO;D ESihf tqifjh rifah om 'óeynm&Sif wdYk wef;wlnrD Q oabmwlaomusr;f
&Syd goavm/ ,if;usr;f onf zwfcsipf zG,v f nf; jzpf&rnf/ tm;vH;k udk nDñw G pf mG tusKd ;jyK&rnf/tm;vH;k udk
xda&mufaom vTrf;rdk;rIjzpfap&rnf/ þodkYaom usrf; onf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefomjzpfonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefüomvQiaf z:jyyg t&nftcsi;f rsm;yg0ifayonf/ þonfyifvQif usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef\
tHzh , G jf zpfonf/
usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef o nf vl o m;wd k Y urÇ m BuD ; ud k aepMu0VmuvS n f h y wf a eonf [ k
qdak omacwfwiG v f nf; rSeu f efouJo h Ykd urÇmBu;D u aeudv k nS yhf wfaeygonf[k qdak omacwfwiG v f nf;
rSeu f efvsu&f ydS gonf/
rGwpf vifrw f t Ykd zdYk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefomvQif rSwaf usmufjzpf í rnfonfrh w S wf rf;rSw&f myifjzpfap?
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefrw S af usmufwiG f pHwifMunfyh g/ udu k n f v D Qif wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf ywfoufaom
tppftrSefjzpfrnf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh qefYusifzufjzpfvQifrl? þonftpövmrfh&efolwdkY\
twdwu f mvu xd;k ESucf su[ f í l yifjzpf onf[-k ---taemufwikd ;f om;wdu Yk wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf ywfoufNy;D
vkyfMuHa&;om;csufudk Sayed Khan u ]] ozfqD&Gvfuk&ftmef }} usrf;wGif ajzMum;csufudk
aumufEw I w f ifjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
Mohamed Abduh (AD 1849-1905) onf tD * spf E d k i f i H r S y nm&S i f w pf y g;jzpf o nf /
4if;\t,ltqrSm cvDzmBu;D rsm;acwfwiG u f sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHOya'tjzpf vufuikd jf yKNy;D wrefawmf
jrwf\ usihfoHk;yHkpGEé[ftwdkif; usifhoHk;cJhjcif;tm;jzihf bmoma&;tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;rS uif;a0;cJhonf/
rGwpf vifrt f csi;f csi;f pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf &I o
dS nf/ 4if;wkYd avQmufvrS ;f cJah om b0wnfaqmufrpI epfonf
acwfrw DS ;kd wufq;kH aom vrf;pOfjzpfco hJ nf/ rGwpf vifr[ f o l nf urÇmv h o
l m;rsm;twGuf pHjyjzpfco hJ nf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf acwfro DS nf/ acwfwikd ;f ESihf tH0if *Giu f sonf/ wrefawmfjrwfu, kd af wmfwikd f
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY avQmufvSrf;cJhonf/ qG[mbmMuD;rsm;udkvnf; xkd
vrf;aMumif;ay:odYk wifay;cJo h nf/ oAghomaAtDef rsm;uvnf;txufyg omaAtDeBf u;D rsm;enf;wl
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf; aMumif;ay:odYk qufvufavQmufvrS ;f cJjh cif;tm;jzifh urÇmwpf0rS ;f twGi;f &Sd
ae&mwdik ;f vlrsKd ;wdik ;f twGi;f odYk tpövmrf [laom at;&dyf qm,mu vTr;f jcKH Eikd cf o hJ nf/ tpövmrfonf
bufvu kd rf u I if; í vlwikd ;f twGuf pJrG ufz, G &f m jzpfco hJ nf/ tpövmrfh *kPaf &mifonf urÇmh tv,fwiG f
yJv
G ,fwifch o hJ nf/
az:jyyg tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu cif;ay;aom acwfrv SD rf; aMumif;ay:rS vlom;rsm;cif;aom
jyóemvrf;aMumif;rsm; tay:odYk ta&mufyaYkd y;Muolrsm;rSm acwftqufquf oufO;D qHyikd pf epfEiS hf
omoemydik pf epfwjYkd zpfonfukd Mohamed Abduh u av;av; eufeuf odxm;oljzpfonf/
az:jyyg pepftwdik ;f &mpkEpS rf sm;pGm jzwfausmv f mcJMh uaom
rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ t,l0g'tpJrG sm;udk a&wdpk rD u H ed ;f jzifh wdu k zf suí f r&Ekid af Mumif;udv k nf; cefrY eS ;f Edik cf o
hJ l
jzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif vnf; tD*spfEdkifiHESifh rGwfpvifrfrsm;udk udkvdkeDavmif;&dyfatmufrS
vGwaf jrmufap&ef wm0efu&Sad o;onf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd udv k ekd aD vmif;&dyaf tmufrv S w G &f efenf;vrf;onf
rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwfynmwwf uRr;f Ny;D 4if;wdEYk iS &hf ifabmifwef;Edik &f rnf[k cH,o l jl zpfonf/
xduk o hJ Ykd acwfopfoyd EHÜ iS hf tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udk tD*spEf ikd if u H ohJ Ykd bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif
t&Sed t f [kejf zifh tpm;xd;k í rvG,u f al Mumif;udv k nf; odxm;oljzpfonf/ xdt Yk wGuaf Mumifh tajccH
r'&fqmausmk if;rsm;ESihf tpövmrfyh nma&;&m tMuaH y;tzJUG 0ifrsm;twGi;f odYk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHonfh
acwfopfynm a&;pepfukd xd;k azguf0ifa&mufapcJo h l jzpfonf/
4if;ESiahf cwfNyKd if Rashid Dida(1865-1935) onf owif; pmq&m? a&SUaebJUG &olvnf; xdu k o hJ Ykd
acwfrw DS ;kd wufaomt,l0g'rsm;udk t&AfEikd if rH sm;twGi;f odyYk if xk;d azguf0ifa&mufapcJo h jl zpfonf/ 4if;\
acwfwiG f acwfopfoyd yHÜ nm&yfrsm;? tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;?tjynfjynfqikd &f m Oya'rsm;? tpövmrfo h rdik ;f ?
urÇmo h rdik ;f ESihf t,l0g'qdik &f m ynm&yfrsm;udk tpövmrft h xufwef;auskmif;rsm;? aumvdyf rsm;wGif
yl;l wJo
G ifMum;ay;onftxd acwfrDS wd;k wufvmcJo h nf/
Mohamed Iqbal (1876-1938)onf tdEd´,EdkifiHrS uAsm q&mtawG;tac:ynm &Sif
wpfO;D jzpfonf/ a&SUaebJUG udk t*FvefEikd if H rS &&Scd NhJ y;D Ph. D. bJUG udk *smrPDEikd if H jrLepfwuúov kd rf S &&Scd hJ
oljzpfonf/ 4if;onfvnf; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk tajccHí acwfrSDwdk;wufaomrGwfpvifrf
acwfynmwwfrsm; ay:xGuv f ma&;udk MuKd ;yrf;cJo h jl zpf onf/ 4if;\ THE RECONSTRUCTION
OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN ISLAM (LAHORE-1989) pmtkyf wGi?f -
]] tpö v mrf o moemonf arG ; zG m ;oef Y p if u wnf ; u acwf r S D w d k ; wuf r I u d k t ajccH a om
omoemjzpfonf/ tpövmrfonf rSm;,Gi;f aomt,l0g'rsKd ;pHt k wGi;f epfarsmvsu&f adS om t&Afrsm;udk
acwfrSDwdk;wufí om,m0ajymaom b0wnfaqmufrIvrf;pOfay:oYdk ta&muf ydkUay;cJhonf/
xdt k &Afrsm;rSwpfqifh urÇmv h rl sKd ;aygif;pH\ k pJrG ufav;pm;zG,&f m jzpfco hJ nf/ t,l0g' uJjG ym;jcm;Ny;D &eforl sm;
tjzpf&SdcJhMuaom vlom;rsm;udk tpövmrfu wpftlwHkqif; nD&if; tpfudk armif&if;tpfrtjzpfodkY
zefw;D ay;cJo h nf/
jzwfoef;vmaom acwfpepfrsm;\ qd;k arGrs;aMumifh tpövmrf \ tESpo f m&rl&if;aysmufq;kH &jcif;udk
apmaMumrdojl zpfonf/ 4if; onfvnf; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHí acwfopfynm&yfrsm; tm;jzifh
tpövmrfomoemudk jyefvnfacwfrv DS okd l wpfO;D jzpfonf/
Hasan al Banna (1906-1949) onf tD*spEf ikd if rH S ausmif;q&mwpfO;D jzpfonf/ rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f
acwfopfynm&yfrsm;udk wwfuRr;f &rnf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHí vlraI &;? Edik if aH &;? w&m;
qH;k jzwfa&;rsm;udk acwfEiS t hf nD jyKjyifajymif;vJ&rnf/ bmoma&; ausmif;rsm;wGif acwfopfynm&yfrsm;udyk g
yl;wJGoifMum;ay;aompepfudk tD*spfEdkifiHrSpwifí tjcm;rGwfpvifrfEkdifiHrsm; vufcHvma&;udk
BuKd ;yrf;cJoh jl zpfonf/ 4if;\&nf&, G cf surf mS tD*spEf ikd if u H kd acwfrw DS ;kd wufaom pHjytpövmrft h yk cf sKyaf &;pepf
wnfaxmifí tjcm;rGwpf vifrf Edik if rH sm;twGi;f okYdk xdpk epfa&muf&adS &;jzpfonf/
pl;tufa'owGif taemufwdkif;om;vlenf;pku acwfrSD taqmuftOD;rsm;twGif;rSxdkifí
tD*spv f rl sKd ;pk tk m; aeylxw J iG f tckid ;f taprsm;tjzpf yifyef;Bu;D pGm tvkyMf urf;vkyu f ikd af eonfukd jrifawGUírsuf
a&usonftxd 0rf;enf;aMuuGcJ &hJ oljzpfonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd tD*spf rsm; qif;&J&jcif;onf bmoma&;jyóem[k
,HMk unfojl zpfonf/ xdk acwfumvwGif bmoma&;ESiphf yfvsO;f aom ynm&yfrsm;rSví GJ tjcm;acwf
opfynm&yfrsm;udk oif,jl cif;onf tpövmrfOhf ya'ESiq hf efu Y siof nf[k cH,cl MhJ uonf/ [peftvfbefemESihf
taygif;tygwdo Yk nfxakd cwfumvuyifvQif usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd acwfEiS t hf nD zGiq hf Ekd ikd cf o
hJ rl sm;jzpf
Muayonf/
[pefbefem\ ,HkMunfcsufrSm rGwfpvifrfwdkY vlaerItqifh twef;jrifhrm;a&;twGuf
t"duvdktyfcsufrSm pmrwwfol yaysmuf a&;yifjzpfonf/ &yfuGuf? aus;&Gm NrdKUjyrsm;rusef
nausmif;rsm;zGijhf cif;?
txufwef;ynm&yfrsm;udk vlwikd ;f oifMum;cGi&hf &Sad &;twGuf vkyf om;aumfvyd rf sm;zGijhfcif;/ xdn k ausmif;rsm;rS
txufwef;wufciG hf pmar;yJrG sm; ppfaq;ay;jcif;? acwfopfynm&yfrsm; oifMum;vdpk w d af y:
ayguf&ef vHUI aqmfw&m;a[majymjcif;/
tusKd ;aqmiftzJUG rsm; zJUG pnf;ay;jcif;/ xdt k zJUG 0ifwrYkd S trsKd ;orD;rsm;yg0ifvma&;wdu Yk kd pnf;&H;k ay;jcif;/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefyg Oya'rsm;taMumif;udk trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;? uav;? vlBuD; tm;vHk; tm;
oifMum;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh acwfraDS om tawG;tac: tarsm§ f tjrifrsm; udk xnfo h iG ;f ay;cJo h jl zpfonf/
xdktzGJUuav;rS vlrIa&; udpö&yfrsm;wGiftrsm;rGwfpvifrfrsm;udk yg0ifapjcif;/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
,dik ;f yif;ulnrD jI yKjcif;/ aiGaMu;wwfEikd o f rl sm;udk puf&ikH ,fuav;rsm; pwifwnfaxmifí? xdpk uf&rkH sm;wGif
rGwfpvifrfvkyfom;rsm;udk vkyftm;c ydkay;jcif;tmjzifh ulnD,dkif;yif;jcif;/ xdkpuf&Hk tvkyf&Hkrsm;rS
ydv
k QaH iGrsm;jzifah us;vufaq;ay;cef; zGiahf y;jcif;rsm;udk aqmif&u G f cJah vonf/
4if;\ BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufrIaMumifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk tajc cHí acwfrSDwdk;wufaom
tpövmrfv h al erIpepfukd ESpo f uforl sm;jym;vmcJo h nf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm; pnf;vH;k nDñw G rf &I v dS monf/ xdu k mv
wGif tD*spEf ikd if w H iG o
f mru teD;ywf0ef;usif Ekid if rH sm;uyg xdpk epfuEkd pS o f uf vufcv H mcJMh uonf/ 1949
ckEpS w f iG f [peftvfbefemtm;vlwpfp\ k vkyMf uHrI aMumifh toufi,fi,f&, G &f ,G Ef iS yhf if uG,v f eG f
oGm;cJ&h mS avonf/ [peftvfbefem uG,v f eG jf cif;onf tD*spEf ikd if H om;rsm;twGuo f m ru urÇmrh w G f
pvifrt f rsm;pktwGuf qH;k &I;H rI wpf&yf jzpfayonf/ [peftvfbefem\ BuKd ;pm;rItcsed f twdik ;f twmonf
wdak wmif; aomfjim;vnf; 4if;\ &nf&, G f csujf zpfaom rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwf ynm wwfajrmufa&;?
bmom a&;ausmif; rsm;wGif acwfopf 0dZmÆ odyyHÜ nm&yfrsm;yl;wJG oifMum;a&;qdak om rl0g'onfum; tD*spf
Edik if H tygt0ifajrmufrsm;pGmaom rGwpf vifrEf ikd if rH sm;wGif ay:ayguf vmcJah vonf/
Sayed Qutb(1906-1966) onfvnf; tD*spE f ikd if oH m; ynm &Siw f pfO;D jzpfonf/ txufrS
az:jycJah omacwf opftjrif&dS onfh yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;uJo h Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHí acwfrw DS ;kd wuf
aom b0wnfaqmufrpI epfukd wnfaxmifvo kd jl zpfonf/ rGwf pvifrw f ikd ;f acwfynmwwf&rnf/
tpövmrfomoemonf acwfro DS nf/ tpövmrft h ajccHOya'jzpfaom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf acwf rSo D nf/
xdu k sr;f udk vufawGUtao;pdwf taumiftxnfaz:jy aom wrefawmfjrwfonf acwfro DS nf/ txl;ojzifh
rGwpf vifrw f u Ykd kd a&SUaqmifa&SU&Gujf yKorl sm; acwfynmwwfuRr;f &rnf/ odrYk o S musr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd
tajccHí acwfa&pD;aMumif;ESit hf nD tpövmrfv h al erIpepfwnfaxmif&mü OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKEidk Mf urnf[k
cH,o l l jzpfonf/ zD;aZGvmvpfvu f &k t
f mef(ac:) ]] usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ t&dy0f ,f }} [laom t&ADpmayjzifh
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefudk zGiq hf ckd hJ onf/ ]] &SA[ f ofrifa[mif;vGvt f pövmrf }} [laompmtkyo f nf vnf;tvGef
ausmMf um;aom pmtkyjf zpfonf/
4if;\pmtkyrf S aumufEw I fí ]] ordik f;pmrsufESmay:rS oifcef; pmrsm; }} trnfjzifh? q&m
OD ; jrwf o l \ aqmif ; yg;ud k rl & if ; twd k i f ; az:jyygrnf / xd k a qmif ; yg;ud k tpö m vrf h A d r mef
ESpo f ;kH q,ftxl;xkwrf *¾Zif;rS ul;,lí az:jyjcif;jzpfonf/
ordik ;f pmrsuEf mS ay:rS oifcef;pmrsm;

tpövmrfomoemudk ouf0if,MkH unfaom rGwpf vifrw f Ukd onf ajrjyift&yf&yfwiG f aexkid Mf uNy;D
vlrsKd ;toD;oD;jzpfvsuv f nf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rI toD;oD;jzpfvsuf vnf;aumif;? pum;tajym tqdk
uJjG ym;vsuv f nf;aumif; &Sv d ifu h pm; wpfyg;wnf;aom ud;k uG,&f mt&Sit f jzpf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfukd
ouf0if,MkH unfMuavonf/ aemufq;kH ay:xGe;f cJah om wrefawmfjrwfr[ k r®'(f )\aemufvu kd t f jzpf
vnf;aumif;? rsuEf mS rl&mt&yf wpfcw k nf;udk rsuEf mS rl&mwGif vnf;aumif;? wpfapmifwnf;aomusr;f udk
jynh0f ukv H jkH ynfph akH om b0vrf;nTet f jzpf vdu k ef m&mwGiv f nf;aumif;? xyfwx l yfrQjzpfMuukeo f nf/
ud, k uf siw fh &m;wGif tjrwfq;kH ? usiphf Ofusi&hf yfwiG f tpifMu,f qH;k ? vlraI &;wm0efwiG f tyDjyifq;kH ?
vlt Y usKd ;jyK&mwGif txufjrufq;kH tkypf t k jzpf twdwo f rdik ;f u oufaocHvsu&f o dS nf/ urÇmo h rdik ;f
rSww f ikd rf sm;teuf twdtusrw S w f ikd wf pfcu k kd axmuf jy&aomf? 1882 ckEpS f tD*spEf ikd if \ H ]] aomuf zD;uf
opömazgufrt I a&;}} aMumifh NAdwo d Qwdo Yk nf tpövmrfomoem0ifw\ Ykd e,fajrrsm; teuf trmcH
a'owpfcjk zpfaom? tD*spfEikd if u H kd pwifwu kd cf u
kd f odr;f ydu k Ef ikd cf ohJ nf/ rGwpf vifrw f zYkd ufrS tl&l mbD
acgif;aqmifrjI zifh jyefveS f wdu k cf u kd cf ahJ omfvnf; acwfrv DS ufeuftiftm; rrQwrIaMumihrf w G f pvifrw f pkY d pf&;IH Ny;D
NAw d o d Qwo Ykd nf e,fajrwpfcu k kd ajcukwf &cJo h nf/
vufeuftiftm;aMumifh wpfBudrfxdk;azguf0ifa&muf Edkifvifh upm; rGwfpvifrfwdkYonf
Ed;k Mum;xufrsuw f uf<uolrsm; jzpfMu onf/ olwt Ykd m;vH;k xHwiG f vlb Y 0zHUG NzKd ;wd;k wufrI trsKd ;rsKd ;udk ydcYk saom
b0vrf;nTefrIusrf;&Sdonf/ xdkvrf;ñTefusrf;rSm rnfonfht&yfwGif&Sdonfh rGwfpvifrf? rnfonfh
trdbmompum;udyk if ajymajym? rl&if;tm;jzifh t&ADpmayESiahf &;om;xm;aomusr;f udk zwf&w G &f mwGi?f
em;vnfoabmayguf&mwGif? vufawGUvdkufemusifhoH;k &mwGif tm;vHk;aomrGwpf vifrfwdkYwGif wlnD
csuw f pf&yf&o dS nfukd NAwd o d Qwu Ykd wjznf;jznf;avhvm awGU&S&d avonf/
xdUk aMumifh NAw d o d Qwo Ykd nf rGwpf vifrw f \ Ykd e,fajrwpf uGuu f kd tcsed af wmfMum tkypf ;kd Edik zf &Ykd m
tcuftcJ&MdS uaMumif; odjrif vmavonf/ &&SNd y;D jzpfaom e,fajrudak umif;pGm tkycf sKyEf ikd af &;? aemufxyf
rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ e,fajrrsm;udq k ufcgqufcg odr;f ydu k f Ekid af &;twGuf NAw d o d QwYkd tjyif;txef quf
vufavh vmMuav awmhonf/
ppfyrGJ sm;tyJyG EGJ NJT y;D toufaygif;rsm;pGm aoqH;k Ny;D rS atmifjrifjcif;xuf &efojl zpforl sm;uyif
tnHch v H ufajrm§ uft&H;I ay;Ny;D uRef awmfwrYkd w G pf vifrrf sm;twGuf toifwNYkd Aw d o d Qrsm;om tkycf sKypf ;kd rd;k ol
t&Sifocifrsm;jzpfonf[k rGwfpvifrfwdkY\ vufawGUb0 uyif ouf aocHvm&avmufatmif
BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G cf suw f pf&yfukd jyKvyk cf hJ
avonf/
omreftm;jzifah jym&vQif vdrrf myg;eyfonf[k qdEk ikd af omf vnf; tMuyH ufpufaom NAw d od QwrYkd mS
todÓPfjzifh y&d,m,fukd oH;k pJ&G mwGif tvGex f ufjrufavonf/ wpfzufom;tay: vdrv f nfvn S jf zm;
&mwGif wpfzuf&efou l tvdrcf &H onf[k rxifonft h jyifaus;Zl;&Si[ f yk if xifrw S vf m&ef jyKEikd pf rG ;f &S\
d /
&efolonf rdrdESifh aemifvmaemufom; tquftEG,frsm;udkyif ,if;tarGqdk;udk rufrufarmarm
vdv k ckd sicf siq f ufcH ,lapMuonf/
e,fcsJUNAdwdoQwdkYonf xdyfwdkufawGUae&aom rGwfpvifrftiftm;pk ta&;ESifhywfoufí
aumif;pGmavhvmqnf;yl;Ny;D xdt k csed x f kd tcgu NAw d o d Qtpd;k &\ eef;&if;0ef ]] 0Dvst H uf('f)0g'f*vufpwH;k
(1809-1898)onf rdr\ d ygvDrefwiG f rGwpf vifrw f tY k d ay: xm0pOfatmifEik d af &; okawoepmwrf;wpfapmif
wifoiG ;f cJo h nf/
rpöwm? *vufpwH;k onf NAw d o d QygvDrefvw G af wmfwiG f rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;&if; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd
rdrv d ufwiG f udik v f su?f -
]] &JabmfwYkd tJ'u D sr;f pmtky[ f m rGwpf vifrw f b Ykd 0 wnf aqmufrt I wGuf Oya' jzpfw,f/
rGwpf vifraf wG[m 'Dusr;f udo k abmaygufNy;D vufawGUvdu k ef musio hf ;kH aeorQ umvywfv;kH uREykf w f Ykd
NAwd o d Qrsm;tygt0if rnfonfv h rl sKd ;rQ rGwpf vifrw f u Ykd kd zdEydS t f yk cf sKyaf eEdik rf mS r[kw/f 4if;wdw Yk eYkd ,fajrrsm;wGif
ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif at;csrf;pGmBuD;pdk;EdkifMurSmr[kwfbl;/ bmaMumifhvnf;qdkawmh rGwfp vifrfwdkY\
tawG;tac:tarQmt f jrif? vky&f nfuikd &f nfrsm;udk xuf jrufjrifrh m;atmif oGeo f if&mrSm b,fvyk f
ief;wm0ef0wÅw&m;eJY aqmif&u G rf aI wGvyk &f if;jzifh b0wnfaqmuf&w,fvYkd wpfaoG rwdr;f vdu k ef m&ef
rGwfpvifrf a,musfm;rdef;rwdkYtm; 'Dusrf;u jyXmef;xm;w,f? 'Dawmh NAdwdoQtmPmydkifawG[m
a&mufav&mt&yfrmS &Sw d rhJ w
G pf vifraf wGtwGuf tvdrm® w&m;oH;k NyD; atmufygynma&;rl0g'wpfcu k kd
rjzpfjzpfatmif BuKd ;pm; taumiftxnfaz:Mu&r,f }}
NAw d o d Qeef;&if;0ef *vufpwH;k u rGwpf vifrw f t Ykd wGuf ynm a&;rl0g' jyXmef;csurf mS ?-
(1) tpövmrfomoemonf rGwpf vifrt f m;vH;k udk aeYpOfEiS w hf pfoufwmywfv;kH tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf
tm; woowd&vsu?f 0wf jyKvsu?f &Sad e&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfu, kd &f nf wpfum, w&m; b0em pD;jzef;Ny;D
þavmu tvS u d k &G H & S m rk e f ; wD ; rI u d k o m jyXmef ; aMumif ; aumif ; pG m oabmayguf a p&rnf /
þvlaY bmifavmuonf tuk odv k t f wdNy;D vsu&f NdS y;D aumif;rIEiS rhf aumif;rIukd em;vnfonfu h ,fwif&iS f
vrf;jyrsm;udk &SmazGNy;D wynfch v H u kd ef mMu&rnf[k oifMum;ay;&rnf/
(2) uk&t f mefonf tvGejf rifjh rwfaomusr;f jzpfonf/ vlwikd ;f ESirhf qdik /f vlwikd ;f ravhvm&/
omrefvo l m;rsm; avhvmyguvrf;vJo G mG ;rnf/ usr;f jrwfukd zGiq hf &kd efrmS bmoma&;ynm&Sif tvif;&yk*K¾ v d f
rsm;om zGiq hf Ekd ikd of nf/ xdyk *k Kd¾ vw f \ Ykd oifMum;jyorIuo kd m cH,&l rnf/ omrefrw G pf vifrrf sm;tzdYk &Gwzf wf
o&Zösm,f&jkH zifh vmbf vmbwd;k yGm;Ny;D vH;k avmufvNS y[ D o k m oifMum;ydUk csay;&rnf/
'DtcsuEf pS cf suu f kd ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f rGwpf vifrrf sm;tm; ydcYk sNy;D tom;aoaeatmif jyKvyk Ef ikd v f Qif wdeYk ,f
csUJ NAwd o d Qwt Ykd wGuf rGwf pvifrrf sm;udk vufeufqu GJ ikd f wdu k cf u kd af ep&mrvd/k ,SONf yKd iBf uKd ;pm;ae&efrvdyk J
olwo Ykd nf wdt Yk zdx Yk m0& tvkyt f auR;jyKrnfh wynfah umif;? uReaf umif;rsm; tjzpf urÇmwnfoa&GU &yfwnf
aeMurnf rSmajrBu;D vufcwfrvJyG if jzpfonf/ þuJo h Ykd oifMum;ay;jcif;rsKd ;r[kwyf J tu,fí uk&t f mef
vrf;ñTerf u I kd rGwpf vifrrf sm; zwf&w G af vhvmNy;D em;vnfoabmayguf onf qdo k nfEiS hf {ueftrSef
tpövmrfonf ?-
(1) vlrIqufqHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? BuD;yGm;a&;wdkYudk vlYavmuwpfcGifwGif wpfouffywfvHk;
rnfoq Ydk nf;yl;&SmazGcpH m;í þom,m 0ajymaom avmuopfukd wnfaqmuf &efoifMum; ay; onfv h rf;
ñTef jzpfaMumif; odomG ;Muayrnf/ tJ't D cg wYNkdAw d o d Qwt Ykd zdYk 'Davmu Bu;D wGif Bu;D yGm;csr;f omwd;k wufzYkd
&Sad wmhrnf r[kwo f jzifh rGwpf vifrrf sm;tm; uk&t f mefyg vlrq I ufqaH &;? pD;yGm;a&;? zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrq I ikd &f m
em;vnfoabmaygufjcif; r&Sad pyJ tzwfoufouf(MERE RECITATION) jzift h vGef rwefjynhpf kH
Ny[ D k odapvsuf jrifomjrifrMuifapESi?hf zwfomzwfap em;vnf&ef oabmayguf&ef pdwu f ;l ray:apESi/hf
(2) tpövmrfonf vlwaYkd exdik t f ouf&iS &f m &yfuu G ef ,f y,f? wdik ;f jynf vlaY bmifwpfcv k ;kH udk
rnforYkd nfykH pDru H yG u f t J yk cf sKy&f rnfukd oifMum;ay;aompepf usiphf Ofwpfcjk zpfonfukd vH;k 0tod ray;&/
'Denf;awG uk&t f mefrmS ygvdYk ygrSe;f rodap&/ ukov kd &f a&;?*sEo é &f a&;twGuf xyfwpfvv J J &Gwzf wfap&rnf/
'grSom 'Dajr'Dr;kd &S&d o dS rQ? wd&Yk UJ ydik ef uf jzpfNy;D rGwpf vifraf wG[m ,if;ydik ef ufrS opömt&Sq d ;kH aus;uRerf sm;tjzpf
om;pOfajr;quf &yfwnfaernfjzpfonf/
(3) tpövmrfonf vlom;wdb Yk 0jzpfpOf? vlom;b0\ &nf&, G cf su?f vlUwefz;kd ? vlUt&nftaoG;jzifh
tjynft h 0 aexkid t f ouf&iS o f ef&ef vrf;ñTejf yxm;onfukd vH;k 0jynfzh ;kH um;csNyDaoaeYarG;aeYEpS af eY
twGi;f b0udk t&H;I ay;vufajrm§ ufNy;D tnHq h ;kH owÅ0gtjzpf rdru d , kd u f kd cH,x l m;&krH Q today;yg/
(4) tpövmrfomoemwGif tqdt k rsKd ;rsKd ; tawG;tac:uif;rJah om yHjk yif '@m&Doed ;f aomif;jzifh
oHo,jzpfz, G f toG,o f ,G Ef iS t hf jiif;yGm;p&mrsm; jynfEh u S v f suf tao;tzJu G v JG cGJ surf sm;tay: jiif;cHak ejcif;?
ck d u f & ef j zpf y G m ;aejcif ; ? rG w f p vif r f t csif ; csif ; wpf z uf E S i f h w pf z uf yk w f c wf a jymqd k a ejcif ; ?
taoowfEikd o f nftxd wdik yf 0GJ ifjcif;onf omoemhtmZmenfbUGJ &NyD; omoemudk cspfonfo h w l ikd ;f
jyKudjk yK&rnfh wm0efjzpfonf[k odem;vnfap&rnf [laomrdecYf eG ;f jzifh ]]*vufpwH;k }} u rdecYf eG ;f udk
tqH;k owfco hJ nf/
þae&mwGif 0dw&kd , d acwf NAw d o d Qeef;&if;0ef ]]*vufpwH;k }}taMumif; tenf;i,fajymvdo k nf/
olonf NAw d o d Qordik ;f wGif ausmMf um;qH;k ? tawmfq;kH tpGr;f aqmifEikd q f ;kH Edik if aH &;orm;wpfO;D jzpfonf/
1868 rS 1894 ckEiS t hf wGi;f NAw d o d Qeef;&if0eftjzpf av;Burd w f ikd w f ikd af &G;cs,cf cH &hJ oljzpfonf/
rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGuf NAw d o d Q ygvDrefrS 1882 ckEpS w f iG f txufyg jyXmef;csut f wdik ;f ? a&mufav
&mt&yfwikd ;f ? txl;ojzifh ta&SUtv,fyikd ;f ? tmz&duwdu k ?f tdE, ´d ? jrefrm? ta&SUygupöwefEiS t hf aemuf
ygupöwefww Ykd iG f wdwu d sus aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf o hJ jzifh ,if;e,f ajrrsm;&Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm;onf tpövmrfomoemudk
oabmayguf&mwGif wlnaD eMuavonf/
jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; rGwpf vifrw f x Ykd H tdE, d´ ? ygupöwefEidk if rH sm;rSwpfqifh tpövmrfomoem
jyefyY mG ;a&muf&v dS monf/ a&S;,cif(Indian Subcontinent) [kac:aomtdE, ´d wdu k if ,fwiG f tdE, ´d ?
ygupöwef? bef*vma'&SfESifh jrefrmjynfwdkYyg0ifavonf/ NAdwdoQwdkY onftdE´,wGif &kH;pdkufí
usejf ynfe,fi,frsm;udk tkycf sKyaf vonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ,if;a'o&Sd tpövmrfomoem0ifwt Ykd ay: NAw d o d Qe,fcsUJ
wd\ Yk az:jyyg ynma&;rl0g'udk aumif;pGmyHo k iG ;f Edik cf ahJ vonf/ ay:vGiv f maom &kyo f iG rf mS vnf;
tdE´d,obm0? tdE´d,p&dkuf? tdEd´,"avh? tdEd´,,Ofaus;rItwdkif;jzpfNyD; 4if;tm;vHk;wdkYudk tpö
vmrft h arGtESp[ f k ESpEf pS u f mum ,HMk unf vufcx H m;Mu avonf/
od&Yk mwGif NAw d o d Qe,fcsUJ wd\ Yk vSnjhf zm;rIu rnfrQtxd xda&mufydkifEdkifyHkudkavhvmvQif
,if;NAdwdoQynma&;pepfysdK;axmifrIatmuf wGif BuD;jyif;vmolonf ]]*vufpwHk;}} r&Sdonfhaemuf
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUwdkY\ aer0ifEdkifiHrsm;? ae0ifNyD;onfhaemuf acwftqufqufwdkif ,if;a'orsm;&Sd
rGwpf vifrw f rYkd mS NAw d o d Qw\ Ykd oGeo f ifrt I wdik ;f rajymif;rvJ awGUae&ayonf/
xdaYk Mumifh NAw d o d Qe,fcsUJ wd\ Yk rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGuf ynm a&;rl0g'oufa&muf&iS o f efonfah 'o&Sd
rGwpvifrw f w Ykd iG f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf t"dymÜ ,fem;vnf&efrvdt k yf? zwf&o kH ufoufjzpfusio hf ;kH Muonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd a&;om;ydcYk saom t&ADpmayonftjcm;aompmayrsm;uJo h Ykd pmaywpfct k aejzifh
odxm;ykrH ay:ay/
,aeYrw G pf vifrt f rsm;pkukd avhvmMunfrh nfqv kd Qif NAdwo d Qe,fcsJUwd\ Yk rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGuf
ynma&;rl0g'udk ,aeYxufwikd f tyDtjyifq;kH taumiftxnfaz:Muvsuf &Sad eonf/ oifcef;pm,l
MuzdYk tcsed w f efaeavNy/D tjzLESit hf rJ cJjG cm;zdYk tcsed w f efaeavNy/D bmoma&;qdw k ikd ;f rpOf;pmrqifjcifbJ
vufceH m;axmifraeoifb h ?J usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf;ñTerf jI zifh vnf;aumif;? wrefawmfjrwf\
toGet f oif tqH;k trtm;jzifv h nf;aumif;? rdrw d \Ykd qifjcifwkH w&m;? todw&m;rsm;jzifh trSeEf iS t hf rSm;udk
cJjG cm;odzYkd tcsed f wefaf vNy/D
rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f trsKd ;om;rsm;a&m trsKd ;orD;rsm;yg? vlBu;D a&m vli,fyg? rdrw d Ykd ud,
k w
f ikd u f ,kd u
f s
t&if;tjrpfusus avhvmqnf;yl;oifyh gonf/ vhvmqnf;yl;l &efrmS vnf; wm0ef&ydS gonf/
(udk;um;usrf;=ul0dwfEdkifiH ]]'g&Gvfb,rf }} pmtkyfwkdufrS 1964 ckESpfwGif (6)Budrfajrmuf
&du
k Ef ydS x
f w k af 0cJah om rk[r®'u f wk AG f a&;om;aom ]] &SA[ f ofa[mif;vGvt f pövmrf }} t&ADusr;f rS xkwEf w I af &;
om;xm;aom q&mOD;jrwfol MSc. \ ]] ordik ;f pmrsuEf mS ay:rS oifcef;pmrsm; }} aqmif;yg;udk tpömvmrfAh rd mef
(30)jynfh r*¾Zif;rS rl&if;twdik ;f az:jyonf/)
az:jyyg Sayed Qutb \a&;om;csuf? a[majymcsufrsm; onf wrefawmfjrwfacwf?
qG[mbmrsm;acwf? tkycf sKyaf &;rsm;udyk yD jD yifjyif az:jyEdik o f uho J Ykd aemufyikd ;f acwf cvDzmtrnfcH oufO;D
qHyikd pf epfrsm;ESihf e,fcsUJ NAw d o d Qw\ Ykd rGwpf vifrrf sm;tay: pDru H ed ;f qJí G yHo
k iG ;f cs,v f , S cf surf sm;udk xda&mufpmG
az:jyEdik cf ahJ om ynm&Siw f pfO;D jzpfayonf/
,aeYacwfwGifvnf; az:jyyg tkyfcsKyfolrsm;\ t&dkuft&m udk qufvufcH,lvsuf&Sdaom
rGwpf vifrEf ikd if rH sm;twGi;f &Sd trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;udk Ed;k Mum;apcJo h v l nf; jzpfayonf/
xdu k o hJ Ykd trSew f &m;udk ordik ;f taxmuftxm;ESihf &JJ 0 phH mG wifjypnf;&H;k cJo h l ynm&Siw f pfO;D tzdYk
a&SUwGiaf z:jycJah om tdrmrfBu;D rsm;? ynm&SiBf u;D rsm;wdYk uJo h yYkd if 1966 ckEpS f tD*spEf idk if H or®w emqd&af cwf
wGif ao'Pfay;jcif; cHc&hJ ayonf/
00000000000000
Yusoof Abdullah al Qardawi

