Chapter #34: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War Big Picture Themes 1.

. When it became evident that both Japan and Germany were marching toward militarism, FDR (and Europe) made it clear they wanted peace. This effectively gave the dictators a go-ahead sign. 2. 2. Events showed war as inevitable. Japan attacked China. Spain became a dictatorship, and Italy and Germany did as well. 3. 3. After watching Hitler go on the move, he finally broke a pledge to not attack Poland. England and France went to war. The U.S. still wanted to stay out. 4. 4. As the situation overseas deteriorated, the U.S. began to support England and France more openly with words and supplies. Finally, when Pearl Harbor was attacked, the U.S. entered WWII. 5. Chapter #34: IDENTIFICATIONS 6. Nuremburg Trials 7. After WWII, the Allied forces forces agreed that Nazism had to be cut out of Germany. They tried 22 Nazi War criminals in Nuremburg, Germany in 1945-1946. 12 were hung, and 7 sent to jail. Cordell Hull Secretary of State during FDRs presidency; believed in reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; also believed in Good NEighborism. Winston Churchill He was PM of England during WWII. He was known as the bull-dog jawed orator who gave his people the nerve to fight off the air bombings occurring in their cities. He was in favor of the 8-Pt Atlantic Charter and was involved in the4 first conference. He was also one of the Big 3. Charles Lindbergh In 1927 he was the 1st person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane, the Spirit of St. Louis. He later became an ambassador of goodwill for the US. Good Neighbor Policy This was established by Herbert Hoover to create Good relations with Latin America. IT took much of the American military out of these countrieds. It also nullified the Roosevelt Corollary. Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act 1934: The Act was designed to raise Am. Exoits ad was aimed at both relief and recovery. Ked by Cordell Hull, it helped reverse the high tariff policy. Rome-Berlin Axis In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini allied together in the Rome-Berlin Axis. They were both allied with Japan. They fought against the Allies in WWII. Nye Committee

It investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of WWI. Claimed they had caused Americas entry into WWI. Pucliv opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII. Neutrality Acts Congress made an effort to legislate the nation nout of war. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the P. proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restircitions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent Russo-German Nonaggression Pact This pact was sighned by Hitler and Stalin on 8/23/1939. IT let Hitler attack Poland without fear of an attack from Russia. This helped begin the start of WWII. cash and carry Only way Eu. Could buy Am. War materials in WWII. They would have to transport the munitions in their own ships and buy with cash only. America First Committee Organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare Am. Lives. They wanted to protect Am. Before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh was its most effective speaker. Lend-Lease Act Passed in March 1941 by sweeping majorities in both ouses of Congres. This law said that the US would lend or leases Weapons to overseas countries and victims of aggression nwho would in turn finish the job of fighting and keep the war overseas from the US. Atlantic Charter This was created by Churchill and FDR in a secret conference. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after WWII. Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions The London Conference Know: London Economic Conference 1. What were the results of Roosevelts decision not to help stabilize currencies? 2. In the summer of 1933, 66 natiosn sent Delegates to the London Econ Congerence. They hoped to make a corrdinated int. attack on global depression. They sought to stabilize the values of various nations currencies and the rates at which they could be exchanged. FDR, at first agreed to sent delegates, but had 2nd thought swhen he realized that an int. agreement to maintain the value of the dollar in toerms of other countries wouldnt allow him to infate the value of the dollar. He said Am. Would bail. Without the US, the con fell apart. The collapse strengthened the global trend towards nationalism, while making int. cooperation nicnreasingly difficult. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians

Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act 3. What was the reason for Americas decision to free the Philippines? 4. Inc. the nations nationalism, FDR withdrew from Asia. Bowing to organized labors demands of the seclusion of low-wage Filipino workers, C. passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934, freeing the Philipines by 1946. The nation didnt want to have to support them if Japan attacked. 1933Roosevelt formally recognized the USSR, opening up trade and bolstering a friendly counterweight to the possible threat of GE power in Eu and JP power in Asia. Becoming a Good Neighbor Know: Good Neighbor Policy 3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.

FDR began the Good Neighbor policy, renouncing armed intervention in Latin America. The last Marines left Haiti in 1934; Cuba, uder the Platt Amendment, was released from Am control; grip on Panama was relaxed in 1936. When the Mexicans seized Am oil properties in 1938, FDR held to his unarmed interventi npolicy and a sttelemnnt was eventually worked out in 1941, causing oil companies to lose much of their original stake. Secretary Hulls Reciprocal Trade Agreements Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 5. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain. 6. Congress passed the Reciporcal Trade Agreements Act in 1934. Designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery. Sec. of State Hull won in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the US lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same. With the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Acct, the P. was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same. During these year sof trade agreements, US foreign trade increased dramatically. The act paved way for the US-led free international economic system that took shape after WWII. Storm-Cellar Isolationism Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism 5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?

