\nkms_ XAveow

`mKw cv

XmdmnbXv

aplZv \Po_v Jm
1

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

Nisab - e - Taleem (Malayalam)

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

Prepared by

Muhammad Najeeb Khan

Assisted by

Muhammed Safvan
Typeset

M.G.E.F Alappuzha
Layout

Ziyad Rahman
Cover Design

Naushad Palluruthi
Printed at

Anaswara Offest, Ernakulam

Published by

Islam International Publication Kannur, Kerala

Sponserd by

Majlis Ansar ullah KKer

er
ala
erala
First Edition: August 2007
Copies 1000
Price : 40

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

hnjb hnhcw
BapJw
Aym]-Ip \nt-i
-
7

Amlp \psS ]cn]meI

10

\psS c-I Amlp

12

kXy-hm-\mb Bn-Sb
-

15

\ ioe
hkv{X[mcWw
ipNnXzw
kmaqlnI acymZI
kXvkz`mhw

21

lZokv ]T\w

22

Ckvemw Imcy

26

_mv

29

akvPnZpI

31

aplZp \_n (k)

34

Camw alvZn (A)

35

JpB ]T\w

38

]Zyw Xdms\ AXv^m

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

BapJw
BXvaobhpw `uXoIhpamb hnm\w kmZnpI FXv
Hcp hyIvXnsb kw_nnStmfw A\nhmcyamb kwKXnbmWv.
Fm tIhew Adnhv t\SpI FXp am{Xa hnZym`ymkw
sImv hnhnXampXv . PohnXs {]mtbmKnIambn
kao]np, a\pjy a\pIv BXvaobhpw `uXoIhpambn
Dcpv \Ip Hcp ka{K PohnX Zi\w ]TnXmhn\v
\IptmgmWv hnZym`ymk {]{Inb ^ehmbn XocpXv.
Ckvemw aptmpshpXpw t{]mXvkmlnnpXpw Cu Hcp
Imgv N mSmWv . tIcfnse hnZymnI- v XfpsS
aX]T\n\v A\ptbmPyamb ]mT ]pkvXI e`yampI F
DtiytmsSbmWv aPvenkv Akmdpm tIcf, hJvs^ \u
kne_kns\ B[mcamnsmv Cu ]pkv X I
XmdmnbncnpXv.Ap apX ]Xn\phbphscbp
IpnIv Nnbmbpw {Iaambpap Hcp GIoIrX aX]T\w CXp
aptJ\ IcamIpXmWv.
Amlphns A\p{Klm b\ JpB DssS
AXnse BZys \mep`mK Ctm {]knsSpphm
IgnncnpIbmWv . AlwZpenmlv . Cu ]mTy]Xn
`wKnbmbn XmdmnXv ap_nKv aplZv \Po_v Jm
kmln_mWv . Amlp Atln\v XXmb {]Xn^ew
\IpamdmIs. Cu kwcw`n\v hnes \nti
\IpIbpw ]pkvXIns {]knoIcWhpw, hnXcWhpw
GsSppIbpw sNbvXpsImv RtfmSv klIcn Ckvemw
C\mjW ]_v f ntjs tIcf LSIw sNbam
s{]m^k alvaqZv AlvaZv kmln_nt\mSpw kl{]hI
\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