tD*spEf ikd if H Azhar tpövmrfw h uúov kd rf S ygarmu©a[mif; wpfO;D jzpfonf/ vuf&dS umwmEdik if &H dS
University of Qatar wGi& f &S ,
D [fEiS phf EG [
é Xf me 'g&du k w
f mwpfO;D jzpfonf/ 4if;onfvnf; txufyg
yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;uJo
h Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefut kd jccHí acwfrw DS ;kd wufaom tpövmrfb h 0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOfukd
wnfaxmifvo dk wl pfO;D jzpfonf/ ['Dqrf sm;ESiyhf wfoufí olrwlatmif zGiq hf Ekd ikd o
f l wpfO;D jzpfonf/
Ed k i f i H t oD ; oD ; rS ar;vmMuaom ar;cG e f ; aygif ; pH k u d k a jzMum;xm;onf h ]] zof 0 grk t map&m }}
(ac:)acwfopfzof0grsm; trnf &Sd t&ADpmtkyo f nf tvGeaf usmMf um;vlord sm;aom pmtkyjf zpfonf/ 4if;
\ /!$
/$ô#ø#7"ö1 (ac:) ]] wrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é rf sm; jzifh b0wnfaqmufMupdUk }} qdak omt&AD
rl&if;usr;f udk tar&duef Edik if H Am;*s;D eD;,m;jynfe,f&dS tpövmrfw h uúov kd w
f iG f jyXmef; pmtkyf jzpfonf/
xdkusrf;yg pGEé[frsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í rGwfpvifrfrsm; odoifhod xkdufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;
yg0ifavonf/ xdt k aMumif;t&mrsm;udk rwifjyrDtvsif ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;\ ordik ;f udk wifjyygrnf/
wwwwwwww
['Dqfusrfrsm;\jzpfpOfordkif;
['Dqu f sr;f rsm;onf [pf*s&D 179 ckEpS rf S pwifí [pf*s&D 558 ckEpS f txd usr;f aygif; 40
ausmaf y:aygufcohJ nf/ xkd 40 ausmtf euf ausmMf um;aom ['Dqu f sr;f 19 usr;f udk [pf*s&cD Ek pS f tvdu
k f
az:jyygrnf/
usr;f trnf [pf*s&d usr;f &Sit f rnf
1.AL MU-WATTA 179 MALIK BIN ANAS
2.AL MUSNAD 203 AL-TAYALISI-SULAYMAN
3.AL-MUSNAD 241 AHMED IBN HAMBAL
4.AL-BUKHARI 256 MOHAMED BIN ISMAIL
5. SA-HEEH MUSLIM 261 MUSLIM BIN HAJJAR
6.TIR MIDHI 268 ABU ISA MOHAMED
7.IBN MAJAH 273 SINAN IBN MAJAH
8.ABU DA'UD 275 ABU DA'UD SUNA
9.AL MUWATTA 282 ALBAZAR ABUBAKAR
AL MUSNAD AHMED
10. AL NISAI 303 SINAN NISAI
11. AL-MUSNAD 307 ABU YALA AHMED
AL- KABI
12. AL-HAKIM 320 AL-TIRMIDHI
MOHAMED BIN ALI
13. MASAWI-AL- 337 AL-KHARAITY
AKHLAAQ ABUBAKAR
14. AL-TABARANI 360 QASIM SULAYMAN BIN
AHMED
15. AL-HAKIM 405 ABU ABDULLAH
MOHAMED
16. AL-ASHAHA 430 ABU NAEEM AHMED
BIN ABDULLAH
17. AL-BAYHAG 458 AHMED BIN AL HUSSAIN
18. SHARA-UL- 516 AL BAGAWI ABU AHMED
SUNNAH HUSSAIN
19. MUSNAD AL- 558 AL DAYLANI SHAH RADAR
FIRDAWS
txufaz:jyyg usr;f rsm;wGif yg0ifaom ['Dqrf sm;tm;vH;k onf wrefawmfjrwf\acwfwiG f
wrefawmfjrwf\ ajymMum;csurf sm;udk qG[mbmBu;D rsm;u pm&Guaf y&Gujf zifh rSww
f rf;wifxm;aom
rSww
f rf;rSw&f mrsm;rS ul;,lxm;aom ['Dqrf sm;yg0ifjcif; r&Sad y/
az:jyyg usrf;jyKoltm;vHk;onf 4if;wdkYacwfrsm;wGif 4if;wdkYywf0ef;usif&Sd ['Dqfrsm;udk
tvGwu f surf wS xf m;olrsmk ;xHrS pkaqmif;írSww f rf;wifxm;aom ['Dqrf sm; jzpfayonf/ xd[ k 'Dqrf sm;udk
tvGwu f surf wS xf m;olrsm;onf rdrw d \Ykd q&mrsm;? bd;k bGm;rdbrsm;rSwpfqif?h qifu h qJ ifu
h J &&Sx
d m;aom
['Dqrf sm;jzpfayonf/
wrefawmfjrwfacwfwiG f usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm,wfrsm;udq k [ G mbmBu;D rsm;u rSww f rf;wif&mwGif
tcsKd Uu pma&Guaf y&Gurf sm;ay:wGif rSww f rf;wifjcif;tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? tcsKd Uu tm*Hak qmifjcif; tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? rSww f rf;wifcyhJ gonf/
['Dqrf sm;(0g)wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'rsm;udk a&;rSwí f rSww f rf;wifjcif;rjyK&ef wrefawmfjrwfu
r[mom0ursm;udk wm; jrpfcahJ Mumif; rGwpf vifru f sr;f \tzGiw hf iG f az:jyxm;ygonf/
4
' Q
I ý
$ ,
!7 5 C ¾

]] uREykf x
f rH S usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefrv S í GJ a&;om;rSww f rf;wifjcif; rjyKMuavESihf }} qdak om['DqMf o0g'udk
az:jycJyh gonf/
Alcg&Dusr;f wGirf ?l -
' ý$,
O +
]] uREykf xf rH S tm,wfwpfcjk zpfap? toifwyYkd MYkd u }} qdak om ['DqMf o0g'udk az:jyxm;ygonf/
txuf az:jyyg ['DqfESpfyk'ftm; ,S O f w J GíMunf hjcif ;tm;jzih fwref awmf jrwf acwf w G i f
wrefawmfjrwfu 4if;xHusa&mufvsuf&Sd aom tm,wfawmfrsm;teuf tm,wfwpfckwnf;udk
od&x dS m;olyifjzpfap? xdt k m,wftm; tjcm;olrsm;odYk ta&mufycYkd s&ef trdeaYf y;xm;aom ['Dqjf zpfonf/
( /]
' = wpfued ;f jzpFonf/ `]
' =trsm;ude;f jzpfonf/) usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ Asm'dwrf sm;udk
tm,wf[k oH;k pJo G nf/ Oyrm 4
'Q
/
' usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ tm,wf E!$
/$ wrefawmfjrwf\
pGE[ é /f E!$
g =wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'[lí oH;k pJaG vonf/ 4
'Q
g hE!$
/
[
' í l
tpövmrfomoemwGif oH;k pJaG vhr&So d uJo h Ykd oH;k pJyG ikd cf iG vhf nf; r&Sad y/
az:jyyg wrefawmfjrwfu 4if;\ajymMum;csurf sm;udk rSww f rf;wifjcif;rjyK&ef wm;jrpfcahJ om
udp&ö yfEiS phf yfvsOf;í ynm&Sirf sm;twGi;f tqdu k v GJ rGJ rI sm; &Scd ahJ vonf/ tcsdKUynm&Sirf sm;\ tqdk
t&wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef usa&muf aepJ umvjzpfí wrefawmfjrwfu uk&t f mefrv S í GJ
uREykf x f rH S uREykf f \ajymMum;csuf rsm;udk a&;om;rSww f rf;wifjcif;rjyKEiS [ h f k qdjk cif;jzpfonf/
tb,faMumifq h akd omf? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrsm;a&maxG;oGm;rnfukd
pd;k &drí f wm;jrpfjcif;jzpfonf[k qdMk uonf/
tv’r[f qlavrefe'f0o D cif\ ]] &[froGvv f pfvf tm vrDef }} [kac:aom tG&'f b l momjzifh
a&;xm;aomusr;f wGif wref awmfjrwf\aemufyikd ;f yxrOD;qH;k cvDzm tAlbuú&o f cifonf t aMumif;
t&mwpfcEk iS phf yfvsO;f í n td&mS tNy;D rS pwifpOf;pm;cJ\ h / z*s&t f ZmefoMH um;onfEiS hf qH;k jzwfcsuw f pfcu k kd
tcdik t f rmqH;k jzwfcsuf csc\ hJ / 4if;\orD; tat,Smocifr(wrefawmfjrwf\ Muif,mawmf)xH tyfEcHS ahJ om
['Dqaf ygif;ig;&mausmu f kd ,lírD;&IUd zsupf ;D cJah vonf/ xdt k cg tmat,Smocifru ]] zcifBu;D ud, k af wmfwikd f
wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrsm;udk rSww f rf;wifcNhJ y;D tb,faMumifrh ;D &IUd zsupf ;D &oenf; }} [laom ar;cGe;f udk
ajzMum;&mü ]] uREykf o f nf wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrsm;udk rSww f rf;wifco hJ nfrmS trSeyf ifjzpf\/
uREykf rf &So d nfah emufyikd ;f xd[ k 'DqMf o0g' ig;&mausmu f kd taMumif;jyKNy;D ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ['Dqrf sm;
csUJ xGiaf &;om;Murnfupkd ;kd &draf omaMumifh rD;&IUd zsupf ;D cJjh zif;jzpfonf }} [k ajzMum;cJo h nf/
rnfoyYkd ifqakd p rGwpf vifru f sr;f yg ['DqMf o0g't& vnf; aumif;? tv’r[fqal vrefe'f0\ D ]]
&[froGvfvpfvftmvrDef }}usr;ft&vnf;aumif;? wrefawmfjrwfacwfwGif &SdMuukefaom qG[m
bmBu;D rsm;\ rSww f rf; wifxm;aom ['DqMf o0g'rsm;onf &SEd ikd f awmhrnf r[kwaf y/ &Sad ecJrh nfqykd guvnf;
txufrmS az:jycJah om[pf*s&D 179 ckEpS rf S [pf*s&D 558 ckEpS t f wGi;f ay:aygufcah J om ['DqMf o0g'usr;f rsm;wGif
ul;í,lí az:jyMurnfom jzpfayonf/
['DqMf o0g'rsm;udk qifjh yefou l kd E
[kac:onf/ t"dymÜ ,frmS taMumif;t&m tjzpftysuf
wpfcu k kd qifu h q
J ifuh ?hJ wpfqifMh um;od&onft h wdik ;f qifjh yefojl zpfonf/ xdq k ifjh yefo\
l qifjh yefcsuu f kd
/
[kac:onf/ t"dymÜ ,frmS qifjh yefcsu?f az:jycsujf zpfonf/ xdak z:jycsuf qifjh yefcsuo f nf rdru d , kd f
wdik jf rifawGU&aom taMumif;t&m r[kwo f uJoh Ykd rdru
d kd jyefvnfajymMum;oluvnf; qifu h qJ ifu h J
Mum;cJ&h aom taMumif;t&m tjzpftysujf zpfayonf/
['Dqu
f sr;f &Sirf sm;\ &nf&,
G cf suf
['Dqu f sr;f &Sirf sm;\ ['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;ESih f jyefvnfaz:jycJah om &nf&, G cf suu
f k d em;vnf&efrmS
tvGet f a&;ygaom tcsujf zpfayonf/ xd[ k 'DqMf o0g'usr;f rsm;wGif yg0ifaom ['DqMf o0g'rsm;onf
wrefawmfjrwf\ ajymMum;csu?f a[majymcsu?f oGm;vmaexdik yf rkH sm;? trsm;olimS ESihf qufqaH &;? uav;
oli,frsm;ESihf qufqaH &;? rdrMd uif,mawmfrsm;ESihf qufqaH &;? trsm;olimS ESiAhf vDwiG f pkaygif;0wfjyKrEI iS hf
rdrad etdrw f iG f wpfu, kd w f nf;0wfjyKrrI sm;tygt0if &Iaxmifph rkH S jrifawGU&aomqG[mbmBu;D rsm;? wref
awmfjrwf\ Muif,mawmfrsm;rS ajymMum;csurf sm;udk az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ usr;f jyKot l m;vH;k u
4if;wdpYk ak qmif;&&Scd surf sm;teuf tcsKd Uudo k m jyefvnfí 4if;wd\ Yk usr;f rsm;wGif az:jycJMh uonf/
t[fr' t f pfAae [rfAvfocifonf ['Dqaf ygif;wpfoef;udpk ak qmif;cJNh y;D 4if;\ ]] rGqef 'f }} usr;f wGif
ESpaf omif;ud;k axmifuo kd maz:jycJjh cif;jzpfonf/
tdrmrfAcl g&Docifonf ['Dqaf ygif;ajcmufoed ;f ausmu f kd pkaqmif;cJNh y;D 4if;\Alcg&Dusr;f wGif ['Dqaf ygif;
ckEpS af xmifausmu f okd maz:jycJo h nf/
Imam Hafiz ibn Hajjar \ BULUGH AL MARAM usrf;udk avhvmMunfr h nfqykd gu
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfaom pGE[ é f Oya'rsm;vnf; yg0ifouJo h Ykd tpövmrfomoemESihf vH;k 0
ywfoufrrI &Sad om a&S;t&Af&;kd &maq;0g;ukx;kH rsm;vnf;yg0ifavonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd wrefawmfjrwf ESiahf cwf
NyKd iEf ikd if tH csKd UrS bk&if rsm;uwrefawmfjrwfEiS phf yfvsO;f Ny;D ajymqdak 0zefcsurf sm;vnf; yg0if ayonf/ tvm;wl
wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f Ny;D uJv G cG J su&f ad S om ['DqMf o0g'awmfrsm;udv k nf; ,SOw f í
G J az:jy
xm; onfukd awGU&ayonf/ tcsKUd ['Dqrf sm;onf em;vnf&efyif rvG,f aom ['Dqrf sm; yg0ifayonf/
az:jyyg uJv G cGJ su&f aSd om ['Dqf Mo0g'rsm;? em;vnf&efyifcufcaJ om ['DqMf o0g'rsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f
Ny;D Alcg&Dusr;f tygt0if usr;f &Sit f m;vH;k u 4if;wd\ Yk ['Dqu f sr;f rsm; wGijf yefvnfí &Si;f vif;xm;jcif;
tvsO;f r&Scd ahJ y/
az:jyyg ['DqfMo0g'usrf;rsm; ay:aygufNyD; ESpfaygif;ig;&m ausmfESifhajcmuf&m aemufydkif;
xd[ k 'Dqu f sr;f rsm;udk tus,zf iG chf suf usr;f rsm;ay:aygufcahJ vonf/
Alcg&Dusr;f onf [pf*s&D 256 ckEpS w f iG f ay:aygufco hJ nf/ xdu k sr;f yg ['DqMf o0g'rsm;udk tus,w f 0ifh
jyefvnf&iS ;f vif;xm; aom ]] zof[v G bf m&D }} usr;f tjzpf tdrmrf [mzZf tpfAae[*s&f ocifu [pf*s&D
817 rS 842 txd ESpq f ,fih g;ESpMf um jyKpck o
hJ nf/ zof[v G bf m&Dusr;f jyKpNk y;D aom umvonf Alcg&Dr&l if;usr;f \
ESpf aygif; 586 ESpaf emufyidk ;f rS ay:aygufvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/
az:jyyg ['DqfMo0g'awmfrsm;udk trsm;rGwfpvifrfrsm; twGuf tus,fwpf0ifhzGifhqdkrnfh
rnfonfyh nm&Sirf qdk atmufaz:jy yg ['Dqrf sm;ESihf ywfoufaom ynm&yfrsm;udk rvJrG aoGem;vnf
&rnfrmS wm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf[k ['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u rdeq Yf xkd m; ayonf/
['D q f r sm;ud k avh v mvd k u f p m;&mrS m aomf v nf ; aumif ; ? wpf q if h jyef v nf oif M um;
yd k Y c s&mrS m aomf v nf ; aumif ; ? t"d u ta&;BuD ; qH k ; tcsuf r sm; rd r d u d k , f w d k i f u t&AD p mayud k
wwfoed m;vnfojl zpf&rnf/ odrYk o S m ['DqMf o0g'rsm;\ &nf&, G cf suf &nfñeT ;f csuw f u Ykd kd aphipkH mG od&EdS idk f
rnfjzpfonf/
['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f aom ynm&yfrsm;
1/

X(

ý0K

g ¾
ô)

['Dq\ f &nf&, G cf suw
f pfcu
k kd od&EdS ikd &f eftwGuf xdt k aMumif;t&mESiphf yfvsO;f aom ['Dqrf sm;udpk Nk y;D
['Dq&f nf&, G cf suu f kd &SmazGwwfaom twwf/
2/ /5
8 ! . 7'
g

t"dymÜ ,faxGjym;aom qifw&l ;kd rSm;['Dqrf sm;ESiv hf &kd if;udk t"dymÜ ,fwpfrsKd ;wnf;ESihf &Si;f jyxm;aom
['Dqrf sm;udk uJjG ym;pGmem;vnfaom twwf/
3/ ic
%
g

trsm;ESiq hf ikd af om ynwfawmf['Dqrf sm;ESihf wpfO;D wpf a,mufEiS q hf ikd af om ynwfcsuf ['Dqrf sm;udk
wduspmG cJjG cm;odjrifEidk af om twwf/
4/ Q
÷ Y
g

umvpnf;uefYowfrI r&Sdaom jyXmef;csuftrdefYrsm;ESifh umvpnf;uefYowfrI &Sdaom
jyXmef;csut f rderYf sm;ukd cJjG cm;odjrif Edik af om twwf/
5/ øF
6
g

taMumif;t&m tjzpftysufwpfckudk tus,fw0ifh &Sif; vif;xm;aom ['Dqfrsm;ESifh
twdck sKH ;í&Si;f vif;xm;aom ['Dqrf sm;udk cJjG cm;odjrifEikd af om twwf/
6/ LF
/Q Q
g

wdu
k &f uk d f t"dymÜ ,fjzifh az:jyxm;aom ['Dqrf sm;ESih f Oyrm Oyar,srsm;jzifh az:jyxm;aom ['Dqrf sm;udk
cJjG cm;odjrifEik d af omtwwf/
7/ /$5
j
g

vdk&if;t"dyÜm,fudkay:vGif xif&Sm;pGmzGifhqdkxm;aom ['Dqf rsm;ESifh vdk&if;t"dyÜm,fudk
oG,0f u Id af oma0g[m&jzifh az:jyxm;aom['Dqrf sm;udk cJjG cm;odjrifEikd af om twwf/
8/ ð$
g

wrefawmfjrwf\23 ESpf oufwrf;wpfavQmuf EIwftm;jzifh ajymcJhaom rl&if;rSwfwrf;pm
toGm;tvmudk em;vnfjcif;twwf/
Oyrm?- wrefawmfjrwfu uREykf \ f tazonf tDrmefouf0if ,HMk unfru I kd jiif;qefco hJ nfth wGuf
ty,fi&JwiG f cH&rnft h a&;udk tvGeyf al qG;0rf;enf;cJ&h aom ['Dqrf sm;yg0ifayonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;wGif
wrefawmfjrwfu uRefawmf\taz[k ac:qdjk cif;rSmbBuD;awmf tAlomG vpfAu f kd qdv
k jkd cif;jzpfonf/
xdu k o
hJ aYkd om taMumif;t&mrsm;udk rl&if;twdik ;f odem;vnfjcif; twwf/
9/ k$
l
$
g

wrefawmfjrwfxH usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef pusa&mufcJhcsdefwGif ,cifjyKvkyfavh jyKvkyfx&Sdaom
vky&f yfqikd &f m ['Dqrf sm;ESihf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ trderYf sm;t& aemufyikd ;f wGif ajymif;vJjyKvyk cf ahJ om
vky&f yfrsm;qdik &f m ['Dqrf sm;udk cJjG cm;Edik af om twwf/
Oyrm?- Alcg&Dusr;f a&csKd ;jcif;u@wGi?f -
T1 * ø

O K '
A ( 7 1 A (
7 ú
ù 0 "
#
ø
)

ô# )
*

tMuif trsKd ;om;wpfO;D onf 4if;\ZeD;ESihf aygif;oif;cJ\ h / 4if;\ okw&f nfrxGuyf gu xdak e&modYk
a&aq;í? qGvmof0wfjyK vQif jyKaom0kZjl yKjcif;jzifh qGvmof0wfjyKEikd o f nf/
az:jyyg['Dqu f kd wrefawmfjrwfxrH S qifjh yeforl sm;rSm tGqrf mefAifef tzæmef? tvDAifef tAlomG vpfA?f
ZkAikd (f &f)Aifef z0grf? oGv[ f m Aifef tkAu kd 'f v
G ’m[f? tpfAae utAf? uJo h aYkd omqG[mbmBuD;rsm;u
qifjh yefxm;aom ['Dqjf zpfonf/ ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;rSm qG[jD zpfonf/ xdk ['Dqyf g0ifaom usr;f rsm;rSm
(Alcg&Dusr;f 0kZu l @-24? a&csKd ;jcif;u@-29? "r®wmu@-86 wdw Yk iG f az:jyxm;onf/
(rGwpf vifru f sr;f "r®wmu@-83)? (aeqmtDusr;f oefpY ifru I @-111)? t[fr'f\ rGqef 'fusr;f tcef;?
1^6-64? tcef; 5^113? 114? 115? tcef; 6^68-110)? tAl'g0l'u f sr;f wGif txufyg ['Dqu f t
kd AÁ'&G f
&[frmefAifef tADqtD'u f qifjh yefxm;onf/
txufyg ['Dqt f wdik ;f wrefawmfjrwfonf [pf*s&D 10 ckEpS f ruúmNrKd Uudk atmifjrifrrI &cif tvsiu f
usio hf ;kH cJo
h nf/ [pf*s&1D 0 ckEpS f ruúmNrKd Uudk atmifEikd Nf y;D aemufyikd ;f wrefawmfjrwfonf txufyg
['Dqt f wdik ;f vdu k ef musio hf ;kH jcif; rjyKawmhay/ az:jyyg['Dqrf sm;onf ]] yvyf zsuo f rd ;f Ny;D aom ['Dqrf sm;
}} jzpfonf/ txufaz:jyyg ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;onf qG[D rSeu f efaom ['Dqrf sm;jzpfaomfjim;vnf;
vuf&rdS w G pf vifrrf sm; vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &ef rvdak wmhaom yvyf zsuo f rd ;f Ny;D jzpfaom ['Dqrf sm;jzpfayonf/
wrefawmfjrwfonf ruúmNrKd Uudk atmifEikd Nf y;D aemufyikd ;f usihf oH;k aom ['Dqrf mS Alcg&Dusr;f a&csKd ;jcif;u@
tcef; 201 jzpfonf/
ú+ J
)

*
9 =ù
, '
ý m
ý
! $
ú,K ý
+
ú
,
+CøO
)Q08)ùnô+¾
8!?
wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYqdkcsufudk tAl[k&dkif&[fu qifhjyefcJh onfrSm trsdK;om;wpfOD;ESifh
4if;\ZeD;aygif;oif;&mü t&Sut f *FgESpcf x
k jd cif;tm;jzifh a&csK;d &ef (0g*spAf )f wm0efjzpfonf/
az:jyyg qefUusiaf om['DqEf pS rf sKd ;pvH;k udk Alcg&Dusr;f a&csKd ;jcif; u@wGif ,SOw f í GJ az:jyxm;ayonf/
tvm;wl tjcm;u@ rsm; wGif vnf; xdu k o hJ Ykd qefu
Y siaf om ['DqEf pS rf sKd ;pvH;k udk ,SOw f í GJ az:jy xm;ayonf/
xdu k o
Jh Ykd qefUusiaf om taMumif;t&mrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í Alcg&Dusr;f &Sit f ygt0if ['Dqrf sm;udpk ak qmif;íusr;f
tjzpf wifjycJMh u aom usr;f &Sirf sm;u jyefvnfí &Si;f vif;xm;jcif; tvsO;f r&Scd ahJ y/ a&csKd ;jcif;u@yg
uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ['DqEf pS rf sKd ;ESiphf yfvsO;f í Alcg&Dusr;f udk yxrOD;pGm tus,zf iG q hf akd om([pf*s&?D 548-
584) ý":8
ý#LF
ý#ú+#5+ý+
/#È
;0
%#&
u \4if;\
nBS
ú#k$
l$
ý0!7,S
t&ADr&l if;usr;f pmrsuEf mS 52 - 53 wdw Yk iG f az:jyxm;onf/
10/ /

ù ,g

tpövmrfOya'jyKrq I ikd &f mtvdiYk mS az:jyyg yvyf zsuo f rd ;f jy;D ['Dqrf sm;ESihf tpm;xd;k ['Dqrf sm;udk
cJjG cm;od&o dS uJo
h ?Ykd rnfuo
hJ aYkd om['Dqrf sm;onf Oya'jyKí&onf? rnfuo hJ aYkd om ['Dqrf sm;onf Oya'jyKí
r&qdo k nfh ['Dqrf sm;udk cJjG cm;pdwjf zmwwfaomtwwf/
Oyrm?- Alcg&Dusr;f oefpY ifru I @wGi?f -
A6?HÄ
ý0A
$)
ý040 ,-$ ùn O 0ù1
?ý0+:
ô=
*

xd[ k 'Dqu f kd wrefawmfjrwfxrH S tAl[&k ikd f&[f ocifuqifh jyefco hJ nf/ ]]toifwt Ykd euf
wpfO;D wpfa,muf\ aomufo;kH &mcGux f o J Ykd ,ifaumifwpfaumifusomG ;ygu xd, k ifaumifukd aomufo;kH
aomt&nfxo J Ykd ESpjf rK§ yv f u kd yf g/ xdaYk emuf ,ifaumifuykd pfvu kd yf g/,ifaumif\tawmifwpfzufwiG f
tqdy&f í dS tjcm;tawmifwpf zufwiG f tqdyaf jzaq;&So d nf }} [kred q Yf ckd o
hJ nf/
az:jyyg ['DqftrsdK;tpm;onf ;, (ac:) trdefYynwfcsufr[kwf/ H (ac:)
cGijhf yKcsujf zpfonf/ rdrad omufo;kH vsu&f adS omt&mxJoYkd ,ifaumifusomG ;ygu vTiyhf pfciG v hf nf; &Sod nf/
qufvuf aomufo;kH cGiv hf nf;&So d nf/ rdrpd w d Bf uKd uq f ;kH jzwfyikd cf iG &hf adS om ['Dqjf zpfonf/
11/ g
`Q!Mù ,
['Dqsf rsm;\ tqift h wef;ESif q h ifjh yefol E
tay:,HMk unfpw d cf sEikd rf I tenf;trsm;udk
csichf sed Ef ikd af om twwf/ Oyrm?- C
7
g (ac:) wrefawmfjrwfvufxufwiG q f [ G mbmaygif;
wpfodef;ausmfrS omaAtDefaygif; oef;ausmfodkYcg; qufjywfjcif;r&Sd vufqifhurf;a&muf&Sdvmaom
Oya'ynwf csuf qdik &f m ['Dqrf sm;udk em;vnfjcif;twwf/ (Oyrm?- qGvmof? Zumof? qG, d mrf? [*sf
uJhodkYaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefyg Oya'rsm;udkwrefawmfjrwfu qG[mbmBuD;rsm;ESifhtwl
vufawGUvdu k ef maqmif&u G f jcif;tm;jzifh a&muf&v dS maom &Sio f efvsu&f o dS nfh ynwfcsuq f ikd &f m ['Dqrf sm;)
tjcm;trsKd ;tpm;jzpfaom ¾
!c
g
['Dqrf sm;/
wrefawmfjrwfxHrS wpfOD;wpfa,mufujzpfap? vlenf;pkujzpfap? qifhjyefaom ['Dqfrsm;udk
cJjG cm;od&&dS ayrnf/
12/

