ksmqK;dj

fmd
kswOHhk
mqK;d ug

iy;sl m;% ^Wiia ika

fm<&
Odrh

fN!;sl oHdj
Ih ksfoaYh ^miq uiq l<&
2012 jIfha;a" bka bhg;a" meje;afjk w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'& Nd. i|yd

oHd" fi!LH yd Ydl wOHdmk fomd;fka;=j

oHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
53

ld,fo

1'0

ye|skau
ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
ikaOdrh
ld,fo
Yajfha mj;sk uQ,sl ix>gl" tajd tlsfkld w;r ls%hd;aul jk n, iy t jeks n,j, m%;sM, ms<sn| .fIK lrkq ,nk oHdj"
fN!;sl oHdj hs' ish u iajNdl ixisoa iy oHdf wfkl=;a iEu fCIa;%hl u uQ,h jkafka o fN!;sl oHdj hs' t fyhska" fN!;sl
oHdj wOHhkh;a" fN!;sl oHd{hska Nd; lrk l%ufo iy w.ehS ms<sn| w;aoelS ,nd .ekSu;a" ljr u fyda oHd fCIa;%hl kshef<k
YsIHhl=g jqj o" w;HjYH fjhs'
w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<& fN!;sl oHdj Ih ksfoaYh fo jirl mdGud,djls' fN!;sl oHdj inkaO Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduq
jkakkag W; uQ,sl miqula ilid u;a" tfkod ;fha O fCIa;%j, lghq;= lrkakka yg fN!;sl oHd;aul wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug
iqiq ksmqK;d we;s lr ,Su;a" i|yd Wiia fm< fN!;sl oHdj mdGud,dj ie,eiq flf'
miq uiq l< w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& fN!;sl oHdj Ih ksfoaYfha my; oelafjk fjkial lr we;'

12 jk tallh ( zoHdf kj jOkhka Z bj;a lr we;'

ksmqK;d ugu 1'1

zfN!;sl oHdj yekauZ hgf;a ikaOdrhg zYajh mKduh we;s wdldrh wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd fN!;sl oHdf odhl;ajhZ
we;=<;a lr we;' ^fl i|yka lsula muKs&'

ksmqK;d ugu 1'4

z kq WmlrKZ hgf;a ikaOdrfhka zis o`vq ;=,djZ bj;a lr we;'
z kqul fodaIh" Nd.sl fodaIh iy m%;sY; fodaIhZ iy z mlaIKhl wjidk m%;sM,h flfrys fodaIfha idfmalaI w.h n,mdk whqreZ
fjkqjg zkqul fodaIh" Nd.sl fodaIh" m%;sY; fodaIh iy wjidk m%;sM,h flfrys tajdfha n,mEuZ fhdod we;'
1

ksmqK;d ugu 9'2

ks
mqK;dj
ksmqK;d ug
ikaOdrh
zoa O%ej g%dkaisiagrZ hgf;a npn iy pnp g%dkaisiagr ykajdfuka miqj npn g%dkaisiagr muKla idlPd flf'

ld,fo

ztal O%ej g%dkaisiagr hgf;a n - pek, yd p - pek, lafIa;% wdprK z g%dkaisiagr ykajd fuka miqj n - pek, lafIa;% wdprK
g%dkaisiagr muKla idlPd flf'

ksmqK;d ugu 11'3

zmod:fha ;rx.uh iajNdjhZ hgf;a zwdf,dal f*dafgdak i|yd m%ldYkh jHq;amkak lsuZ bj;a lr we;'

ksmqK;d ugu 11'5

zlsrKfha fi!LH wjodku yd wdrlaIs; mQfjdamdhZ hgf;a z lsrK ud;%dj ^Gy&Z iy z Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)/ Quality
Factor (Q)Z i|yka lr we;s w;r ikaOdrfhys wkqms<sfj, kej; ilid we;'

fjka lr we;s ld,fo .Kk msgq wxl y;frys olajd we;'

ksmqK;dj
2'0

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

Ih ksfoaYfha wruqKq

fuu mdGud,dj wjidkfha YsIHhd"

1.
;dlaIKsl f,dalfha wd;au Yajdifhka hq;= mqoa.,hl= f,i j;a ug m%udKj;a oekqu iy wjfndaOh ,nd .kshs'
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

tfkod ;fha oHd;aul l%ufofha m%fhdackj;a nj iy tys iSud ykd .kakd w;r Nd; w.h lrhs'
tfkod ;fha fN!;sl oHdj wOHhkhg iy Nd;hg wod< yelshdjka yd l=i,;d jOkh lr .kshs'
ksrjoH;dj" iQlaIau nj" jdia;l nj" uYkYsS,s nj" wdrNl yelshdj iy ksudKYS,s nj hk fN!;sl oHdj yd inkaO
wdl,am f.dv k`.d .kshs'
mirhg olajk ie,els,a, iy Wkkaj je oshqKq lr .kshs'
yiqre l=i,;d" kslaIK iy mCIKd;aul l=i,;d iys; j fN!;sl oHd{hska Nd; lrk WmlrK ms<sn| ;udf.a u
w;aoelS ,nd .kshs'

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

tall iy ld,fo

ud;Dldj

ikaOdrh

ld,fo .Kk

01 tallh

kqu

02 tallh
03 tallh

hdka;% oHdj
foda,k yd ;rx.

22

04 tallh

;dm fN!;slh

46

05 tallh
06 tallh

.=re;ajc lafIa;%h
ia;s oHq;a lafIa;%h

12
30

07 tallh

Odrd oHq;h

42

08 tallh
09 tallh

oHq;a pqnl;ajh
bf,lafg%dksl oHdj

34
30

10 tallh

mod:fha hdka;%sl .=K

32

11 tallh

mod: yd lsrK

22

102
86

tl;=j

458

ld,fo

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

Ih ksfoaYh jdr jYfhka fnod .ekSug fhda; ie,eiau

fY%aKsh

jdrh

12
fY%aKsh

1.1 isg 2.5 olajd

(ksmqK;d ug 11&

2.6 isg 3.5 olajd

(ksmqK;d ug 08&

3.6 isg 4.9

olajd

(ksmqK;d ug 15&

5.1 isg 7.6 olajd

(ksmqK;d ug 12&

8.1 isg 10.2 olajd (ksmqK;d ug 10&

10.3 isg 11.6 olajd (ksmqK;d ug 07&

13
fY%aKsh

ksmqK;d ug

ld,fo

3'0 Ih ksfoaYh
3'1 12 jk fY%aKsh
ksmqK;dj
1' fN!;sl oHdf
mlaIKd;aul iy
.Ks;uh rduqj ms<sn|
ie,els,su;a fjka
.fIK is lrhs'

tallh - 1 kqu
ksmqK;d ug

^ld,fo 22&

ikaOdrh

1'1 fN!;sl oHdf Ih m:h yd

.fIK i|yd oHd;aul
l%ufoh fhdod .ekSu ms<sn|
uid n,hs'

fN!;sl oHdj yekau

tfkod ;hg iy fidnd oyug fN!;sl
oHdj inkaO jk whqre
j;udk iudcfha hqKqjg fN!;sl oHdj
odhl we;s wdldrh
Yajh mKduh we;s wdldrh wjfndaO lr
.ekSu i|yd fN!;sl oHdj odhl we;s
wdldrh
fN!;sl oHdf Ih m:h ms<sn| ir, j
meyeos,s lsu
oHd;aul l%ufofhys uQ,sl ixl,am
fN!;sl oHdf kj fidhd .ekS i|yd
mlaIKd;aul m%;sM, n,md we;s whqre

1'2 ffoksl wjYH;d iy oHd;aul

lghq;=j, tall ksjer j Nd;
lrhs'

fN!;sl rdYs yd tall

uQ,sl fN!;sl rdYs
wka; cd;sl tall ^SI) l%uh
(Systme

International dUnits)

uQ,sl tall
mmQrl tall ^fldaK uekSu i|yd&
jHq;amkak fN!;sl rdYs iy jHq;amkak tall
tall fkd ue;s fN!;sl rdYs
tallj, .=Kdldr iy Wm .=Kdldr

ld,fo

04

02

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
1'3 udk weiqka fN!;sl rdYs ms<sn|
uid n,hs'

ikaOdrh
udk
hdka;% oHdf Nd; jk uQ,sl fN!;sl rdYsj,
udk
ialkaOh
.
ld,h
jHq;amkak fN!;sl rdYsj, udk
udkj, Nd;
fN!;sl ilrKhl ksrjoH;dj mlaId lsu
we;s rdYshl tall iy udk fiu
ilrK jHq;amkak lsu