tcmSpap IrXX {]tXyIw tcJsSppp. AXpt]mse

Cu kwcw`n\v aPvenkv Jpmap AlvaZn t\mv CemJm
JmCZv tUm. kemlpo kmln_pw kuv CemJm JmCZv Sn.
sI. A_q_ kmln_pw \Inb klmb klIcW
Cu Ahkcn \n]qw kvacnpp. Cu]pkvXIfpsS
dnhyqsNbvXp X auehn Ckvambn kmln_ns\bpw, Cu
]XntbmSv FmcoXnbnepw klIcn Fm A`ypZbImw
nIsfbpw IrXXtbmsS kvacnpp. Chsmw
Amlp XXmb {]Xn^ew \IpamdmIs.
Ckv e mwAlv a Znns `mhn, hfphcp
Xeapdbn kp`{Zambncnm thn, Ahv icnbmb
aXhnm\w \tIXv apXnhcpsS _m[yXbmWv.
AXn\p hn\oXamb Hcp {]Ya {iaamWv Cu kwcw`w.
CXnep IpdhpItfbpw t]mcmbvaItfbpw AXpt]mse
CXns\ Ipdnp \nfpsS hnes A`n{]mbfpw Rsf
FgpXn AdnbnWsav hn\oXambn At]npIbmWv.
IqSmsX Cu ]mTy]Xn hnPb{]Zambnocm FmhcptSbpw
ZpBbpw klmb klIcWfpw A`ynpIbpw
sNpp.
Pnmkpfmb AlvaZn hnZymn kaqln\p apmsI
Cu ]mT ]pkvXIw R kmZcw kanpp.

Iq
19.08.2007

]n. ]n. \mkndpo

\mknw, aPvenkv Akmdpm
kp_mbn, tIcf

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

Aym]Ip \nti
Bdv hb-p- ap-X Ggv hb-p-hsc {]mb-ap Ipn-Ip
thn Xm-dm-n-bn-p ]mT]pkvXIam-Wn-Xv. hJvs^ \u
Ipn-I Bdvv hb-v apX Ggphbphsc ]Tn-n-cn-t
Imcy-fpw CXn Ds-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
Cfw a\-p-I-fn \ ioe- hfn-sb-Sp-pI,
s]cp-am acym-ZI
- ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-p-I, hnizm-kI
- m-cy- efnX-ambn {Kln-n-pI XpS-n-bh
- b
- mWv Cu ]pkvXIw sImv
ey-am--p-X
- .v aX-]T
- \w ck-Ic
- a
- m-pI F Dt-iy-tmsS
efn-Xa
- mb `mj-bn Nn{X-f
- psS klm-bt- m-sS-bm-Wv Hmtcm
]mT-`m-Khpw Xm-dm-n-bn-p-X
- v.
hni-Zo-Ic
- Ww Bh-iy-ap k`-f
- n IY-If
- p-sSbpw
apw klm-bt- msS Imcy- Ffp-
- n {Kln-m IpnIsf klm-bn-t--Xm-Wv. Hmtcm ]mT-n\ptijw sImSpnp {]h\ Ipn-Isf sImv sNn-t--XmWv. ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn Adn-bp-X
- n\pthn amk-n-sem-cn-
]co \S-m-hp--Xm-Wv. hmjnI ]co Dm-bn-cn-p-Xm-Wv.
]mTw ]{n sImSp-n-cn-p ]Zyw cp hcn
hoXw Hmtcm amkhpw ]Tn-n-t--Xm-Wv.

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

Amlp \psS ]cn-]m-e-I

]mTw Hv

\mw

Pohn- p Cu temIw
krjvSnXv AmlphmWv. AXn
\apv th Fm kuI-cy-fpw
Ah HcpnXp. cm{Xn-bn BImiv ann- n- f - p \- { X- sfbpw, N{-s\bpw ]I shfnw
Xcp kq-cys\bpw krjvSn-Xv Ah
Xs-bm-Wv.
\psS \mnse Ipf-, Acp-hn-I, \Zn-I, kap-{Z-
AXnse Pohn-I Fmw krjvSn-Xv Am-lp-hm-Wv. \mw P\np--Xn\v F{Xtbm hj-v apt Amlp CsXmw
\app thn Hcpnshncpp. Cpw Ah Cu temI-p
Fm hkvXp-s
- fbpw ]cn-]m-en-psIm-n-cn-p-p.
hni-p-tm \mw `Ww Ign-p-p. Zmln-p-tm shw
IpSn-p-p. \apv Pohn--W-sa-n hmbp thWw. CsXmw
\apv k-amn XXv BcmWv ? Amlp AmsX
amcpa. \psS hfv CsXmw Bh-iyhp-am-W.v CXp-t]mse
Xs av Poh- P m- e - - s fbpw ]cn- ] m- e nv t]mcpXv
AmlphmWv.