ù ,
['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh txufrS az:jycJah om C
7
g wrefawmfjrwfxrH S
vltrsm;qifjh yefaom ['Dqf trsKd ;tpm; odrYk [kwf ¾
!c
g
wrefawmfjrwfxrH S wpfO;D wpf
a,mufjzpfap? vlenf;pkjzpfap? qifjh yefaom ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;udk cJjG cm;od&rnf/ xdv k el nf;pk qifjh yefonfh
['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;wGif 8 .
ausmMf um;onfh ['Dqrf sm;? ú
aumif;jrwf oifah vsmf aom['Dqrf sm;?
<I qifjh yefol uGi;f qufjywfaom tm;enf;onfh ['Dqrf sm;ukd cJjG cm;pdwjf zmEdik af om twwf/
13/ ö 7c
ö Cû
ù ,
taMumif;t&mwpf&yfwiG f qifjh yefow l pfO;D wnf;rS trdeYf ESprf sKd ;xGuaf paom a0g[m&wdjYk zifh
wifjycsu/f (odrYk [kw)f qifjh yefoEl pS Of ;D u uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom a0g[m& jzifh trdew Yf pfrsKd ;wnf;udk wifjycsuf
wdt Yk ay: cJjG cm;&I jrifwwfaom twwf/
14/ 9-$
ù ,
tMuif['Dqu f kd wrefawmfred &Yf jcif;\ aemufct H aMumif;&if;ESihf tajctaeudak vhvmonfh
ynm&yfwYkd jzpfonf/
['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í odoifo h t d yfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk em;vnfxm;rSomvQif ['Dqrf sm;
ESiyhf wfoufNy;D trsm;rGwpf vifrf rsm;udk &Iaxmifph rkH S rl&if;t&St d wdik ;f &Si;f vif;wifjyEdik rf nf jzpfayonf/
odrYk [kwyf gu ['Dqq f w kd ikd ;f Oya'jzpfonf? vku d uf kd vdu
k ef m&rnf?rvdu k ef mygu ['Dqjf iif;y,forl sm;jzpfonf?
['Dqfudk jiif;y,fyguumzd&f aoGznfoljzpfonfqdkaom a0g[m& wpfvHk;wnf;udk avSeH"g;xpf
qJu G ikd x f m;ygu trsm;rGwpf vifrsm;tzdYk ['Dqrf sm;udk vdu k ef m? vdu k pf m;vdpk w d f wpfaeYxufwpfaeU
avQmeh nf;vmrnfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfayonf/
['Dqfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; ar;vmonfhar;cGef;rsm;udk "r®"dXmefususajzqdkEkdifrI? ['Dqfrsm;\
t&Su d t kd &St d wdik ;f &Si;f vif;jyoEdik rf rI sm;udk tajccHro S m trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;uvnf; qnf;yl;vdpk w d ?f
vduk ef mvdpk w d rf sm; ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfayonf/ tvm;wl vdu k ef musio hf ;kH vsu&f adS om ['Dqrf sm;tay:
vGwv f yfpmG jyefvnfo;kH oyfyikd cf iG ?hf vdu k ef musio fh ;kH & jcif;\ taMumif;&if; (0g) tESpo f m&rsm;udk ud, k w f ikd f
wwfoed m;vnf cHpm;Edik Mf urnfjzpfayonf/
odrYk [kwyf gu acwftqufquf bd;k ab;? rdbrsm;vufxuf rS ,aeYwikd f tqufrjywf vdu k ef m
usio hf ;kH vmaom ['Dqrf sm;yg tcsKd Uynwfcsurf sm;onf rnfonfh twGuaf Mumifh vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &rSeS ;f udk
rdrv d nf;rod? odEikd rf nf[k ,lq&aom wm0ef&o dS rl sm;xHoo Ykd mG ;a&mufar;jref;jcif;tm;jzifv h nf; wdusaocsm
aom tajz wpfpkH wpf&m r&&So d nft h ay: ['Dqrf sm;ESiyhf wfoufí pdw0f ifpm;rIenf;yg;vmonfukd
awGU&S&d ayonf/
tcsKd Uacwfynmwwf vli,fv&l , G rf sm;tMum;wGif ['Dqf rsm;qdo k nfrmS rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D &ydik cf iG hf
vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;udk usO;f Muyfapwpf&m r&&So d nft h ay: ['Dqrf sm;ESiyhf wfoufí pdw0f ifpm;rIenf;yg;
vmonfukd awGU&S&d ayonf/
tcsKd Uacwfynmwwf vli,fv&l , G rf sm;tMum;wGif ['Dqf rsm;qdo k nfrmS rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D &ydik cf iG hf
vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;udk usO;f Muyfapaom Oya'rsm;[kyif xif[yfapaomtqifo h yYkd if a&muf&cdS yhJ gonf/
yrmtm;jzifh wifjy&rnfqykd gu? 0wfpm;qif,ifrq I ikd &f m ['Dqrf sm;xJrS a,musmf ;uav;rsm;
ajcrsuaf phtyk o f nfth xd t0wf0wfqifjcif;udk jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfrsm;cH&rnft h aMumif;? rsm;pGm aom
['Dqrf sm;wGif tckid t f rm az:jyxm;ygonf/
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D tpövmrfomoemudk tvGeaf v;pm;í pdwt f m;xufoefaom
rGwfpvifrfrsm;u t0wf0wfqif&mü ajcrsufaphrzHk;rd&ef txl;owdxm;tav;ay;NyD; cyfwdkwdk
0wfqifMuygonf/
tcsdKUaom acwfynmwwf vli,fvl&G,frsm;u? xdk['Dqf onf rGwfpvifrfrsm;tay:odkY
tiftm;oH;k Ny;D Ncrd ;f ajcmufonfh toGiaf qmifonf[k tjrif&MdS uonf/ 4if;wdu Yk apm'u wufonfrmS
tMuifow l pfO;D onf 4if;0 wfqifaomt0 wfu ajcrsuaf phtay:odt Yk yk o f mG ;jcif;tm;jzifh rnfuo hJ Ykd
tusKd ;,kwEf ikd o f enf;/ odrYk [kwf ajcrsuaf phukd rzH;k rdap&ef wdw k 0kd wfqifjcif;tm;jzifh rnfuo hJ aYkd om
tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm; &Edik yf goenf;qdak om apm'utay: Alcg&Dusr;f ESirhf w G pf vifru f sr;f yg ]] udomAGvv f b d mqf
}} (ac:) 0wfpm;qif,ifrI tay: wrefawmfjrwf\ rdeaYf cRcsuf ['Dqrf sm;tm;vH;k udk pkaygif;Ny;D aom
Oya'rsm;[kyif xif[yfapaomtqifo h yYkd if a&muf&cdS yhJ gonf/
yrmtm;jzifh wifjy&rnfqykd gu? 0wfpm;qif,ifrq I ikd &f m ['Dqrf sm;xJrS a,musmf ;uav;rsm;
ajcrsuaf phtyk o f nfth xd t0wf0wfqifjcif;udk jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfrsm;cH&rnft h aMumif;? rsm;pGm aom
['Dqrf sm;wGif tckid t f rm az:jyxm;ygonf/
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D tpövmrfomoemudk tvGeaf v;pm;í pdwt f m;xufoefaom
rGwfpvifrfrsm;u t0wf0wfqif&mü ajcrsufaphrzHk;rd&ef txl;owdxm;tav;ay;NyD; cyfwdkwdk
0wfqifMuygonf/
tcsdKUaom acwfynmwwf vli,fvl&G,frsm;u? xdk['Dqf onf rGwfpvifrfrsm;tay:odkY
tiftm;oH;k Ny;D Ncrd ;f ajcmufonfh toGiaf qmifonf[k tjrif&MdS uonf/ 4if;wdu Yk apm'uwufonfrmS
tMuifow l pfO;D onf 4if;0 wfqifaomt0 wfu ajcrsuaf phtay:odt Yk yk o
f mG ;jcif;tm;jzifh rnfuo hJ Ykd tusKd ;
,kwEf ikd o
f enf;/ odrYk [kwf ajcrsuaf phukd rzH;k rdap&ef wdw
k 0kd wfqifjcif;tm;jzifh rnfuo hJ aYkd om tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm;
&Edik yf goenf;qdak om apm'utay: Alcg&Dusr;f ESirhf w G pf vifru f sr;f yg ]] udomAGvv f b
d mqf }} (ac:)
0wfpm;qif,ifrI tay: wrefawmfjrwf\ rdeaYf cRcsuf ['Dqrf sm;tm;vH;k udk pkaygif;Ny;D wifjyvdu k yf g onf/
a,musu
f av;rsm; ajcrsuaf phtyk o
f nfh 0wfqifrI
,ckwifjyrnfh 0wfpm;qif,ifrI ['Dqfrsm;rSm Alcg&Dusrf;ESifhrGwfpvifrfusrf;wdkYrS jzpfonf/
Alcg&Dusr;f wpftyk v f ;kH udk tdrmrf[mzZftpfAae [*s&u f tus,zf iG q hf x kd m;aom ]] zof[v G b f m&D }} usr;f ESihf
rGwpf vifru f sr;f wpftyk v f ;kH udk tus,zf iG q hf akd om tdrmrf e0g0Dw\ Ykd zGiq hf ckd surf sm;udyk g rl&if;twdik ;f
wifjyxm;aom &Si;f vif;csurf sm; jzpfayonf/
tpövmrfb h 0 wnfaqmufrw I iG f a,mufsm;av;rsm; ajcrsuaf phz;kH atmif 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzif
rh nfonft h wdik ;f twmtxdtusKd ;,kwo f enf;/ odrYk [kwf ajcrsuaf ph rzH;k rdap&ef 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzifh
rnfuo hJ tYkd usKd ;rsm; &&SEd ikd o f enf;/ az:jyyg a,musmf ;av;rsm; ajcrsuaf phtyk o f nfh 0wfqifjcif;iS phf yfvsO;f aom
['Dqrf sm;\t"duausm&d;k u rnfonft h csuu f kd &nfñeT ;f aeoenf;/ trSef wu,fyif ajcrsuaf phz;kH
onftxd r0wfqif&[k ñTejf yaeoavmqdo k nfah z:jyyg ['Dq\ f us,jf yefUrIEiS hf t&Sw d &m;rsm;udt k &Std wdik ;f ?
Alcg&Dusr;f ESihf rGwpf vifru f sr;f wdu Yk kd tus,zf iG q hf Mkd uonfh tdrmrf tpfAae [*s&Ef iS hf tdrmrfe0g0Dw\ Ykd
oH;k oyfcsu?f qH;k jzwfcsu?f cH,cl surf sm;udyk g ['Dqt f rSw?f pmrsuEf mS ? twJrG sm;jzifh ao;pdwaf z:jyygrnf/
rGwfpvifrfusrf;wGif wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYacRcsufudk tAlZ&focifu qifhjyefcJhonfrSm
oH;k rsKd ;aomolrsm;udk ud,mrofaeYwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu pum;ajymrnfr[kw?f xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolwrYkd mS ?-
(1) olwpfyg;xHrS tusKd ;arQmu f ;kd í aus;Zl;jyKo/l
(2) a&mif;ukeyf pön;f udak ps;aumif;&vdí k vdrn f mNy;D used q f akd &mif;cso/l
(3) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd f pGeaf wmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l ocifu qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ;aomolrsm;udk
ud,mrofaeYwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu pum;ajymrnfr[kw?f xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolwrYkd mS ?-
(3) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd f pGeaf wmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l
(rGwpf vifru f sr;f ouf0if,MkH unfru I @ rl&if;['Dq)f
tAlZ&focifu tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ;
aomoltm;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ud,mrofaeYwiG f pum;rajym ouJo h Ykd pifMu,faprnfvnf; r[kw/f
xdjYk yif xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolrsm;tm; jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfay;rnf[k wrefawmfjrwfu qdck o hJ nf/
(1) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd pf eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l
(2) tusKd ;udak rQmu f ;kd í olwpfyg;udk ulno D /l
(3) tusKd ;tjrwf&vdí k a&mif;ukeyf pön;f udk vdrn f mudseq f akd &mif;ol/
(rGpvifru f sr;f ouf0if,MkH unfru I @)
txufyg['Dqo f nf t0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifol wdik ;f avm/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzif?h
ppfxu G &f mü ayghyg;oGuf vufru I kd t[eft Y wm;jzpfjcif;aMumifah vm/ armufrmyvTm;rIujkd yvdk í
0wfqifjcif;aMumifah vm/ az:jyyg['Dqo f nf txufyg taMumif;tcsurf sm; ryg0ify0J wfqifol tm;vH;k udk
xdkwm;jrpfcsufutusHK;0ifrI&Sdr&Sdqdkonfh taMumif;&if;*CeP cJGjcm;NyD; odxm;&rnfrSmocifu
qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ;aomolrsm;udk ud,mrofaeYwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu pum;ajymrnfr[kw?f
xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolwrYkd mS ?-
(3) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd f pGeaf wmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l
(rGwpf vifru f sr;f ouf0if,MkH unfru I @ rl&if;['Dq)f
tAlZ&focifu tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ;aomoltm;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
ud,mrofaeYwiG f pum;rajym ouJo h Ykd pifMu,faprnfvnf; r[kw/f xdjYk yif xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolrsm;tm;
jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfay;rnf[k wrefawmfjrwfu qdck o hJ nf/
txufyg['Dqo f nf t0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifol wdik ;f avm/ xdu k o hJ Ykd 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzif?h
xdw k m;jrpfcsuu f tusKH ;0ifr&I rdS &Sq d o kd nfh taMumif;&if;*CeP cJjG cm;Ny;D odxm;&rnfrmS (rGwpf vifru f sr;f
ouf0if,MkH unfru I @ rl&if;['Dq)f
tAlZ&focifu tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ;aomoltm;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
ud,mrofaeYwiG f pum;rajym ouJo h Ykd pifMu,faprnfvnf; r[kw/f xdjYk yif xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolrsm;
tm; jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfay;rnf[k wrefawmfjrwfu qdck o hJ nf/
txufyg['Dqo f nf t0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifol wdik ;f avm/ xdu k ohJ Ykd 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzif?h
xdwk m;jrpfcsuu f tusKH ;0ifr&I rdS &Sq d okd nfh taMumif;&if;*CeP cJjG cm;Ny;D odxm;&rnfrmS tvGet f a&;ygaom
t"du d aomhcsuf jzpfayonf/
(Alcg&Dusrf;wGif tAl[k&dkif&[focifuqifhjyefcJonfrSm? tMuifolonf rdrd\t0wfudk
ajcrsuaf phatmufoYkd a&mufonftxd 0wfqifygu xdo k o l nf ty,fi&JoYkd 0ifa&muf&rnfjzpfonf/)
(Alcg&Dusr;f 0wfpm;qif,ifru I @? ['Dqt f rSw?f 5787)
tvm;wl edqmtDusrf;wGif ajcrsufaphatmufa&mufonf txd 0wfqifygu xdkolonf
ty,fi&Jo0Ykd if a&muf&rnfjzpfonf/
(edqmtD tvSwefqmu@? twJG 8^208)
az:jyyg ['Dq\ f &nfñeG ;f csuf onf cE¨mud, k af y:ü 0wfqifaomt0wftpm;\ twdik ;f twm
wdjk cif;? &Snjf cif;udk qdjk cif;r[kw/f xdk 0wfpm;qif,ifo\ l vky&f yftrlt&mudo
k m ajymqdjk cif;jzpfonf/(Alcg&Dusr;f
tus,zf iG q hf ckd suf zof[v G b
f m&Dusr;f twJ?G 10 oH;k oyfcsu-f 257)
ÈH
I ú
# K
L
)
ú#
+
rmerygbJ t0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfjcif;u@
txufyg rmerygbJ t0 wfukd pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfqifrEI iS phf yfvsO;f í Alcg&Dusr;f udk zGiq hf o kd l
tdrmrftpfAae[*s&fEiS hf rGwpf vifru f srf;udk tus,fziG q hf o kd l tdrmrf e0g0D wdEYk pS Of ;D onf az:jyyg
0wfpm;qif,ifrI ['Dqt f ay: tao;pdwjf yefvnf zGiq hf &kd mü wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D wlnaD eaomtcsurf mS
0wfpm;qif,if&mü rmeaxmifvmGT ; rIukd tajccHí 0wfqifjcif;udo k m wm;jrpfjcif;jzpfonfqakd om
tcsuyf ifjzpfonf/
Alcg&Dusr;f 0wfpm;qif,ifru I @wGif rmeaxmifvmT ;rI ryg yJt0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifjcif;
tcef;ü (tAÁ'Gv’m[fAifeftGr®&f ocifu qifhjyefcJhonfrSm? wrefawmfjrwfu rdefYqdk\? tMuifol
onfrmeaxmifvmT ;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrt d 0wfukd pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfqifvQiu f ,
d mrofaeYwiG f xdo k t l m;
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu Munfrh nfr[kw)f [k rdeq Yf ckd ohJ nf/
xdrk ed qYf ckd suEf iS phf yfvsO;f Ny;D tAlbuú&o f cifu? td-k tv’m[f t&Sijf rwf\ wrefawmf uREykf o f nfvnf;
t0wfukd pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfcyhJ gonf/ xdt k wGuaf Mumifh xdo k rl sm;uJo h Ykd tjypfusL;vGeo f rl sm;wGif yg0ifjcif;
&Srd &Sd avQmufxm;&m? wrefawmfjrwfu toifonf rmeaxmifvmT ;rIjzifh 0wfqifjcif;r[kwaf omaMumifh
xdt k jypfusL;vGeo f rl sm;wGif toifyg0ifjcif;r&Syd g[k ajzMum;cJo h nf/
(Alcg&Dusr;f pmrsuEf mS ? 254? ['Dqt f rSw-f 5784)
Alcg&Dusr;f txufygu@üyif tAlbuú&o f cifu qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS uREykf w f o Ykd nf wrefawmfjrwf
ESit hf wl &Sad ecsed w f iG f aeMuwf oGm;\/ xdt k cg wrefawmfjrwfu AvD0wfausmif;awmfoYkd uwdu k f u&du k f
xGuo f mG ;\/ xdt k cg ud, k af wmf\0wf&o kH nf '&Gww f u kd pf eG af xmifqv GJ suf AvDoYkd ta&mufomG ;cJo h nf/
wzef Alcg&Dusr;f 0wfpm;qif,ifrI u@üyif (tAl[&k ikd &f [focifu qifjh yefco hJ nf/ wrefawmf
jrwfu rdeaYf cRco hJ nfrmS tMuifoo l nf rmeaxmifvmT rIukd jyvkrd jI zifh 4if;\t0wfukd '&Gww f u
kd q f í GJ 0wf
qifygu tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf ud,mrofaeYwiG f xdo k t l m;Munfrh nfr[kw)f [k rdeq Yf x kd m;\/
(Alcg&Dusr;f ['Dqt f rSwf 5788)
qufvufNy;D tAl[&k ikd &f [focifu qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS wref awmfjrwfu rdeaYf cRc\ hJ / tMuifoo l nf
rdru d ,kd rf rd d txifBu;D Ny;D trsm;a&SUwGif armf<um;pGm vrf;avQmufot l m; urÇmajrBu;D xJoYkd epfjrKyaf prnf/
(Alcg&Dusr;f ['Dqt f rSw-f 5789)
tvm;wl tpfAaetGr&® o f cifuvnf; qifjh yefc\ h J / wrefawmfjrwfu rdeaY f cRco h J nfrmS ? tMuifoo l nf
t0wfukd pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfqifygu xdo k t l m; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ajrBu;D xJoYkd epfjrKyaf prnfjzpfonf/
rGwpf vifru f sr;f wGif tAl[&k ikd &f [focif qifjh yefco hJ nfeh nf;wltpfAaetGr&® u f vnf; qifjh yefco hJ nf/
qifjh yefy0kH gus wlaeonfh tcsurf mS wrefawmfred MYf um;onfukd uREykf \ f þem;ESpzf ufjzifh Mum;cJo h nfrmS ?
tMuifoo l nf rmeaxmifvmT ;vdrk rI w S pfyg; tjcm;&nf&, G f csurf &Syd J t0wfukd pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfqifot l m;
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf u ud,mrofaeYwiG f vSní hf yifMunhrf nfr[kwyf g qdo k nft h csuu f kd rGwpf vifru f sr;f tm;
tus,zf iG q hf o kd l tdrmrf e0g0Du ]] az:jyyg ['Dq\ f &nfñeT ;f csuf tppftrSef }} rSm t0wfukd 0wfqif&mü
ajcrsuaf phz;kH onftxd 0wfqifjcif;? (odrYk [kw)f t0wfukd '&Gww f ukd pf eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifjcif;qdo k nfh ]]
0wfpm;qif,ifryI pkH H }} udk qdv k jkd cif;r[kw/f xd0k wfpm; qif,ifo\ l ]]rmeaxmifvmT ;rI? armf<um;rI}}udo k m
wm;jrpfaom ['Dqjf zpfonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf? ['Dqüf ÈH (rme) [laom pum;vH;k tm;jzifh
iH txl;jyK uefo Y wfxm;Ny;D jzpfonf/
(tdrmrf e0g0D\ rGwpf vifru f sr;f zGiq hf ckd suf rmeaxmifvmT ;rIu@? twJ?G 4? pmrsuEf mS -795)
Èc
O rmeaxmifvmT ;rIrygyJ t0wfukd pGeaf xmif qJ0G wfcahJ om tAlbuú&o f cifukd
wrefawmfjrwfu toifonf rmeaxmifvmT ;rIjzihf 0wfpm;qif,ifow l iG f ryg0if[k rdeq Yf ckd jhJcif;onf rmerygyJ
pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfjcif;? wpfenf; ajcrsuaf phz;kH tkyo f nftxd0wfqifjcif;tay: cGijhfyKcsuaf y;Ny;D jzpfavonf/
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;ESihf xd[ k 'Dqrf sm;udk tus,zf iG q hf x kd m; aom tdrmrfEpS yf g;onf vltrsm;vG,u f pl mG
od&EdS ikd &f ef wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ xdw k ifjycsurf sm;udk jcKH io kH ;kH oyfMunfrh nfqv kd Qif t0wf udk pGeaf xmifqí GJ
0wfqifjcif; odrYk [kwf ajcrsuaf phtay:odYk tkyo f nftxd 0wfqifjcif;rsm;udk wm;jrpfjcif; r[kwaf y/
rmeaxmifvmT ;rI AÈc
udo k m wm;jrpfjcif;jzpfayonf/
(tdrmrfe0g0DziG q hf x kd m;aom rGwpf vifru f sr;f ? twG?J 1 pm rsuEf mS -305)
Alcg&Dusr;f udk zof[v G bf m&Dusr;f tjzpf tus,zf iG q hf xk d m;aom tdrmrf tpfAae [*s&f u qdck o hJ nfrmS
þ['Dqw f iG f t0wfukd pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfqifjcif; odrYk [kwf ajcrsuaf phz;kH onftxd 0wfqif jcif;onf
Bu;D rm;aom rmeaxmifvmT ;rIwpfrsKd ;yifjzpfay&m rmeaxmif vTm;&ef r[kwyf J xdu k o
hJ 0Ykd wfqifjcif;onfvnf;
['Dq\ f jyifytjrifoabmt&rSmvnf; wm;jrpfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif þ['Dqüf ]Q # umvpnf;
uefo Y wfa0g[m&jzpfom AÈc
rmeaxmifvmT ;rI wnf;[laom pum;vH;k udk &nfneT ;f xm;onft h wGuf
rmeaxmif vTm;rIrygaom 0wfqifro I nf ajcrsuaf phz;k H tkyo f nftxd 0wf qifjcif; odrYk [kwf pGeaf xmifqí GJ
0wfqifjcif;udk wm;jrpfonfh Oya' tjzpf tusKH ;r0ifawmhay/
armf<um;&ef[al om pdwjf yXmef;csufr&Syd J t0wfuakd jcrsufaphz;kH onftxd &Snv f sm;pGm0wfpm;
qif,ifjcif;onf ]] [&mrf }} wm;jrpf csuf r[kwaf y/ [mzpfzud[f tpfAae tAÁ'&G Af &f uvnf; xd[ k 'Dqf
\qdv k &dk if;rSm rmeaxmifvmT vdrk rI ygyJ 0wfqifjcif;onf xdo k wday;csuüf yg0ifjcif;r&Sad y/ vlwpfa,muf\
0wfqifxm;aom t0wf onf ajrBuD;udkxdonfh '&Gwfwdkufjzpfaejcif;rSmrl rnfonfhtcsdefürqdk
tjypfwifz, G &f m jzpfonf/
(zof[v G b f m&D twJG 10 pmrsuEf mS -263)
az:jycJhaom ['Dqfrsm;ESifh xdk['Dqfrsm;\ t"dyÜm,f&nf&G,fcsuf? &nfñTef;csufrsm;udk
tao;pdwcf jGJ cm;pdwjf zmNy;D tus,0f ifzh iG q hf xkd m;aom tdrmrfBu;D rsm;\ zGiq hf ckd surf sm;t& ]a,mufsm;av;}
rsm;onf t0wfuak d jcrsuaf phtyk o f nftxd 0wfqifjcif; (0g) pGeaf xmifqí G J 0wfqifjcif;udk wm;jrpfjcif;r[kw/f
t0 wf0 wfqif&mü rmeaxmifvmT ;rI <um;0gvdrk jI zifh 0wfqifjcif;udo k m wm;jrpfjcif;jzpfonf/
xd k [ 'D q f \ &nf & G , f c suf t ppf t rS e f o nf rmeaxmif v T m ;vd k r I < um;0gvd k r I j zif h t0wf u d k
wdwk 0kd wfqifyguvnf; ]] [&mrf }} wm;jrpf xm;aom trdew Yf pf&yfjzpfonfukd vH;k 0,Hrk mS ; oHo,jzpf
zG,&f mr&S[ d t k ckid t
f rmqdx k m;aom ['Dqjf zpfayonf/
(zof[v G b f m&Dusr;f twJG 10 pmrsuEf mS -262)
tpövmrfomoem\ 0dOmOfjzpfaom tajccHOya'udk vku d ef mjcif;? xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufjcif;onf
rGwfpvifrfwdkif;twGuf *kPf odu©mudk wifhw,faprnfhordkif;ay;;wm0efwpf&yf jzpfayonf/
t0wfww kd 0kd wfjcif;onfvnf; 0wfpm;qif,ifrw I iG f tusKH ;0ifaom tcsuw f pfcsuf jzpfayonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd
0wfpm;qif,if&mü wdkwdk0wfjcif;ESifh &Snf&Snf0wfjcif;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYywf0ef;usif&Sd a'orsm;wGif
aexdik v f su&f adS om vlrsm;\&d;k &m,Ofaus;rIEiS hf qufE, G af eaomudp&ö yfjzpfayonf/
vlaY bmif tzJUG tpnf;Bu;D wpfcv k ;kH wGif vlom;wdt Yk wGuf ta&;Bu;D aom vdt k yfcsurf sm;\tv,fwiG f
0wfpm;qif,ifru I @ onf ajymyavmufz, G &f m r&Sad om tvGeaf o;i,fonfh udp&ö yfomvQif jzpfayonf/
urÇmv h o l m;xkwpf&yfv;kH wGif rdrw d \ Ykd aexdik &f mobm0a&ajr? &moDOwk? "avhp&du k t f vku d f trsKd ;rsKd ;tzHzk kH
uJjG ym; jcm;em;pGm 0wfqifMuygonf/ 0if&;kd pGe;f a'owGif aexdik Mf uaom tqfu;D rd;k vlrsdK;wdo Yk nf
q,fEpS &f moDv;kH a&cJjyifay:wGif aexdik Mf u &jcif;rsm;aMumifh 4if;wdEYk iS hf 4if;wdu Yk o hJ aYkd om a'owGif
aexdkifMuolrsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm; ESifh urÇmhtDauGwma'orsm;wGif aexkdifMuolrsm;\
0wfpm;qif,ifrIonf ob0taetxm;t& qefYusifaernfomjzpfayonf/ ,if;a'otwGif;
aexdkifoltcsif;csif; twGif;üyifvQif qif;&Jolrsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIESifh csrf;omolrsm;\
0wfpm;qif,ifrrI sm;onfvnf; wlnED ikd rf nf r[kwaf y/ acwftqufqufumG [rI &Sad ernfom jzpfayonf/
wrefawmfjrwfu rdeq Yf ckd o hJ nfrmS jzKH ;wD;rIEiS <hf um;0grIrsm;rS a&SmifMuOfí pm;Muuke?f aomufMuuke?f
0wfpm;qif,ifMuuke?f ay;urf;vSL'gef;Muuke/f (Alcg&Dusr;f )
Alcg&Dusr;f udk tus,zf iG q hf o kd l tdrmrf [mzpf tpfAae[*s&f ocifu rdr\ d q&mjzpfaom ]] od&rf ZD u D sr;f
}}tm; us,fziG q hf o kd l [mzpft&d muD\ tqdyk g 0wfpm;qif,ifrEI iS hf pyfvsOf;í oH;k oyfcsuf rsm;udk
jyefvnfwifjy&mwGif (xdk['Dqfrsm;onf t0wfudk ajcrsufaphtkyfjcif;? odkYr[kwf pGefaxmifqJGí
0wfqifjcif;rsm;udk wm;jrpfjcif; r[kw/f rmeaxmifvmT rIEiS hf <um;0gvdrk u I o kd m wm;jrpfjcif;jzpfonf) [k
od&rf ZD u D sr;f zGiq hf ckd suu f ykd g yl;wJw G ifjyxm;onf/ (zof[v G b f m&Dusr;f twJG 10 pmrsuEf mS -262)
vlom;b0\ wdak wmif;vSpmG aom oufwrf;wGif tod ÓPfzUGH NzKd ;wd;k wufr?I ud, k u f siw hf &m; xl;uJpmG
eufeo J rd af rGUrIwu Ykd Bkd uKd ;yrf;&rnf/ *kPo f a&ysuaf paom trltusirhf sm;? trsm;olimS \ jypfwif&UIH csz, G &f m
"avhp&du k rf sm;? tpövmrfomoem\ qefu Y sizf ufjzpfaom ysupf ;D jcif;qdak om vrf;aMumif;rS rdr\ d ud, k u f kd
umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f &rnf/
tvm;wl jrifawGU&aom &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m vky&f mS ;rIo@mefrsm;\ tjcm;wpfzufwiG &f adS om
rjrifrawGU&onfh pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m ESv;kH om;rS wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sit f m; aMumuf&UHG &dak ocefjY im;rIukd tpOf
ESv;kH oGi;f í rdr\ d pdw"f gwfukd zHUG NzKd ;wd;k wufap&ef tpOfrjywfBuKd ;yrf; tm;xkw&f rnf/ vlom;\atmifjrifru I kd
tñGew Yf ;kH apaom rme axmifvmT ;rI? b0ifjrifrh ?I <um;0gvdrk ?I remvd0k efwrkd ?I avmb? a'go?arm[ qdo k nfh
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m a&m*grsm;udk pifMu,foef&Y iS ;f ap&efBuKd ;yrf;tm;xkw&f rnfh wm0efrmS rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGuf
r&Srd jzpf vkt d yfaom a&aomufjrpfBu;D uJo h Ykd ta&;ygonfh wm0efrsm;jzpf ayonf/
trSew f u,f ]] 'Def }} tpövmrfh b0 wnfaqmufrI vrf;pOfBu;D wpfcv k ;kH wGif t"duusaom
aqmif&u G &f rnfh tcsurf mS &kyyf ikd ;f ESiphf w d yf ikd ;f qdik &f m zHUG NzKd ;wd;k wufr?I ud, k uf siwhf &m;aumif;rGerf I qko d nfu h sr;f
jrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf;ñTerf u I kd wrefawmfjrwfu pHjytaumiftxnfaz:jyaom yHpk cH u G x f o
J Ykd rdrw d \ Ykd
ud,k pf w d Ef pS yf g;pvH;k udk xnfo h iG ;f oGe;f avmif;ykaH z:&rnf jzpfayonf/
tpövmrfhjyXmef;csuf Oya'rsm;onf vlom;rsm;twGuf ayghyg;aom wm0efrsm;jzifhom
aESmifzUGJ xm;ygonf/ umvHa'oHt&acwfwikd ;f ESiv hf nf; tH0ifí vdu k af vsmnDaxG&adS om acwfro DS nfph epf
Bu;D jzpfayonf/ vlwpfa,muf\ xrf;aqmifEikd af om wm0efxufykd í wm0efay;xm;jcif; tvsO;f r&So d uJo h Ykd
rnfonhu f sO;f MuyfrI wpfpw kH pf&mrQ r&Sad Mumif;udv k nf; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f tBurd Bf urd f rdeYf qdk xm;ygonf/
rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f 0wfpm;qif,ifrEI iS hf pyfvsO;f Ny;D ? a,mufsm;av;rsm; ajcrsuaf phz;kH onftxd
0wfpm;qif,ifrt I ay: uJu G jGJ ym;jym; wdwu d sus od&EdS ikd &f ef Alcg&Dusr;f ? rGwpf vifru f sr;f ESihf xdu k sr;f rsm;udk
tus,zf iG q hf akd om tdrmrf tpfAae [*s&f ? tdrmrfe0g0Dwt Ykd jyif od&rf ZD u D sr;f udk tus,zf iG q hf ckd ahJ om
[mzpft&d muDw\ Ykd zGiq hf o kd ;kH oyfcsurf sm;tm; rl&if;twdik ;f az:jycJjh cif; jzpfayonf/
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;udk zGiq hf &kd mü wwfoed m;vnf&rnfh ynm&yfrsm;u@ESih f 0wfpm;qif,ifru I @rsm;
taMumif;udk tD*spEf ikd if t H vftZf[&f tpövmrfh wuúov kd yf garmu©a[mif;? vuf&dS University of Qatar ü
]] pGE[ é Ef iS &hf &S tD m }} XmewGif 'g&du k w f mtjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifaeaom ]] a'gufwm ,lqzG f u&f'gG 0D }}
\ /!$
/$ô# ø#7"ö1 (ac:) ]] wrefawmjrwf\pGE[ é rf sm;ESib hf 0 wnfaqmufMupdYk }} t&ADr&l if;usr;f rS
jrefrmrIjyKí wifjycJjh cif;jzpfayaonf/
rGwpf vifru f sr;f udk tus,zf iG q hf o kd l tdrmrf e0g0DocifrmS [pf*s&D (631-676) jzpfonf/ Alcg&Dusr;f udk
zof[v G b f m&D usr;f tjzpf tus,zf iG q hf okd l tdrmrf [mzpf tpfAae [*s&o f cifrmS [pf*s&D (773-
852)jzpfonf/
,cif tkrikd , f [fEiS t hf AÁmqD,[facwfrsm;wGif t"dutajccH&rnfh usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajcrcHyJ
tawG;tac:0g'? vly*k Kd¾ vw f \ Ykd ,lqcsu0f g'rsm;udk tajccHí Oya'jyKjcif;tm;jzifh tpövmrft h ESpo f m&rsm;rS
vJaG csmcf &hJ avonf/ wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf qG[mbmrsm;acwfww Ykd iG f &Scd ahJ om tpövmrf*h P k af &mifonf
txufraS z:jyolw\ Ykd acwfumvrsm;ü rSm;,Gi;f aom t,l0g'rsm;aMumifh tpövmrfom oemonf
urÇmt h v,fwiG f txifrmS ; tjrifrmS ;cH&aom omoemjzpfc&hJ avonf/
az:jyyg pepfrsm;rS vGwaf jrmufapvdak om tdrmrf&mS zDt?D tdrmrf [rfAvfuo hJ aYkd om tdrmrfBu;D rsm;u
tpövmrfOya'jyK&mwGiv f nf;aumif;? w&m;qH;k jzwf&mwGif vnf;aumif;? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef udk tajccH&rnf?
wrefawmfjrwf\ pGEé[frsm;udk tajccH&rnf[k cH,lMuonf/ 4if;wdkY\acwfwGif &SdMuukefaom
ynm&Sit f rsm;pkonf ø ý Q, [kac:aom rdrw d \
Y k d tawG;tac: t,ltqudk tajccHí w&m;qH;k jzwfcsuf
ay;Muonf/ xdkuJhodkY rdrdwdkY\tawG;tac: t,ltqudk tajccHí w&m;qHk;jzwfjcif;xuf ?
wrefawmfjrwfacwf?qG[mbmrsm;acwfw\ Ykd vkyxf ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udk &SmazGpak qmif;í&&Scd surf sm;udk
tajccHí w&m;qH;k jzwfjcif;u ydí k oifah vsmo f nf ydí k aumif;jrwfonf[k qkcd MhJ ujcif;jzpfonf/
az:jyyg tdrmrfBu;D rsm;\ aemufyikd ;f wGif ['DqMf o0g'awmfrsm;udk pkaqmif;olrsm;? rsm;jym;vmonf/
['Dqfusrf;rsm;onfvnf;rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/wrefawmfjrwfacwf? qG[mbmBuD;rsm;acwf?om
aAtDerf sm;acwfww Ykd iG f r&Scd b hJ ;l aom ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;onf[pf *s&D 197 ckEpS rf S 558 ckEpS t f wGi;f ['Dqu f sr;f
aygif; 41 usr;f ay:aygufco hJ nf/
az:jyyg ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;tm;vH;k wGif yg0ifaom ['DqMf o0g'rsm;onf ]] pGE[ é f }} [kac:aom
Oya'qdik &f m ['Dqrf sm;yg0ifouJo h OYkd ya'rsm;ESihf ywfoufrrI &Sad om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/
taMumif;t&m wpfcEk iS w hf pfck qefu Y sizf uf['Dqrf sm;udv k nf; ,SOw f í GJ az:jyxm;onfukd awGU&S&d ayonf/
tcsKd U['Dqrf sm;onf vdu k ef m usio hf ;kH &ef rqdx k m;ESihf em;vnfoabmayguf&efyif cufcaJ om ['Dqrf sm;vnf;
yg0ifcJhavonf/ usrf;&Siftm;vHk;onf 4if;wdkYtm;jyefvnfajymjyaomolrsm;\ tmabmftwdkif;
4if;wd\ Yk usr;f rsm;wGiaf z:jyxm;onfukd awGU&S&d ayonf/ Oyrm?- 9=1
'grSr[kw'f v D akd jymwmvnf;
jzpfEikd w f ,fqo kd nfh ajymjyol\ ajymjyonft h wdik ;f wifjyxm;ayonf/
xdkusrf;rsm;ay:aygufNyD; ESpfaygif;ig;&mausmf aemufydkif; avmufwGif ['Dqfusrf;rsm;yg
t"dymÜ ,fziG q hf ckd surf sm;udk zGiq hf akd om['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ xd[ k 'Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u
wpfcEk iS w hf pfck qefu Y siv f su&f adS om ['Dqrf sm;ESihf pyfvsO;f í cJjG crf;pdwjf zmoH;k oyfNy;D &Si;f vif;usr;f rsm;
ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ yYkd if ['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u ['Dqrf sm;udk avhvmvdu k pf m;Edik &f ef vG,u f al prnfh
Mum;cHynm&yfrsm;udk a&;om;az:jycJMh uonf/ xdu k ohJ Ydk ['Dqrf sm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&eftwGuf
['Dqrf sm;udk tus,zf iG q hf u kd sr;f rsm;? ['Dqrf sm;udk avhvmvdu k pf m;&mü taxmuftuljyKynm&yfrsm;qdik &f m
usr;f rsm;onfvnf; ay:aygufcahJ vonf/
aemufyikd ;f acwfrsm;wGif az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;? ['Dqrf sm;tm;zGiq hf ckd sufusrf;rsm;? ['Dqrf sm;udk
em;vnf&ef taxmuftuljyK ynm&yfqikd &f musr;f rsm;udk bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;ay; vsuf
&Scd MhJ uonf/ acwfumva&GUvsm;í Mumjrifv h maom aemuf ydik ;f acwf? bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGi?f
['Dqu f sr;f rsm;? ['Dqrf sm;udzk iG q
hf ckd suu
f sr;f rsm;ESihf ['Dqrf sm;udek m;vnf&ef taxmuftuljyKusr;f rsm;udk
t"dubmom&yftjzpf jyXmef;oifMum;cJMh uonf/
tpövmrfomoemwGif t"duusaom? wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf r[mom0ursm; vufawGUusio hf ;kH cJah om
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefurkd l zwf&o
kH ufouf oifMum;ay;aom tajctaeodYk jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mcJah yonf/
uJjG ym;qefu
Y siaf om ['Dqrf sm;
tbDtrmrm;ocifu pdkufysdK;a&;tay: wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYacRcsufudk Mum;od&onfrSm?
pdu
k yf sKd ;a&;vkyu f ikd af om tdro f Ykd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu *kPo f u d m© edryhf g;apolrsm;rSty? tjcm;rnfow l pfO;D
wpfa,mufurkd Q 0ifaprnfr[kw[ f k rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/
(Alcg&Dusr;f pdu k yf sKd ;a&;u@)
xdk['Dqfudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh wrefawmfjrwfonf pdkufysdK;a&;udkrESpfoufaMumif;
xif&Sm;aeayonf/ pdkufysdK;jcif;onf tusdK;r&Sdaomvkyfief;jzpfNyD;? pdkufysdK;olrsm;onf tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwf\xHawmfyg;wGif *kPo f u d m© edru hf saom olrsm;jzpfaeayonf/
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D ? tpövmrfukd odum© csvakd omta&SUwdik ;f om;tcsKd Uu tpövmrf
omoemwGif pdkufysdK;a&;ESifhpyfvsOf; aom&yfwnfcsufonf tvGef&kyfqkd;tusnf;wefvSyg\[k
az:jyyg['Dqw f pfrsKd ;wnf;udk ud;k um;a&;om;Muonf/
trSew f u,fyif az:jyyg['Dqu f 4if;wdq Yk okd uJo h Ykd &nfñeT ;f ygoavm/ odrYk [kwf tpövmrf
omoemwGif pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D rnfuo hJ Ykd cH,yl goenf;qdo k nfh apm'ursm;udk xyfqifw h ifjyrnfh
['Dqrf sm;udk avhvmMurnfqv kd Qif? txufuaz:jyNyD;[ k 'DqEf iS hf ,ckwifjy['Dqrf sm;onf rl&if;pm
om;ESit hf "dymÜ ,f wpfcEk iS w hf pfck zDvm qefu Y siaf eonfukd awGU&ygrnf/
r'D e mNrd K Uom; tef q G m &f q G [ mbmBuD ; rsm; tm;vH k ; vk d v d k onf pd k u f y sd K ;jcif ; vk y f i ef ; jzif h
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKorl sm; jzpfMuygonf/ odaYk omfjim;vnf; wrefawmfjrwfonf rnfonft h cgrQ xdk
tefqmG &f qG[mbmBu;D rsm;tm; pdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk pGeUf vTwMf u&ef trdeaYf y;jcif; tvsi;f r&Scd ahJ y/
tpövmrfomoemh Oya'ynwfcsurf sm;wGiv f nf; pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f í wm;jrpfcsuw f pfpw
kH pf&m
r&Scd ahJ y/
Alcg&Dusrf;ESifh rGwfpvifrfusrf; ESpfusrf;pvHk;wGif tqdknDpGmaz:jyxm;aom ['DqfrSm?
tMuifrw G pf vifrw f pfO;D onf xGe, f ufpu kd yf sKd ; cJ\h / xdpk u kd cf if;rS oD;ESrH sm;teuf vlrsm;? iSurf sm;? wd&pämefrsm;?
pm;Muygu xdpk u kd cf if;&Sit f wGuf vSL'gef;rI\tusKd ;udk &&Srd nfjzpf onf/ teqfocifu qifjh yefco hJ nf/
(Alcg&Dusr;f ? ['Dq-f 1001)
rGwpf vifru f sr;f wGif tvm;wl['Dqrf sKd ;udk *smAd&o f cifu qifjh yefco hJ nf/ wrefawmfjrwfu
rdeqYf ckd ohJ nfrmS tMuifrw G pf vifrw f pfO;D onf xGe, f ufpu kd yf sd K;cJ\h / xdpk u kd cf if;rS rnforl qdk rnfonfw h &d pämef
rqdk pm;oH;k ygu pdu k yf sKd ;oltwGuf ]] qG'u ´ m }} vSL'gef;jcif;rnf\/ tu,fí wpfO;D OD;u cd;k ,lpm;oH;k jcif;?
wd&pämefrsm;0ifa&muf pm; oH;k jcif;? ouf&w dS pfO;D OD;twGuf &dum© jzpfjcif;tm;vH;k tusKH ;0ifonf/
(rGwpf vifru f sr;f ? pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;u@? ['Dq-f 1552)
az:jyyg['Dqrf sm;onf ydik &f iS u f vSL'gef;jcif; ]] eD,of }} &nf&, G cf surf &Syd J olc;kd cd;k ,lpm;oH;k jcif;?
wd&pämefrsm; 0ifa&mufpm;oH;k jcif;ouf&[ dS o l rQ pm;oH;k jcif;tm;jzifh ]] qG'u ´ m }} vSL'gef;rItusKd ;udk cHpm;&
rnfjzpfonf/ pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;\ tusKd ;aus;Zl;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D t[fr'f tpfAae [rfAvf\ rGqef 'fusr;f ESihf
Alcg&Dusr;f wGif teqfocifwpfO;D wnf;u qifjh yefxm;onfrmS 4if;wdaYk cwfwiG f wpfO;D wpfa,muf\
vufxw J iG f pHyG vGeyf sKd ;yif wpfyifwnf;&Syd gu xdyk sKd ;yifwpfyifwnf;udpk u kd yf sKd ;Muyg[k wrefawmfjrwfu
rdeq Y f ck d ah J vonf/(t[fr'frq G ef 'fusr;f ? twJ3G ? ['Dq-f 183? 184?195 ESih f Alcg&Dusr;f 6
S
ESih f rGwpf vifrf
usr;f tus,zf iG q hf ckd suf o ù=j
)
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;tay: &Iaxmifph rkH S oH;k oyfMunfrh nfqv kd Qix f [ kd 'Dqrf sm;onf acwfwikd ;f ESihf
tvGeaf vsmfnND yD; acwfrw DS ;dk wuf aomt,ltq ['Dqrf sm;jzpfayonf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf
urÇmajrBu;D udk obm0aygufyifrsm; pdu k yf ifrsm;jzifh zJUG pnf;wnf aqmufxm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ pdu k yf sKd ;a&;onf
vlom;wd\ Yk b0&yf wnfcsut f wGuf r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfcsujf zpfayonf/ vlom;wpf&yfv;kH &Sio f efa&;? avmuD
avmukw&Å m udp&ö yfrsm;udk aqmif&u G Ef ikd af &;rsm;onf pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ay:wGif tajccHvsuf &Sad yonf/
þonf pdu k yf sKd ;&efEiS hf pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;\tusKd ;rsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f í wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'rsm;jzpfonf/
txufyg pdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyu f ikd o f t l rd o f Ykd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ *kPo f u
d m© edrahf paomolrsm;rSty
r0if&qdo k nfh ['Dqu f kd Alcg&Dusr;f wGif tbDtrmrm;u qifjh yefaom ['Dqjf zpfonf/
xd k [ 'D q f E S i f h tjcm;r[mom0uBuD ; rsm; qif h j yef c J h a om['D q f r sm;rS m wpf c k E S i f h w pf c k
vH;k 0qefUusiv f su&f ydS gonf/ az:jyyg pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f í uJv G q GJ efu Y siaf om ['Dqt f ay: Alcg&Dusr;f udk
tus,zf iG q hf xkd m;aom tdrmrf tpfAae [*s&o f cif\ zof[v G b f m&Dusr;f wGif &Si;f vif;xm;onfrmS ?-
rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGuf *s[ d m'ftcsed w f iG f *s[ d m'fjyKjcif;om 0g*spAf f wm0efwpf&yfjzpfayonf/
xdak cwfwiG f tcsKd UrGwpf vifrrf sm;onf pdu k yf sKd ;p&dwt f m; aiGBuKd ,pl epfjzifh BuKd ,Nl y;D oD;ESaH y:csed w f iG f xdak iGtpm;
oD;ESHuadk ps;avQmhí BudKwifowfrSwaf ompepfudk usifho;Hk Mu\/ (oD;ESrH pdkucf iftvsif aiGBudK,lNyD;
oD;ESH\wefzdk;udk avQmhaps;jzifhBudKwifí owfrSwfjcif;onf twdk;oabmaqmifívnf;aumif;?
pku
d yf sKd ;yifrsm;udk jyKprk nfo h rl &Sí d pdu k yf sKd ;yifrsm;ysupf ;D oGm;ygu? olwpfyg;xHrS acs;aiGjyefrqyfEikd rf nfukd pd;k &drí f
*s[ d m'fwiG f *s[ d m'fukd ausmcdik ;f olrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í rdeq Yf ckd ahJ om ['Dqjf zpfayonf/
tjcm;['Dqrf sm;wGif wrefawmfjrwfu rdeaYf cRco hJ nfrmS toifw\ Ykd pdu k yf sKd ;cif;rsm; qH;k &I;H jcif;u
qH;k &H;I jcif;r[kw?f *s[ d m'fwiG q f ;kH &H;I ygu toifwt Ykd m;vH;k olwpfyg;\aus;uRef jzpfomG ;rnf[k rdeq Yf kd
csu[ f 'Dqrf sm; yg0ifavonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;onf umvHa'oHt H & wrefawmfjrwf\ rdeMYf um;
aom['Dqrf sm;jzpfonf/ pdu k yf sKd ;a&; onf vlom;rsm;twGu?f tusKd ;&So d nf? pdu k yf sKd ;&rnf? ysKd ;yifwpfyif
wnf;&Syd gu xdyk sKd ;yifwpfcw k nf;udk pdu k yf sKd ;&rnf/ *s[ d m'fumvwGif pdu k yf sKd ;cif;udpk eG í Yf *s[ d m'fwiG f yg0if&rnf/
pduk yf sKd ;cif;qH;k &H;I jcif;onfypön;f qH;k &H;I jcif;omjzpfonf/ *s[ d m'fq;kH &H;I ygu vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;vH;k qH;k &H;I rnft h wGuf
pdkufysdK;jcif;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; *sd[m'fudkausmckdif;cJhaomolrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\
*kPo f u d m© edru hf sjcif;cH&ol rsm;[k qdjk cif;jzpfonf/
az:jyyg uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ['Dqrf sm;onf t"duESio hf mrn udk tcsed t f cgay:wGirf w l nfí
rdeq Yf ckd ahJ om ['Dqrf sm;jzpfayonf/
(a'gufwm ,lqzG u f &f'gG 0D\ / ! $
/$ ô # ø# 7" ö 1 pmtky?f pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;u@rS aumufEw I wf ifjyonf/)
,,,,,,,,,,,,
em;vnf&efcufcaJ om ['Dqrf sm;teuf Alcg&Dusr;f yg ae0if jcif;pyfvsO;f aom ['Dqw f pfy'k t f m;
tdrmrf tpfAae [*s&f \ tus,zf iG q hf ckd suf ]] zof[v G &f bm&D }} usr;f wGi?f -
]] tAlZ&focifonf AvD0wfausmif;wGif wrefawmfjrwfESifh twl&Sdae\/ xdktcsdefonf
ae0ifcsed jf zpf\/ wrefawmfjrwfu J.
O C ú