Joseph Stalin took control of the Communist USSR, Mussolini took Intaliy in 1922, and hitler took Ge. Hitler was the most dangerous out of all of them because he combined tremendous power with impulsiveness. In 1936, Hitler and Mussolini allied themselves with the Rome-Berlin Axis. Determined to find a place in the Asiatic Sun, Jp terminated the Washington Naval Treaty and accelerated their construction of giant battleships. Mussolini, seeking power and glory in Africa, attacked Ethiopia in 1935. In 1934, C passed the Johnson Debt Default Act, preventing the debt-dodging nation s from borrowing further in the US. Am maintained the isolationist mentality due to the ocean borders.

Congress Legislates Neutrality Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts 7. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war? 8. Responding to overwhelming popular pressure, C passed the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937. They stated that when the P proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain reswtirctios would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell, or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent. The Neutrality Acts were made to keep the US out of a conflict. By declining to use its vast industrial strength to aid its democratic friends and defeat its totalitarian foes, the US helped to aggravate the oppressors. America Dooms Loyalist Spain Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War 8. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII? 9. The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 started when rebels led by Francisco Franco, rose against the left0wing Republican government in Madrid. Aided by Mussolini and Hitler, Franco undertook to overthrow the Loyalist regime, which was assisted by the Soviet Union. Altough it was legal for the US to send aid to the Loyalist regime, the US really wanted to stay out; C amended the existing neutrality legislation so as to apply an amrs embargo to both Loyalists and revels. Appeasing Japan and Germany Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement 9. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat? 10. In 1937, the Jp militarists tset off an explosion that led to the all-out invasion of China. FDR declined to invoke the recently passed neutrality legislation by refusing to call the :China incident an officially declared war. If he had he would have had to cut off the trickle of munitions on which the Chinese were dependent. The Jp, as a result, were able to continue to buy war supplies in the US. In 1937, JP planes sunk the Panay(US). Tokyo was quick to make apoogies and the US accepted. In 1935, Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles when he introduced mandatory milirary service in GE. In 1936, he again violated the treaty when he took the Rhineland. Hitlers Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry 10. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe? 11. 8/23/1939: the USSR signed a nonagresssion treaty with Hitler. It meant that GE could make war with Poland and the Western Natins without fear of retalitatio nfrom the USR. Hitler demanded from [oland a return of the areas taken from GE after WWI. When Poland refused, Hitler invaseed on 9/1/1939. Fr and FR declared awar on GE; WWII began. The Fall of France

Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill 11. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France? 12. They spent 37 million on gue airfleets and a two0-ceoan navy, made a conscription nlaw of 1.2 millin tropps and 800,000 reserves each year. At The Havana conference of 1940, the US agreed to share with its 20 New World Neighbors the responsibility of upholding the Monroe doctrine. Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress 12. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930s? 13. There were already a large amount of ethinc groups in Amereica already, and most americans imply did not care. Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940) Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal 13. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940. 14. IT was really the Committee to dended America by Aiding the Allies vs the America First Committee. FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940) Know: Wendell Wilke 14. Interpret the results of the 1940 election. 15. The Republicans chose Wnedell L. Wilkie to riun against FDR. Wilkies great appeal lay in his personality. The Rep platform condemned FDRs alleged dictatorship. As wlel as the New Deal. Wilkie was opposed not so much to the New Deal as to its extravagances and inefficienceies. Roosevelt challenged the sacred two twerm tradition when he decided that in such a grave crisis he owed his epcerienceed hand to the service of his vcountry. Both presidential nimnees promised to stay out of the war, and both promised to setrengthen the nation;s defenses. DFR won the election of 1940; voters generally felt that should war come the exp of DFDR was needed. Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law Know: Lend-Lease 15. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease? 16. Freaing the collapse of Briotain, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Bill in 1941. Called An act of to further promote the defense of the US, it let Am arms be lent or leased to the demo of the wold. When the war was over, the guna snad tanks could be returned. Opponents such as Taft claimed that the arms would be destrotyed and unable to be returned after the War. IT was praised by FDRs admin for keeping the US out of war. Am would givea limitless supply to the victims, who would finsiht eh job and quarantine the war. The US basically indirectly waged war

on the Axis pwers.Then ,the Robin MOrre, and unarmed Am merchantship was shot down by a U-boat in the South Atlantic, outside the war zone. Hitlers Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter Know: Atlantic Charter 16. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union? 17. The US offered its assistance and sent over a small amount of arms. U.S. Destroyers and Hitlers U-Boats Clash 16. How did Americas implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?

FDR made the choice to escort the shipments of arms to Britain by US warships in Jiuly 1941. In Sept 1941, the Greer, a US destroyer, was attacked by a U-baot, w/o suffering damage. FDR proclaimed a shoot-on-shight policy. On OCty. 17 the destroyer Kearny was crippled by the U-boat. 2 weeks later the destroyer Reuben James was sunk off southwestern Iceland. Congress votedein Nov 1941 to repeal the Neutrality Act of 1939, letting merchant ships to be legally armed and enter the combat zones with munition s for Britain. Americas Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent 18. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain. 19. Gradual, since the US slowly but surely lured the JP to attack them by telling them to leave China and they also had the continual issue of Britain being the Last western EU demo power. Thhe US then initiated embargoes to route the Japanese imperialism. Chapter #35: America in World War II Big Picture Themes 1. The first goal of the U.S. in the war was to mobilize. This meant signing up thousands of troops, and switching the American economy over to war. For example, it was time to stop making sedans, and start building bombers. 2. The war affected all Americans. Men (of all races) went to war and women took the jobs the men had left. 3. In the Pacific, the U.S. island hopped over four years from Hawaii all the way to Okinawa and were knocking on Japans door. Finally, the atomic bomb drove Japan to surrender. 4. In Europe, the U.S. and her allies worked from North Africa up through Italy and toward the soft underbelly of Germany. Then, the massive D-Day invasion drove the Nazis back to Germany where Hitler committed suicide and his generals surrendered. Chapter #35: IDENTIFICATIONS A. Philip Randolph He was the black leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armede forces during WWII.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