1'4 wod< kqf fodaIh wju jk m kq WmlrK

WmlrKj, uQ,Ouh" l=vd u kqu iy Y=kH;d
.e,efmk kq WmlrKh f;dard
fodaI
f.k kq ksjer j ,nd .kshs'
gr fldaj
jksh le,smrh
uhsfl%dgr bial=remamq wdudkh
f.da,udkh
p, wKalaIh
f; o~q ;=,dj" bf,lafg%dksl ;=,dj
rdu >ldj" ixLHdxl Trf,daiqj
kq WmlrK Nd; lsu
kqul fodaIh" Nd.sl fodaIh iy m%;sY; fodaIh
iy wjidk m%;sM,h flfrys tys n,mEu'
7

ld,fo
02

08

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
1'5 wjia:djg W; f,i ffoYsl
wdl,kh yd fNaokh fhdod
.kshs'

ikaOdrh
ffoYsl iy wosY rdYs
wY rdYs
ffoYsl rdYs
ffoYslhl cHd;sl ksrEmKh
ffoYsl wdl,kh iy jHdl,kh
tal fh iy iudka;r ffoYsl foll

wdl,kh

ld,fo

04

wdk; ffoYsl wdl,kh

ffoYsl iudka;rdi% l%uh
ffoYsl ;s%fldaK l%uh
ffoYsl fNaokh

1'6 mlaIdKd;aul o;a; m%ia;dl j

ksrEmKh lrka f;dr;=re ksjer
j ,nd .kshs'

m%ia;dl Yaf,aIKh
m%ia;dr weu
m%ia;dr Nd;fhka f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu
m%ia;dr Nd;fhka p,Hj, yeisu ia;r lsu
iy mqfrdal:kh lsu

02

tallh -02 - hdka;% oHdj

ksmqK;dj
2' wm wjg is jk p,s;
.Ks;uh iy fN!;sl
oHd;aul uQ,Ou u;
Yaf,aIKh lsu
i|yd mokula we;s
lrhs'

ksmqK;d ug
2'1 jia;=j, ir, fh p,s;h"
m%laIsma; iy idfmalaI p,s;h
Yaf,aIKh lrhs'

2'2 n, im%hqla;h iy n, >QKh

Nd; lr jia;=jl fh p,s;h
iy N%uK p,s;h md,kh lrhs'

^ld,fo 102&

ikaOdrh
m%.;s oHdj
idfmalaI p,s;h
iudka;r ud.j, tl u Ydjg p,kh u
iudka;r ud.j, reoaO Ydjg p,kh u
ksh; ;ajrKhla hgf;a ir, fh p,s;h
p,s; m%ia;dr Nd;h
s-t iy v-t jl%
p,s; ilrK Nd;h
;sria ;,fha p,s;h
.=re;ajh hgf;a isria p,s;h
.=re;ajh hgf;a iqug wdk; ;,hl p,s;h
m%laIsma;

n, im%hqla;h
n, foll im%hqla;h
n, iudka;rdi% m%fhh
tal;, n, moaO;shl im%hqla;h
n, fNaok l%uh
n, nyqwi% l%uh
n, >QKh ^jHdj;h&
,laIHhla jgd n,hl >QKh
n, hq.auhl >QKh
iudka;r n,j, im%hqla;h iy l%shd fLdj
9

ld,fo

10

12

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

jia;=jl .=re;aj flakah ^iudka;r n,j,

im%hqla;h weiqrska&
iudldr jia;=j, .=re;aj flakah
iudldr ixhqla; jia;=j, .=re;aj flakah
ialkaO flakah ^ixl,amh muKs&
n, iudka;rdi% kshuh Nd;fhka jia;=jl nr
fiu
2'3 jia;=jla iu;=,s; j ;eu i|yd
wjYH ;;a;aj yiqrejhs'

iu;=,s;;dj

iu;=,s;;dj i|yd wjYH;d

tal;, n, moaO;shl iu;=,s;;dj
n, ;=k iudka;r wjia:dj
n, ;=k wdk; wjia:dj
n, ;s%fldaKh
n, nyqwi%h
>QK ms<sn| uQ,Ouh
iu;=,s;;df wjia:d ^iu;=,s;df wjia:d ykd
.ekSu&
ia:dhS
wia:dhS
WodiSk
>QK ms<sn| uQ,Ouh Nd;fhka jia;=jl nr
fiu

10

10

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
2'4 jia;=jl p,s; wjia:d md,kh
lsu i|yd p,s;h ms<sn|
ksgkaf.a kshu Nd; lrhs'

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

n,h iy p,s;h
ialkaOh
wjia;s ialkaOh
.=re;ajc ialkaOh
wjia;s iy wjia;s fkd jk rduq
wjia;s ^jHdc& n, ^ye|skau muKs &
yd wjia;s fkd jk n,
p,s;h ms<sn| ksgkaf.a m<uq jk kshuh
.uH;dj
p,s;h ms<sn| ksgkaf.a fo jk kshuh
F = ma ilrKh ,nd .ekSu
ksgkh w: lau
wdf.h yd wdf.S n,
fh .uH;d ixia;s uQ,Ouh

m%;Hdia: iy wm%;Hdia: .egq

p,s;h ms<sn| ksgkaf.a ;=kajk kshuh
iajhx iSre udre n,
wd;;sh
f;rmqu$ imSvkh
>IKh
ia;sl >IKh
.;sl >IKh
ksoyia n, igyka
ksgkaf.a kshuj, fhoS

11

16

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

2'5 N%uK p,s;h yd jD;a;dldr p,s;h N%uK p,s;h

ms<sn| ixl,am uid n,hs'
fldaKsl ia:dmkh
fldaKsl m%f.h
fldaKsl ;ajrKh
N%uK ixLHd;h
taldldr fldaKsl ;ajrKfhka is lrk p,s;h
N%uK p,s; ilrK Nd; lsu
wjia;s >QKh
fldaKsl .uH;dj
jHdj;h
jHdj;h" wjia;s >QKh iy fldaKsl ;ajrKh
w;r inkaOh
fldaKsl .uH;d ixia;s uQ,Ouh
fh p,s;h iy N%uK p,s;h w;r wkqrEm;dj
;sria ;,hl jQ taldldr jD;a;dldr p,s;h
ixLHd;h
iamYSh m%f.h
wdj; ld,h
flakadNsid n,h
flakadNsid ;ajrKh

12

ld,fo

16

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
2'6 hdka;%sl Yla;sh mfNdackh iy
mKdukh m,odhS f,i is lrhs'

2'7 ffoksl cS;fha yd oHd;aul

lghq;=j, ksYap, ;r, ms<sn|
uQ,Ou iy kshu Nd; lrhs'

ikaOdrh
ldhh" Yla;sh iy cjh
ldhh
fh p,s;fha is flfrk ldhh
N%uK p,s;fha is flfrk ldhh
hdka;s%l Yla;sh
pd,l Yla;sh
W;a;drK pd,l Yla;sh
N%uK pd,l Yla;sh
Nj Yla;sh
.=re;ajc Nj Yla;sh
m%;Hdia: Nj Yla;sh
laIu;dj
Yla;s ixia;s uQ,Ouh
hdka;%sl Yla;s ixia;s uQ,Ouh
jia;s oHdj
jia;s mSvkh
jj, idfmalaI >k;aj ieieu
U k<h Nd;h
fyhd WmlrKh Nd;h
mSvk ifm%aIKh
meial,a uQ,Ouh yd tys fh
Wvql=re f;rmqu
wdlsia uQ,Ouh
ffioaOdka;sl j yd mlaIKd;aul j i;H
nj fmkau
13

ld,fo

16

14

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

bmsu
bms uQ,Ouh
judkh Nd;fhka jj, >k;aj ieie|Su

2'8 ffoksl cS;fha yd oHd;aul

lghq;=j, m%jdy jk ;r,
ms<sn| uQ,Ou iy kshu Nd;
lrhs'

;r, .;s oHdj

wkdl+, iy wdl+, m%jdy
wkdl+, wkjr; m%jdyhla i|yd idka;;H m%jdy

ilrKh
nzkQ,s uQ,Ouh ^ilrKh jHq;amkak lsu wjYH

fkd f&
nzkQ,s uQ,Oufha fh
nzkQ,s uQ,Ouh u.ska meye,s l< yels wjia:d

14

08

tallh - 3 - foda,k iy ;rx.