E
C
*+
= td-k tAlZ&f? aeonf rnfonht f &yfoYkd
0ifomG ;onfukd toifoyd govm;/ tAlZ&focifutv’m[fEiS hf tv’m[f\wrefawmfu ydí k odygrnf[k
ajzMum;cJ\ h / xdt k cg wrefawmfjrwfu p
NC F C ý 7' < : C 8" 0 {ueftrSeaf eonf tv’m[f
&Sijf rwf\yv’iaf wmfatmufoYkd OD;cs&ef iHUk vQKd ;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf [k rdeMfY um;cJo h nf/
tvm;wl Alcg&Dusr;f yg tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k w f iG f aetm; aumif;uifwrefrsm;u vlw\ Ykd OD;acgif;
txuf ? rd;k aumif;uifrS ae0if&m t&yfjzpfonfh tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ yv’iaf tmufoo Ykd ,faqmifomG ;Ny;D
OD;csap\/ aemufaeY tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu yv’if atmufrS xGuaf pcsut f rdet Yf & aeonf jyefxu G cf hJ
avonf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd aeonf aeYpOfaexGu&f mt&yfrx S u G í f ae0if&mt&yfjzpf aom tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\
yv’iaf tmufoYkd iHUk vQKd ;0ifa&mufí OD;csco hJ nf/
(Alcg&Dtus,zf iG hf zof[v G b
f m&Dusr;f ? 4-231? 8-403?20-517)
az:jyyg ['DqftrsdK;tpm;onf ]]qG[D[f}} qifhjyefol ]]qe'f}}tcsdwftquf rSefuefaom
['Dqrf sm;jzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefp&l [f(36) tm,wf(38) wGi?f aevnfywfrEI iS phf yfvsO;f aom tm,wf
udk az:jyyg['Dqrf sm;tm;jzifh (ozfp&D f tpfAaeuóD&?f [pf*s&?D 701-774)uzGiq hf x kd m;onf/ t&ADr&l if;
ozfp&D uf sr;f twJ?G 3? pmrsuEf mS -589 rS 591 txdaz:jyyg ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm; 10 yk't f m;jzifh &Si;f vif;xm;
onf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefyg aevnfywfyk H
]]4if;tjyif aeonfvnf; rdr\ d aeywfvrf;aMumif;xJwiG f vnfywfvsuf &Sad eonf/ þonfum;
tvGew f &m Edik ef if;vTr;f rd;k awmfral om? t<uif;rJo
h ad wmfral om t&Sijf rwf\ wdik ;f wmowfrw S f csuf jzpf\}}
az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(36) tm,wf(38)ESihf xdu k hJ odaYk om tm,wfawmfrsm;udk
awGU&Sad vhvmrdcahJ om jyifopfEikd if o H m; a'gufwm arm&pfAsLudik ;f (Maurice Bucaille) u The Bible The
Quran And Science [laomtrnfjzifh pmtkyx f w k af 0cJah vonf/ tvm;wl 1978 ckEpS f tar&duefEikd if H
e,l;a,mufNrKd U r,f'q D efpuJG ,m;wGif urÇmu h se;f rma&;tzJUG W.H.O rS Bu;D rSL;usi;f yaom aq;odyHÜ
ES;D aESmzvS,yf BGJ u;D wGif pmwrf;oH;k apmifukd wifoiG ;f zwfMum;cJ\ h / xdpk mwrf;rsm;rSm ]] usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f
oaE¨tparG;zGm;rI? cE¨maA'ESihf eu©waÅ A'qdik &f m tcsut f vufrsm; wnf&adS ejcif;qdak om pmwrf;rsm;
jzpfonf/
eu©waÅ A'
eu©waÅ A'qdik &f m pmwrf;wGif aeonfaeywfvrf;aMumif;xJ wGif vnfywfaeonfqakd om ody\ HÜ
awGU&Sdcsufxuf usrf;jrwfuk&f tmefu ESpfaygif; axmifausmfapmí az:jyxm;aMumif;yg0ifonfh
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd zGiqhf &kd mü t&ADa0g[m&\ us,jf yefrY rI sm;udk &Iaxmifph rkH S zGiq
hf Ekd ikd cf o
hJ jl zpfonf/
4if;\zGiq
hf ckd suw
f iG f ae\tvif;a&miftm; ]]a'G,m;tGe}f } [kvnf;aumif;? v\tvif;a&mifukd
]]El;&Ge}f }[lívnf;aumif;? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f cJjG cm;oH;k EIe;f xm;aMumif;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D ae\tvif;
]]a'G,m;tGef}} qdkonfrSm udk,fydkiftvif;? tjcm;t&m rsm;udknf; tvif;ay;aom tvif;a&mif[k
t"dymÜ ,f&Ny;D ? v\ tvif; ]]El&eG }f } qdak om vif;a&mifjcnfonf rdr\ d ud, k yf ikd tf vif;a&mifr[kw/f
tjcm;tvif;a&mif\ tvif;jyefrt I ay: vif;0 if;jcif;jzpfonf[k t"dymÜ ,f&aMumif; tvif;ESpcf u k ckd jGJ cm;í
yxrOD;qH;k usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd acwfoyd jHÜ zifh zGiq hf ckd ohJ jl zpfonf/
Dr. Maurice Bucaille onf odyq HÜ ikd &f m &SmazGawGU&Scd surf sm;ESihf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg odyq HÜ ikd &f m
tm,wfrsm;udk ,SOw f íGJ az:jyEdik f cJo
h jl zpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh wifjy&rnfqv kd Qif pMu0VmBu;D onf tcsed f
wdik ;f us,jf yefUvsu&f adS eaMumif;ud'k ' Hubble Radio Telescope''ac: tmumotEkMunfhrSefajymif;rSm
ESptf enf;i,ftvsiu f rS awGU&Scd sujf zpfayonf/ tmumoqdik &f m odyyHÜ nm&Sif rsm;u txufyg pMu0VmBu;D
tcsdefwdkif; us,fjyefUvsuf&SdyHk &Sif;jy&mü avblabmif; wpfvHk;\tay:wGif a&mifpHktpuf
tajymufrsm;wpfnDwpfnmwnf; a&;cs,fNyD; avblabmif;twGif;odkY jznf;jznf;avrIwfoGif;ygu
avblabmif;tay:wGif a&;cs,fxm;aom tpuftajymufrsm;onfwpfckESifhwpfck [efcsufnDnD
tuGmta0;tcsKd ;nDpmG a0;uGmvsu&f adS yrnf/ pMu0VmBu;D onfvnf; us,jf yefUvsu&f &dS m? pMu0VmwGi&f adS e
aomN*Kd [rf sm;tm;vH;k onfvnf; [efcsun f n D D tuGmta0; tcsKd ; nDpmG us,jf yefv Y su&f adS eaMumif;udk
az:jyygtEkMunfh tmumorSef ajymif;rS awGU&Scd MhJ uonf/
]] igt&Sijf rwfonf rd;k aumif;uifukd us,jf yefv Y su&f adS om t&mtjzpf zefqif;cJ\ h }}
az:jyyg pMu0VmBu;D us,jf yefaY erItay: odyaHÜ wGU&Scd suEf iS u hf sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg az:jyrIwu Ykd kd
,SOw f aGJ z:jyoljzpfonf/
acwfwik d ;f twGuf vrf;ñTeu