George S. Patton Blood and guts; commanded lunges across FR by Am armored tank division; commander during WWII Albert Einstein

A Ge-born scientist who encouraged FDER and A, to make the first atomic bomb. Office of Price Administration FDR made this in order to prevent inflation in the economy during WWII Fair Employment Practice Commission FDR made this initially to give fair employment to blacks. Eventually, and to this day, its purpose is to protect and serve all races, sexes, ages, and ethnicities involoving employment. D-Day First day of the Normandy landings which began the invastio nof Western Eu and freed Fr from the GE. V-E Day Victory in Europe Day. The Ge gov surrendered unconditionally during WWII on May 7, 1945. Manhattan Project The project that created the first Atomic Bomb. Braceros An agreement between the US and Mexico which brought over workers from Mx to the US Chapter #35: Guided Reading Questions The Allies Trade Space for Time Know: Germany First 1. Americas task was far more complex and back-breaking *in World War II+ than in World War I. Explain. 2. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, politicians in DC devided to hit Ge first. They had to feed, clothe, and move their forces to far awy reagions. It also had to send a vast amt of food and munitions to its allies, who tsretchede all the way from Australia to the USSR. 3. The Shock of War 4. Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S. 5. 2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home? 6. WWII assimilated amny races, no racist witch hunting, besides the Japanese internment, and the New Deal was ended. Building the War Machine Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board 3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?

The Great Depression as broght to an end when new jobs began to open up everywhere. Continous improvements led to the inflationary surge in the dollar,m which the OPA managed. The WLB made

limits to wages, which created lots of strikes, leading to the Smith-Connally Antii-Strike Act, wchih let the federal gov to seize and operate tied-up businesses. Makers of America: The Japanese Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentlemans Agreement, Issei, Nissei 4. In what way can it be said that the reasons for Japanese immigrants success also caused them trouble? The fact that the Japanese were becoming high ranking officials and social figures proved to be their downfall since they were seen as the enemy who had penetrated the Am heart. Manpower and Womanpower Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter 5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?

Many women worked in the military or in the war industry. Wartime Migrations Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots 7. What effect did the war have on the nations minorities? 8. The Great migrate North happened for Blacks, and later they started the long journety towards civil rights, and many Native Americans worked in the military. Holding the Homefront 8. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war? 9. Their economy boomed, and rationing became a common-lifestyle. The Rising Sun in the Pacific Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March 9. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor. 10. The Japanese attacked and took the Far Eastern Strongholds, and Corregidor. Japans High Tide at Midway Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz 10. Why was Midway an important battle? 11. Midway was a turning point in the war for the US and the Japanese, where the US vi ctory pushed back the JP. American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam

11. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese? 12. They used leapfrogging. The Allied Halting of Hitler Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad 12. The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning. Explain. 13. Hitler made a big start with superior tactics and tech, but later the Desert Fox was pushed back by Montgomery and the USSR repelled the GE from Stalingrad. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily 13. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa. 14. The US was worried that Russia might bail and leave the US alone against Ge. So, the US and Br agreed to attack Ge from tis underbelly near the MEditeranian. They plowed through Africa and then took Italy, which opened up entry to Ge. D-Day: June 6, 1944 Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton 14. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war? 15. The Allies won many key victories in the battle which led to Ge defeat. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman 15. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944? 16. They chose FDr and felt wary of Wallace, and chose Truman Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Know: Fala 16. What factors led to Roosevelts victory over Dewey? 17. The war was going well. The Last Days of Hitler Know: Battle of the Bulge, Nuts, Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day 17. Describe the last six months of war in Europe. 18. The Americans were almost beaten, but won against the Ge and they later discovered the Holocaust evidence, Hitler killed himself, FDR died and Truman took over, and the Ge surrendered unconditionally. Japan Dies Hard

Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes 18. Explain the meaning of the title of this section. 19. Subs and bombers made much damage, and their kamikaze pilots sacrificed themselves many times, as well as putting on a hard offensive before defeat. The Atomic Bombs Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito a. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb? 19. After 2 bombs the Jp finally gave up. The Allies Triumphant Know: George Marshall 20. This complex conflict was the best fought war in Americas history. Explain 21. Am prepared well and came out not totally scathed, unlike their allies. Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified? 20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer? 21. Were the atomic bombs justified? How was the world to deal with the Holocaust?