^ld,fo 86&

ksmqK;dj
3' ksidf.a ixf
mrdih je hqKq lr
.ekSu i|yd ;rx. ms<sn|
.fIKfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d ug
fN!;sl oHd;aul moku
weiqrska foda,kh .%y lrhs'

ikaOdrh
foda,kh
ir, wkqj;Sh p,s;h
ir, wkqj;Sh p,s;hg inkaO fN!;sl rdYs
ia;drh
ixLHd;h
wdj; ld,h
Yla;sh
ir, wkqj;Sh p,s;h i|yd ,dlaIKsl ilrKh
a 2 x
ir, wkqj;Sh p,s;h wkqrEm jD;a; p,s;fha
m%lafIamKhla f,i
lmk l,dj
l,d fjki
ia:dmkh i|yd ilrKh y = A sin t
ir, wkqj;Sh p,s;h i|yd ia:dmk-ld,
m%ia;drh
ir, wj,nhl l=vd foda,k
ir, wj,nh Nd;fhka .=re;ajc ;ajrKh fiu
ieye,a fy,slaiSh kakl t,ajd we;s ialkaOhl
foda,kh
ialkaOh iy foda,k ld,dj;h w;r inkaOh
fiu
ksoyia lmk
mukaos; lmk

15

ld,fo

10

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

lD; lmk
wkqkdoh
ndka wj,n u.ska wdoYkh
3'2 O wdldrfha ;rx. p,s; yd
tajdfha Nd; ms<sn| uid n,hs'

m%.uk ;rx.
hdka;s%l ;rx.
ia,skalsh$lef;dav lsrK foda,fkalaIh Nd;fhka
wdoYkh
;Shla ;rx.
wkajdhdu ;rx.
;rx.hl m%ia;dl ksrEmKh
iu l,dia: iy Iu l,dia: ,laIH
08
;rx.hla yd ne fN!;sl rdYs
;rx. f.h -
;rx. wdhduh -
ixLHd;h - f
ixLHd;h" ;rx. wdhduh iy ;rx. f.h w;r
inkaOh" v = f

3'3 ;rx.j, .=K mok lr .kska

tajdfha Nd; ms<sn| uid n,hs'

;rx.j, .=K
/<s;s gexlsh u.ska ;rx.j, .=K wdoYkh lsu
mrdj;kh
oDV mrdj;kh
uD mrdj;kh
16

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

j;kh
O udOHj, oS ;rx. wdhduh iy ;rx. f.h
j;kh ^.=Kd;aul j&
O%ejkh ^.=Kd;aul j&
;rx. wia:dmk uQ,Ouh ^m%ia;dl ksrEmKh&
ksfrdaOkh
ia:djr ;rx.
kq.eiq

ld,fo

10

f b = f1 - f 2 iy Nd; ^jHq;amkak lsu wjYH

fkd f&
m%.uk ;rx. iy ia:djr ;rx. ieieu
3'4 p,Hka yiqrejka ;ka;=j, yd
o`vqj, lmk m%fhdackhg
.kshs'

we ;ka;= iy o~qj, ia:djr ;rx.

we ;ka;=jl ia:djr ;rx.
;Shla ;rx. f.h v = T m
we ;ka;=jl lmk
1 T

uQ,slh f 0 =
m
2l

m%ixjdo iy Wm;dk
jksudkh

iriq,l ixLHd;h fiu

lmk . yd ixLHd;h w;r inkaOh

fiu

17

12

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

oKavl wkajdhdu ;rx.

wkajdhdu ;rx. f.h v = E
uQ,slfhka lmkh u
fl<jrla l,m lr lmkh lsu
ueka l,m lr lmkh lsu
N+ lmk ;rx." g mudKh iy iqkd we;s u
^.=Kd;aul j&
3'5 p,Hka yiqrejka jdhq l|kaj,
lmk m%fhdackhg .kshs'

jd;fha jks ;rx.

jd;fha jks ;rx. f.h v =

RT
M
jd;fha jks ;rx. f.h flfrys n,mdk
idOl
jdhq l|kaj, lmk
ixjD; k<
jD; k<
ixjD; k<hka Nd;fhka jd;fha jks f.h fiu
tla iriq,la Nd;fhka
iriq,a lg,hla Nd;fhka ^m%ia;dl l%uh&
v =

18

10

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

fvdma, wdprKh
oDYH ixLHd;h i|yd m%ldYk
kslaIlhd muKla p,kh u
m%Njh muKla p,kh u
kslaIlhd iy m%Njh tlu ir, fLdjla Tiafia
p,kh u
fvdma, wdprKh u.ska meyeos,s l< yels ixisoa
iy fh
Sonic Boom ^.= Kd;a ulj bm;a ls u- ilrK
wjYH ke;&
jksfha iajNdjh
3'7 jks ,dlaIKsl ms<sn|
jks ,dlaIKsl
ie,els,su;a fjka jksh ksmou
;dr;dj
iy m%pdrKh is lrhs'
yf ier
jks .=Kh
jks ;Sj%;dj iy ;Sj%;d ugu ^fvisfn,a&
ksia lk i|yd ixfoS ;Sj%;d ugu ixLHd;h
iu. p,kh m%ia;dl ksrEmKh
Y%jH;d iSud
Y%jH;d foay,sh
fokd foay,sh
w;sjksh yd wfOdajksh ^.=Kd;aul j&
oHq;a pqnl ;rx.
3'8 oHq;a pqnl ;rx. ms<sn| uid
oHq;a pqnl jKdj,sh
n,hs'
oHq;a pqnl ;rx.j, .=K

ld,fo

3'6' fvdma, wdprKfha Nd; ms<sn|

uid n,hs'

19

04

08

04

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

3'9 wdf,dal j;kh ms<sn| uQ,Ou

tfkod ; wjYH;d i|yd
fhdod .kshs'

ikaOdrh
oHq;a pqnl ;rx.j, f.h
oHq;a pqnl ;rx.j, Nd;
f,ai lon ^ksIamdok l%u wjYH fkd f&'
.=K
Nd;
cHd;sl m%ldY oHdj
j;kh
j;k kshu
j;k wxlh
j;k wxl w;r inkaO;dj
i;H .eUqr yd oDYH .eUqr
oDYH ia:dmkh d = t (1 - 1 n)
p, wKaalaIh Nd;fhka j;k wxlh fiu
wj fldaKh
wj fldaKh iy j;kdxlh w;r inkaO;dj

n = 1 sin c
mQK wNHka;r mrdj;kh
m%siauhlska is jk j;kh
m%siauhlska is jk wm.ukh mlaIKd;aul j
wkafIKh lsu
wm.ukh
d - i m%ia;drh
( A + D)
wju wm.ukh
sin
2
wju wm.ukh i|yd n =
sin A
2
ilrKh jHq;amkak lsu
20

ld,fo

12

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

wj fldaK l%ufhka m%siau jHfha j;dkxlh

fiu
jKdj,sudkh
jKdj,sudkfha m%Odk iSre udre
ms%iau fldaKh fiu
wju wm.uk fldaKh fiu
ldp ;=<ska j;kh
ldpj,ska we;sjk ;d;a;
a l yd w;d;a;
a l m%;sn
,nd .ekSu iy kdNsh r fiu'
mlaIKd;aul l%uh
lsrK rEmigyka
ldp iQ;%h
,l=Kq iuq;sh
cHd;sl l%ufhka jHq;amkak lsu
fh Yd,kh
ldphl n,h ^ + wNsid" - wmid&
;=kS iamY ldp ixhqla;h
3'10 oDIa fodaIj,g ms<sh fhu
ksia wei
i|yd ldpj,ska iEfok m%;sn
wefia m%;snhla we;s jk whqre
ms<sn| kqu W; wkaoka
oDIa fodaI iy fodaI ksrjoHlrKh
fhdod .kshs'
wr oDIal;ajh
r oDIal;ajh
y;<sia weh