f sr;f
usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefonf vlom;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf ud,mrof aeYwikd f vrf;ñTev f suf&adS ernfh
usr;f jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f yg tm,wfrsm; udk acwftqufqufziG q hf ckd MhJ uaom 6 # rsm;\zGiq hf ckd surf sm;onf
4if;wdaYk cwf? 4if;wdu Yk mvESio hf m tH0if*iG u
f s jzpfayrnf/ acwfopfoyd q HÜ ikd &f m zHUG NzKd ;wd;k wufrI tavsmuf
acwfopftjrifEiS hf zGiq hf ckd surf sm;onf xdak cwf xdu k mvESihf avsmn f aD om odyq HÜ ikd &f m pG,pf ukH sr;f tjzpf
jrifawGU&rnfjzpfonf/ aemif ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmaemufyikd ;f ru? ud,m rofwikd f acwfopfoyd yHÜ nm&yfrsm;ESihf
acwfopfoyd q HÜ ikd &f m ynm&Sif rsm;\ a&SUrStjr&J adS ernfh usr;f jrwfjzpfonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftm; vlom;wdkY\ b0vrf;ñTefrI &IaxmifhrS Munfhjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;
urÇmOh ya'pG,pf u kH sr;f tjzpf jrifawGU&ayrnf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ u&kPm&vdrk I jzifh zwf&w G o f &Zösm,fjcif;tm;jzifv h nf;
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ u&kPmrsm;udk &&Scd pH m;&rnfjzpfayonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm; owif;aumif;tjzpf zwf&aI vhvm rnfqv kd Qif rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGuf
owif;aumif;ay;aom usr;f tjzpfawGU&Sd cHm;&rnfjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf-------
]]igt&Sifonf toifhtay:odkY usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk t&mcyfodrf;wdkY\ &Sif;vif;csuf
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vrf;ñTerf t I jzpfvnf; aumif;? r[mu&kPmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? owif;aumif;
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftm; tyfEiS ;f olrsm;twGuf csay;cJh avonf }}
]] rMumjrifrh D igt&Sio f nf xdo
k wl Ukd tm; rsuaf phwpfq;kH jrifawGU&aom rd;k ukwpf uf0ikd ;f twGi;f rsm;ü
vnf;aumif;? xdo k w l \ Ykd cE¨mud,
k u
f ,
kd rf sm;twGi;f üvnf;aumif;? igt&Sijf rwf\ oufaovu©Pmrsm;
udk jyoawmfrrl nf/ aemufq;kH wGif 4if;wdüYk {uefpifppf (usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef)rSeu
f efaMumif; odomxif&mS ;í
vmayrnf }}[kred qYf xkd m;\/
wrefawmfjrwf\ wm0efonf
]] (td-k eAD) rnfo\ l oufaocHjcif;onf tBu;D us,q f ;kH jzpfygoenf;[k xdo k w l t Ykd m; ar;ygav/
toifuyif ajymMum;ygav/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonfyif uREfyk Ef iS t hf oifwpYkd yfMum;wGif oufao
jzpfawmfryl gonf/ pifppf uREykf \ f xH0 ,f þusr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf(tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf xHawmfrS )
0[Dtjzpf ydcYk scjhJ cif;jzpfayonf/ xdu k sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefjzif?h toifwt Ykd m;vnf;aumif;? xdu k sr;fjrwfu&k f
tmef a&muf&adS omolwt Ykd m; vnf;aumif;? owday;Ed;I aqmf&ef jzpfayonf }}
]] xdrk w S pfyg; igt&Sijf rwfonf toifx h o
H Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd csay;awmfrcl \ hJ / toifonf
vlom;wdt Yk m; xdu k sr;f yg trdeYf ynwfcsurf sm;udk tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;jyo&ef vnf;aumif;? xdo k wl o Ykd nf
pOf;pm;qifjcifMutHah omiSm vnf;aumif;? jzpfayonf }}
]] {uef igt&Sio f nf toifx h o
H Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd rSef uefrEI iS w hf uG csay;cJ\ h / toifonf
xdo k w
l pYkd yfMum;0,f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf jyoawmfro l nft h wdik ;f qH;k jzwfygav }}
]] pifppfaomfum; igt&Sijf rwfonf toif\tay:odYk usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefukd csay;cJo h nfrmS
toifonf 4if;wdt k m; uJv G GJ vsu&f dS cJMh uaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk &Si;f vif;tHah omiSm vnf; aumif;?
ouf0if,MkH unfow l t Ykd zdYk w&m;vrf;ñTet f jzpfvnf;aumif;? u&kPm tjzpfvnf;aumif; csay;awmf
rlcahJ vonf }}
]] 4if;tjyif (tdk-eAD) igt&Sifonf toifhxHodkY rSefuefaom usrf; jrwfuk&ftmefudk
xkwjf yefcsrw S af wmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xdu k sr;f onf4if;tvsi&f cdS ahJ om usr;f rsm;udk axmufcv H su&f \ dS / 4if;tjyif
,if; usr;f rsm;udv k nf; xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf\/ odjYk zpfay&m (td-k eAD)toifonf xdo k wl \ Ykd pyfMum;0,f
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf xkwjf yef csrw S cf hJ onfu h sr;f *efEiS thf nD w&m;qH;k jzwfygav/ 4if;tjyif toif onfrrd d
xHa&muf&v dS maom rSeu f efaomusr;f udpk eG Uf í 4if;wd\ Yk tvdq k E´ udk rvdu k af vESihf }}
]] td-k &plvw f refawmf toifonf rdr\ d t&Sijf rwfxrH S rdrx d H odYk csay;jcif;cH&aom a'oemrsm;udk
ydaYk qmifa[mMum;ygav/ tu,fí toifonf ydaYk qmifjcif;rjyKcyhJ gvQif toifonf xdt k &Sijf rwf\
taMumif;Mum;csuu f kd ydaYk qmifonf rrnfacs/ (wenf;)eAD wrefawmfjzpfjcif;\ wm0efukd aus >yefpmG
aqmif&u G o f nf rrnfacs/
txufaz:jyyg tm,wfrsm;udk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh wrefawmf jrwfonf usrf;jrwfyg
Oya'rsm;udk tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;jyol? vufawGUtao;pdwf taumiftxnfaz:jyoljzpfonf/
xdw k refawmfjrwf\usr;f jrwfyg Oya'rsm;udk tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;jycsu?f az:jycsu?f b0 wnfaqmufjyrIrsm;udk
]] pGE[ é f }} [kac:qdo k nf/ xdk pGE[ é f rsm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS t hf wl ud,mrofaeYwikd f &Sio f efaernfh
Oya'rsm;jzpfayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ ydcYk scahJ om ]] 0[D }} rSví GJ rdro d abmjzifh
bmwpfcrk Q ajymqdjk cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ wrefawmfjrwf\ ajymqdjk cif;onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ xkwjf yefycYkd saom
0[Dtwdik ;f om ajymqdo k nf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(53) tm,wf (3-4)ü?-
]] xdrk w S pfyg; (wrefawmf)onf (rdr)d pdwt f vdqk E´t& ajymqdk avhr&Sad y/ ,if;ajymqdrk u I m;
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ xkwjf yefycYkd saom ]]0[D}} xkwjf yefcsujf zpfonf }}
az:jyyg tm,wf\ 0 [D qdo k nfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefuq dk jkd cif;jzpfonf/ txufwiG f wifjycJah om
pl&[f(6) tm,wf(19)t&?«pifppf uREfyk x f 0H ,f xdu k srf;jrwfu&k t f mefonf (tv’m[fxaH wmfr)S 0[D
tjzpfycYkd sjcif; jzpfonf/» wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfpwif 0[DycYkd scsd ef ]] wrefawmfjrwfonf
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ a&G;cs,cf &H aom eADjzpfaMumif; }} trsm;olimS u ,HMk unf&efrmS t"duusaomtcsujf zpf
ayonf/ xdt k csuo f nf tpövmrfomoem pwifcsed w f iG vf t kd yfaom ,HMk unfryI ikd ;f qdik &f m u@jzpfonf/
xdt k csuu f kd ,HMk unforl sm;twGuf wrefawmfjrwfxcH say;aom 0[D (ac:) usr;f jrwfu&k w f iG f
az:jyxm;aom wpfyg;wnf;aomtv’m[ft&Sijf rwfukd ,HMk unfEikd rf nfjzpfonf/ xdw k pfyg;wnf;aom
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfukd vufc, H MkH unfjcif;tm;jzif?h aemifwrefveG b f 0? aumif;uifwrefrsm;? *sEo é of ck bH?k
*s[Eért f y,fi&J? ud,mrof(ac:)aoNy;D aemuf jyefvnf&iS o f efjcif;? aumif;jrwfaom usiphf Ofusi&hf yf\
&v'ftusKd ;? raumif;aom usiphf Ofusi&hf yf\ qd;k usKd ;rsm;udk tpm;ay;rnfah eY? urÇmOD;tprS acwftqufquf
apvTwcf ahJ om eADwrefawmfrsm; taMumif;? xdek ADwrefawmfrsm;\ ajcz0g;xyfwl vdu k ef musio hf ;kH olrsm;udk
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf ab;tEÅ&m,ftoG,o f , G rf S umuG,cf o hJ nft h aMumif;rsm;? xdek ADwrefawmfr sm;tm;
qefu Y sicf o hJ rl sm;tay: usa&mufcahJ om ab;tEÅ&,frsm;taMumif;tjyif? qGvmof? Zumof?qG, d mrf? [*sf
uJhodkYaom jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&rnfh tydkif;rsm;ESifh wm;jrpfxm;aom jypfrI'kp&kdufrsm;taMumif;rsm;udk
em;vnfoabmayguf vdu k ef musio fh ;kH Ekid rf nfjzpfonf/
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu 0[Dtjzpf wrefawmfjrwfudk csay; aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefukd
jyefvnfajymjyolrmS wrefawmfjrwfjzpfonf/ xdw k refawmfjrwfu ajymjycJah om uk&t f mefonf wrefawmf
u olo Y abmESio hf l ajymjyjcif;r[kw/f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu 0[DycYkd sonft h wkid ;f om ajymjcif;jzpfonf[k
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu vlom; wpf&yfv;kH udk av;av;eufeuf ,HMk unfEidk &f ef rdeq Yf x kd m;aomv’m[fyUkd csaom
0[Drsm;udk wrefawmfu vdw k ;kd ydak vQmh wnf;jzwfjcif;rjyKyJ twdtusajymonfrmS rSeu f efygonf/ toifwYkd
,HMk unfMu? tu,fí wrefawmfu tv’m[fycYkd saom 0[Drsm;udk wrefawmfjrwfu vdw k ;kd ydak vQmjh yKvyk cf v hJ Qi?f
rnfuo hJ Ykd ta&;,lrnfqkd onfukd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(69) tm,wf(44-45-46)wdüYk ?-]
]] pif p pf a omf u m; tu,f í om xd k ( eAD ) onf igt&S i f j rwf \ tcsd K Uaompum;rsm;ud k
vkyMf uaH jymqdck yhJ gvQi?f igt&Sio f nf 4if;\ vuf,mudk qJaG wmfrrl nf/ xdaYk emuf igt&Sio f nf 4if;\ESv;kH aMum
udk jzwfawmufawmf rlcahJ yrnf }}
0[Dqo
kd nfrmS
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f ysm;rsm;xHoUkd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu 0[D csay;aMumif;yg0ifayonf/ tvm;wl
ud,mrofaeYwiG f urÇm ajrBu;D udk 0[D ydí Yk owif;pum;udk ajymqdak prnf[k yg0ifayonf/ rlqm(f)\
rdcifxo H Ykd 0[Dcsay;aMumif;yg0ifayonf/r&f,rfocif rxHoYkd aumif;uifwrefwpfyg;udk apvTwí f
ydaYk y;aaom owif; pum;onfvnf; 0[D jzpfayonf/
az:jyyg usrf;jrwfu&k t f meft& ? wrefawmfr[kwo f rl sm;? ysm;owÅ0grsm;? urÇmajrBuD;tm;
ydcYk sonf0h [Drsm;ESihf eADwrefawmfrsm;xHycYkd say;aom 0[D rsm;\ uGmjcm;csurf sm;udk od&efrmS tvGet f a&;yg
aom tcsujf zpfayonf/
az:jyyg rlqm(f) \rdcif? tDqm(f) \rdcif r&f,rfocifrwdt Yk m; csay;cJah om 0[Drsm;rSm
4if;wdEYk iS o hf mqdik af om 0[Dowif; pum;rsm; jzpfayonf/ trsm;olimS ESiq hf ikd af om 0[Drsm;r[kwaf y/
wrefawmfrsm;xHoYkd csay;aom0[Drsm;rSm xdw k refawmfrsm;ud, k pf m;jyKí yGiahf y:&aom vlrsKd ;pkrsm;?
e,fy,frsm;? acwfrsm;wGi&f o dS rl sm;ESiq
hf ikd af om 0[Drsm;jzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f eAD wrefawmf
rsm;onf acwfwikd ;f ? ae&mwdik ;f ? vlrsKd ;wdik ;f wGif xdak cwf? xdak e&m xdv k rl sKd ;pkrsm;twGuf w&m;vrf;nTerf jI yK&ef
apvTwcf ah J yonf/
az:jyyg acwfwikd ;f ? ae&mwkid ;f ? vlrsKd ;wdik ;f wGif yGiahf y:cJMh uaomeADwrefawmfrsm;xH usa&mufcahJ om
0[Drsm;onfvnf;? xdek AD wrefawmfrsm; r&So d nfah emufyikd ;f wGif rl&if;rsm; uG,af ysmufc&hJ avonf/
az:jyygwrefawmfrsm;? 4if;wdx Yk u H sa&mufcahJ om 0[Drsm;ESiw hf refawmfjrwf rk[r®'(f ) ESihf
xdw k refawmfjrwfxH usa&mufaom0[D(ac:)usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ uGmjcm;csuu f vkd nf; odxm;&ef ta&;
ygvSayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f wrefawmfjrwftm; ú ! $
ù7H ' ? eADwrefawmfrsm;\ OaoQmif(0g)
aemufq;kH eAD[k qdx k m; onf/ ú ' / pMu0VmteE´twGuf r[mu &kPm&Sif [k qdx k m;ayonf/
xdw k refawmfjrwfxH 0[Dtjzpfcsay; cJah om usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd ú ' 1 * pMu0Vmwpfcv k ;kH twGuf
vrf;ñTeu f sr;f [kqx kd m;ayonf/
az:jyyg wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd 0[Dtjzpfcsay;aom uk&t f mefrmS urÇmv h o l m;rsm;ESihf qdik af om?
ud,mrofaeYwikd ?f vlom;wpf&yfv;kH vdu k ef musio fh ;kH &rnfh vlom;wd\ Yk b0wnfaqmufrI Oya'usr;f
Bu;D jzpfayonf/ xd0k [D Oya'Bu;D udk csay;cJjh cif;? xdOk ya'usr;f yg pum;vH;k rsm; ]] \onf rvJG }} rl&if;twkid ;f
tjrx J m0& xde;f odr;f jcif;udk tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf ud, k af wmfwikd f wm0ef,x l m;ayonf/
]] {uefpifppf igt&SifjrwfonfyifvQif qHk;rMo0g'wnf;[l aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk
csay;awmfrcl \ hJ / xdrk wS pfyg; {ueftrSeif gt&Sio f nfyifvQi?f xd(k usr;f )udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufawmfrrl nfh
t&Sijf zpfayonf }}
wref a wmf o nf aemuf q H k ; wref a wmf j zpf o nf / wref awmf j rwf \ aemuf w G i f
eADyiG ahf y:&efr&Sad wmhay/ wrefawmfjrwf onf urÇmv h o l m;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf yGiahf y:cJah om eADwrefawmfjzpf
onf/ urÇmv h o l m;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf aemufq;kH yGiahf y:cJah om wrefawmfjrwfxH 0[Dtjzpfcsay;cJah om
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonfvnf; vlom;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf jynf0uHv k NkHy;D ? Ny;D jynfph o kH nfh vlom;wpf&yf vH;k twGuf
b0wnfaqmufrIOya' jzpfavonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&f tmefonf vlom;b0wpfckvHk;twGuf
vrf;ñTeu f sr;f jzpfonf/
wrefawmfjrwf\ pum;tm;vH;k 0[Djzpfoavm/
txufwiG f az:jycJo h nfh usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef pl&[f(53) tm,wf (3-4)wdw
Yk iG ?f -
]] xdkrSwpfyg; wrefawmfonf rdrd\ pdwftvdkqE´t& ajymqdkavhr&Sd/ ,if;ajymqdkrIum;
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ xkwjf yefycYkd saom0[D xkwjf yefcsujf zpfonf }}
az:jyyg tm,wfonf wrefawmfjrwfujyefvnfajymjy aom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwpftyk vf ;kH udk
qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ xdu k &k t
f mefyg tm,wfrsm;tm;vH;k onf wrefawmfjrwfu rdro d abmESihf ajym jcif;r[kw/f
wrefawmfjrwf\ ajymMum;csuo f nf tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfu xkwjf yefycYkd saom 0[D xkwjf yefcsujf zpfonf[k
qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ txufyg 0[Dtwdkif;om wrefawmfjrwfu qdkjcif;jzpfonfqdkaomtcsufonf
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd qdjk cif;jzpfaMumif; 6 # tm;vH;k tqdn k pD mG vufcx H m;ayonf/
wrefawmfjrwfu eADtjzpf pwifaMunmcsdefwGif t&AfrsdK; EG,ftm;vHk; vdkvdku apm'u
wufMuonfrmS toifeADjzpfaMumif;ESihf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxrH S 0[Dtjzpf csay;aom tm,wfrsm; rSeu f ef
aMumif;udk oufaojyyg[k qdck MhJ uonf/ xdt k csed w
f iG f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f (6) tm,wf(19)
usa&mufco hJ nf/
]] (td-k eAD) rnfo\ l oufaocHjcif;onftBu;D qH;k jzpfygoenf;[k qdo k w l tYkd m; ar;ygav/ toifuyif
ajymMum;ygav/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonfyif uREykf Ef iS fh toifwpYkd yfMum;wGif oufaojzpfawmfryl gonf/
pifppf uREfkyfxH0,f þusrf;jrwfuk&ftmefonf tv’m[fxHawmfrS 0 [Dtjzpf ydkYcscJhjcif;jzpfonf/
xduk sr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm;jzift h oifwt Ykd m;vnf;aumif;? xdu k sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefa&muf&adS omolwYkd
tm;vnf;aumif;? owday;Ed;I aqmf&ef jzpfayonf }}
wrefawmfjrwfonf vlom;obm0tavsmuf ajymrSm;qdrk mS ;&Scd ahJ Mumif; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef
pl&[f(66) tm,wf(1)wGi?f -
]] tdk-eADwrefawmf igt&Sifjrwfu cGifhjyKxm;onfh oefY&Sif; aomt&mrsm;udk toifu?
toif\ZeD;rsm;\ tvdu k stb,f aMumifh ]] [&mrf }} [lí wm;jrpfoenf; }}
tvm;wl pl&[f(18) tm,wf(23-24)wGi?f -
]] td-k wrefawmf wpfpw kH pf&mESiphf yfvsO;f í tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftvdw k yl gvQiq f akd om pum;vH;k rqdyk ?J
eufjzefvyk rf nf(ajymrnf)qdk onfh toH;k tEIe;f udk b,faomtcgrQ rqdak vESihf }}
]] (td-k eAD) toifajymMum;vdu k ?f uREykf o f nf toifwu Ykd o hJ aYkd om vlom;jzpfonf/ odaYk omf uREykf x f o H Ykd
0[D ydcYk sjcif;cHc&hJ onf }}
Alcg&Dusr;f ESihf rGwpf vifru f sr;f wdw Yk iG f tqdnk pD mG az:jycJah om['Dqrf sm;?-
ù1
;?
*
ý"1:0N"
*04$C1ý"
ù5 a#].+"
"

( ,÷67#) úCFF ùn ,ù7 0

7 0CÈmý0
uREykf o f nf toifwu Ykd o hJ Ykd vlom;jzpfonf/ toifwaYkd rhwwfouJo h Ykd uREykf v
f nf; arhrmS ;wwfonf/
uREykf \ f qGvmofrsm;wGif rSm;,Gi;f rI&ydS gu trSm;jyifay;yg/ odrYk [kwf p*s'f [fq[l jyKyg/
az:jyyg usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef t m,wf r sm;t& vnf ; aumif ; ? ['D q f t &vnf ; aumif ; ?
wrefawmfjrwfonf vlom;wpfO;D jzpfonf/
vlom;obm0 arhrmS ;ajymqdrk rI sm; &Scd o hJ nft h wGuf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f wrefawmfjrwftm; wdu k &f u kd f
wm;jrpfcjhJ cif; jzpfayonf/
uk&t
f mefrt
S y tjcm;0[Drsm;
wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef 0[Dtjyif tjcm;0[Drsm; usa&mufcjhJ cif; &Srd &Sq d akd om
udp&ö yfEiS phf yfvsO;f í wrefawmfxo H u Ykd rÇmv
h ol m;wpf&yfv;kH ESiq
hf ikd af om ud,mrofaeYwikd f wnf&adS ernfjzpf
aom usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef 0[Donf vlUb0wpfavQmufv;kH twGuf NyD;jynfph ckH NhJ yDjzpfaMumif; pl&[f(5)
tm,wf(3)wGi?f -
]] ,aeYaomfum;igt&Sio f nf toifwt Ykd zdYk ]'De}f omoemudk Ny;D jynfph akH wmfrcl ahJ vonf/ 4if;tjyif
igt&Sifonf tpövmrfom oemudk toifwdkYtzdkY b0wnfaqmufrIvrf;pOftjzpf oabmwl
ESpNf rKd§ Uawmfrcl ahJ vonf }}
txufygtm,wft& tpövmrfomoemNy;D jynfph ckH o hJ nfrmS wrefawmfjrwf ruG,v f eG rf D (8 1)
&uftvdu k yif jzpfayonf/ xdu k sr;f jrwfu&k t f mef 0[Drsm;udk wrefawmfjrwfu rdru d ,kd w f ikd f tm*Hk
aqmif rSww f rf;wifco hJ nf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu, kd w f idk u f wref awmfjrwftm; pl&[f(87) tm,wf
(6-7)wdw Yk iG ?f -
]] igt&Sio f nf toift h m;zwfMum;apawmfrrl nf/ odjYk zpfay&mtv’m[fjrwf tvdak wmf&o dS nfrt S y?
toifonf arhavsmrf &I rdS nfr[kwf awmhNyD }}
az:jyygtm,wfonf wrefawmfjrwftm; tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfu usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef0[Dukd
rarhEikd af omenf;jzifh oifMum;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef 0[Drsm; pwif
usa&mufcsed rf S Ny;D jynfph o kH nftxd 23 ESpv f ;kH vH;k 4if;ud, k w f ikd f tvGwu f surf w S jf cif;? qG[mbmrsm;udv k nf;
tvGwfusufrSwfapjcif;? ay y&ydkufrsm;ay:wGifvnf; rSwfwrf;wifapjcif;/ xdk0[DOya'rsm;udk
qG[mbmrsm;ESit hf wl b0wnfaqmufjcif;tm;jzifh vufawGU taumiftxnfaz: usio hf ;kH cJah vonf/
refawmfjrwfonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefuo hJ Ykd vlom;wpf&yf vH;k ESiq hf ikd af om tjcm;0[Drsm;&Scd yhJ gu
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd rSww f rf;wifouJo h Ykd tjcm;trsm;ESiq hf ikd af om 0[Drsm;udv k nf; rSww f rf;wifcrhJ nfjzpf
ayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd wrefawmfwpfO;D wnf;ESiq hf ikd af om tjcm;0[Drsm; usa&mufcahJ Mumif;
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f az:jyxm;ayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(4) tm,wf(113)wGi?f -
]] 4if;jyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf toif\tay:0,f usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudkvnf;aumif;?
ÓPfynmudv k nf;aumif;? csay;awmfrcl \ hJ / 4if;jyif toifrodem;rvnfcahJ om t&mrsm;udv k nf; toifh
tm; oifMum;jyoawmf rlc\ hJ }}
]] igt&Sio f nf toifwx Ykd 0H ,f toifwt Ykd eufrS &plvw f pfyg;udak pvTwcf \ hJ / xdw k refawmfonf
igt&Sijf rwfycYkd saom a'oemrsm;udk toifwYakd &SU0,f &Gwzf wfo&Zösm,fonf/ xdjYk yif toifw\ Ykd
pdwfESvHk;rsm;udk oefYpifatmifjyKay;onf/ xdkrQru toifwdkYtm;usrf;*efESifh todtvdr®mrsm;udk
oifMum;jyocJah vonf/ xdjYk yif toifwYkd rodem;rvnfaom taMumif;t&m t&yf&yfwu Ykd vkd nf;
oifMum;ay;cJo h nf }}
az:jyyg tm,wfrsm;t& wrefawmfjrwftm; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd
wrefawmfjrwftm; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu oifMum;ay;jcif;onf 0[Dtm;jzifh oifMum;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/
xd0k [Donf wrefawmfjrwfwpfyg;wnf;ESihf qdik af om 0[D jzpfayonf/ Oyrm- vlom;tm;vH;k ESihf pyfqikd af om
usrf;jrwfuk&f tmefwGif qGvmof? Zumuf? [*sf uJhodkYaom Oya'rsm;udk tao;pdwaqmif&GufyHk
aqmif & G u f e nf ; usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef w G i f az:jyxm;cJ h j cif ; r&S d a y/ tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf u
wrefawmfjrwfwpfO;D wnf;ESiq hf idk f aom 0[Dtm;jzifh wrefawmftm; oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ xd0k [Dtm;jzifh
od&cdS ahJ om wrefawmfjrwfu vlom;wpf&yfv;kH ESiq hf ikd af om Oya'rsm;udk tao;pdwo f ifMum;ay;jcif;?
ud, k w f ikd o f &kyjf yaqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;rsm;udk ]]pGE[ é }f } [kac:onf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf? pGEé[fqdkonfrSm usrf;jrwf uk&ftmef\t&if;tjrpfyifpnfrS
jzmxGuv f maom tudik ;f tcuf? toD;tyGiw hf Ykd jzpfonf/ pGE[ é rf sm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf rqdik f
aom oD;jcm;tyifurGJ sm;r[kwaf y/ tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfxo H 2Ykd 3 ESpw f ikd w f ikd f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef
usa&mufco hJ nf/ xdk 23 ESpv f ;kH vH;k wpfjznf;jznf;jcif; usa&mufcahJ om Oya'rsm;udk wrefawmfjrwfu
tao;pdwf aqmif&Gufjcif;? qG[mbmBuD;rsm;ESifh b0wnfaqmufcJhjcif;tm;jzifh tpövmrfonf
Ny;D jynfph NkH y;D jzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd Ny;D jynfph NkH y;D jzpfaom tpövmrfomoem(0g)b0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOfBu;D onf
t&Sed t f [kejf zifh urÇmk wpf0rS ;f vH;k udv k rT ;f jcKH Eikd cf o
hJ nf/ wrefawmfjrwfu, G v f eG Nf y;D ESpaf ygif; ESp&f mywf0ef;
usiaf vmufwiG f tpövmrfomoemtwGi;f cvDzmtrnfcH oufO;D qHyikd 0f g'rsm;ESit hf wl omoemydik 0f g'rsm;u
acgif;axmifxvmcJo h nf/ þuJo h Ykd oufO;D qHyikd 0f g'ESihf omoemydik 0f g'onf twdwu f mv tpövmrf
tvsiu f &Scd ahJ om 0g'rsm;jzpfonf/
xdt k csed rf pS í az:jyyg tpövmrfomoemESihf qefu Y siaf om usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefu wm;jrpfxm;aom
oufO;D qHyikd 0f g'ESihf omoem ydik 0f g'u vTr;f rd;k cJo h nf/ xd0k g'rsm; wnfjraJ &;twGuf tpövmrf omoem\
tajccHOya'jzpfaom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zwf&kH oufouftjzpf wnf&cdS o hJ nf/ az:jyyg oufO;D qHyikd f
cvDzmrsm; acwf omoemydik rf sm;u vla&;usr;f rsm;? vla&;Oya'rsm;udk tajccHaomOya'rsm;tm;jzifh
w&m;qH;k jzwfjcif;? bmoma&;ausmif;rsm; wGif oifMum;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ todÓPfrsm;
udk aq;ausmfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ az:jyyg vla&;usrf;rsm;? vla&;Oya'rsm;omvQif tpövmrf\
tESpo f m&rsm;jzpfonf[k acwftqufqufc, H v l mcJMh uonf/ xdck , H cl surf sm;onf &d;k wGi;f csOq f t D wGi;f odyYk if
pJaG p cJo h nf/ xdt k pJ?G xdt
k ,l0g'rsm;udv k nf; acwftqufquf rufruf armarm vdv k ckd sicf sif qnf;yl;l
vmcJMh uonf/
xdu k o hJ aYkd om 0g'rdiI ;f rsm;atmufwiG f ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm? rsKd ;qufaygif;rsm;pGm? aecJMh u&onftwGuf
tpövmrfomoemonf tjrJ wrf;vdt k yfcsurf sm;&Sad eonf/ xdv k t kd yfcsurf sm;udk jznfph u G af y;Edik &f efu,fwif
&Sirf sm; &S&d rnfqakd om t,l0g'u vTr;f rk;dk vsu&f adS yonf/ xdak cwf omoemydik rf sm;\ qdx k ;kH &Scd o
hJ nfrmS
ynm&Siw f pfO;D \ qH;k jzwfcsurf eS v f Qif ukov kd q f 0gAf wpfco k mvQi&f rnf/ xdyk nm&Si\ f qH;k jzwfcsurf mS ;ygu
ukov kd q f 0gAf 10 q&rnf[\ l / ynm&Sif tcsi;f csi;f tjiif;yGm;jcif;onf ]]&[frof}} [laomtqdrk sm;tm;
a&SUwrf;wifcJhonf/ t,ltq uJGjym;jcm;em;aom ynm&Sifrsm;udk4if;wdkYacwfausmif;rsm;rS
arG;xkwaf y;cJMh uonf/ xdt k ,ltqrwl aom ausmif;rsm;rS arG;xkwv f ukd af om ynm&Sirf sm;tcsi;f csi;f
tjiif;yGm;jcif;rsm;twGi;f tcsed u f ek cf MhJuonf/ pnf;vH;k nDñw T rf NI yKd uG J vmMuonf/ t,l0g'rwlol aemufvu kd f
rGwfpvifrftcsif;csif; 0g'a&;&mjyóemrsm; yGm;rsm;Muonf/ þonfrSm omoemydkif0g' ESifh
oufO;D qHyikd pf epfw\ Ykd qd;k arG;rsm;yifjzpfayonf/
'''''''''''
['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;

['Dqrf sm;tm;a&;om; rSww f rf;wif&ef wrefawmfjrwfu wm;jrpfc\ hJ / xdu
k o hJ Ykd wm;jrpfjcif;onf
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf ['Dqrf sm;a&maxG;oGm;rnfukd pd;k &drí f wrefawmfjrwf wm;jrpfco hJ nf/ [*sf
*sov G 0f 'd [fwiG f wrefawmfjrwfu rSww f rf;wif&ef cGijhfyKco
hJ nf/ wrefawmfjrwf aemufyikd ;f qG[mbmrsm;u
wdik ;f jynfta&;? rGwf pvifrf ta&;wdjYk zifh &Iyaf xG;aeí wrefawmfjrwf\ ['Dqrf sm;udk rSww f rf;wif
Edik cf jhJ cif;r&Sad y/ xduk ohJ yYkd if omaAtDerf sm;acwfwYkd wGivf nf; wdik ;f jynfta&;? tpövmrft h yk cf sKyaf &;rsm;aMumifh
rSww f rf;rwifEikd cf ahJ y/
tGr&® Af ifet f AÁ'v G t f ZDZf ( AD 717-720 ) tkycf sKycf sed u f OD;aqmifí ['Dqrf sm;udk rSww f rf;wif&ef
jyKvyk af epJ uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf/ xdt Yk wGuaf Mumifh ['Dqrf sm;udk qG[mbmrsm;? oaAtDef rsm; acwfww Ykd iG f
rSww f rf;wifEikd cf jhJ cif;r&S[ d k qdck MhJ uonf/
qG[mbmrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif ]]igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkolrsm;tm;
auseyfEpS o f ufouJo h ?Ykd xdo k rl sm;uvnf; igt&Sijf rwftm; auseyfEpS o f ufonf }} [k qdx k m;onf/ olwo Yfkd nf
wrefawmfjrwfvufxufwiG f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef Oya' rsm;udk vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &mü wrefawmfjrwf\
z0g;xyfwl waoGrwdr;f vdu k ef musio hf ;kH cJMh uaom qG[mbmrsm;jzpfonf/ az:jyygqG[mbm Bu;D rsm;onf
omoemESiyhf wfoufí jyKvyk af qmif&u G &f rnfh wm0efrsm;&Scd yhJ gu rnfonft h a&;udprö sm;yif &Sad eygap?
vkyaf qmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;udk ysuu f u G Mf urnf r[kwaf y/
qG[mbmBu;D rsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f í ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ordik ;f rSww f ikd rf sm;teuf rSww f ikd wf pfcjk zpfaom
yxrqH;k cvDzmBu;D tAlbuú&\ f taMumif;udk wifjyygrnf/ [*s*f sov G 0f 'd [fwiG f wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(5) tm,wf(3)wGif om omeNy;D jynfph o kH nfh aemufq;kH tm,wfusa&mufc\ hJ /
xkt d m,wf xdak eY xdt k csed rf pS í tAlbuú&o f cifonf rsuEf mS raumif;yJ AvD\ axmifw h pfae&mwGif
rdiI af ecJonf/ tjzpftysuu f kd &dypf m;rdaom tjcm;qG[mbmrsm;u tjzpftysurf eS u f kd ar;jref;Mu\/ xdt k cg
tAlbuú&o f cifu qdo k nfrmS tpövmrfo h moemjynhpf NkH y;D jzpfí wrefawmfjrwfonfvnf; uREykf w f EYkd iS t
hf wl
&SEd ikd af wmhrnfr[kw[ f k wrefawmfjrwf uG,v f eG af wmhrnft h aMumif;udk BuKd wifoabmayguf oljzpfonf/
(rufob l mof? tdrmrf &AÁmeDusr;f )
wrefawmfjrwf tvGet f rif; tjyif;zsm;aecsed w f iG f tdq k mr[focifO;D pD;aom ppfwyfBu;D onf
ppfcsDwufrnfhta&; aESmifhaES;cJh& onf/ wrefawmfjrwf owdvpfoGm;&mrS jyefvnfowd&wdkif;
tdq k mr[focif\ ppfwyfukd ppfxu G cf ikd ;f ygqdak ompum;udk xyfcg wpfvv J J qdck ahJ vonf/ aemufq;kH
wrefawmfjrwf uG,v f eG cf \hJ / wrefawmfjrwf uG,v f eG of nfo h wif; ysUH ESUH oGm;onf ESihf a&mrrS ppfwyfwpfwyf
ppfcsv D mawmhrnfowif;? tcsKd Ue,fy,frsm; u wrefawmfr&Sad wmhí *sZd , f mray;awmh [ka<u; ausmo f l
rsm;ua<u;ausmcf MhJ uonfo h wif;? tcsKd Ujynfe,frsm;wGif eADtwkrsm;ay: xGuv f monfo h wif;uvnf;
xGuv f mcJo h nf/
wrefawmfjrwf uG,v f eG Nf y;D aemuf trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ a&G;cs,rf t I & tAlbuú&o f cifonf
rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ yxrOD;qH;k cvDzm jzpfvmcJo h nf/ tAlbuú&o f cifocif cvDzm jzpfjzpfcsi;f yifyxrOD;qH;k
taumiftxnfaz:aomvkyfief;rSm tdkqmr[focif\ppfwyfBuD; ppfcsDwuf&efjzpfonf/ xdktcg
tjcm;qG[mbmBuD;rsm; u a&mruvnf; ppfcsDwufí rGwfpvifrfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufawmhrnf?
vufatmufceH ,fajr tcsKd Uuvnf; ykeu f efawmhrnfo h wif; xGuaf eonf/ eADtwkta,mifupd u ö vnf;
&Sdao;onf/ xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdefwGif tvGeftiftm;BuD;rm;aom tdkqmr[focif\ ppfwyfudk
ppfxu G cf ikd ;f ygu trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGuf pd;k &drzf , G &f mjzpfonf[0k ikd ;f 0ef;tMuaH y;cJMh uonf/
xdt k cg tAlbuú&o f cifu qdo k nfrmS wrefawmfjrwf\qE´jzpfaom tdq k mr[focif\ ppfwyfukd
ppfxu G &f ef aqmif&u G &f rnfrmS uREykf \ f wm0efjzpfonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd wrefawmfjrwf\ ruG,v f eG rf D tvsiu f
pDpOfcahJ om? uG,v f eG cf geD;üyif wpfzzG aG jymcJah om udpu ö t kd aumiftxnfaz:jcif;tm;jzifh a&mrppfwyfrsm;u
vma&mufwu kd cf udk í f uREykf t f ygt0if wrefawmfjrwf\ Muif,mawmfrsm;? rGwf pvifrrf sm;tm;vH;k ppfyw GJ iG f
usq;kH cJyh gap? xdu k ohJ Ykd usq;kH cJah om tavmif;rsm;udk oN*KØ [rf nfo h l r&Sí d aus;iSu?f vif;wuJo h aYkd om
om;aumifrsm;pm;cJhvQif pm;Muygap/ uREfkyfuawmh wrefawmfjrwf\qE´udk taumiftxnf
az:&rnfjzpfonf[k rdecYf eG ;f acRco hJ nf/ xdrk ed cYf eG ;f Ny;D onfEiS hf tdq
k mr[focifukd jrif;ay:wufapí 4if;ujrif;
ZufBuKd ;udu k ikd uf m NrKd Ujyiftxd vdu k yf cYkd o
hJ nf/
az:jyyg tAlbuú&o f cif\ aqmif&u G rf aI Mumifh a&mrrS ppfaMunmcsuu f kd jyefvnf&yk o f rd ;f cJo
h nf/
tb,faMumifq h akd omf? 4if;wd\ Yk ppfaMunmcsuu f kd od&ydS gvsu?f tdq k mr[focif OD;aqmif aom ppfwyfBu;D udk
ppfxGufapjcif;onf rGwfpvifrfwdkYwGif tvGef tiftm;BuD;aom ppfwyfrsm;vnf; &SdaeOD;rnf[k
,lqcJah omaMumifjh zpfayonf/
(armifvmem ,lpzG f uef'v0D\ [,moGqq f [G mAmusr;f )
wref a wmf j rwf \ qE´ u d k taumif t xnf a z:&mwG i f rnf onf h u d p ö & yf r sm;aMumif h r S
t[eft Y wm;rjzpfapcJah om qG[mbm rsm;taejzifh usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefudk rSwwf rf;wifouJo h Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k f
tmef\ jyifyrSjzpfaom trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;ESiq hf ikd of nfh 0[Drsm;udvk nf; wrefawmfjrwf\qE´twdik ;f
rSww f rf;wifcMhJ urnfom jzpfay onf/ ,aeY rsuaf rSmufacwfwiG f &Sad eaom ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif
qG[mbmBu;D rsm; ud, k w f ikd af &;om;xm;aom rSww f rf;rSw&f m[lí wpfpw kH pf&mrS rawGUcJ&h ay/
['Dqjf iif;olrsm;ESih f qefu