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

Imnse knwl-sbpw B\-sbbpw

As\ F{X F{X Pohn- I .
CsXmw ImWp- t m ApXw
tXmp-n-t. ?
\mw Ifn-m-\mbn ]pd-p-t]m-Iptm Nn{Xie- ` s ImWm- d ptm ? AXv F{X Xcw Dsv
Adn-bmtam ? tIc-f-n am{Xw
apqn Ccp-]n cv C\--fp-v.
\psS cmPyamb Cy-bn Bbncn Aqnsbmv C\-
- CXphsc Is-n-bn-p-v. temI-msW-n Hcp en \m-Xn-\mbncw C\-f
- p-v.
CsXmw hnhn[ \nd-nepw cq]nepw `mh- n- e p- a m- W p- - X v.
Atm \psS Am-lp-hns Ignhp-Isf Ipdnv Hv Nnnp t\mq.
]pdv t]mhp-tm Ccw Pohn
I
- sf t\mp-Ibpw AXns\]n Nnnp-Ibpw sNt-X
- m-Wv. AXp-aqew
Am-lp-hns krjvSn-If
- psS ]cn-]me\ kwhn- [ m- \ s kw_- nv
\apv Adnhpe`n-p-X
- m-Wv.

\nkms_
\nkms_ XAv
XAveeowow cmw `mKw

{]h\
tNmZyw
1. Cu temIs krjvSn-Xv Bcm-Wv ?
.................................................................................................
2. hni-p-tm \mw Fv sNpp ?
.................................................................................................
3. \apv Pohn-p-hm Fp-th-Ww ?
.................................................................................................
4. tIc-f-n am{Xw F{X C\w Nn{X ie-`--fpv ?
.................................................................................................
]qcn-n-pI
1. BIm-i
- n ann-n-f
- p \-{X- ..............................
BWv krjvSn--Xv.
2. \psS ]cn-]m-e-I ........................................... BIp-p.
3. dv F hmns Aw ..................................... BIp-p.

Aw
dv

]cn-]m-eI

CXpt]mse av PohnIsf DZm-lc

- W
- a
- mbn FSppsImv
AhbpsS krjvSn-nse {]tXy-IX
- I
- , hni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-sImSp-p-I. AXn-eqsS Ipn-Iv Hcp \nco-W ]mShw
ssIhcnp-t- Xm-sSmw Am-lp-hns Ign-hp-Isf ASp-dn-bm\pw Ign-bp-X
- p-am-Wv.
DZm-l-cWw tX\o (hnip JpB 16: 69,70)

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

]mTw cv

\psS cI Amlp

Hcn- \_n (k)bpw A\pN-camcpw bm{Xm-aty hn{i-anpXn\mbn Hcp Xmgvh-c-bn XSn-p. a[ym ka-b-am-bn-cp-p. ITn-\-amb
shbn ImcWw Hmtcm-cp-cpw XWtXSn Hmtcm ac-p-h-n m\w
]nSn-p. \_n (k) bpw Hcp Cu--\-p-h-n hn{i-an-m-\n-cp-p. oWnX-\mb \_n (k) Ahn-sS-n-Sv Dd-n-tm-bn. \_n (k) Dd-p--Xn\v
apt Xs hm Ac-bn \nv Ducn hn{i-an-m-\n-cp ac-n\p apIfn Xqn-bn-n-cp-p. Cu Ah-k-c-n-em-Wv \_n (k) bpsS i{Xp Kudkv_n-lm-cnkv AhnsS Fn-b-Xv. Abm t\mn-b-tm CsXmcp \
Ah-k-c-am-Wv. Fm-hcpw oWnv InS-p-d-p-p. \_nsb h[-n-m
]nb Ah-k-cw. kabw ]mgm-msX Abm Dd Xocp-am-\-tmsS acn Xqn-bnncp \_nbpsS hm In-se-Sp-p.
Ftm Ne\w tI-tm-se, \_n (k) Dd-
- n \nv DWp. Xs
h[n-m Ducn-n-Sn hmfpambn \nevp i{Xp-hn-s\-bmWv \_n (k)
I-X.v \_n (k) XnI ss[cy-tmsS Abm-fpsS apJ-tbvv t\mn.
Abm Al-m-ct- msS \_ntbmSp tNmZn-p, "Rm Cu hmfp-sImv
\nsf h[n-m t]mIp-Ib
- m-W,v \ns Fn \nv cn-m Bcpv?
\_n (k) ZrV-kzc-n adp-]Sn \evIn.
""Amlp''
Cu adp-]Sn Abm {]Xo-n-n-cp-n-. adnv apl-Zv Poh\pthn
XtmSv bmNn-p-sa-mWv Abm Icp-Xn-b-Xv.
Cu adp-]S- n-bpsS {]`mhwaqew Abm-fpsS icocw ASn-apSn hnd-p. As\
Abm-fpsS In \nv hm \nep hoWp.
\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