21

04

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
3'11 m%ldY WmlrK ksudKh lsu
i|yd ldpj,ska iEfok m%;sn
ms<sn| kqu W; wkaoka fhdod
.kshs'

ikaOdrh
m%ldY WmlrK
ir, wKalaIh
idudkH iSreudrej
Yd,l n,h ^fldaKsl Yd,kh&
ixhqla; wKaalaIh
idudkH iSreudrej
Yd,l n,h ^fldaKsl Yd,kh&
klaI;% flaIh
idudkH iSreudrej
Yd,l n,h ^fldaKsl Yd,kh&
wKalaI iy flaI i|yd idudkH iSreudrej
fkd jk wjia:d ^lsrK igyk muKs'&

22

ld,fo

04

tallh - 4 - ;dm fN!;slh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

4' udkj lghq;= imqrd

4'1 wjYH;djg W; WIaK;ajudk
.ekSu i|yd;a"
f;dard f.k WIaK;ajh ksjer j
oHd;aul lghq;=j,
ukshs'
oS;a" ;dmh ms<sno kqu
m,odhS f,i Nd;
lrhs'

^ld,fo 46&

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

WIaK;ajh
;dmc iu;=,s;;dj
;dm .;s oHdf Y=kHd kshuh
WIaK;aj;sl .=K
WIaK;aj;sl jH
wp, ,laIH folla weiqka WIaK;ajh i|yd
x - xL
m%ldYkh = x - X (H - L ) + L
H
L

fi,aishia mudKh
ksrfmalaI ^;dm.;sl& WIaK;ajh mudKh
c,fha ;s%l ,laIHh
c,fha ;s%l ,laIHh weiqrska ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajh
XT
i|yd m%ldYkh T X 273.16
tr

ksrfmalaI Y=kHh
fi,aishia iy ksrfmalaI mudK w;r inkaOh

T = + 273.15

WIaK;ajudk
j - re WIaK;ajudk
riosh -re WIaK;ajudk
;dm oHq;a hq.auh
;'iagrh ^WIaK;aj ixfolhla f,i ykajd

u&

23

04

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
4'2 >kj, yd jj, m%idrKh
Nd;hg .kakd wjia:d ms<sn|
uid n,hs'

ikaOdrh
;dmc m%idrKh
>kj, m%idrKh
fh m%idrKh
j.M, m%idrKh
mud m%idrKh
fh" j.M, yd mud m%idrK;d w;r
inkaOh
j m%idrKh
i;H m%idrKh
oDYH m%idrKh

ld,fo

06

i; H = oDYH + 3

WIaK;ajh iu`. >k;ajh p,kh u

c,fha wksh m%idrKh
>k iy jj, m%idrKfha Nd;

4'3 jdhqj, yeis jdhq kshu weiqka

fidhd n,hs'

jdhq kshu
fndhs,a kshuh
la,a k<h Nd;fhka jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh
fiu
pd,aia kshuh
ksh; mSvkfha oS jdhqjl mudj iy
WIaK;ajh w;r inkaOh wkafIKh lsu
mSvk kshuh
ksh; mudf oS jdhqjl mSvkh iy
WIaK;ajh w;r inkaO;dj wkafIKh lsu
24

08

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

mmQK jdhq ilrKh

fvda,agkaf.a wdxYsl mSvk kshuh

4'4 jdhqjla th wvx.= nk u; we;s

lrk mSvkh" jdhq ms<sn| pd,l
jdoh weiqka uid n,hs'

jdhq ms<sn| pd,l jdoh

pd,l jdofha uQ,sl Wml,amk
jdhqjla u.ska mSvkh we;s u meye,s lsrSu
pd,l jdofha ilrKh" PV

1
Nmc 2
3

04

^jHq;amkak lsu wjYH fkdf'&

O WIaK;ajj, wKql f. jHdma;sh

^m%ia;dl ksrEmKh&
jdhq wKqjl uOHkH W;a;drK pd,l Yla;sh

i|yd m%ldYkh E =
4'5 jHj, YsIag ;dm Od;dj
weiqka jia;= w;r yqjudre jk
;dmh m%udKkh lrhs'

3
kT
2

;dm yqjudrej
;dm Od;dj
>k iy jj, YsIag ;dm Od;d
jdhqj, ujq,sl ;dm Od;d
Y%K l%ufhka >k iy jj, YsIag ;dm Od;d
fiu
ksgkaf.a isis,k kshuh
isis,k l%ufhka jj, YsIag ;dm Od;d
ieieu
25

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
4'6 mod:fha wjia:d mhdij, oS
yqjudre jk ;dmh m,odhs f,i
fhdod .kakd wjia:d uid n,hs'

4'7 ld,.=Kh flfrys c, jdIamj,

n,mEu ms<sn| uid n,hs'

ikaOdrh
wjia:d mhdi
mod:fha wjia:d
>k" j iy jdhqj, wKql yeis ms<sn|
.=Kd;aul j ieieu
jdIamSlrKh iy ,hkh ms<sn| wKql
ls%hdj,sfhys ir, meye,s lsu
,hkh
wjia:d mhdi jl%h
,hkfha YsIag .=ma; ;dmh
whsiaj, ,hkfha YsIag .=ma; ;dmh fiu
^Y%K l%uh&
jdIamSlrKh
wjia:d mhdi jl%h
jdIamSlrKfha YsIag .=ma; ;dmh
c,fha jdIamSlrKfha YsIag .=ma; ;dmh fiu
^Y%K l%uh&
jdxlh iy ;dmdxlh flfrys mSvkfha n,mEu
jdIam iy wd;dj
jdIamSNjkh
jdIamsNjkh yd jdIamSlrKh ieieu
jdIam mSvkh iy ix;Dma; jdIam mSvkh
jdIam mSvkh WIaK;ajh iu. p,kh ^m%ia;dl
ksrEmKh &
jdIam mSvkh mudj iu. p,kh ^m%ia;dl
ksrEmKh&
26

ld,fo

06

04

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ix;Dma; jdIam mSvkh iy ;dmdxlh

;=Idr wxlh
ksrfmalaI wd;dj
idfmalaI wd;dj
idfmalaI wd;dj fiu ^Tm oeuQ le,
grhla Nd;fhka&
4'8 O ;dmc ls%hdj,s fidhd ne,Sug ;dm.;s oHdj
;dmh" Yla;sfha ixl%duK wjia:djla f,i meye,s
;dm.;s oHdf kshu fhod .kshs'
lsu'
wNHka;r Yla;sh
;dm.;s oHdf m<uq jk kshuh Q=U+W
;dm.;s oHdf m<uq jk kshuh fhfok fYaI
wjia:d
ifudaIaK l%shdj,s
iar;dmS ls%hdj,s
ksh; mud ls%hdj,s
ksh; mSvk ls%hdj,s
mmQK jdhqjla i|yd mSvk-mud jl%
pl%Sh l%shdj,s

ld,fo

;dm ixl%duKh
4'9 ;dm ixl%duK l%u iy m%udKh
ikakhkh
ms<sn| ie,els,su;a fjka ffoksl
;dm ikakdhl;dj
iy oHd;aul lghq;= ie,iq lrhs'
;dmh ikakhkh f YS>%;dj i|yd ilrKh
;dm ikakhl;dj fiu
iz,a l%uh ^f,dayhla i|yd&
ixjykh ^.=Kd;aul j&
lsrKh ^.=Kd;aul j&
27

04

04

3'2 - 13 jk fY%aKsh
ksmqK;dj
5' ffoksl wjYH;d yd

oHd;aul lghq;=
imqrd .ekSu i|yd"
.=re;ajc lafIa;%
ms<sn| kshu yd
uQ,Ou m,odhS f,i
Nd; lrhs'

tallh - 5 .=re;ajc lafIa;%h

ksmqK;d ug
5'1 jia;= u; .=re;ajc lafIa;%fha
n,mEu ksgkaf.a .=re;ajdlIK
kshuh weiqfrka uid n,hs'