Y sio
f rl sm;
jiif;olEiS q hf efu Y sio f q
l akd om a0g[m&ESprf sKd ;onf uJjG ym;jcm; em;aom a0g[m&rsm; jzpfaomfjim;vnf;
t"dymÜ ,fziG q hf &kd mü wlnaD om oabmudak qmifaeayonf/
Oyrm?----- ['Dqrf sm;udk vufrcHou l kd ['Dqjf iif;y,fo[ l ak c:qdMk urnf/ tvm;wl ['DqMf o0g'yg
udprö sm;ESihf qefu Y sií f jyKvyk o f rl sm;udk ['Dqq f efu Y sio f [ l k ac:qdMk urnfjzpfonf/ az:jyygjiif;olEiS hf
qefuY sio f ul kd Oya'&Iaxmifrh S Munfrh nfqykd gu ESpOf ;D pvH;k onf wlnaD om jypfru I sL;vGeo f rl sm; jzpfMuayonf/
Alcg&Dusr;f qGvmofu@wGif wrefawmfjrwfEiS t hf wl trsKd ; om;rsm;uJo h Ykd trsKd ;orD;rsm;vnf;
taemufq;kH twef;rS *srmtofjzif0h wfjyKcMhJ uonf/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf ygvmaom uav;i,frsm;\
ido
k aH Mumifh wrefawmfjrwfu qGvmof0wfjyKru I kd pl&[fww kd w kd íGJ tqH;k owfco hJ nf/ tvm;wl *semZ[f
qGvmof0wfjyK&müvnf; trsKd ;orD;rsm;yg0ifí 0wfjyKcMhJ uonf/ ocØsKi;f rsm;wGif trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ;
orD;rsm;vnf; aZ,m&ofjyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ tpf'*guGif;jyifwGif wrefawmfjrwf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh
tD'q f v G mofrsm;udk trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ;orD;rsm;yg pkaygif;í 0wfjyKcMhJ uonf/ ud, k rf oefaY omtrsKd ;
orD;rsm;udyk if tpf'*godv Yk ma&mufciG jhf yKNy;D aemufq;kH rSaeum awmif;qk't k mü yg0ifciG hf jyKcahJ o;onf/
Alcg&Dusr;f wGvmufu@wGif pl&[fov G w f v G muftm;jzifh zGiq hf x kd m;onf/ tGr&® o f cif\om;
tAÁ'v G m’ [focifu 4if;\ZeD;ud, k rf oefcY sed w f iG f wGvmufay;cJo h nf/ xdt k aMumif;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D tGr&® o f cifu
wrefawmfjrwftm; avQmufxm;&m? toif\om;udak jymMum;vdu k yf g? ud, k rf oefcY sed af y;aom wGvmuf
txrajrmufay/
xdwk v G mufukd jyefvnf&yk o f rd ;f cdik ;f / jyefaygif;vdu k jyefaygif;Edik o f nf/
wGvmufay;vdkygu aemufwpfcg &moDyGifhcsdeftxdapmifh? xdk&moDvmcsdefNyD;í udk,foefYpifcsdefwGif
wGvmufay;[k rdeq Yf ckd o
hJ nfh ['Dqjf zifh pwifxm;onf/
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;onf t&ADpmayjzifh pkaqmif;xm;aom usr;f rsm;jzpfonft h wGuf t&ADpmayudk
wwfoed m;vnfrI tm;enf;aomaMumifh az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;twdik ;f vdu k ef musio hf ;kH rI rjyKcMhJ u onf[k
,lqí &ygonf/ ,aeYacwfwiG f Alcg&Dr&l if;usr;f tygt0if['Dqf usr;f rsm;tm;vH;k udk bmomaygif;pHjk zifh
jyefqNk dy;D jzpfygonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;yg Oya'twdik ;f vdu k ef musio f h ;k H rIvnf; rjyKMuay/ vdu k ef musiof h ;k H
&aumif;rSe;f vnf; rodMuay/ vdu k ef musio hf ;kH vsu&f o dS rl sm;udv k nf; wm;jrpfyw d yf ifaejcif;rsm;onf ['Dqrf sm;
udk qefu Y sijf cif;yifjzpfayonf/
xdu
k o hJ Ykd ['Dqrf sm;udk qefu Y siof rl sm;ESihf ['Dqrf sm;udk jiif;y,forl sm;rSm uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom a0g[m&udk
oH;k pJí G wlnaD omtrIujkd yKMuolrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ txufwiG f az:jycJah om Alcg&Dusr;f yg['Dqrf sm;onf
vdu k ef m['Dqrf sm;jzpfonf[k Alcg&Dusr;f udk tus,zf iG q hf akd om]]tpfAae [*s&\ f zof[v G b f m&Dusr;f }}
wGiv f nf;az:jyxm;jcif; tvsi;f r&Scd ahJ y/ wrefawmfjrwf\ arG;Zmwdjzpfaom ruúma&TNrKd Uawmf&dS utfAm
ausmif;awmfBuD;ESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ tajccsaexdkifcJhaom r'Dem&SdAvD0wfausmif;BuD;wdkYwGif
trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ;orD;rsm;vnf;*srmtofjzifh qufwu kd 0f wfjyKvmcJo h nfrmS wrefawmfjrwfvufxuf
rS ,aeYwikd jf zpfonf/
1993 ckEpS f arv(1)&ufrS *sLvdik v f (31)&uftxd tD*spEf ikd if t H vftZf[&f wuúov kd Bf u;D wGif
zGiv hf pS af om tpövmrfah &;&m tqifh jrifo h ifwef;ESihf pnf;yGm;a&;qdik &f m oifwef;rsm;wGif Edik if pH rkH S oifwef;
om; 28 OD;wufa&mufcyhJ gonf/ az:jyygoifwef;wGif bmom&yf qdik &f moifwef;ydcYk sol ynm&Sirf sm;u
4if;wdyYk cYkd saom bmom&yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;Edik af Mumif; oifwef;om;rsm;tm; zdwaf c:cJh
ygonf/ acwfNyKd izf u d [f"r®owfrsm; taMumif;udk oifMum;aoma'gufwm qGA&D tAÁ'v G &f tlzt f m;
pma&;olu ar;cGe;f ESpcf ak r;cJ\ h / xdak r;cGe;f rsm;udk Mum;&aomq&m tygt0if tjcm;Edik if rH sm;rS wufa&muf
aom oifwef;om;rsm;tm;vH;k u wpftw hH pfMo 0dik ;f Munfjh cif; udk cHc&hJ ygonf/ pma&;ol\ ar;cGe;f rSm
&d;k &d;k pif;pif;av; jzpfaomf jim;vnf; 4if;wdt Yk zdYk tHMh ozG,&f m jzpfaeayonf/
pma&;ol - q&mcifAsm? trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvD0wfausmif; rsm;twGi;f *srmtofjzifh qGvmof0wfjyKrI
tay: zdu[f"r®owfrsm;ü cGijhf yKcsu&f ydS govm;/
q&m - (tHMh opGmjzif)h urÇmwpf0rS ;f rSm&SMd uwJh AvD0wfausmif;rsm;teuf trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk
qGvmof0wfjyKciG rhf ay;onfh AvD[í l &Syd govm;Asm/ [k uReaf wmhtm; jyefí
ar;cGe;f xkwcf o hJ nf/
pma&;ol - rnfojYkd yefajym&rSe;f rodí 4if;tm;ai;Munfah erdonf/
q&m - tpövmrf"h r®owfqikd &f m zdu[f"r®owfav;ckpvH;k wGif wm;jrpfcsuv f ;kH 0 r&Sad y/
wrefawmfjrwfacwfrS ,aeYwikd f AvD0wfausmif;rsm;tm;vH;k wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;
*srmtofjzif0h wfjyK Muygonf [kajzMum;cJo h nf/
pma&;ol - trsKd ;orD;rsm; *semZ[fqv G mof0wfjyKjcif;ESiu hf A&focØsKi;f rsm;twGi;f 0ifa&mufí
aZ,m &of jyKyidk cf iG hf &Sd r&Sd ajzMum;ay;ygcifAsm;/
q&m - trsKd ;orD;rsm; *semZ[fqv G mof0wfjyKjcif;? uA&focØsLif;rsm;twGi;f aZ,m&of
jyKjcif;rsm;tay: zdu[f"r®owfav;ckpvH;k ü wm;jrpfcsuf r&Sd [k ajzMum;cJo h nf/
4if;u qufvufí &Sif;jyonfrSm trsdK;orD;wpfa,muf olYtdrfrSm olaooGm;&ifawmif
AvD0wfausmif;twGi;f odYk oGi;f í *semZ[fqv G mof0wfjyKjcif;? uA&ftwGi;f odYk xnfo h iG jhf rK§ yEf jHS cif;rsm;jyK
vkyMf uonf/ touf&iS v f su&f adS om rGwpf vifrt f rsKd ;orD;wpfO;D tm; AvD0wfausmif;twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufí
qGvmof0wfjyKjcif;? uA&f ocØsKi;f twGi;f odYk aZ,m&ofjyKjcif;rsm;udk wm;jrpfo[ l í
lk &SEd ikd yf ghrvm;[k ajzMum;cJh
avonf/
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
['Dqrf sm;udk jiif;jcif;onf wrefawmf\ Mo0g'udk jiif;y,fjcif;avm

['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;Ny;D usr;f pmtkyt f jzpf jyKpck MhJ uaom usr;f jyKorl sm;onf 4if;wdpYk ak qmif;&&Sad om
['Dqrf sm;teufrS tvGew f &mrQ enf;vGe;f aom ['Dqt f a&twGuu f o kd mvQif az:jycJMh ujcif;jzpfonf/
tdrmrf t[fr'ftpfAae [rfAvfocifonf 4if;pkaqmif;&&Scd ahJ om wpfoef;teuf 4if;\rGqef 'fusr;f wGif
ESpaf omif;ud;k axmifuo kd m az:jycJo h nf/ &mcdik ;f EIe;f tm;jzifh (2.9%) udo k mwifjycJjh cif; jzpfonf/
tdrmrfAcl g&Donf ['Dqaf ygif;ajcmufoed ;f ausmt f m; pkaqmif;cJNh y;D 4if;\ Alcg&Dusr;f wGif ['Dqaf ygif;
7052 udo k maz:jycJo h nf/ &mcdik Ef eI ;f ;tm;jzifh (1.16%)udo k maz:jycJjh cif;jzpfonf/
(tpfAae[*s&f \ BULUGH AL MARAM )
tdrmrfAcl g&Donf ['Dqw f pfy'k u
f k d qifjh yefow l pfO;D xHrS &&Scd \ h J / xd[ k 'Dqf qifjh yefoo l nf rwfwyf&yfí
a&aomufonfukd jrifawGU&onft h wGuf 4if;qifjh yefaom ['Dqu f kd Alcg&Dusr;f wGif az:jycJjh cif;r&Sad y/ tvm;
wl tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd qifjh yefoo l nf 4if;\jrif;rsm;udk tpmjyí jrif;jcx H o J Ykd rQm;ac:cJ\ h / jrif;rsm;jcx H J
a&muf&o dS mG ;aomtcg tpmauR;jcif;rjyKyJ jrif;jcu H ykd wd vf u kd o f nfukd awGU&íxko d q l ifjh yefcahJ om ['Dqu f kd
Alcg&Dusr;f wGif az:jycJjh cif; r&Sad Mumif;udk Alcg&D rl&if;usr;f OD;pum;wGif az:jyxm;ayonf/ tdrmrfAcl g&D
az:jycJah om ['Dqrf sm;onf qifjh yefou l wrefawmfjrwf\ ]]pGE[ é }f }ESin hf ND y;D ? ouú0g&So d nfh yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;\
['Dqrf sm;udo k m az:jycJo h nf/
tdrmrfAcl g&DEiS hf acwfNyKd if ynm&Sirf sm;u? tdrmrfAcl g&D\ ['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf jyefvnf
wifjyjcif;pepfonf? qifjh yefo\ l ud, k uf siw hf &m;ay:wGif tajccHíwifjyjcif; jzpfonf/ qifjh yefoo l nf
pGE[é Ef iS rh f nDaomfjim;vnf;? 4if;Mum;od&aom ['Dqo f nf cdik v f rk H &I Nd Sy;D pGE[ é Ef iS n h f aD om yk*Kd ¾vx f rH S jzpfwef&m\/
tvm;wl qifjh yefou l pGE[ é Ef iS n
hf aD omfjim;vnf; 4if;&&Sad om ['Dqo f nf cdik v f rkH t
I m;enf;aom ['Dqv f nf;
jzpfwef&m\/ xdaYk Mumifh 4if;\usr;f wGif az:jycJjh cif;r&Scd ahJ om ['Dqrf sm;onf cdik v f rkH &I adS om ['Dqrf sm;
yg0ifEikd o f nf [k a0zefcMhJ u\/ (pGro ® ozuú&el ?f t&AD rl&if;usr;f )
usr;f Bu;D ajcmufusr;f teuf tcsKd Uusr;f rsm;yg ['Dqrf sm;wGi0f Zk &l adS om a,musmf ;av;wpfO;D u
4if;\ZeD;udk xdr&d jkH zifh 0kZyl su\ f /tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfu rD;jzifh csujf yKwx f m;aom tpm;tpmudpk m;ygu
0kZyl suo f nf[k rdeq Yf \kd / tcsKd U['Dqrf sm;wGif qdw\ f vufuckd sujf yKwx f m;aom [if;udpk m;Ny;D 0kZrl jyKyJ
,cif&NdS y;D om; 0kZjl zifh qGvmof0wfjyKcahJ Mumif; ['Dqrf sm;vnf; &Sad yonf/ tcsKd U['Dqrf sm;wGif wrefawmf
jrwfonf z*s&q f vG mof\ 'kw, d &umof &ultNy;D jyeftxwGif 'ktmatukEo l u f kd tjr&J w G zf wfonf[k
qdak om['Dqf rsm; yg0ifavonf/
az:jyyg 0kZjl zifh ZeD;udx k yd gu 0kZyl sujf cif;? csujf yKwNf y;D om; tpmudpk m;ygu 0kZyl sujf cif;? z*s&q f vG mof\
'kw, d &umof &ultNy;D jyeftxwGif 'ktmatukEo l zf wfjcif;rsm;onf 0g*spAf w f m0efrsm;jzpfonf[k
tdrmrf&mS zDtu D 4if;\ "r®owfwiG f jyXmef;cJah vonf/
tdrmrftAl [eDzmocif\ "r®owfwGif txufrS 0kZljzifh ZeD;udkxdjcif;? csufjyKwfNyD;om;
tpmudpk m;jcif;wdo Yk nf 0kZrl ysuaf y? z*s&q f v G mof\ 'kw, d &umof &ultNy;D jyeftxwGif 'ktmat
ukEo l f zwfjcif;onf 0g*spAf w f m0efr[kwaf y/
tdrmrftAl[eDzmocif vufxufwiG rf l ['Dqrf sm;onf wpfpw k pfpnf;wnf; usr;f pmtkyt f jzpf?
ay:aygufcjhJ cif; r&Scd ahJ o;ay/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf? yxrOD;qH;k ['Dqu f sr;f tjzpf [pf*s&D 179 ckEpS w f iG f
tdrmrfrmvpfu\ f Muwatta ay:xGucf o hJ nf/ tdrmrftAl[eDzm uG,v f eG cf sed of nf [pf*s&D 150
ckEpS jf zpfonf/ tdrmrf tAl[eDzmocifonf xdu k ohJ Ykd ['Dqrf sm;ESihf MuKH BuKd ucf iG hf r&&Sí d 4if;\"r®owfrsm;onf
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;ESihf qefu Y siaf eonf[k apm'uwufí &Edik af yonf/
odkYaomf tdrmrf t[fr'f tpfAae [rfAvfvufxufwGifrl ['Dqfrsm;onf usrf;tjzpf
wpfpw k pfpnf;wnf; oH;k usr;f ay:Ny;D jzpf onf/ tdrmrf [rfAvfocifonf tdrmrf&mS zDtx D uf 37 ESpaf emuf
usol j zpf o nf / ['Dqf r sm;udk pk a qmif ; &müvnf ; trsm;qH k ; pk a qmif ; cJ h o l j zpf o nf / 4if ; \
rGqef 'fusr;f wGiyf g0ifaom ['Dqt f a&twGuf rsm;rSm tjcm;['Dqu f sr;f rsm;xuf trsm;qH;k jzpfayonf/
4if;\ "r®owfrsm;wGif 0kZjl zifh ZeD;udx k jd cif;? csujf yKwNf y;D om; tpmudpk m;jcif; rsm;onf 0kZrl ysuaf y/
z*s&q f v G mof\ 'kw, d &umof &ultNy;D jyeftxwGif 'ktmatukEo l zf wfjcif;onf 0g*spAf rf jzpfay/
['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif yg0ifaom ['Dqrf sm;onf yvyfzsuf odr;f Ny;D aom ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/
wpfcEk iS w hf pfck qefu Y sizf ufjzpfaom ['Dqrf sm;udv k nf ,SOw f aGJ z:jyxm;onfukd awGU&ayonf/ bmom
a&;ESiv hf ;kH 0 ywfoufrrI &Sad om a&S;a[mif;t&Af &d;k &m? aq;0g;ukx;kH rsm;taMumif;vnf; yg0ifayonf/
t"dymÜ ,fem;vnf&ef cufcaJ om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/
['Dqfrsm;udk pkaqmif;cJhaom usrf;&Siftm;vHk;u 4if;wdkY\ ['Dqfusrf;rsm;udk Oya'tjzpf
az:jycJjh cif;r[kwaf y/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf? Oya'tjzpf az:jycJrh nfqykd gu yvyfzsuo f rd ;f Ny;D aom
['Dqrf sm;? Oyrm wrefawmfjrwfu yxrydik ;f usio hf ;kH cJNh y;D ? aemufyikd ;f vH;k 0 usio hf ;kH jcif;rjyKawmhaom
['Dqrf sm;udk 4if;wd\ Yk usr;f rsm;wGif az:jycJMh urnf r[kwaf y/ xdu k o hJ Ykd vdu
k ef musio fh ;kH &ef rvdak wmhaom
['Dqrf sm;udk az:jyjcif;tm;jzifh rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f 0d0g'uJjG cif;jzpfayrnf/ 4if;wd\ Yk usr;f rsm;wGif
yvyfzsuo f rd ;f Ny;D ['Dqrf sm;a&m? tpm;xd;k usio hf ;kH aom ['Dqrf sm;a&m? qifjh yeforl sm;xHrS Mum;od&
onft h wdik ;f pkpnf;íaz:jyxm;aom ['Dqu f sr;f rsm; jzpfayonf/
tAÁmqD,[fcvDzm refp&l (f [pf*s&?D 136 rS 158)ckEpS t f wGi;f tkycf sKycf o hJ o
l nf tdrmrfrmvpfu\ f
Muwatta usr;f udk urÇmr h wG f pvifrrf sm;tm;vH;k odYk rdwLÅ yGm;í jzefcY s&D ef cGiahf wmif;cJ\ h / xdt k cg tdrmrf
rmvpfuu f cvDzmrefp&l t f m; cGirhf jyKcahJ y/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf? qG[mbmBu;D rsm;onf urÇmt&yf&yf&dS
Edik if rH sm;odY k uJjG ym;jcm;em;pGm a&muf&cdS NhJy;D jzpfonf/ xdak 'orsm;rS rGwpf vifrrf sm;onfvnf;xdu k o h J Y k d ['Dqrf sm;ukd
Mum;xm;Ny;D jzpfrnf/ ['Dqrf sm;onf acwf tqufquf usurf w S x f m;olrsm;xHrS uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom
tqdkrsm;udk&IaxmifhpHkrSMunfhí 4if;wdkYESpfouf&mtqdkudk 4if;wdkY\todÓPfjzifha&G;cs,fjcif;u
ydí k aumif;onf[k ajzMum;cJo h nf/ (Al Sharani \ Al Mizan twJ-G 1? pmrsuEf mS -30? t&ADusr;f )
az:jyyg tdrmrfrmvpfu\ f Muwatta ['Dqu f sr;f onf urÇmay:wGif yxrOD;qH;k ['Dqu f sr;f jzpf
cJo h nf/ xdak cwf xdt k cg&Srd w G pf vifrrf sm;twGi;f wGif Muwatta usr;f onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefNy;D vQif
rd;k ESiahf jrtMum;wGif trSeu f efq;kH usr;f [k aemufyikd ;f acwf ynm&Sirf sm;u cH,cl MhJ uonf/ ,aeYacwf
['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;\ cH,cl sut f & usr;f Bu;D (6) usr;f onf ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif trSwpf Of(1) Alcg&Dusr;f rS
trS w f p Of (6) ed q mtD u srf ; txd trS e f u ef q H k ; usrf ; rsm;[k cH , l M uonf / Muwatta onf
tapmqH;k usr;f jzpfonf/ qG[m bmBu;D rsm;acwfEiS hf ydí k eD;pyfonf/ Alcg&Dusr;f ray:ciftxd usr;f jrwfu&k f
tmefNy;D vQif trSeu f efq;kH jzpfco hJ nf/ Alcg&Dusr;f tygt0if ['Dqu f sr;f aygif; 41 usr;f ay:Ny;D aemuf Muwatta
onftrSwpf Of 38 tqifo h Ykd a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/
(tpfAae[*s&\ f Bulugh Al Maram pmrsuEf mS -558)
['Dqjf iif;y,fou
l k d umzd&[
f q
k &k d m0,f
txufrS wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f ['Dqu
f sr;f rsm;wGif yg0ifaom['Dqrf sm;onf yvyfzsuo
f rd ;f Ny;D
vduk ef musio hf ;kH &efrvdak wmhaom['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ tcsKd Uem;vnfoabmayguf&efyifrvG,f aom
['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ tcsKd Ubmoma&;ESihf vH;k 0ywf oufrrI &Sad om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifonf/
tcsKd U wpfcEk iS w hf pfck zDvmqefu Y siaf eaom ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/
['Dqjf iif;olukd umz&f[q k jkd cif;rSm ['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í avhvmvdu k pf m;rI tm;enf;jcif; odrYk [kwf
['Dqu f sr;f yg u@wpfcw k nf;udk rdrw d wfajrmufxm;aom bmompmayjzifh tprStqH;k wdik f zwfz;l jcif;
r&Sad omolw\ Ykd tqdo k mvQijf zpfayonf/ tb,faMumifh qdak omf? bmomaygif;pHjk zifh bmomjyefqNkd y;D
jzpfaom['Dqu f sr;f rsm; xJwiG ?f tausmMf um;qH;k jzpfonfh Alcg&Dusr;f yg a&csKd ; jcif;u@ wpfcw k nf;udk rdrw d wf
ajrmufaom bmompmayjzifh tprStqH;k wdik f zwf&jkH zifh ['Dqjf iif;olukd umzd&[ f al om tajymtqdu k kd
ajymqdk awmhrnf r[kwaf y/
az:jyyg u@wpfcw k nf;üyifvQif uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ['Dqf rsm;udk ,SOw f aGJ z:jyxm;onfukd
awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ az:jyyg uJjG ym;jcm;em;qefu Y siaf om ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;ESprf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;udk vdu k ef m
usifhoHk;aom rGwfpvifrfwpfa,muftzdkY tjcm;qefYusifaom trsdK; tpm; ['DqfwpfrsdK;udk
jiif;y,f&rnfjzpfonf/
T1 * ø
O K ' A ( 7 1A ( 7 ú
ù 0 C
#
ø )

ô# )
*

]]tMuif trsKd ;om;wpfO;D onf rdr\ d ZeD;ESihf aygif;oif;qufqH cJ\ h / 4if;\ okw&f nfrxGuaf o;ygu
t&Suu f akd &aq;í qGvmof0wfjyK&mwGif jyKvyk af om 0kZjl zifh qGvmof0wfjyKEikd o f nf }}
xd[ k 'Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;rSm rSeu f efaom qG[[ D 'Dqjf zpfonf/qifjh yeforl sm;rSm tGqrf mefocif? tvDocif?
ZkaA&focif? oGv[ f m ocifwYkd jzpfMuonf/ (Alcg&Dusr;f ? a&csKd ;jcif;u@ESi"hf r®wmu@)
az:jyyg a&csKd ;jcif;u@üyif ,SOw f í GJ az:jyxm;aom tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k rf mS tAl[&k ikd &f [focifu
qifjh yefco hJ nf/
+CøO
)Q08)ùnô+¾
8!?ú+J )
*

