Chapter 11 Guided Reading Case Study: Biofuels and Banana Chips: Food Crops vs. Fuel Crops 1.

) Why do pig farmers have to feed their pigs junk-food? Crop prices increased which causes junk food to become less expensive. Agroecosystems: 2.) Explain how agroecosystems halt ecological succession. When the growth rate of crops increases, and the rate of the spread of the seeds also increase. 3.) What is the problem with growing monocultures? Those crops are more prone to being attacked by a disease. 4.) Why does growing plants in neat rows and fields make it easier for pests? It wont have anywhere to hide 5.) How does plowing fields over and over damage the soils? Explain. By damaging its physical structure. 6.) What are the other 2 ways that agrocultures are harmful to ecosystems? It increase the risk of soil erosion, and decrease biodiversity. The Plow Puzzel: 7.) How much of the top soil in the U.S. has been lost since European settlement? One third. Can We Feed the World? 8.) What percentage of the worlds land area is used for agriculture? 38% How We Starve: 9.) What is the difference between undernourishment and malnourishment? Undernourishment is when there is not enough calories in the food, so not enough calories are being consumed. Malnourishment is when specific chemical components that is in the food that is not being consumed. 10.) Why does providing food aid to countries in need actually work against increased availability of locally grown food? There will be a competition against the local farmers. What We Grow on the Land 11.) Most of the worlds food is produced by only _______ species. List them below in order of importance: 14 Wheat, rice, maize, potato, sweet potato, manioc, sugarcane, sugar beet, common beans, soybeans, barley, sorghum, coconuts, bananas 12.) What is a forage crop? Grown for domestic/farmed animals. 13.) Define the following: a. Rangeland: Provides food for grazing and browsing animals without plowing and planting b. Pasture: is plowed, planted and harvested to provide forage 14.) What impact does the number of livestock around the world have on rangeland and pasturelands? Waste from animals would cause waters nearby to be polluted. 15.) Why are feedlots considered to be a big source of local pollution?

 Manure would build up, then when it rains, the stuffs that is in the manure will be washed into the ground, then into the groundwater. It can even run off into a nearby body of water, then causing eutrophication. 16.) What is a benefit of farming animals rather than crops? Lands are too poor for crops that people can eat that can be excellent rangeland. Soils 17.) How does rainwater affect the soil horizon? Explain. By causing the things that is needed and that is in the upper layer to sink to the lower layers, changing its physical form. 18.) What is soil fertility? How is it determined? The capacity of a soil supply of nutrients that is necessary for plants to grow. By finding out whether the soil developed on geologically young material or not. 19.) Why are soils in humid and topical areas considered to be poor? What happens to them after deforestation? Due to heavy leaching from heavy rainfall. After deforestation, erosion is likely to happen. 20.) What is the problem with soils in semi-arid regions? There is not enough water for the soil, so it becomes a desert. 21.) Why are course-grained soils more susceptible to erosion that soils that contain more clay? Because it can hold water in well. 22.) Soil horizons: define each of the soil horizons - Horizon O: mostly organic materials. - Horizon A: mineral and organic materials. Leaching occurred. - Horizon E: light colored materials due to leaching. - Horizon B: mineral - Horizon C: parent material - Horizon R: unweather parent material Restoring Our Soils 23.) What is the difference between organic and inorganic (artificial) fertilizers? Organic fertilizer contains carbon, while the artificial one is nitrogen gas being altered into nitrate. 24.) Define the following; a. Macronutrient: Chemical element required by all living things in large amounts b. Micronutrient: chemical element required in small amounts by all life forms or in c. Limiting Factor: A factor that is limiting Controlling Pests 25.) In the U.S. how much of the potential harvest is lost to pest? One third 26.) What is the definition of a weed? Any plants that are in unwanted places. Pesticides 27.) What are the differences between inorganic and organic pesticides? Inorganic is made from human, but organic is made naturally. 28.) What are some of the reasons why pesticides are considered to be ineffective? There is a possibility that the pest will develop a resistant to the pesticide. 29.) Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM) AND explain HOW it works: That is the idea that pests should be controlled before elimination. First you have to biologically control the pest, then through some chemical pesticides combine with methods of planting, it can be destroyed. 30.) What is the use of biological control and give an example:

 By using an animal that eats that pest. 31.) What was the green revolution? New strains of corn that had better pest resistance, corn yield, and ability to grow in different conditions were developed after World War II Genetically Modified Food: Biotechnology, Farming and Environment 32.) What are the 3 practices of genetic engineering? Faster and more efficient ways to develop new hybrid; introduction of the terminator gene; transfer of genetic properties from widely divergent kinds of life. 33.) What are the PROS and CONS of developing hybrid crops? Pros: increasing products; less usage of water Cons: can become a pest; 34.) What is the terminator gene and what does it do? When a whole crop is unable to fertilize, causing the plants to able to spread its wings. 35.) What are the political and social concern with companies using seeds with terminator genes? Some countries in less do not have the technology to create seeds with terminator genes 36.) How are GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms) helpful? Some GMO are made to have more nutrients, and easier to control its population sizes. 37.) How can GMOs be harmful? Some can become pests. Aquaculture 38.) What is aquaculture and how can it be helpful? Farming fish. 39.) What is mariculture? When farming fish in the ocean. 40.) How can aquaculture and mariculture harmful to the environment? It can increase the amount of pollution in the water, which decreases biodiversity. Critical Thinking Issue: Will There Be Enough Water to Produce Food for a Growing Population? 1.) How might dietary changes in developed countries affect water availability? The water demand will increase if the amount of crops increases. 2.) How might global warming affect estimates of the amount of water needed to grow crops in the 21st century? Not all of the water used to feed the plants get to the plants due to evaporation. 3.) Withdrawing water from aquifers faster than the replacement rate is something referred to as mining water. Why do you think this term is used? 4.) Many countries in warm areas of the world are unable to raise enough food, such as wheat, to supply their populations. Consequently, they import wheat and other grains. How is this equivalent to importing water? Water is needed to grow food. 5.) Malthusians are those who believe that sooner or later, unless population growth is checked, there will not be enough food for the worlds people. Anti-Malthusians believe that technology will save the human race from a Malthusian fate. Analyze the issue of water supply for agriculture from both points of view. Malthusians: more people, more water usage, less available for the future Anti-malthusians: more people, more plants variety, less water usage, more available for the future. Direction: Using the Soil Pyramid Program- Identify the Type of Soil with the Following Percent Compositions:

Sand: 30 Clay: 30 Silt: 40 Answer: clay loam Sand: 45 Clay: 10 Silt: 45 Answer: sand clay

Directions: determine the type of soils that are characteristic of each specific of these terrestrial biomes and list why? - Tundra: No true soils, low temperature - Taiga (Boreal Forest): Podzolization, result of the acid soil solution produced under needleleaf trees - Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous: Brown forest soil due to the decaying leaves - Mediterranean Scrub: for growing small plants and goats. - Temperate Grassland: rich in calcium - Scrubland: contains a little bit of hummus - Tropical Rainforest: leached. - Tropical Savannah: laterization is the dominant Directions: Define and describe each of the alternative methods to traditional soil tillage - Windbreaks: planting trees to reduce wind erosion. - Cover Crops: during seasons of erosion, crops are not grown - Grassed Waterways: grass is used to absorb the excess water. - Contour Cultivation: by loosening the soil for crops to grow - Strip Cropping: alternating rows - Forages: crop rotation - Conservation Tillage: Leaving stalks and leaves of harvested crops - No-Till: all of the last crop's residue are left on the crops while planting a new crop - Ridge Tillage: ridges are formed for plants to grow on