4 Bonding and structure

Extension questions

Topic 4 Extension questions

1 Describe the bonding in giant metallic, giant ionic and giant covalent structures so as to show that all three structures rely on electrostatic attractions to provide the forces which hold atoms or ions together. 2 Explain why the enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine is equal to half the sum of its enthalpy change of vaporisation and its bond enthalpy. 3 a) Use the values of various quantities in Figures 4. ! and 4. " in the #tudent$s %oo& and H f'(a)l*s+, 4""&.mol/" to draw a %orn01aber cycle for sodium chloride, (a)l. b) Using your %orn01aber cycle, calculate the lattice energy of sodium chloride. c) 2hich enthalpy term plays the greatest part in determining the stability of sodium chloride3 4 a) 1ow would you estimate the lattice energy of the hypothetical compound, (a)l 3 b) 4ssuming that the lattice energy of (a)l is !"5&.mol/" and the second ionisation energy of sodium is 64789&.mol/", draw up a %orn01aber cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of formation of (a)l . *:he values of other quantities required for the calculation can be obtained from Figures 4. ! and 4. " in the #tudent$s %oo&.+ c) )omment on the stability of (a)l with respect to the elements sodium and chlorine and with respect to the compound (a)l. 5 a) Draw dot;and;cross diagrams to show the outer shell electrons in i) ammonia, (19 ii) gaseous aluminium chloride which forms simple molecules with the molecular formula 4l)l 9. b) Explain how dative covalent bonding between ammonia and gaseous aluminium chloride results in a solid compound of formula 4l)l9.(19. c) 4t room temperature, gaseous aluminium chloride dimerises, as a result of dative covalent bonds, to form a white solid, 4l )l8. Draw a dot;and;cross diagram to show the bonding in 4l )l8.

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