]] trsKd ;om;wpfO;D ESifh trsKd ;orD;aygif;oif;qufq&H mü t&Suf t*FgESpcf k xdjcif;tm;jzifh a&csKd ;&ef
0g*spAf w f m0efjzpfonf }}
az:jyyg Alcg&Dusr;f a&csK;d jcif;u@wpfcw k nf;udk tptqH;k zwf&jkH zifh xdu k ohJ Ykd uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom
['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;ESprf sKd ;udk awGUrnfjzpfonf/ az:jyyg ['DqEf pS rf sKd ;pvH;k onf wrefawmfjrwfxrH S qifjh yefcah J om
['Dqfrsm;jzpfonf/ rGwfpvifrfwdkif;onf az:jyyg ['DqftrsdK;tpm;ESpfrsdK;teuf wpfrsdK;udkom
vdu k ef musio fh ;kH jcif;jzpfonf/ ESprf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;udo k m vufcjH cif;jzpfonf/ qefu Y sizf ufjzpfaeaom
['DqEf pS rf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;udv k ufcw H ikd ;f tjcm;wpfrsKd ; tm; jiif;y,fMujcif;jzpfonf/
['D q f u srf ; wpf u srf ; \ u@wpf c k w nf ; üyif v Qif uJ G j ym;jcm; em;aom ['D q f r sm;ud k
az:jyxm;ayonf/ tvm;wl uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif yg0ifaom ['Dqrf sm;onfvnf;
qefu Y siv f su&f adS yonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;udk tajccHí Oya'jyKcMhJ uaomtdrmrfBu;D rsm;\ "r®owf
rsm;onfvnf; uJjG ym;jcm;em;cJMh uonf/
az:jyyg ['Dqu f sr;f &Sirf sm;\ ['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;ESijhf yefvnfaz:jyjcif; ['Dqrf sm;onf rdrw d Ykd
pkaqmif;&&Sx d m;aom ['Dqrf sm;rSm tcsKd Uudo k m wnf;jzwfaz:jy cJMh ujcif;jzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd az:jycJah om
['D q f u srf ; rsm;ud k aph i H k e m;vnf p G m zwf r nf ? avh v mqnf ; yl ; rnf q d k y gu wref a wmf j rwf \
oufwrf;wpfavQmuf oGm;vmaexdik af jymqdq k ufqyH rkH sm;udk &Iaxmifph rkH S yHak z:jyxm;onfukd awGUjrif&
ayrnf/
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;onf t&ADpmayjzifh jyKpck ahJ om usr;f rsm;jzpfayonf/ t&ADpum;ajym Edik if rH sm;ESihf
t&ADpmayjzifh oifMum; aom bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifcMhJ uaom ynm&Sirf sm;onf['Dqrf sm;
\&nf&, G cf su?f ['Dqrf sm;\ t&Sw d &m;rsm;udk &Iaxmifph rkH S t&St d wdik ;f od&MdS uonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd ynm&Sirf sm;
tcsif;csif;wdkYwGifvnf;aumif;? xdkynm&Sifrsm;ESifh trsm;rGwfpvifrfrsm;wdkYwGif vnf;aumif;?
trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm; tcsif;csif;wdw Yk iG v f nf;aumif;? ['Dqrf sm;udk taMumif;jyKí ['Dqjf iif;olrsm;?
['Dqq f efu Y sio f rl sm;[lí jyóemwpfpw kH pf&m r&Scd ahJ y/
['Dqrf sm;udt k ajccHí ['Dqjf iif;olrsm;? ['Dqq f efu Y sio f rl sm;['Dqrf sm;udk vufc&H mü vH;k 0OóHk
b0vrf;ñTerf OI ya'rsm;tjzpf cH,o l rl sm;? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zwf&w G o
f &Zösm,f&aomusr;f ? ['Dqf
usrf;rsm;onf vdkufemusihfoHk;&aomOya'usrf;rsm;[k cH,lolrsm;[k ay:aygufcJhaomae&mrsm;ESifh
ywf0ef;usirf sm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh t&ADpum;rajymaom Edik if rH sm;wdw Yk iG jf zpfonf/ xdEk ikd if rH sm;&Sd bmoma&;
ausmif;rsm;wGif t&ADpmayudk bmompmay wpfct k jzpf a&;wwf? ajymwwf? zwfwwfonft h xd oifMum;
ay;jcif;r&Sdaom ausmif;rsm;rSatmifjrifvmaom ynm&Sifrsm;tcsif;csif;wdkYtwGif; vnf;aumif;?
xdkynm&Sifrsm;ESifh trsm;rGwfpvifrfwdkY twGif;wGifvnf;aumif;? rGwfpvifrftcsif;csif;wdkY twGif;
wGiv f nf;aumif;? ['Dqrf sm;udk taMumif;jyK í y#dyu© tjiif;tcHu k pd &ö yfrsm; ay:aygufvsuf &SMd uonf/
az:jyygEkid if rH sm;twGi;f ay:aygufcahJ om jyóemrsm;rSm?-
(1) 0g0if0gxGuf vMunfhjcif;ESifh vjrifjcif;tay: vufcHtwnfjyKjcif; rjyKjcif;qdik &f m y#dyu©/
(2) rGwfpvifrfrsm; rkwfqdwfxm;jcif; rxm;jcif;tay:y#dyu©/
(3) vifr,m;jywfprJ q I ikd &f m oH;k wGvmuf wpfBurd w f nf;ay; jcif;tay: ydik rf ydik f qdak om y#dyu©/
(4) trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvD0wfausmif;rsm;? tpf'*f guGi;f jyifrsm;wGif qGvmof0wfjyKyikd cf iG hf &Srd &Sq d ikd &f m
y#dyu©/
(5) uA&focØsKi;f rsm;twGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm; 0ifa&mufaZ,m&ofjyKyikd cf iG f &Srd &Sq d akd om y#dyu©/
(6) AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif aomMumaeYEiS hf tD'af eYrsm;wGicf w G AÅ [fay;&mü t&ADpmayESiahf &;xm;
aom cGwAÅ [fusr;f twdik ;f cGwAÅ [fay;jcif;ESihf rdrw d Ykd oufqikd &f mbmompum;rsm;jzifh cGwAÅ [f
ay;jcif;tay: y#dyu©/
(7) ]]'g&Gv[ f &Af}} rGwpf vifrrf [kwaf om e,fy,frsm;? Edik if rH sm;ü twd;k pm;cGi&h f o d S nf[k qdo k rl sm;tcsi;f csi;f
]]'g&Gv[ f &Af}} jzpfjcif;ESifhrjzpfjcif; qdkaom e,fy,fowfrSwf&mwGif #dyu©wYkd jzpfMuonf/
txufaz:jyyg udp&ö yfrsm;\ jyóemt&if;tjrpfukd avhvmMunfrh nfqv kd Qi?f -
(1) bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ tajccHOya'jzpfaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk
t&ADpmayjzifh*CeP aphiHkpGmem;vnf oabmaygufatmif oifMum;ay;Ekid rf I r&Sjd cif;/
(2) ['Dqrf sm; ay:aygufvmyHEk iS hf ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;yg ]]pGE[ é }f } Oya'qdik &f m ['Dqrf sm;ESihf ]]pGE[ é }f }
Oya'r[kwaf om ['Dqfrsm;tm; cJGjcm;wwfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;Edik rf I r&Sjd cif;/
(3) zdu[f"r®owfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;&mü [ezD*P k d ;f 0if "r®owfwpfcw k nf;udo k m oifMum;ay;jcif;?
tjcm; rmvDu?D &SmzDt?D [rfAvD *dP k ;f 0ifrsm;\ "r®owfrsm;udk yg ,SOw f íGJ oifMum;ay;Edik rf I
r&Sjd cif;/
(4) ausmif;awmf0g'(ac:) rdrw d \ Ykd q&mhq&mrsm;\t,ltq tpOftvmrsm;udk a&SUwef;wif
vGe;f jcif;/
(5) usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf t&mcyford ;f wd\ Yk rSwaf usmuf jzpfonf/ ['Dqfrsm;? "r®owfrsm;?
q&mh q&mrsm;tqdt k rderYf sm;udk usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef\ rSwaf usmufjzifh prf;oyfaom ynm&yf
prf;ppfwwfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;Ekid rf rI &Sjd cif;/ xdu k ohJ Ukd ['Dqrf sm;? zdu[f"r®owfrsm;?
q&mhq&mwd\ Yk tqdktrdefYrsm;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef rSwfausmufjzifh prf;ppfjcif;tm;jzifh udkufnDu
vufcHí? rudkufnDu y,f&aumif;rSe;f rodjcif;wdaYk Mumifh jzpfayonf/
txufaz:jyyg y#dyu©rsm;ESiphf yfvsOf;í usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef? ['Dqrf sm;? zdu[f"r®owfrsm;?
urÇmrh w G pf vifrEf ikd if rH sm;ESihf tjynfjynfqikd &f m tpövmrfo h moemhtzJUG tpnf;rsm;\ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;? cH,cl suf
rsm;udk wifjyygrnf/
0g0if0gxGuf vMunfjh cif;
]] aeonf v nf ; aumif ; ? vonf v nf ; aumif ; ? wG u f c suf & ef t wG u f tcsd e f u k d u f n D p G m
oGm;vmvsu&f MdS uonf }}
]] aeonf 4if;\aeywfvrf;aMumif;xJwGif t&Sifjrwf\ wdkif;wmowfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif;
vnfywfvsu&f o dS nf }}
]] vonfvnf; ajcmufaoGUaom pGeyf vGeu f ikd ;f uJoh Ykd jyefí jzpfomG ;onf }}
az:jyyg usrf;jrwfu&k t f meftm,wfrsm;udk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifah eonf vnf;aumif;? vonf
vnf ; aumif ; ? wG u f c suf & ef t wG u f ? tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf u tcsd e f r S e f v nf y wf a eapaMumif ; ?
onfvnf;vnfywfaejcif;tm;jzifh qef;OD;pv? vjynh?f vuG,?f [lítwdtusjzpfay:aeaMumif;udk
qdxk m;aom tm,wfrsm;jzpfonf/
vlom;rsm;onf urÇmOD;prS pwifí ae0ifaexGurf sm;udk wGucf suí f Solar Calendar ac: ae
jyu©'ed f [lívnf;aumif;? v0ifvxGuu f kd wGucf suí f Lunar Calendar ac: vjyu©'ed f [lí vnf;
aumif;? jyu©'ed Ef pS rf sKd ;udk oH;k pJcG MhJ uygonf/ aejyu©'ed q f o kd nfrmS t*Fvyd f jyu©'ed jf zpfNy;D ? vjyu©'ed q
f o
kd nfrmS
t&AD jyu©'ed Ef iS hf jrefrmjyu©'ed f wdjYk zpfMuonf/
urÇmEh ikd if tH oD;oD;&Sd NrKd UjI yrsm;ESihf aus;vufawm&Gmrsm; tyg t0if rdrw d Ykd wnf&aSd eaom ae&m&Sd
avmif*sw D 'G ?f vwÅw D 'G rf sm;t&? aeonf rnfonft h csed x f u
G rf nf? rnfonft h csed 0f ifrnf? vonf rnfonfh
tcsdef jrifEikd o f nf? rnfonft h csdef rjrifEikd q f akd om wGucf sufrrI sm;udk rd;k av0oESiZhf mvaA'XmerS
xkwjf yefxm;csurf sm; &Sad yonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd xkwjf yefcsurf sm;wGif wpfEpS w f mvH;k twGuf xkwjf yefxm;ayonf/
ae0ifaexGuf tcsed Zf ,m;rsm;udk urÇmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;&Sd AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif wpfEpS yf wfv;kH twGuf
csw
d q f x
GJ m;Muygonf/ ruúmNrKd U&Sd utfAmausmif;awmf AvD0wfausmif;twGi;f üyifvQif aexGucf sed ?f
rGe;f wnfch sed ?f ae0ifcsed rf sm;udk Electronic em&Drsm;jzifh az:jy xm;ygonf/
tvm;wl v0ifvxGujf cif; rsm;onfvnf; wdusaocsmaom Z,m;rsm;&SNd y;D jzpfonf/ usr;f jrwf
uk&ftmeft& aeESifhv ESpfckpvHk;udkzefqif;jcif;? vnfywfapjcif;rsm;onf aeY? &uf? v? ESpf [lí
wGucf su&f efjzpfayonf/ ae0ifaexGuZf ,m;udk vufcMHuaom rGwpf vifrrf sm; taejzifh v0ifvxGupf epfukd
vufrcHEikd pf &m taMumif;r&Sad y/ ae0if aexGujf cif;? v0ifvxGujf cif;? aeMuwfjcif;? vMuwfjcif;rsm;udk
BudKwifaMunmEdkifjcif;rsm;onf aeESifhvwdkYtygt0if N*dK[frsm; tm; vHk;onftv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\
wdik ;f wmowfrw S o f nft h wdik ;f 4if;wdYk \ vnfywfvrf;aMumif;rsm;twGi;f twdtus vnfywfomG ;vm
aejcif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/
Alcg&Dusr;f wGif qef;OD;pvukd Munfí h 0g0ifyg? qef;OD;pvudMk unfí h 0gxGuyf g[k wrefawmfjrwfu
rdeMYfum;xm;onf/ &moDOwkt& jrifEikd af cs r&Syd gu wGucf suí f 0g0if? wGucf suí f 0gxGu[ f k rdeq
Yf x kd m;onf/
vudMk unh&f rnfh &moDOwkt& jrifEikd af csr&Su d wGucf su&f rnf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd wGucf su&f jcif; qdo k nfrmS
rdrEd ikd if H NrKd U&Gm ponfjzifw h nf &Sad om wnfae&mrsm;rS rd;k avo0? ZvaA'rsm;rS wGucf sux f m; aom v0if
vxGuf tcsed Zf ,m;rsm;t& 0g0ifjcif;? 0gxGujf cif; jyKvyk f jcif;tm;jzifh rGwpf vifrt f m;vH;k nDñw G pf mG yg0ifjcif;?
0gxGufjcif;rsm; wpfnDwpfñGww f nf; jyKvkyfEdkiMf urnfjzpfonf/ urÇmo h moemh ynm &Sit f rsm;pk
vdu k ef musio fh ;kH aom pepfrmS ]] urÇmwpf0rS ;f vH;k wGif wpf Edik if EH iS w
hf pfEikd if H ESpq
f ,fah v;em&D }} uGmjcm;aom
Edik if [H í l r&dS aom aMumifh urÇmEh ikd if H wpfEikd if rH S rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D u vjrifawGUygu useEf ikd if rH sm; twGi;f
&Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm;u 0g0ifjcif;0gxGujf cif;rsm;udk jyKvyk Ef idk af Mumif; udk qH;k jzwfxm;Muayonf/ (zof0g
*smartZf[&f)
rkwq
f w
d x
f m;jcif;
tpövmrfomoem0if rGwpf vifrt f rsm;pk wlnpD mG vufcx H m;aom tcsurf mS ? wrefawmfjrwfonf
rkwq f w d x f m;onf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm; rkwq f wd x
f m;&rnfrmS ]]pGE[ é }f } jzpfonf/
rkwq f w
d x f m;jcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í Alcg&Dusr;f ? tAl'g0l'u f sr;f ESiM hf uwatta usr;f oH;k usr;f wGif 0g0ifayonf/
az:jyyg oH;k usr;f wGif yg0ifaom rkwq f wd x f m;jcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f aom ['Dqu f kd qifjh yeforl mS qG[mbmBu;D
tAÁ'v G m’ [fAifef tGr&® w f pfO;D wnf;om qifjh yef cJo h nf/
az:jyyg ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;udk ['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;\ ['Dqrf sm;udk cJjG cm;pdwjf zmaom ynm&yfrsm;t&?
¾
!c
trsKd ;tpm;jzpf onf/ tvm;wl ['Dqyf g rdeq f nf ÷ Y # cRi;f csurf &Sd rkwq
Yf ckd suo f w d x
f m;&rnf[k
rdeq
Yf x kd m;aom ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm; r[kwaf y/ Q # >cif;csujf zifh rdeMYf um;xm;aom ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;jzpfonf/
Alcg&Dusrf; 0wfpm;qif,ifru
I @
tAÁ'Gv’m[fAifef tGr®&focifu wrefawmfjrwfxHrS qifhjyefcJh onfrSm?- rG&Sf&pfufrsm;udk
qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzifh EIwcf rf;arT;ud&k w d í
f rkwq f w d uf xkd m;yg[k rdeq Yf ckd o
hJ nf/ (['Dqt f rSw-f 1917)
az:jyyg ['Dqo f nf ]]rG&&fS pfu}f } rsm;udk qefu Y si&f aomtcsed u f t kd xl;jyKxm;aom ['Dqjf zpfonf/
tvm;wl trsKd ;tpm;wl ['Dqw f pfy'k u f v kd nf; wJí G az:jyxm;ayonf/ ,[l'rD sm;onf zdeyf0wfí
0wfjyKavh r&Sad y/ toifwo Ykd nf ,[l'rD sm;udk qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzifh zdeyfp;D í 0wfjyKMu[k rdeq Yf xkd m;aom
['Dqjf zpfonf/
xdu k ohJ Ykd tAl[&k ikd &f [focifu wrefawmfjrwfxrH S qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS ,[l'rd sm;ESihf eqf&meDrsm;onf
qHyifrsm;udk aq;rqd;k us? toifwo Ykd nf 4if;wdt Yk m; qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzifh qHyifaq;qd;k Mu/
(['Dqt f rSw-f 1918)
az:jyyg ['Dqo f ;kH yk'o
f nf trsdK;tpm;wl ['Dqrf sm;jzpfonf/ rG&&fS pfurf sm;? ,[l'rD sm;ESihf
eqf&meDrsm;udk qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzif?h rkwq f w d x f m;Mu? acgif;aq;qd;k Mu? zdeyfp;D í qGvmof0wfjyKMu
qdak om['Dqrf sm;udk tus,zf iG q hf Mkduaom ['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u wpfnw D pfñw G w f nf; vufcx H m;MuonfrmS
qefu Y si&f aom tcsed q f o kd nfrmS wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf ppfjzpfjcif;wGi?f rG&&fS pfurf sm;onf rkwq f wd x f m;avhr&S/d
EIwcf rf;arT;xm;Muonf/
,[l'ED iS ehf qf&meDrsm;onf acgif;aq;qd;k jcif; tvsi;f r&SMd u/ xdu k o hJ yYkd if zdeyfp;D í 0wfrjyKMuay/
4if;wdu Yk kd qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzifh rkwq f w d xf m;jcif;? acgif;aq;qd;k jcif;? zdeyfp;D í 0wfjyKjcif;jyKvyk yf gu ppftwGi;f
olv Y u l , kd vhf l cJjG cm;Edik af tmifajymMum;aom ['Dqrf sm;jzpf ayonf/
az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;onf ppfumvü olv Y u
l , kd v hf l cJjG cm;Edik &f efred qYf ckd surf sm; jzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd
umvrsKd ;wGif az:jyyg trderYf sm;onftrdet Yf jzpf oufa&mufonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd umvrsKd ;r[kwaf omtcsed rf sm;
wGif trdet Yf jzpf tjro J ufa&mufrI r&daS y/ rkwq f w d x f m;jcif;? zdeyfp;D í qGvmof0wfjyKjcif;? acgif;
aq;qd;k jcif;tm;vH;k onf ppftwGi;f rG&&fS pfurf sm;? ,[l'ED iS ehf qf&meDrsm;ESihf qefUusicf sed t f wGuo f ufa&muf
rI&adS om trdejYf zpfonf/
az:jyyg ['DqftrsdK;tpm;udk ['Dqfynmt&? ¾
!c
wrefawmfjrwfxHrS wpfOD;wpf
a,mufwnf; (0g) vlenf;pkrsm;u qifh jyefaom ['Dqjf zpfonf/ az:jyyg ¾
!c

wGif 8. # (ac:)
ausmMf um;aom ['Dqrf sm;vnf; &Sad yonf/ Oyrm-------
`$ + 9 ,¾
"
]] vkyaf qmifcsu&f v'fonf &nf&, G cf suaf y:wGif rlwnfonf }} qdak om ['Dqt f m;
wrefawmfjrwfxrH S tGr&® Af ifef cwÅmAf ocif wpfO;D wnf;u qifjh yefcahJ om ['Dqjf zpfayonf/ odYk aomf
xd[k 'Dqu f kd usr;f Bu;D ajcmufusr;f pvH;k wGif tBurd af ygif; 600 ausmf az:jycH&aom ['Dqjf zpfonft h wGuf
['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u 8.# ausmMf um;aom ['Dqjf zpfonf[k rSww f rf;wifcMhJ uonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif rkwfqdwfxm;jcif;qdkif&m ynwfcsuf rsm; yg0ifjcif; r&SdcJhay/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf ú ' 1 * (ac:)pMu0Vm&Sv d o l m;wpf&yfv;kH vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &rnfh Oya'jzpfonf/
usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef w G i f rk w f q d w f x m;&ef Oya'jyXmef ; cJ h j cif ; r&S d o nf r S m obm0usayonf /
tb,faMumifq h akd omf? urÇmEdik if t H oD;oD;&Sd tcsKd UvlrsKd ;rsm;wGif rkwq f w d rf aygufaom vlrsKd ;rsm;vnf; yg0ifay
onf/ rkwq f w d of nf vlom;\obm0ESihf pyfqikd af omudp&ö yf jzpfayonf/ rkwq f w d xf m;&ef Oya'jy
Xmef;ygu rkwq f w d rf aygufaom rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D tzdYk tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ trdeu Yf kd vdu k ef musio hf ;Hk Edik of nfh
tcGit hf vef;wpf&yf qH;k &H;I &ayrnf/
tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfu rkwfqdwfxm;&ef cRif;csufr&Sd rdefYqdkcJhygu qG[mbmaygif;
wpfoed ;f ausmt f euf? tAÁ'v G m’ [f Aifef tGr&® o f cifuo hJ Ykd tjcm;qG[mbmtrsm;pkuvnf; qifjh yefcahJ om
['Dqrf sm;udk awGU&S&d ayrnf/
rkwq
f w
d Ef iS h f pyfvsO;f í
tpövmrfomoem pwif&me,fajronf ruúma&TNrKd UawmfrS jzpfonf/ aemufyikd ;f wrefawmfjrwf
tajccsaexdik cf ahJ omNrKd UrSm r'Demjzpfonf/ xdrk uúmESihf r'Demtygt0if t&AfEikd if rH sm;&Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm;a&m?
rGwpf vifrrf [kwo f rl sm;a&m? trsm;tm;jzihf rkwq f wd x f m;ol OD;a&enf;onfukd awGU&ayonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd
ruúm? r'Dem tygt0if t&AfEikd if rH sm;twGi;f rkwq f w d x f m;olrsm;udk avhvmMunfrh nfqv kd Qif rGwpf
vifrrf sm;a&m? rGwpf vifrrf [kwo f rl sm;a&m? rkwq f w d w f w kd xkd m; onfuakd wGU&ayrnf/ xdu k o hJ Ydk rkwq
f wd f
wd k w d k x m;jcif ; "avh o nf Pre-Islamic Arabian culture (ac:) tpö v mrf r wd k i f c if
t&Afrsm;\&d;k &m,Ofaus;rI wpfcjk zpfayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfaemuf ydik ;f tGr&® o f cifvufxufwiG ?f tkycf sKyf
a&;rSL;rsm;tm; apvTwfí t&AfEdkifiHtm;vHk;ESifh tmz&duwdkuf&Sd tD*spfEdkifiHwdkYtm; tpövmrfh
tkycf sKyaf &;pepfjzift h yk cf sKycf ahJ vonf/ rktm0d,[focifonf a*s&q k vrfNrKd U\ tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;jzpfonf/
tGr&® Af ifet f mqfocifonf tD*spEf ikd if \ H tkycf sKyaf &;rSL; jzpfonf/
aemufyikd ;f tkrikd , f [frif;quf tkycf sKyo f ufwrf; 45 ESpv f ;kH vH;k qD&;D ,m;Ekid if t
H m; NrKd Uawmftjzpf
owfrw S í f tkycf sKycf o hJ nf/ tvm;wltAÁmqD,[frif;qufrsm;uvnf; tD&mufEikd if ?H b*¾'g'fukd NrKd Uawmf
tjzpf owfrw S í f 185 ESpf tkycf sKycf o hJ nf/ az:jyyg tpövmrft h yk cf sKyf a&;vufatmufrsm;&Sd t&AfEikd if rH sm;ESihf
tmz&duwdu k &f dS tD*spEf ikd if H tygt0if tjcm;tmz&duEkid if rH sm;twGi;f &Sd rGwpf vifrf rsm;onf rkwf qdwf
xm; aom OD;a&xuf rkwfqdwfrxm;aom OD;a&u ydkrsm;onf udkawGU& ayonf/ xdkuJhodkY
wrefawmfjrwfvufxufrS ESpaf ygif;350 ausmq f ufwu kd f tpövmrft h yk cf sKyaf &;atmufwiG f &Scd MhJ uaom
rGwpf vifrf rsm;tzdYk rkwq f wd x
f m;jcif;? rxm;jcif;tay: rnfonfh y#dyu©rQ r&Scd ahJ y/ tvm;wl
xm;olrsm;tm;vH;k onfvnf; rkwq f w d wf w kd kd xm;olrsm; udo k m awGU&ayrnf/
yg&Se;f Edik if EH iS hf yg&Se;f (zg&pD) pum;ajymEdik if rH sm;wGif tz*epöweftygt0if rGwpf vifrrf sm;a&m?
rGwpf vifrrf [kwaf omolrsm;a&m? trsm;pkonf rkwq f w d &f n S &f n S x f m;onfukd awGU&ayonf/ tvm; wl
tdE, ´d Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm;ESihf rGwpf vifrrf [kwo f rl sm;tm;vH;k onfvnf; rkwq f w d &f n S &f n S xf m;jcif;udk
awGU&S&d ayonf/ bef*vma'&SEf iS hf ygupöwefEikd if w H v Ykd nf; yg0ifonf/
rk w f q d w f o nf vl o m;obm0ES i f h q d k i f a omud p ö & yf j zpf a yonf / tpö v mrf o moem0if
rGqpf vifrrf sm;onf wrefaf wmfjrwf\ pGE[ é u f t kd aumiftxnfaz:jcif;tm;jzifh rkwq f w d x f m;&müvnf;
4if;wdkY\ Edkifi? vlrsdK; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;t& t&AfEdkifrsm;ESifh tmz&duEdkifiHrsm;&SdrGwfpvifrfrsm;onf
rkwq f w d w f w kd x kd m;Muonf/ yg&Se;f ESihf yg&Se;f pum;ajymaomEdik if rH sm;? tdE, ´d Edik if tH ygt0if? xdEk ikd if rH sm;twGi;f &Sd
rGwpf vifrrf sm;onf wrefawmfjrwf\pGE[ é u f kd taumiftxnfaz: jcif;tm;jzifh rkwq f w d xf m;Muonf/
rkwq f w d x f m;&mü &Sn&f n S x f m; avh&MdS uonf/ tvm;wl Oa&mywdu k &f dS wl&uDEikd if o H nf rGwpf vifrf
Edik if w H pfcjk zpfonf/ rGwpf vifrf 95 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &So d nf/ xdEk ikd if &H dS rGwpf vifrt f rsm;pkonf rkwq f w d xf m;jcif;
r&SMd uay/
tpövmrfomoemonf tvGew f pf&mrQ "r®"Xd mefusaom omoemjzpfonf/ xdo k moemwGif
t"r®pepfr&Sad y/ acwfwikd ;f ? ae&mwdik ;f ? vlrsKd ;wdik ;f twGuf vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &mü vG,u f rl u I o kd mvQif
ñTejf yvsu&f adS om omoemjzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(68) tm,wf(4)wGi?f -
ù+; , ÷ + H
ý ' ; "