^ld,fo 12&

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

.=re;ajdlIK n, lafIa;%h
.=re;ajc lafIa;%fha ;=< jQ ialkaOhla u; n,hla

ls%hd;aul u
.=re;ajc lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj
ksgkaf.a .=re;ajdlIK kshuh
,laIHdldr ialkaOhl isg wE;ska msys

,laIHhl lafIa;% ;sj%;dj

f.da,dldr ialkaOhlg msg;ska jQ ,laIHhl

lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj
lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj p,kh m%ia;dl j ksrEmKh

lsrSu
.=re;ajc Njh
m ialkaOhl isg r rlska jQ ,laIHhl .=re;ajc

Gm
r
^jHq;amkak lsu wjYH fkd f&
.=re;ajc lafIa;%hla ;=< jQ ialkaOhla i;= Nj
Yla;sh
Njh r wkqj p,kh u m%ia;dl ksrEmKh
f.da,dldr M ialkaOhl flakah" flakah
jYfhka f.k r wrhla we;s jD;a;dldr ud.hl
.uka .kakd m ialkaOhl wvx.= Yla;sh i|yd
m%ldYkh
^Yla;s ilrKh&

Njh i|yd m%ldYkh V = -

28

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
5'2 udkj lghq;= imqrd .ekSu i|yd
.=re;ajc lafIa;%h fhdod .kakd
wjia:d uid n,hs'

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

mD .=re;ajdlIK lafIa;%h
mD mDIaGh wdikakfha .=re;ajc lafIa;%

;Sj%;dj
.=re;ajc ;ajrKh yd .=re;ajc lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj

w;r inkaOh
mD pkasld
N+ - ia:djr pkasld
fhda. m%f.h

29

06

tallh - 6 - ia;s oHq;a lafIa;%h

ksmqK;dj
6'0

ksmqK;d ug

ffoksl wjYH;d iy 6'1 O wdfrdams; jia;= u.ska yg

oHd;aul lghq;=
.kakd oHq;a lafIa;%j, jHdma;sh
i|yd oHq;a
yd w.h fiug oHq;a lafIa;%
lafIa;%h ms<sn|
ms<sn| kshu W; m fhdod
kshu iy uQ,Ou
.kshs'
m,odhS whqka fhdod
.kshs'

^ld,fo 30&

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

ia;s oHq;a n, lafIa;%h

iajKm;% oHq;a oYlh u.ska wdfrdamKj,

yeisu wdoYkh lsu

O oHq;a lafIa;%j, n, fLd
,laIHdldr wdfrdamKhla wjg
,laIHdldr wdfrdamK folla wjg
wdfrdams; iudka;r ;yvq folla w;r
oHq;a lafIa;%hla ;=< jQ wdfrdamKhla u; n,h
oHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj
l+f,da kshuh
,laIHdldr wdfrdamKhl isg lsis h rlska jQ

08

,laIHhl lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj

lafIa;% ;Sj%;d p,kh m%ia;dl j ksremKh lsu

6'2 i%dj wdlD;sh Nd; lrka ia;s

oHq;a lafIa;%h m%udKkh lrhs'

oHq;a i%dj wdlD;sh

oHq;a i%djh iy i%dj fLd
.jqia kshuh
.jqia kshuh Nd;fhka oHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;d fiu
,laIHdldr wdfrdamKhla wjg
wdfrdams; wm; ikakdhl ;,hla wi,
wdfrdams; ikakdhl f.da,hla wjg
f.da,fhka msg;
f.da,fha mDIaGh u;
f.da,h we;=<;

30

08

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

taldldr f,i wdfrdams; mjdrl f.da,hla wjg

f.da,fhka msg;
f.da,fha mDIaGh u;
f.da,h we;=<;
f.da,fha flakafha isg we;s r iu. lafIa;%

;Sj%;dj p,kh m%ia;dl ksrEmKh

wm; .la we;s wdfrdams; isyska lhl

wlaIfha isg r rl lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj

6'3 ia;s oHq;a lafIa;%hl we;s
wdfrdamK i;= Nj Yla;sh
m%udKkh lrhs'

oHq;a Njh
ia;s oHq;a lafIa;%hla ;=< jQ ,laIHhl Njh

w: lau
,laIHdldr wdfrdamKhl isg lsish rl jQ

,laIHhl Njh" V =

1 Q
^jHq;amkak lsu
4 r

wjYH fkd f&

,laIHdldr wdfrdamK jHdma;shla fya;=fjka

,laIHhl Njh
,laIH folla w;r Nj wka;rh
oHq;a lafIa;%hla ;=< jQ wdfrdamKhla i;= Nj

Yla;sh
wdfrdamK jHdma;shla iys; moaO;shl Nj Yla;sh
,laIH folla w;r jQ Nj wka;rh yryd

wdfrdamKhla p,kh lsf lrk ,o ldh

m%udKh
31

08

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

iu Nj mDIaG
O lafIa;%j, iu Nj mDIaG
,laIHdldr wdfrdamKhla wi, oS
icd;Sh ,laIHdlr wdfrdamK wi, oS
cd;Sh ,laIHdlr wdfrdamK wi, oS
Nj wkql%uKh
Nj wkql%uKh yd oHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj w;r

inkaOh
6'4 oHq;a mm:j, iqiq m
Od;%l Nd; lrhs'

oHq;a Od;dj ^OdrKdj&

Od;dj w: lau
iudka;r ;yvq Od;%l

k 0 A
ilrKh jHq;amkak lsu
d
ikakdhl f.da,hl Od;dj ^f.da,Sh Od;%l
we;=<;a fkdf'&
Od;%l ixhqla;
fYa%Ks.; ixhqla;h
iudka;r.; ixhqla;h
wdfrdams; Od;%lhla ;=< .nvd we;s Yla;sh
Yla;sh i|yd m%ldYkh jHq;amkak lsu
O yevj,ska hq;a ikakdhlj, wdfrdamK jHdma;sh
;=vq ickh ^fldfrdakd ickh&
wl=Kq ikakdhlfha ls%hdj ^,s flula yd
inkaOj ;=vqj, ls%hdj muKs'&

32

06

tallh - 7 - Odrd oHq;h

ksmqK;dj
7' Odrd oHq;fha kshu"
uQ,Ou yd wdprK
W; iy m,odhs whqka
Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ug
7'1 W; wjia:dj, Odrd oHq;h
yd inkaO rdYs yiqrejhs'

^ld,fo 42&

ikaOdrh
Odrd oHq;fha uQ,sl ixl,am
Q
oHq;a wdfrdamK iy oHq;a Odrdj I =
t
f,day ikakdhlhla ;=< Odrd ikakhkfha
hdka;%kh
ma,d; m%f.h i|yd m%ldYkh
Odrd >k;ajh
Nj wka;rh
l
m%;sfrdaOh iy m%;sfrdaOl;dj R =
A
ikakdhl;dj
WIaK;ajh iu. m%;sfrdaOfha p,kh
^m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh&
iqms ikakdhl;dj
iqms ikakdhlj, yeisu
iqms ikakdhl jH
iqms ikakdhlj, .=K
iqms ikakdhlj, m%fhdack
m%;sfrdaO ixhqla;
fYa%Ks.; inkaOh
iudka;r.; inkaOh
ir, cd,j, iul m%;sfrdaOh fiu
Nj fn mm:h
kshuh
kshuh j,x.= jk ;;a;aj
V - I m%ia;dr
l ikakdhl
l fkd jk ikakdhl
33

ld,fo

08

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
7'2 ir, Odrd mrsm:j, Yla;sh yd
cjh m%udKkh lrhs'

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

Yla;sh iy cjh
wdfrdamK .,d hdu ksid jeh jk Yla;sh ms<sn|
m% l dYk W = QV iy W = VIt
Yla;sh jeh f YS>%;dj i|yd m%ldYkh P = VI
P = I2R " P =

V2
iy
R

V2
2
W = I Rt " W = R t

,nd .ekSu
P = VI iy

W = VIt kE u oHq;a Wmdx.hla

04

i|yd fhu

V2
V2
2
P = I 2 R " P = R " W = I Rt " iy W = R t
;dmh muKla ksmofjk Wmdx. i|yd fhu
^cQ,a ;dmkh&

