UNIT 10: Evolution DAYSHEET 103: Evolution Vocabulary Bingo Name _____________________________________

Bellringer: Read the information below and answer the questions FOSSILS
Circle the oldest fossils:

Biology I Date: __________

FOSSILS are preserved remains of organisms that can show skeletal features and can be dated. Fossils tell us that different things have been alive at different periods of time. Scientists can determine the approximate age of a fossil using the law of superposition - the fossils that are found deeper underground are older than fossils found closer to the surface.

Look at the pictures of the bones below to the right. Which 3 organisms do you think are most closely related? Why?

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES are parts with the same basic structure but different details in different species. If two organisms both have a homologous structure it shows that they have a common ancestor and are related.

Dolphin

What do each of the following vestigial structures tell us about the ancestors of the organisms below? 1. Example: Penguins, flightless birds, have wings The ancestors of penguins could fly 2. Humans have a tiny tail bone at the bottom of our spine

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES are structures that are present in an organism even though they do very little or nothing at all. Vestigial structures show us that organisms have changed over time the ancestors of organisms needed body parts that their descendants no longer need. For example, penguins have wings, even though they cant fly. This tells us that millions of years ago the ancestors of penguins could fly.

2. Whales have tiny leg bones

3. What is the difference between a homologous structure and an analogous structure?

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES are structures look similar on the surface, but are actually built very differently. Analogous structures show us that organisms that face similar environmental pressures tend to evolve similar adaptations. For example, both birds and some insects have wings, but they they do NOT have a recent common ancestor.

Explain why the fin of a shark and the fin of a dolphin are analogous structures:

Activity 1: Vocabulary Bingo Hint Chart

Evolution

A change in species over time The mechanism for change (evolution) within populations. It happens when organisms with the best variations (genes) survive and pass on these variations to the next generation. It favors the most fit organisms for the environment. Having traits (genes) that allow you to survive. Structures with common evolutionary origin; provides evidence of evolution from a common ancestor. Example: forelimb of a crocodile, whale and cat all contain similar bone structure Structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function. Structures form because of environmental pressures. Structures are evidence of convergent evolution. Example: fish fin and a whale fin. An adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings; allows a species to avoid detection by predators. An adaptation that allows organisms to look (resemble) and act like another organism. This adaptation provides protection from predators. A group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring (babies). The process of evolution that gives rise to a new species. Infertile offspring of two individuals who are members of different species. Evolution in which distantly related organisms evolve similar traits; occurs when unrelated species occupy similar environments. Evolution in which species that once were similar to an ancestral species diverge; occurs when populations change as they adapt to different environmental conditions; eventually resulting in a new species. Physical evidence of an organism that lived log ago that scientists use to study the past; evidence may appear in rocks, amber, or ice. A method used that allow scientists to determine the relative age of fossils in different strata of Earth. The oldest fossils are found in the deepest strata. The youngest fossils are found in the strata closest to the top. The study of the way our bodies are put together. One piece of evidence for evolution.

Charles Darwin The father of evolution Natural Selection Fitness Homologous Structures Analogous Structures Camouflage Mimicry Species Speciation Hybrid Convergent Evolution Divergent Evolution Fossils Theory of Superposition Anatomy

Biochemistry Evidence for Evolution Fit Theory Adaptation Cladogram Phylogeny Vestigial Structure Geographic Isolation Reproductive Isolation Embryo Embryology

The study of molecules such as DNA, RNA, amino acids, and/or proteins. One piece of evidence for evolution. Fossils, Anatomy (homologous & analogous structures), and Biochemistry Having traits (genes) that allow you to survive A scientific explanation that has been supported by consistent data from many experiments. A random mutation in the DNA leading to a phenotypic change that helps the organism survive and reproduce. A branching diagram that models the phylogeny of a species based on the derived traits of a group of organisms. The evolutionary history of a species. A structure in a present-day organism that no longer has a job, but was probably useful for the organism's ancestor. This provide evidence of evolution. Example: the appendix in humans or small leg bones in some species of snakes. Physical geographic boundaries that prevent groups of organisms from interacting and breeding with one another. This can lead to speciation. Behavior and physiological barriers that prevent groups of individuals from breeding with one another despite being able to contact each other. This can lead to speciation. Earliest stage of growth and development of both plants and animals The differences and similarities among embryos that are used to provide evidence of evolution.

HW#103: Punnett Square Review Name: _____________________

Biology I Date: __________________________

Directions: Complete the Punnett Square practice problems below. When youve finished, hold onto this paper - fold the paper in half and put it in your study pocket once youve created it!

1. In humans, hair on fingers is dominant to no hair on fingers. Two heterozygous individuals are crossed.
Key: _____ = hair on fingers _____ = no hair on fingers Parents: ____ x ____

Answer the following questions: a. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? b. What is the probability their child will NOT have hair on its fingers? c. What is the expected ratio of hairy fingered to hairless fingered children? 2. In chickens the allele for brown feathers (F) is dominant. The allele for red feathers (f) is recessive. A chicken (FF) and a rooster (Ff) are crossed. Key: _____ = brown feathers _____ = red feathers Parents: ____ x ____

Answer the following questions: a. What is the probability the offspring will have brown feathers? b. What is the expected ratio of brown to red chickens?

3. In daffodils, five petals (P) is dominant to three petals (p). A heterozygous flower (Pp) and a homozygous recessive (pp) flower are crossed.
Key: _____ = five petals _____ = three petals Parents: ____ x ____

Answer the following questions: a. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? b. What is the expected ratio of plats with five petals to plants with 3 petals?

4. In humans the allele for black hair is dominant (H) and the allele for red hair is recessive (h). A homozygous dominant female and a heterozygous male are having a child. Key: _____ = black hair _____ = red hair Parents: ____ x ____

Answer the following questions: a. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? b. What is the probability the child will have red hair? c. What is the expected ratio of black to red-haired children? 5. In Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees), the allele for a short tail is recessive and the allele for long tail is dominant. A heterozygous chimp and a short-tailed chimp are crossed. Key: _____ = Long tail _____ = Short tail Parents: ____ x ____

Answer the following questions: a. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? b. What is the probability the offspring will have a long tail? c. What is the expected ratio of long to short-tailed offspring? 6. In elephants, the combination of small ear (s) and large ear (l) alleles produces a new phenotype that is medium ears (sl). This illustrates incomplete dominance. Fill in the Punnett Squares for each of the crosses below and then answer the questions. Two heterozygous individuals are crossed: __sl__ x __sl__

a. What is the probability an offspring of this cross will have small ears (ss)? b. What is the probability an offspring of this cross will have large ears (ll)? c. What is the probability an offspring of this cross will have medium ears (sl)? d. What is the expected ratio of small to medium to large-eared offspring?