]] {ueftrSef toif(wrefawmf) onf ud, k u f siw hf &m;t&mütjrwfq;kH jzpfonf }}
þonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wref awmfjrwf\ ud, k u f siw hf &m;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D
rdeMYf um;xm;aom tm,wfjzpfayonf/ tpövmrfomoemonf ud, k u f siw hf &m;udk tajccHaomomoem
jzpfonf/ rGwpf vifrw f pfa,muf\ ud, k u f siw hf &m; aumif; rGejf cif;onf r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfaomwm0efjzpfonf/
tb,faMumifh qdak omf? tpövmrfomoem0if rGwpf vifrrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef pl&[f(49)
tm,wf(13)wGi?f -
]] toifwdkYteuf ]ouú0g} (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspf aMumuf &dkaocefYjim;rI
pdw"f gwf)t&Sq d ;kH olonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxaH wmfyg;wGif trGejf rwfq;kH jzpfonf }}
tpövmrfomoem0if rGwfpvifrfrsm;taejzifh t"duESifh omrn qdkaomudpö&yfrsm;udk
cJjG cm;od&rnfrmS wm0efwpf&yfjzpfay onf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é rf sm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&mü wref
awmfjrwf\ jrifawG&Y aom &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mpGE[ é rf sm;udv k nf; taumiftxnfaz:í rjrifrawGU&aom
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m pGE[ é rf sm;udvk nf; taumiftxnfaz:&rnf jzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG ?f -
ù7 Y 7 # '
÷C
[lí trdeaYf y;rdeMYf um;csuf ajrmufrsm;pGmyg0ifay onf / t"dymÜ ,frmS ]] toifwo Ykd nf
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftm; twwfEikd q f ;kH ouú0g(ac:)(cspaf Mumuf&akd ocefUjim;)Muavukef }} [k qdx k m;
ayonf/
]] {uefrvJG toifwdkYtzdkY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudkvnf;aumif;?aemufqHk;aeYudkvnf;aumif;?
aMumuf & G U H o nf h t jyif tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf t m; rsm;pG m atmuf a rh w o owd & vsuf & S d o l t zd k Y
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ &plvw f refawmfüf rGwjf rwfvpS mG aompHerlemonf &Sad yonf }}
az:jyyg tm,wfrsm;udk aphipkH mG zwf&aI vhvmqnf;ylí oH;k oyfqifjcifrnfqykd gu wrefawmfjrwftm;
pHerlem,l&müwref awmfjrwf\ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m pHrsm;udEk v S ;kH oGi;f í rdrw
d \
Ykd pdw"f gwfrsm;udzk UGH NzKd ;wd;k wufap&ef
rdeqYf xkd m;csurf sm;udk uGuu f uG u
f iG ;f uGi;f jrifawGU Edik af yonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefEiS w
hf v
G muf
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg tcsKd UtrderYf sm;onfwrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é (f ac:) tao;pdwf taumif
txnfaz:jyrI rygyJ vdu k ef musio hf ;kH í r&Edik af y/ Oyrm?- qGvmof? Zumof? [*sf uJo h aYkd om Oya'rsm;udk
qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf/
vifcef;r,m;cef; jywfprJ I wGvmufay;jcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í ]]wGvmuf}} ESihf wGvmuftaMumif;yg0ifaom
tm,wfrsm;udk vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &mü vnf;aumif;? em;vnfoabmayguf&mü vnf;aumif;?tvG,u f ql ;kH
t&Si;f vif;qH;k enf;rsm;jzifh az:jyxm;ayonf/
rG w f p vif r f r [k w f a om? t&AD p mayud k rod e m;rvnf o nf h vl w pf a ,muf t m;
4if;em;vnfwwfuRr;f aom bmompum;jzifh bmomjyefxm;aom uk&t f mefuakd y;í wGvmufqikd &f m
Oya'rsm;udk
zwfcikd ;f jcif;tm;jzifh uk&t f mefyg wGvmufOya'udk wpfxikd w f nf;ESihf em;vnf;oabmaygufomG ;rnf jzpfonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif wGvmufay;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'onf ]]tpf'of}} [kac:qdkaom
apmifq h ikd ;f umvudk vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; tajccH xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ZeD;armifEw HS t Ykd m; wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D cJcG mG vku d
cJGcmG cGifjh yKxm;onf/ xdkuJhodkY cJGcmG jywfpaJ wmhrnfqydk gu atmufygpnf;urf;rsm;udk wpfaoGrwdrf;
vdu k ef mMu&rnfjzpfonf/
1/ cifyeG ;f ESiZhf eD;onfwYkd y#dyu©&ydS gu cifyeG ;f zufrS vlBuD;wpfa,muf? ZeD;zufrS vlBuD;
wpfa,mufac:í ajyvnfap&ef n§Ed iId ;f &rnf/ (4 ; 35)
2/ uGm&Si;f jywfp&J mü orm"d&adS om vlBu;D ESpaf ,mufuo kd ufaoxm;&rnf/ (65 ; 2)
3/ ZeD;onf &moDyef;yGiNhf y;D ud, k jf yefoefo Y nfh tcsed u f akd pmifí h jywfp&J rnf/ (65 ; 1)
4/ uGm&Si;f Ny;D ygu ]] tpf'of }} apmifq h ikd ;f umv &ufukd a&wGu&f rnf/ (65 ; 1)
5/ uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onf &moDyef;oH;k cgyGio hf nfwh ikd f rdru d , kd u f kd apmifq h ikd ;f &rnf/
(2 ;228)
6/ uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onf &moDyef;yGijhf cif;r&Syd gu rdru d ,
kd u f kd oH;k v apmifq h ikd ;f &rnf/
(65 ; 4)
7/. uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onfu, k d 0f ef&d S ygu 4if;\]]tpf'of}} apmifq h ikd ;f umvonf uav;arG;Ny;D
csed tf xdjzpfonf/ (65 ; 4)
8/ uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onfwiG f xif&mS ;aom pufqyk zf , G &f m wpfpw kH pf&m usL;vGerf I r&Syd gu?
cifyeG ;f uvnf;tdrrf S ESirf cs&/ ZeD;uvnf; tdrrf q S if;roGm;&/ (65 ; 1)
9/ uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onf apmifq h idk ;f umv wGif ud, k 0f ef&adS eygu rxdecf se&f / tdrw f iG tf wl
aecsed f cifyeG ;f uZeD;onftm; jyefvnford ;f ydu k &f ef tcGit hf a&;yd&k o dS jl zpfonf/ (2 ; 228)
10/ ZeD;armifEHS (jyefvnfaygif;oif;Edik af om) uGm&Si;f jcif;onf ESpBf urd o f mjzpfonf/ 'kw, d uGm
&Si;f jywfpNJ y;Dd 'kw, d oH;k vapmifq h ikd ;f umvtwGi;f jyefaygif;cGi&hf o dS nf/ jyefraygif;vdu k aemuff
tNy;D cJcG mG &rnf/ (2 ;229)
11/ xdk tNy;D jywfpo J mG ;aom trsKd ;orD;onf tjcm;trsKd ;om;wpfO;D OD;ESihf tdraf xmifusNy;D uJu G mG
onfjzpfap? xdt k rsKd ;om; aoqH;k oGm;onfjzpfap? yxr cifyeG ;f ujyefvnfaygif;oif;vdyk gu
ESpOf ;D pvH;k tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ pnf;urf;rsm;udk apmifx h ed ;f Edik rf nf[k ,HMk unfygu ]]edu[f}}
zwfíaygif;oif;Edik o f nf/ (2 ; 230)
12/ tv’m[ft h rdeOYf ya'rsm;udk ajymifavSmifysu&f ,frrI jyK MuESi/hf toifwt Ykd m; jyKxm;aom
aus;Zl;rsm;udo k wd&Mu/ xdu k sr;f jrwf(uk&t f mef)jzifh toifwt Ykd m; qH;k rawmfro l nf/
tv’m[fh tm; aMumuf&UGH &dak ocefjY im;Mu/ xdt k &Sio f nf t&mcyford ;f wdu Yk kd t<uif;rJo h d
awmfral om t&Sijf zpfonf/ (2 ;231)
txufaz:jyyg taMumif;t&mrsm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef yg vifcef;r,m;cef; jywfpaJ om
Oya'jzpfonf/ xdOk ya'\ toufonf ú8 C ú
Q Y 0 apmifq h ikd ;f umv ]]tpf'of}} &ufukd ]]a&wGuf
Edik }f }aomtcsed u f mvü wGvmufay;Mu/ qdv k o kd nfrmS ZeD;onf &moDyef;yGiNhf y;D ud, k jf yefoefaY omtcsed u f kd
qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ odrYk o S m txufraS z:jycJah om tm,wfrsm;t& &moDyef;yGichf sed o f ;kH csed u f kd a&wGuEf ikd rf nf
jzpfonf/ wGvmufwpfBudrfay;jcif;tay: oHk;vapmifh&rnf/ xdkoHk;vtwGif; tdrfrSmtwlaeí
jyefvnfoihjf rwfjcif;udk zefw;D &rnf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd oH;k vtwlaeí ajyvnfrrI &Syd gu 'kw, d wGvmufukd ay;&
rnf/ 'kw, d oH;k v jyefapmif&h rnf/ tdrrf mS twlaeNy;D ajyvnfru I k d zefw;D &rnf/ xdu k o h J Y k d 'kw,d oH;k vwGiv f nf;
ajyvnfrIr&Sdygu tNyD;tjywfwGvmufay;í vrf;cJG&rnf/ þonfrSm tvGefobm0us aom
vifr,m;jywfprJ I jzpfayonf/
yxr wGvmuf\ apmifhqdkif;umv oHk;v? 'kwd,wGvmuf\apmifhqdkif;umv oHk;vaygif;
ajcmufvtwlaeíyif jyefvnfaygif;oif;vdpk w d f ukecf ef;oGm;aom ZeD;armifEw HS \Ykd vrf;cJrG o I nf aoG;at;
at;ESifh vrf;cJGMujcif;jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY aoG;at;at;jzifh vrf;cJGjcif;onf aemufaMumif;
&Iypf &mtaMumif;r&Sad wmhay/ tu,fí ZeD;armifEHS pdwq f ;kd csed cf P roifrh jrwfjzpfaom pdwv f ukd rf mefyg
a'go tavsmuf uGm&Sif;jywfpJcJhonfqdkygu tdrfrSmtwlaepOf oHk;v twGif; jyefvnfajy
vnfomG ;rnfjzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd oH;k vESihf rajyvnfygu ajcmufvtwGi;f ajyvnfa&;udk OD;;wnfNy;D
a&;qJx G m;aomOya' jzpfonf/
vuf&dS tar&duefjynfaxmifp\ k vifcef;r,m;cef; jywfprJ OI ya'onf? vifEiS rhf ,m; ESpOf ;D oabmwl
w&m;&H;k odYk uGm&Si;f jywfpv J akd Mumif; avQmufvmT wif&onf/ xdak vQmufvmT wifcsed rf S pwifíajcmuf
vjynfo h nft
h xd apmif&h onf/ ajcmufvtwGi;f vifEiS rhf ,m;tNy;D jywfpí J r&/ ajcmufvausmNf y;D rS
'kw, d avQmufvmT t& vifcef;r,m;cef;jywfonf/
Alcg&Dusr;f rS wGvmufu@
Alcg&Dusr;f yg wGvmufu@ukd pl&[fwv G mufjzifh pwifxm;ygonf/ xdaYk emuf tAÁ'v G m’ [fAifef
tGr&® o
f cifu 4if;\ZeD; ud, k rf oefcY sed wf iG f wGvmufay;cJ\ h / xdt
k aMumif;t&mESiphf yfvsO;f í tGr&® o f cif
u wrefawmfjrwftm; ajymjycJ\ h / xdt k cg wrefawmfjrwfu rdeq Yf o
kd nfrmS ? ud,
k rf oefcY sed f wGvmufay;í
r&/ toifo h m;tm; jyefaygif;vdu k jyefaygif;Edik o f nf[k ajymMum;vku d /f tu,fí jyefraygif;vdu k aemuf
wpfcsed f ud, k rf oefcY sed u
f kd jyefapmif/h ud, k o f efNY y;D rS wGvmufay;[k rdeq Yf ckd ahJ om ['Dqu f kd az:jyxm;onf/
(Alcg&Dusr;f ? wGvmufu@? ['Dq-f 1878)
rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ tajccHOya'jzpfaom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef wGif u@aygif; (114)u@yg0ifayonf/
xduk @rsm;teuf pl&[fwv G muf[í l u@wpfck oD;jcm;az:jyxm;ayonf/ az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\
Oya'ESiq hf efu Y siíf Alcg&Dusr;f tygt0if rnfonf[ h 'Dqu
f sr;f rsm;wGirf S qefu Y sií f rdeq Yf x
kd m;aom ['Dqrf sm;
ryg0ifay/ az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf qefu Y sií f az:jycJah om ['Dqrf sm;&Syd guvnf; vdu k ef musio fh ;kH &ef
rvdt k yfay/
txufrS az:jyNy;D jzpfaom wrefawmfjrwfyifvQif usr;f jrwfco G Af [fay;jcif; odrYk [kwf rdrd w d Ykd
wwfoed m;vnfaom bmompum; jzifah y;jcif;tay: tdrmrfBu;D av;yg;teuf tAl[eDzmocif? tdrmrf
&SmzDto D cif? tdrmrf[rfAvfocifwo Ykd ;kH OD;wdu
Yk cofA[fem;axmifow l o Ykd nf t&Afrsm;r[kwyf J t*srf aD c:
t&Afr[kwo f rl sm;jzpfygu? xdek m;axmifaomolrsm;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh cGoAf [fay;&rnf
[k 4if;wd"Yk r®owfrsm;wGif qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/
rdrmrf rmvpfuo f cifurl? cGoAf [fw&m;a&at;wdu k af uR;&mü em;axmiforl sm;onf t&Afr[kwyf J
t*srf aD c:t&Af r[kwo f rl sm; jzpfyguvnf;? t&ADbmomjzifo h m cGoAf [fay;&rnf[k 4if;\"r®owfwiG f
az:jyxm;onf/
/+
<:
ý , / Q6
71
(t&ADr&l if;usr;f twJ-G 1?pmrsuEf mS -315? cGwAÅ [fqikd &f m"r®owfu@)
urÇmEh ikd if tH oD;oD;&Sd AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif cGoAf [fay;&mü xdEk ikd if t H wGi;f &Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm;
em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh cGofA[fay;vsuf &SdMuygonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeft&vnf;?
cGoAf [fem;axmif&eftwGuf AvD0wfausmif;rsm;odYk taqmwvsio f mG ; a&muf Ed;I aqmfxm;ayonf/
cGoAf [fuekd m;axmifjcif;tm; 0g*spAf w f m0eftjzpf tdrmrfav;yg;pvH;k u tqdn k pD mG vufcx H m;Muygonf/
cGoAf [ftcsed w f iG f pum;ajymjcif;? cGoAf [fukd tm&Hpk u kd íf em;raxmifjcif;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd
o,faqmifxm;aom jrnf;owÅ0g jzpfonf[k tdrmrfav;yg;pvH;k u vufcx H m;Muonf/ xd0k g*spAf f
wm0efjzpfaom cGoAf [fukd em;axmiforl sm;onf rdrw d eYkd m;vnfaombmompum;jzifh Mum;od&rSom?
xdck o G Af [ftm; wpfav;wpfpm; em;axmifMurnfjzpfayonf/ odrYk o S m usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg (tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwftm; wo owd&&S&d mod)Yk taqmwvsif oGm;Muolrsm; twGuf cGoAf [f\ tusdK;ouf
a&mufrrI sm;udk cHpm;Edik Mf urnfjzpfayonf/
''''''''
AvD0wfausmif;rsm;ESih f trsKd ;orD;rsm;
( ,÷67#g
) E$,q70ý$CCN"50 F
ý0A !H8 4 1A
K 4
8$,
tmat,S[o f cifru qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS ? AvD0wfausmif; twGi;f wGif vlrnf;trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D u?
wJx;kd í aecJo h nf/ xdt k rsKd ;orD;onf uRerf xHvma&mufí pum;pjrnfajymavh&o dS nf/
(Alcg&DEiS rhf w G pf vifrf ESpu f sr;f pvH;k wGiyf g0ifí tqdn k aD om ['Dqjf zpf onf/ BULUGH AL-MARAM
qGvmofu@)
tmat,S[o f cifru qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS ? wrefawmfjrwf\ aemufrS z*s&q f v
G mof 0wfjyKcMhJ uaom
trsKd ;orD;rsm;teuf tcsKd U onf jcKH xnfwpfcw k nf;ESihf wpfu, kd v f ;kH udk vHak tmif ywfí 0wfjyKMuonf/
(Alcg&Dusr;f ? qGvmofu@? ['Dqt f rSw-f 368)
wrefawmfjrwf\aemufwGif trsdK;orD;rsm; *srmtofjzifh qGvmof0wfjyKrIESifhpyfvsOf;í
Alcg&Dusr;f tygt0if usr;f Bu;D ajcmuf usr;f pvH;k wGif yg0ifayonf/ tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfacwfrS pwif
í utfAmausmif;awmfESifh r'Dem&Sd wrefawmfjrwf\ 0wfausmif; awmfwdkYwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;
ig;Burd q f v G mof0wfjyKcMhJuonfrmS ,aeYwidk jf zpfayonf/ xdu k o
hJ yYkd if urÇmEh ikd if t
H oD;oD;&Sd AvD0wfausmif;rsm;
wGiv f nf; qGvmofig;Burd pf vH;k udk *srmtofjzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm; 0wfjyKjcif;? *semZ[fqv G mof0wfjyKjcif;?
tpf'*guGi;f jyifrsm;wGiv f nf; tD'q f v G mof0wfjyKjcif;rsm;udk trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ;orD;rsm;vnf;
0wfjyKvsu&f MdS uayonf/
txufrS az:jycJah om vlrnf;trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D AvD 0wfausmif;twGi;f wJx;kd íaejcif;['Dqo f nf
Alcg&Dusrf;rS ['Dqfjzpfonf/ tvm;wl rGwfpvifrfusrf;wGifvnf; yg0ifayonf/ xdk['Dqfudk
tpfAae[*s&o f cifu 4if;\ BULUGH AL MARAM qGvmof u@wGif tus,w f pf0ifh az:jycJo h nfrmS ?
trsKd ;orD;rsm;onftajc taet& AvD0wfausmif;twGi;f wGif oD;jcm;umí aecGi&hf adS Mumif;az:jyxm;
ayonf/ xdv k rl nf;trsKd ;orD; wJx;kd íaecJah om AvD0wfausmif;rSm wrefawmfjrwf\ ]] rqf*sad 'eA0D }}
ausmif;awmfjzpfonf/
tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfu toifwdkY\ZeD;rsm;? orD;rsm;uvnf; AvD0wfausmif;odkY
qGvmof0wfjyK&ef cGiahf wmif;ygu rwm;MuESiq hf akd om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ tpövmrfw&m;awmf\
t&if;tjrpfjzpfaom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif qGvmof0wfjyKr?I
uA&focØsKi;f rsm;wGif aZ,m&ofjyKrrI sm;udk ydwyf ifwm;qD;jcif; tvsi;f r&Scd ahJ y/ wrefawmfjrwf\ ['Dqf
rsm;wGiv f nf; ydwyf ifwm;qD;jcif; r&Scd ahJ y/ utfAmausmif;awmfEiS hf r'Dem&Sd wrefawmfjrwf AvD0wfausmif;
0wf a usmif ; tygt0if urÇ m h E d k i f i H t oD ; oD ; &S d AvD 0 wf a usmif ; rsm;wG i f v nf ; aeY p Of
qGvmofig;Burd t f rsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ;orD;rsm;vnf; 0wfjyKvsu&f MdS uygonf/
xdu k o hJ Ykd udp&ö yfrsm;udk taMumif;jyKí jiif;cHrk ?I jyóemjzpfr?I cku d &f efjzpfr?I rsm;onf r&So d ifrh &Sx
d ukd af om
udp&ö yfrsm;jzpfayonf/
pl&[f(2) tm,wf (278)wGi?f -
]] td-k ,HMk unfot l aygif;wdYk tu,fí toifwo Ykd nf ,HMk unforl sm;jzpfMuygrl? tv’m[ft&Sit f m;
cspaf Mumuf&akd ocefjY im;Muav uke/f 4if;tjyif <uif;usev f su&f adS om twd;k rsm;udk pGev Yf wT Mf u }}
pl&[f (2) tm,wf (279)wGi?f -
]] wpfzef tu,fí toifwdkYonf twdk;ESifhywfoufaomtv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ trdefYudk
rvdu k ef mcJyh grl? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS hf vnf;aumif;? tv’m[ft&Si\ f wrefawmfEiS v hf nf;aumif;? ppfruf
NyKd if wdu k cf u kd Mf u&ef tqifoifh &SMd uukef }}
]] td-k ouf0if,MkHunfot l aygif;wdYk toifwo Ykd nf twd;k rpm;MuavESi/hf xdjYkyif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfukd
cspaf Mumuf&akd ocefjY im;Muavuke/f odrYk o S m toifwYkd atmifjrifMuuket f hH }}
]] xdkYjyifw0 xdkolwdkY\ twdk;pm;rIaMumifhvnf;aumif;? olwpfyg;wdkY\ Opömypönf;udk
rw&m;aomenf;jzifh pm;oH;k jcif;aMumifh vnf; aumif;? wm;jrpfc&hJ avNy/D xdrk w S pfyg;wHk igt&Sijf rwfonf
xdo k w l Ykd teufrS aoGznfjiif;y,fow l t Ykd zdYk tvGejf yif;xefaom jypf'Pfukd tqif oifh jyKvyk x f m;avonf}}
þonfwrYkd mS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í ydwyf ifwm;qD;xm;aom Oya'jzpfonf/
ae&mtm;jzifh ajcmufae&mwGif yg0ifayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f ajrmufrsm;pGm ydwyf ifwm;qD;cJah om
Oya'rsm;wGif cRi;f csujf zifh cGijhf yKxm;aom Oya'rsm; yg0ifayonf/ Oyrm- pm;oH;k jcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í
wm;jrpfxm;aom pl&[f(5)tm,wf(3)wGi?f -
]] tvdt k avsmufaoaom om;aumifonfvnf;aumif;? aoG;onfvnf;aumif;? 0uf\tom;onf
vnf;aumif;? tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSwpfyg; tjcm;udk&nfpl;xm;aom wd&pämefonf vnf; aumif;?
vnfrsKd np§ í f aoaomom;aumifonf vnf;aumif;? &ku d f ESuí f jzpfap? xdcu kd í
f jzpfap? aoaom
om;aumif;onf vnf; aumif;? jrif&h mrSusí aoaomom;aumifonf vnf;aumif;? OD;csKd jzifah 0SUcwfjcif;cH&í
aoaomom;aumif;onf vnf;aumif;? (toufrxGufrD w&m;awmfESifhtnD) toifwdkY ]]ZA[f}}
vS;D jzwfEikd cf ahJ om wd&pämefrsm;rSty? om;&Jw&d pämefrsm; owfjzwfxm;aomom;aumifonf vnf;aumif;?
toifwt Ykd ay:ü ]] [&mrf }} [lí wm;jrpfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ &kyyf mG ;rsm;xm;&S&d mae&mXmersm;wGif
ylaZmfv;DS jzwfxm;onfo h m;aumifonfvnf;aumif;? rJ? jrm;wdjYk zifh toifwYkd a0pka0yHck jGJ cif;onfvnf;aumif;?
toifwt Ykd zd(Yk pm;oH;k jcif; rjyKMu&ef)wm;jrpfxm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ þonfwo Ykd nfum; jypfr'I pk &ku d rf sm;yifwnf;/
od&Yk mwGif rnforl qdk tjyif;txef qmavmifrw G of yd íf rvJrG a&Smifomonfh tajctaeodYk pdu k af &mufco hJ jzifh
xdo k o l nf jypfru I kd ESpof ufvrkd rI &Syd w J m;jrpfxm;aom t&mrsm;udk pm;oH;k rdygu rcRw{f uef tv’m[f
t&Sifjrwfonf tvGefw&m vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;awmfrlaomt&SiftvGefMuifemawmfrlaom
t&Sijf zk pfawmfr\ l }}
tMuifow l pfO;D onf tajctaet& xdw k m;jrpfxm;aom t&mrsm;om &So d nfah e&mwGif
a&muf&cdS \ hJ / xdt k &mrsm;udk BuKd uEf pS o f ufcjhJ cif;vnf;r&S?d tpm;usL;onfvnf;r[kwyf ?J xdt k &mrsm;udk
toufrao&ef pm;ydik cf iG hf jyKxm;onf/
odaYk omf twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg ajcmuf ae&mpvH;k wGif cRi;f csujf zifv h nf; pm;ydik cf iG hf
jyKxm;onfukd tvsi;f rawGU&S&d ay/
wrefawmfjrwfonf [pf*s&(D 10)ckEpS f ZGvu f '[f 2 6 &ufaeYwiG f r[mom0uaygif; 90000
ESit hf wl r'DemNrKd UrS [*sjf yK&ef xGucf mG cJo h nf/ ZGv[ f *s*f s 9 &ufaeYwiG f t&zofuiG ;f jyif&dS &[frofawmif
ay:rS rdecYf eG ;f acRco hJ nf/ xdrk ed cYf eG ;f udk em;axmifcahJ om qG[mbmBu;D rsm;rSm 115000 cef&Y cdS o hJ nf/ xdrk ed cYf eG ;f udk
wrefawmfjrwf\ EIwq f ufred cYf eG ;f tjzpf vlord sm;cJo h nf/ xdrk ed cYf eG ;f wGif taMumif;t&m ajrmufrsm;
pGm yg0ifco hJ nf/ xdak jrmufrsm;pGmteuf twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í?-
X](#+ø140
]]twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í ,lxm;jcif;? ay;xm;jcif;rsm;tm;vH;k udk zsuo f rd ;f Ny;D jzpfonf}} rdr,d x l m;yguvnf;
jyefay;&efrvd?k rdru d ay;xm; yguvnf;? jyef,&l efrvd?k tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f íwm;
jrpfcsuOf ya' jyXmef;xm;Ny;D jzpfonf/
+¾"
'
ýR=
]]twd;k ,ljcif;? ay;jcif;pepftpövmrfwiG f r&Sad wmhay}}
1X(#< Y
!,ú+2!,+4

]]{uef tAÁ'v G rf w
G vÅ pfA\ f om; tAÁmqfocif\ twd;k tm; vH;k udv k nf; y,fzsu?f zsuo f rd ;f Ny;D avNy}D }
(,lxm;olrsm; jyefvnf ay;&efrvdak y/)
twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG v f nf; wm;jrpfchJ onf/ xdu k ohJ yYkd if wrefawmfjrwfuvnf;
twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í wm;jrpfcNhJ y;D jzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef tm,wfrsm;t&a&m? wrefawmfjrwf\
txufygrdecYf eG ;f t&a&m? yxrydik ;f wGif twd;k ay;jcif;? twd;k ,ljcif;rsm; jyKvyk cf ahJ Mumif;? yg0ifayonf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd
twd;k ay;jcif; ,ljcif;pepfrsm;udk usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f wm;qD;ydwyf ifred rYf sm;usa&mufNyD;aemufyikd ;f
wrefawmfjrwfuvnf; wm;qD;ydwyf ifco hJ nf/
tcsKd Uynm&Sirf sm;tMum; r

+¾ qdak om]]'g&Gv[ f &zf}} tpövmrftyk cf sKyrf I e,fy,fr[kwaf om
a'owG i f twd k ; pm;yd k i f c G i f h & S d o nf q d k a om ['D q f r sm;t&? twd k ; pm;í&onf [ k cH , l M uonf /
tcsKd Uynm&Sirf sm;u az:jyyg ['Dqt f & pm;vd&Yk onfum; rSe\ f / odaYk omf ]]'g&Gv[ f &zf}} qdak om a0g[m&udk
zGiqhf &kd mü rGwpf vifrrf sm;tay:ppfwu kd cf u kd af om ae&mrsm;udo k mvQif 'g&Gv[ f &zf [kac:onf[k apm'u
wufMuonf/
rnfoyYkd ifqakd p? r

+¾ qdak om['Dqo f nf trSef wu,f &Scd yhJ guvnf; usr;f jrwfu&k f
tmefwiG f twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f íydwyf ifwm;qD;aom tm,wfrsm;rusa&mufciftvsiu f qdak umif;qdck EhJ ikd of nf/
xduk o hJ Ykd qdak umif;qdck yhJ guvnf; xd[ k 'Dqf trsKd ;tpm;onfusr;f jrwfu&k t f mef tm,wfrsm;t& vnf;aumif;?
wrefawmfjrwf\[*s*f sov G 0f 'd [f qG[mbmaygif; wpfoed ;f wpfaomif;ig;axmifcefaY &SUwGif rdeMYf um;cJah om
wrefawmfjrwf\ aemufq;kH rdecYf eG ;f t& vnf;aumif;? yvyfzsuo f rd ;f Ny;D aom ['Dqo f mvQif jzpfayonf/
az:jyyg udp&ö yfrsm;onf jyóemtjzpf ray:aumif;? rjzpfaumif;aom udp&ö yfrsm;jzpfayonf/
xdkuJhodkY usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefu >cif;csufr&SdvHk;0OóHk wm;jrpfNyD;jzpfaom udpöjzpfonf/ tvm;wl
wref a wmf j rwf u vnf ; [*sf * soG v f 0 d ' [f w G i f usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef twd k i f ; omvQif jyef v nf
rdecYf eG ;f acRNy;D jzpfayonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd ESpaf ygif;1400 ausmu f xJu r&Sad wmhaomudp&ö yfrsm;udk jyefvnf
toufoGif;aejcif;rsm;onf? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk Xmefu&dkPf;ususzwfwwf&HkuvJGNyD;? rdrdwdkY
zwf&w G o f &Zösm,fonft h wdik ;f em;vnfoabmraygufjcif;? em;vnfoabmaygufatmif rBuKd ;pm;jcif;?
em;vnfoabm ayguf&aumif;rSe;f rodjcif;wYkd aMumifjh zpfonf/
eee
usrf;jrwfu&
k t
f mef
tpö v mrf h t ajccH O ya'onf usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef j zpf o nf / xd k u srf ; yg Oya'rsm;ud k
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmfjrwf\ ESv;kH om;xJoYkd ]] 0[D }} tm;jzifh ydcYk say;cJo h nf/ xdu k sr;f yg tm,wf
rsm;onf wref awmfjrwfxHodkY 0[D tjzpfydkYcscJhonfhtwdkif; vdkwdk; ydkavQmhtvsif;r&SdyJ xm0&
wnf&adS ernfjzpfonf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd wnf&dS ae&efvnf; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu, kd af wmfwikd f xde;f odr;f cJjh cif;
jzpfonf/ pl&[f(15) tm,wf (9)wGi?f -
]] {uef p if p pf igt&S i f o nf y if v Qif þqH k ; rMo0g'wnf ; [l a omusrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef u d k
csay;awmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xdrk w S pfyg; igt&Sif onfyifvQif xdu k sr;f udk apmifah &Smufawmfrrl nfh t&Sijf zpfayonf}}
tvm;wl xdkusrf;onf NyD;jynfhpHk tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;xm;aomusrf;jzpfonfudk pl&[f(11)
tm,wf(1)wGi?f -
]] þonf tMuifusr;f *efwpfqw l nf;/ xdu k sr;f *ef\ tm ,wfawmfrsm;onf jrjJ rcH ikd cf efaY tmif
jyKvyk jf cif;jzpfacsonf/ xdjYk yifxt kd m,wfawmfrsm;onf udsK;aMumif;qifjcifww kH &m;ESihf jynfph akH wmfral om
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxaH wmfrS tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;az:jyNy;D jzpfayonf }}
pl&[f(16) tm,wf(43)ESihf pl&[f(21) t,wf(7)wdw Yk iG ?f -
4 C ¾
ù7$ 1 4
1 :
ø

@
0
]] toifwYkd rodMuygu odaomolrsm;tm; ar;jref;Mu }}
txufyg tm,wfrsm;t& usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf tao; pdw&f iS ;f vif;xm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ 4if;aemuf
toifwrYkd odvQif odaomolrsm;udk ar;jref;Mu[k qdx k m;onf/ az:jyyg tm,wfrsm;tay: av;av;eufeuf
pOf;pm;cJah om qG[mbmBu;D tAlbuú&o f cifutu,fí ukvm;tkww f pfaumif\ BuKd ;av;wpfacsmif;uJo h Ykd
ao;rTmG ;onfh ypön;f uav; aysmufq;kH oGm;yguvnf; jyefvnf&&S&d ef enf;vrf;udk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f
vrf;ñTecf suyf g&SNd y;D jzpfonf [k qdck o hJ nf/
(a'gufwm ,lqzG u f &f'gG 0D\ Islamic Law in The Modern World pmrsuEf mS -10)
]] þonf usr;f *efjzpfonf/ toifonf vlom;wpf&yfv;kH wdUk tm; tv’m[f\trdeaYf wmfEiS hf
tarSmifxrk sm;rS tvif;a&mifoq Ykd x GJ w k Ef ikd t f ahH omiSm? xdu k sr;f *efukd csay;cJah vonf }}
usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftvsiu f csay;cJah om Oya'rsm;ESihf a&G;cs,cf ahJ om eADwrefawmfrsm;onf
vlrsKd ;pkrsm;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;?acwfwpfacwftwGuf vnf;aumif;? e,fy,frsm;tvdu k af omfvnf;
aumif;? jzpfayonf/ xdw k refawmfrsm; r&Sad wmhonfh aemufyikd ;f wGi4f ifwx Ykd cH say;cJah om Oya'rsm;onfvnf;
rl&if;twdik ;f r&Sad wmhy?J vlom;rsm;\ t,ltqrsm;ESihf a&maxG;cJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd rl&if;aysmufí vlom;rsm;\
tawG;tac: t,l0g'&dik ;f rsm;ESihf a&maxG;aeaomOya'rsm;udk usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef\ Oya'tm;jzifh
yvyfzsuo f rd ;f cJah v\/ pl&[f(81) tm,wf(27)wGi?f -
ú ' 1*¾
4

]] xd(k uk&t f mefusr;f )onf pMu0Vmcyford ;f wdt Yk zdYk qH;k rMo0g'omvQijf zpfayonf }}
xdkuk&ftmefonf pMu0VmwpfckvHk;ESifhqdkifaom acwfwdkif;? vlrsdK;wdkif;twGuf b0vrf;nTef
usr;f jzpfayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfonfvnf; ú ' / ]] pMu0Vmwpfcv k ;kH &Sd vlom;wpf&yfv;kH
twGuu f &kPm&Sijf zpfayonf }} wrefawmfjrwfonf vlom;wpf&yfv;kH ? twGu?f acwfwikd ;f twGu?f
ud,mrofaeYwikd af y:aygufvmvwÅUH aom vlom;rsm;twGuv f nf; r[mwrefawmfjzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwf
uk&t f mefonf twkvt H wkr&Sad om tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ pum;jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;onf
acwfwikd ;f ? ae&mwdik ;f ? vlrsKd ;wdik ;f ESit hf jrv J u kd af vsmnDaxG&adS ernf jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;wGif
vlrsdK;pkwpfpk? wdkif;jynfwpfjynf? tzJGUtpnf;wpfzJGU? &kyfydkif;ESifh emrfydkif;qdkif&m vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;?
tk y f c sKyf o l v l w ef ; pm;rsm;? ol a |; qif ; &J o m;[l aomvl w ef ; pm;rsm;? tcG i f h x l ; cH v l w ef ; pm;?
vlwpfO;D wpfa,mufwt Ykd wGuf ud, k pf m;jyKí usa&mufcahJ om usrf;r[kwaf y/ xdu k srf;onfvo l m;
wpf&yfv;kH twGuf wpfajy;nDvu kd ef musio hf ;kH Edik &f ef csay;cJah omusr;f jzpfonf/
xdu k sr;f tm; t&ADpmayjzifh t&Afjzpfaom wrefawmfjrwftm;csay;cJah omfjim;vnf; xdu k sr;f wGif
t&Af&dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm; yg0ifjcif;tvsif;r&SdcJhay/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefonf vlYb0atmifjrifrI
twGuv f rf;ñTejf zpfonf/ vlom;\tawG;tac: tqift h wef;udk jri§ w hf ifay;onf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
,HMk unfrEI iS hf &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m usiMhf ut H m;xkwef nf;rsm; yg0ifonf/ rdom;pkqufqaH &;rS tjynfjynfqikd &f m
qufqaH &;txd us,fjyefpY mG vrf;ñTex f m;onf/ ud, k uf sifw
h &m;aumif;rGe&f efEiS ?hf pdwx f m;jzLpifí
MuUH cdik rf &I &dS ef wdu k w
f eG ;f xm;onf/ aumif;&mudu k sií
hf ? aumif;&mudñ k eT jf cif;? raumif;&mrS a&SmifMuOfí?
raumif;&m udk wm;jrpfjcif;wdu Yk kd jyXmef;xm;onf/
usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf;ñTerf o I nfom vlom;rsm;twGuf vG,u f rl &I NdS yD; csKdUwJrh t
I aygif;rS
pifMu,fvsu&f adS omOya' jzpfonf/ vlom;wpfO;D \ xrf;aqmifEikd af om0efxufyí kd wm0efay;xm;jcif;r&Sd
ay/ xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;twdik ;f omvQif wrefawmfjrwfu 23 ESpv f ;kH vH;k qG[mbmBu;D rsm;ESit hf wl
usiMhf ut H m;xkwcf jhJ cif;tm;jzifh urÇmwpf0rS ;f vH;k odYk tpövmrfah &mifjcnfawmfukd xGe;f awmufapcJah vonf/
xdpk rH sm;twdik ;f z0g;xyfwl vdu k ef musio fh ;kH cJah om omaAtDeBf u;D rsm; acwfwiG v f nf;? bmom? omoemqdik &f m
0d0g'uJjG ym;jcm;em;rI? r#dyu© rsm;? apm'ursm; r&Scd ah J y/ þonfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefrv S í G J vdu
k ef musio f h ;k H &ef
tjcm;usr;f *efrsm; r&Scd jhJ cif;\ tusKd ;&v'fyiff jzpfayawmhonf/
OD;pdk;vGif
(Nidr;f csrf; vQyfppf)
'DZbFmv(1)&uf? 2003ckEpS ?f wevFmaeY/
ud;k um;usrf;rsm;
1/ uk&tf mefusr;f jrwf\ tvif;jyefusr;f / (jrefrmbmomjyef)

CmZDr[k r®'[
f m&Sirf Ef iS hf ruúq'l t
f [fr'fcgef(c)OD;cifarmifBuD;/
2/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef(t&ADbmomjyef) s s thTa1ú+ø,
%#
3/ Sahih-AL-BUKHARI (ARABIC-ENGLISH)
DR.MUHAMED MUHSIN KHAN (Translated)
4/ %5S/
ú#%

u +
'
/ý"ÈQ
Fú+
;0
/#È
5/ ù5
4
Q
ý
v ý!:
ú#71
6/ /!$
/$
v E(Q
ö71
7/ nBS
ú#k$
l$
ý0!7,S
ý":8
ý'#ú+#5+ý+
;0
#S
8/ +S
<:
ý ,Q6
71 v E-F
ú'
!,
9/ Km#E70 v E(Q
ö71
10/ X

/F/!YH v Qmú
12/ (
) ý"+ %#
`+75# v $
ý"+ %#
13/ (
) ú / v E"4 /#È,
14/ AL-IFQAN FI ULUM AL AQRAM (EINGLISH-1971)
JALAL-AL-DIN SUYUTI
15/ SIRAT RASUL-ALLAH (ENLISH-1955)
MOHAMED IBN ISHAQ
16/ LIVING ISLAM AND ISLAM TODAY(ENLISH-1993)
AHMED AKBAR
17/ A HISTORY OF THE ARAB PEOLE (ENGLISH-1991)
HOURANI ALBERT
18/ THE RECONSTRUCTION OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN ISLAM (1989) IQBAL-
ALLAMA MOHAMMED
19/ WESTERN VIEWS OF ISLAM INTHE MIDDLE AGES
(1962) SOUTHERN.R.W
20/ ISLAM (U.S.A2000) - KAREN AMSTRONG
21/ IBN TAYMIYYAH'S EXPOUNDS ON ISLAM
(U.S.A-2000) - MOHAMED ABDUL HAQ ANSARI
22/ ISLAMIC LAW IN THE MODERN WORLD (1998)
DR. YUSOOF AL QARDAWI
WWWWWW

Confusion From Ancient Islamic History

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Confusion From Ancient Islamic History

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

www.QuranInBurmese.

]]csD;usL;axmremjcif;taygif;onf pMu0VmteE´tm; jyKpkysdK;axmifawmfrlaom

]] xd k Y t jyif igt&S i f j rwf o nf toif w ref a wmf x H o d k Y rS e f u ef aomusrf ; ud k

wrefawmfjrwf ay;cJah omvufaqmif

 RCú 0 +ù7 7,

td-k vlom;taygif;wdYk ,ckwifjyrnfh uREykf \ f rdecYf eG ;f udk toifwpYkd Of;pm;qifjcifMu/

qG[mbmrsm;acwf w&m;Oya'qH;k jzwfrOI ya'

tdrd mrftAl[eDz[f([pf*s&D 80-150)

['Dqrf sm;udk yxrOD;qH;k pkaqmif;ol

tdrmrf&mS zDtD ([pf*s&D 150-204)

*gZma'owGifarG;zGm;í uav;b0üyif ruúmNrdKUodkY a&TUajymif; aexdkifchJonf/

Haroon al Rashid acwf zdu[f"r®owf

Yaqoob Ibn Ishaaq al Kindi(AD-870)

Oya'rsm; azgif;yGraI cwf

tpövmrfh tifyg,mBu;D oH;k ydik ;f uJjG cif;

SAFAVID (ac:) yg&Se;f tifyg,m

Aurang Zebe(AD 1658-1707) onf Ahmed sarhind

Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898)

ordik ;f pmrsuEf mS ay:rS oifcef;pmrsm;

Yusoof Abdullah al Qardawi

acwfwik d ;f twGuf vrf;ñTeu

['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;

['Dqjf iif;olrsm;ESih f qefu

['Dqrf sm;udk jiif;jcif;onf wrefawmf\ Mo0g'udk jiif;y,fjcif;avm

1/ uk&tf mefusr;f jrwf\ tvif;jyefusr;f / (jrefrmbmomjyef)

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi

RCú 0+ù77,