7'3 oHq;a mm:hl cj iemhqu ms<sn| oHq;a.dul n,h

ir, fldaIhl ;yvq w;r Nj wka;rhla yg
m%udKd;aul j uid n,hs'
.kakd wkaou
iu; oHq;a Odrdf Ydj
O oHq;a.dul n, m%Njj, O wdldrfha
Yla;s mKdukh
oHq;a.dul n,h w: lau
wNHka;r m%;sfrdaO yekau
oHq;a.dul n, m%Njhla iys; mm:hla i|yd
Yla;s ixia;s kshuh fhu
34

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

ixjD; mm:hl jQ m%Njhl w.% w;r Nj

wka;rh i|yd V = E - Ir m%ldYkh

m%Njhl oHq;a.dul n,h iy wNHka;r

m%;sfrdaOh mlaIKd;aul j fiu ^m%ia;dl

l%uh&
oHq;a.dul n, m%Nj ixhqla;
fYa%Ks.; j inkaOh lsu
ijiu m%Nj iudka;r.; j inkaO lsu
m%;sfrdaOh yd laIu;dj w;r m%ia;dl ksrEmKh
oHq;a.dul n, m%Njhlska Wmu laIu;dj ,nd
.ekSu i|yd wjYH;dj ^jHq;amkak lsu wjYH
fkd f&
7'4 Odrd oHq;h yd inkaO kshu yd oHq;a mm:
uQ,Ou mm: ie,eiq lsu i|yd
lZfpd*aa kshu
fhdod .kshs'
m<uq jk kshuh ^wdfrdamK ixia;sh oyd
lau&
fo jk kshuh ^Yla;s ixia;sh oyd lau&
iagka fia;=j
iu;=,s; wjia:dj i|yd m%;sfrdaO w;r
inkaOh
gr fia;=j
gr fia;=j Nd;fha ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
m%;sfrdaO ieie|Su
m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh fiu
35

10

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

7'5 kq ,nd .kakd rdYshg

.e<efmk WmlrKh f;dard f.k i, o`.r .e,ajfkdagrh u; mok jQ oHq;a kq
WmlrK
oHq;a kq WmlrK ksjer j yd
wegrh
wdrlaIdld j myrKh lrhs'
ieliqu
mmQK wegrhl .=Kdx.
wegrhl mrdih fjkia lsu
fjda,agrh
ieleiqu
mmQK fjda,agrhl .=Kdx.
fjda, grhl mrdih fjkia lsu
grh
ieliqu
nyq grh
7'6 wjia:djg W; wkaoug mm:h
Njudkh
wgjka Njudkh Nd; lrhs'
Njudk uQ,Ouh
Njudkh l%udxlkh lsu
Njudkh Nd;fha ie,els,su;a h hq;= lreKq
Njudkfha Nd;
oHq;a.dul n, ieie|Su
m%;sfrdaO ieie|Su
fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fiu
b;d l=vd oHq;a.dul n, fiu
Njudkh Nd;fha jdis iy wjdis
36

ld,fo

04

10

tallh - 8 - oHq;a pqnl;ajh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

8' oHd;aul iy ffoksl 8'1 pqnl lafIa;%hl ;nd we;s oHq;a

Odrdjla /f.k hk ikakdhlhla
lghq;=j, oHq;h iy
u; iy pqnl lafIa;%hl .uka
pqnl;ajh w;r wka;
lrk wdfrdamKhla u; l%shd lrk
inkaO;df wdprK
n,h yiqrejhs'
W; m Nd; lrhs'

^ld,fo 34&

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

pqnl n,h
pqnl lafIa;%hl jQ Odrdjla /f.k hk

ikakdhlhla u; ls%hd lrk n,h

n,fha iajNdjh Odrd ;=,dj u.ska wdoYkh lsu
n,fha Yd,;ajh i|yd m%ldYkh
pqnl i%dj >k;ajh
*af,xf.a ju;a kS;sh
pqnl lafIa;%hla ;=< p,kh jk wdfrdamKhla u;
n,h
n,fha Yd,;ajh
n,fha Ydj
fyda,a wdprKh
.=Kd;aul j ia;r lsu
fyda,a fjda,ah;dj i|yd m%ldYkh jHq;amkak
lsu
fyda,a wdprKfha fhoSu
pqnl n, lafIa;%h
8'2 wjYH;dj i|yd p,H
nfhda - ijd kshuh
yiqrejka pqnl lafIa;%h ksmojd
Odrdjla /f.k hk wm; .e;s iDcq
.kshs'
ikakdhlhla wi, pqnl i%dj >k;ajh ^jHq;amkak

10

lsu wjYH fkd f&

Odrdjla /f.k hk jD;a;dldr o`.rhl

flakafha pqnl i%dj >k;ajh

Odrjla /f.k hk .= mkd,sldjl wlaIh wi,

pqnl i%dj >k;ajh ^jHq;amkak lsu wjYH fkd f&

Odrd /f.k hk wm; .e;s iudka;r

ikakdhl folla w;r we;s n,fha Yd,;ajh

wemshrh w: lau

37

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
8'3 oHq;h yd pqnl;ajfha wka;
inkaO;dj fya;=fjka we;s jk
N%uK wdprKh uid n,hs'

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

Odrd mq`vqjl ls%hd;aul jk jHdj;h

taldldr pqnl lafIa;%hla ;=< ;nd we;s

iDcqfldaKdi% o`.rh
wh pqnl lafIa;%hl ;nd we;s iDcqfldaKdi%

o`.rh

06

i, o`.r .e,ajfkdagrh
W;al%uh i|yd m%ldYkh
Odrd ixf;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl
ir, Odrd fudagrh

8'4

oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh ms<sn|

kshu iy ;s ;dlaIKsl
wjYH;d i|yd fhdod .kshs'

oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh

oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh ms<sn| kshu
*erf kshuh
f,kaia kshuh
oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh ms<sn| kshu wdoYkh

lsu
pqnl lafIa;%hla ;=< p,kh jk iDcq oKavl

fm%a; oHq;a.dul n,h

fma%; oHq;a.dul n,h i|yd m%ldYkh
*af,kaf.a ol=K;a kS;sh
pqnl lafIa;%hla ;=< N%uKh jk oKavl fm%a;
oHq;a.dul n,h
pqnl lafIa;%hla ;=< N%uKh jk ;ehl fma%;
oHq;a.dul n,h
pqnl lafIa;%hla ;=< N%uKh jk iDcq
fldaKdi%dldr o`.rhl fma%; oHq;a.dul
n,h iy Wmu w.h i|yd m%ldYkh
38

12

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh
m%;Hdj;l Odrd cklh
ieleiqu
oHq;a.dul n,h ld,h iu. p,kh
m%ia;dl j ksrEmKh
ir, Odrd cklh
ieleiqu
oHq;a.dul n,h ld,h iu. p,kh u
m%ia;dl j ksremKh
iq<s Odrd we;s u iy m%fhdack
ir, Odrd fudagrhl m%;soHq;a.dul n,h
m%;soHq;a.dul n,h" wdfpr Odrdj flfrys
n,mdk whqre
wdrNl Odrdj md,kh lsu - l%shdrNl iah
mKdulh
jHqyh
m%d:lfha iy oa;shslfha fmdg ixLHd iy
fjda,ah;d w;r inkaOh
wjlr iy wlr mKdul
VI .=Ks;h" mKdulhl m%odk$ m%;sodk cjh
f,i
mKdulhl Yla;s ydksh
cQ,a ;dm ydksh
iq<s Odrd ydksh
mKdulj, Nd;
,s n, ifm%aIKh
m%;Hdj;l Odrdf uQ,sldx.
m%;Hdj;l Odrd m%Njhl Njh iy
Odrdf ihskdldr ;rx. wdldr
Wp w.h iy j. uOHkH uQ, w.h
m%;sfrda mm:hl uOHkH cjh fjdj,ska

39

ld,fo

tallh - 9 - bf,lafg%dksl oHdj

ksmqK;dj
9' udkj wjYH;d
ldhlaIu j bgqlr
.ekSu i|yd
bf,lafg%dksl mm:
Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ug
9'1 wO ikakdhl vfhdavhl ls%hdj
iy uQ,Ouh uid n,hs'

^ld,fo 30&

ikaOdrh
ika vfhdavh
ksi. wO ikakdhl
ndyH wO ikakdhl
n - j.h
p - j.h
p-n ikah
ydhs; fmfoi
b keUqrej
miq keUqrej
vfhdavhl ,dlaIKsl jl%
mmQK vfhdavh i|yd I - V jl%h
m%dfhda.sl vfhdavhla i|yd I - V jl%h
vfhdavh iDcqldrlhla f,i Nd;h
wO ;rx. iDcqlrKh
mQK ;rx. iDcqlrKh
iqugkh
lef;dav lsrK foda,fkalaIh Nd;fhka

iDcqlrKh wdoYkh lsu

vfhdavh iahla f,i Nd;h
O vfhdav j.
fik vfhdavh
fik vfhdavfha fjda,ah;d hdukh
wdf,dal fudapl vfhdavh
m%ldY vfhdavh

40

ld,fo

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

9'2 ika g%dkaisiagrfha l%shdld;ajh g%dkaisiagrh

oaO%ej g%dkaisiagrh
m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d i|yd fhdod
npn iy pnp g%dkaisiagrj, jHqyh iy mm:
.kshs'
ixfla;h
npn g%dkaisiagr mm:
g%dkaisiagrhl ls%hdj
mm: kHdih
fmd mdou
fmd fudapl
fmd ix.%dyl
fmd fudapl kHdifha g%dkaisiagr

,dlaIKsl jl% mlaIKd;aul j ,nd .ekSu

m%odk ,dlaIKslh
m%;sodk ,dlaIKslh
ixl%uK ,dlaIKslh
g%dkaisiagrhla keUqre lsu
fmd fudapl g%dkaisiagr jOlh
Odrd jOkh
fjda,ah;d jOkh
fmd fudapl g%dkaisiagr iah
talO%ej g%dkaisiagrh
lafIa;% wdprK g%dkaisiagrh (FET)

n pek, iy p pek, FETj, jHqyh iy mm:

ixfla;h
n pek, FEThl ls%hdj
,dlaIKsl
FEThla Nd;fhka fjda,ah;d jOkh ^.=Kd;aulj&

41

12

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
9'3 ldrld;aul jOlfha Nd;
ms<sn| uid n,hs'

ikaOdrh
ldrld;aul jOlh
ldrld;aul jOlh ix.Dys; mm:hla (IC)f,i
w.% ykd .ekSu
ldrld;aul jOlfha ls%hdj
jD; mq`vq wjia:dj i|yd ,dlaIKsl
ldrld;aul jOlh fjda,ah;d jOlhla f,i

Nd;h
ixjD; mq`vq wjia:dj ^iDK m%;sfmdaIKh&
iajKuh kS;s I iy II
wmj;k jOlh
wmj;k fkd jk jOlh
ldrld;aul jOlh fjda,ah;d ixikaolhla
f,i Nd;h
9'4 ixLHdxl mm:j, ls%hdldrs;ajh
yeisru i|yd ;dlsl oajdr
fhdod .kshs'

ld,fo

ixLHdxl bf,lafg%dksl oHdj

;dlsl oajdrj, nQ,shdkq m%ldYk iy i;H;d j.=
AND oa j drh
OR oa j drh
NOT oa j drh
NAND oa j drh
NOR oa j drh
EXOR oa j drh
EXNOR oa j drh
ir, uQ,sl ;dlsl oajdrj, i;H;d j.=

mlaIKd;aul j uid ne,Su

42

06

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh
ir, ixLHdxl mm: i|yd ;dlsl m%ldYk

^Wmu f,i m%odk ;=kla i|yd&

we;s ;l m%ldYkhla ;dlsl oajdr

mm:hlg ye/u
i;H;d j.=jla ;l m%ldYkhla u.ska lau
ir, ;d;sl mm: ie,eiq lsu
bf,lafg%dksl u;lh (Electronic memory)
NAND/NOR oa jdr iys ; uQ , s l u;l mm:h
uQ,sl ms<s-fmd< mm:h (Basic SR flip-flop

/Bistable)

43

ld,fo

tallh - 10 - mod:fha hka;s%l .=K

ksmqK;dj
10 mod:fha hdka;%sl .=K
ms<sn| kqu oHd;aul
lghq;=j, iy ;
wjYH;dj,
m%udKd;aul j fhdod
.kshs'

ksmqK;d ug
10'1 m%;Hdia:;dj ms<sn| kqu fhdod
.kska tfkod ; wjYH;d
i|yd W; jH f;dard .kshs'

^ld,fo 32&

ikaOdrh
>kj, m%;Hdia:;dj
wd;;sh iy ;;sh
Ndr-;;s jl%h
yQlaf.a kshuh
wd;kH m%;Hdn,h
wd;;H l%shdj
hx udmdxlh
f,day lhla Nd;fhka hx udmdxlh fiu
m%;Hdn, - l%shd jl%h
wd;;shlg ,la j we;s ;ka;=jl .nvd we;s

ld,fo

10

Yla;sh
10'2 oHd;aul yd ffoksl lghq;=j, iai%d;dj
iai%d;dj ms<sn| kqu Nd;
iai%d;d n,h
lrhs'
iai%d;d n,h flfrys n,mdk idOl
m%f. wkql%uKh
iamYSh m%;Hdn,h ^F/A&
iai%d;d ix.=Klh
;r, m%jdyhla i|yd fmdhsfi,a iQ;%h
j,x.= jk ;;a;aj
udk Nd;fhka iQ;%h ksjer nj fmkau
iai%d;d ix.=Klh fiu i|yd fmdhsfi,a
iQ;%h Nd; lsu

44

10

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

iai%d udOH ;=<ska jia;=jl p,s;h

jia;=j u; ls%hd;aul jk n,
wdka; m%f.h" v- t jl%h weiqka
iafgdlaia kshuh
j,x.= jk ;;a;aj
udk jYfhka ksjer nj fmkau
wdka; m%f.h i|yd m%ldYk jHq;amkak lsu
by<g p,s; jk jia;=jla i|yd
my<g p,s; jk jia;=jla i|yd
wdkA; m%f. i|yd m%ldYkh weiqka iai%d;d

ix.=Kl ieie|Su
WIaK;ajh wkqj iai%d;dj fjkia jk wkaou
iai%d;df Nd;

10'3 mDIal wd;;sh ms<sn| kqu

fhdod .kska iajdNdl
ixisoaka meye,s lsu iy ;
wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu is lrhs'

mDIal wd;;sh
jhl ksoyia mDIaGfha iajNdjh WodyrK u.ska

wdoYkh lsu
jhl ksoyia mDIaGfha yeisu wka; wKql n,

u.ska meye,s lsu

mDIal wd;;sh w: lau
iamY fldaKh
j udjlfha iajNdjh iy iamY fldaKh w;r

inkaOh
ksoyia mDIal Yla;sh

45

12

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh
j mg,hl ifudaIaK f,i mDIal j.M,h

je lsf flfrk ldh i|yd m%ldYkh

mDIal Yla;sh iy mDIal wd;;sh w;r

inkaOh
f.da,Sh udjlhla yryd mSvk wka;rh i|yd

m%ldYkh
flaYsl Woa.ukh
by< ke.s j lfoa Wi i|yd m%ldYkh
mDIal wd;;sh ksKh lsu
wKalaI lodjla Nd;h
l rduqjl inka mg,hla Nd;h
flaYsl Woa.ukh Nd;h
f. l%uh

46

ld,fo

tallh - 11 - mod: iy lsrK

ksmqK;dj
11' kk fN!;sl
oHd;aul isoaOdka;
uid n,hs'

ksmqK;d ug

^ld,fo 22&

ikaOdrh

11'1 lafjdkag isoaOdka;" lDIaK jia;= lsrKfha lafjdkag iajNdjh

lsrKfha ;Sj%;d jHdma;sh meye,s
lDIaK jia;= lsrKh
lsu i|yd fhdod .kshs'
iafg*dka kshuh
lDIaK fkd jk jia;= i|yd iafg*dka kshuh
lrKh
lsrK ;Sj%;dj iy ;rx. wdhduh w;r
m%ia;dr
ka ia:dmk kshuh
lsrK ;Sj%;d jHdma;sh meye,s lsug
fm!rdKsl fN!;sl oHdj wiu;a u
ma,dkalaf.a l,ams;
lDIaK jia;= lsrKh Yla;s melgq iy Yla;s
ug i,lka meyeos,s lsu
11'2 lafjdkag isoaOdka;" m%ldY
oHq;a wdprKh meye,s lsu
i|yd fhdod .kshs'

m%ldY oHq;a wdprKh

foay,sh ixLHd;h
I-V m%ia;drh
kej;= Njh
ixLHd;hg tfhka kej;= Njh m%ia;drh
O f,day i|yd m%ia;dr
m%ldY oHq;a wdprKh myod ug fm!rdKsl

fN!;sl oHdj wiu;a u

m%ldY oHq;a wdprKh meye,s lsu i|yd

whskaiaghska bm;a l< l,ams;

47

ld,fo

04

04

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

m%ldY oHq;a wdprKh Yla;s melgq ^f*dafgdak&

i,lka meyeos,s lsu

whskaiaghskaf.a m%ldY oHq;a ilrKh
ldh Y%s;h
Wmu pd,l Yla;sh
ldh Y%s;h yd foay,sh ixLHd;h w;r inkaOh
keje;= Njh iy Wmu pd,l Yla;sh w;r
inkaOh
mod:fha ;rx.uh iajNdjh
mod:fha ;rx.uh iajNdjh ms<sn| idlaIs
mod: ;rx. i|yd Zfn%da.a,s ;rx. wdhduh
bf,lafg%dak wKaalaIfha uQ,Ouh

11'3 ;rx. wxY= oaffj;h$ oaf;h

ms<sn| uid n,hs'

11'4 udkj wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd X - lsrK

X - lsrK Nd; lrhs'
X - lsrK ksmou
X - lsrKj, .=K
X - lsrKj, m%fhdack
11'5 udkj wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd lsrKYS,s;dj
lsrKYS,s;dj ms<sn| uid n,hs'
iajdNdl lsrKYS,s laIh u
- wxY= fudapkh
- wxY= fudapkh
- lsrK fudapkh

48

02

02

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh

ld,fo

lsrKYS,s mD:lalrK kshuh

m%ia;dl ksrEmKh
laIh ksh;h
ils%h;dj
wO wdhq ld,h
lsrKYSs,s;df Nd;
lsrKYS,s ld, ksKh
ffjoH oHdj" bxfkare oHdj iy lDIsluh

hk lafIa;%j,
lsrKfha fi!LH wjodku yd wdrlaIs mQfjdamdh
lsrK m%udKh uekSu
lsrK ud;%dj (Gy)
RBE ^Relative Bialogical Effectiveness) $Q (Quality

Factor, Q-idOlh) iy lsrKfha iM, ud;%dj (Sv)

fi!LH wjodku
lsrKfha iajNdjh
lsrKhg ksrdjrKh jQ Yr m%foaYh
iM, ud;%dj
wdrlaIl mQfjdamdh

11'6 kHIal Yla;sh yd tys Nd;

ms<sn| uid n,hs'

mrudKql kHIah

kHIal ia:dhS;dj
talSlD; mrudKql ialkaO tallh
ialkaO ydksh
whsiaghskaf.a ialkaO-Yla;s ilrKh
49

04

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

ikaOdrh
n|k Yla;sh
ialkaO l%udxlh iy kshqla,sfhdakhl n|k

Yla;sh w;r m%ia;dl ksrEmKh

ridhksl m%;sls%hdj, uqod yk Yla;sh iy

kHIal Yla;sh ieieu

kHIal Yla;sh
kHIal LKavkh
kHIal fndanhl ls%hdj
kHIal n,d.drhl ls%hdj
kHIal ,hkh
,hk m%;sls%hdj i|yd ;sh hq;= ;;a;aj
iqhhd ;=< is jk ,hk m%;sls%hdj
n, Yla;sh ksmou i|yd ,hk m%;sls%hdj

fhdod .ekSf W;aidyh

50

ld,fo

4'0 bf.kq-b.eka ls%hdj,sh

ks
mu
qKka;dj
ksmqK;dm%jug
drh
ld,fo
j;a
f.da,Sh ksmqK;d mdol Ihud,d
K;dj we;af;a iyfhda.S;d bf.kquika
O
.ka
jk YsIH flakaSh ls%hdldlr
;=<ska"
b.ekau wNsnjd .sh bf.kqula ykajd ug hs'
mqoa., iudc iy udkisl yelshd ixjOkh fmdaIKh flfrk ls%hdldrl flfrys isiqkaf.a ilS%h odhl;ajh fuys wfmalaId
flf'
f inkaOfhka wjOdrKh flfrk lreKq

yels iEu wjia:djl u 5E wdlD;sfha ls%hdldrl fhdod .kska ikaOdrh wdjrKh lsug Wmfoia oSu'
tala tla ud;Dldjg wod< ;dlaIKsl fh .=rejrhd iska i|yka lsu'
iajhx fm,Uula iys; ls%hdldrlj, fhfoka yels ;dla iDcq w;aoelS ,nd .ekSug isiqkg wjia:dj ie,iSu'
wjYH;dj wkqj YajdikSh m%Nj,ska oekqu iy f;dr;=re Wlyd .ekSug isiqka fhduq lsu'

5'0 mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jev igyka

1'
2'

wod< bf.kq M, idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd iqiq bf.kq - b.eka ls%hdj,shla wkq.ukh lsf ksoyi .=re Nj;d i;= h'
Ih ksfoaYfha ikaOdrh hgf;a u ;o l wl=ka uqKh lr we;s m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldlr" wod< ffioaOdka;sl Ih lreKq iu. u
ls%hd;aul lsu wfmalaIs; h'

3'

isiq YlH;d jOkh i|yd m.Kl wdYs%; bf.kq uDldx. jeks bf.kq-b.eka wdOdrl" w;sfl lsh jH iy Ih ndysr
ls%hdldr wdh fhdod .; hq;= h'
mka;s ldur bf.kqu > lsug iy isiqkaf.a iqfYaI olaI;d Tma kxjkq jia my; oelafjk Ih iu.d ls%hdldrl ykajd u
wfmaCIs; h'

4'

51
51

 fN!;sl oHdjg wod< j O wx. wdjrKh jk m mdif,a i;s yd iud. msysgqu'

l oHd;aul jeo.;alula we;s ia:dk .fIKh i|yd lafIa;% pdldj, fhu yd ta ms<sn| jd;d ilia lsu'
ks mfN!;s
qK;dj
ksmqK;d ug
ikaOdrh
ld,fo
mdi,a m%oYk iy ;r. ixOdkh lsu'
iqiq f;aud i|yd wod< jD;a;slhka fyda fYaI{hska fyda im;a mqoa.,hska fyda fhdod .kska" wdrd; foaYk meje;au'
mdi,a m%ldYk t<s oelau'
jdo ;r." oHd k jeks wjia:d ixOdkh lsu'

5.
6.
7.
8.

mdi,a ;=<ska yd bka neyer" im;a yd WmlrK ,nd u jeks fiajd iemhSu mdi,a l<ukdlrKfha j.lSuls'
fN!;sl oHdjg wod< jev igyka ixjOkh lsu i|yd iqiq .=re Nj;=ka iy isiqka f.ka ie ,;a lgqjla msysgqjd .ekSu
fhda.H h'
mdi," isiqkag mrudoYS u b;d jeo.;a h'
m%;sm;a;suh b,lal imqrd .ekSu i|yd mdi, u.ska O ls%hdldrl we;=<;a jdIsl jev igykla ilia l< hq;= h' fuys ksYa;
jirla ;=< l< yels ls%hdldrl ksKh lsuWfoid mdif,ys m%uqL;d ykd .ekSu;a" ld,h iy im;aj, iSud i,ld n,ka
m%dfhda.sl nj ms<sn| ie,els,su;a u;a" b;d wjYH h'

6'0 ;lafiarej yd we.hSu

mdi, mok lr.;a we.hS jevms<sfj< hgf;a tla tla jdrh i|yd ksh; ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d ug wdjrKh jk mos
bf.kq-b.eka we.hS WmlrK ksudKd;aul j ms<sfh, fldg l%shd;aul lsu wfmaCIs; h'
fuu Nd.fha m%Yak m;%j, wdlD;sh yd iajNdjh ms<sn| wjYH ia;r Nd. fomd;fka;=j u.ska iemfhkq we;'

52

52