10

\n-ep hoW hm \_n (k) ssIn-se-Sp-p, AtX tNmZyw AbmtfmSv Xncnv tNmZn-p. Ctm \ns Bcp cnpw?
`bp hnd-p-sImv Abm adp-]Sn ]d-p. Xm-f
- msX Fs Bcpw
cn-m-\n-. F\nv amp XcWw. \_n (k) Abmv amp sImSpp
sImv kam-[m-\-tmsS ]d--b-p.
t\mp-I, \mw Am-lp-hns\ bYm-hn[n A\p-k-cnv Pohn-p-I-bm-sWn Hcp i{Xp-hn\pw \s D]-{Z-hn-m Ign-bn-. \mw Dd-p-I-bm-sWnepw Amlp \s Imp cn-pw. Bb-Xn-\m XnI A\p-k-cW-tmsS \mw Pohn--Ww. Fm D]-{Z-hfn \npw cn-m
Amlp AmsX am-cp-an-.

Amlp \psS cI\mWv

{]h\
tNmZyw
1.

\_nbpw A\p-N-camcpw Fhn-sS-bmWv hn{i-an-Xv?

..........................................................................................................................

2. \_n (k) Xs hm Fhn-sS-bmWv Ducn-sh--Xv.?

..........................................................................................................................
3. \sf Fm D]-{Z-h--fn \npw cn-p--h Bcm-Wv.?
..........................................................................................................................
4. GXp i{Xp-hmWv \_n (k)s\ h[n-m hXv?
..........................................................................................................................
5. \_n (k) s\ h[n-m h i{Xp-hns Ah Fm-bnXop?
..........................................................................................................................
11

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

]mTw aqv

kXy-hm-\mb Bn-S-b

Zm\n-b

sshIp- t cw hfsc ktm- j - t m- s S- b mWv

kvIqfn \nv Xncnp h-Xv. cmhnse kvIqfn t]mIm
CjvSanm-Xn-cp Ch\v Xncnp h-tm C{X ktm-jtam?
""Zm\nb-ens amXmhv a\-n ]d-p.''
Zm\n-b h-bp-Ss\ apdn-bn t]mbn ]pkvXI
-
- s
- fmw bYm
m\v shv hkv{Xw amp XncnemWv.
"A-hs amXmhv Ahs\ sNdp--ns \ Nn-bnepw
ioe-n-ep-amWv hfn-smp h-Xv.
Zm\n- b - e m- I s amXm- h ns D]- t Ziw
icnpw Pohn- X - n ]In
A-S
- t- m-sSbpw, A\p-kc
- W
- tm-sS-bpamWv Pohnp t]mXv.'
amXmhv Zm\n- b - e n- t \mSv
tNmZn-p,
"" Fm Zm\n-bse Cv C{X
henb ktmjw''
AtXm, Cp IW-ns tlmwhv ImWn--Wam-bn-cp-p. Rm\Xv sNm adp t]mbn. Cv
cmhnse ]pkv X - I - FSpp sh- t m- g mWv
F\nv AXv Hma h-Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv Rm\nv
kvIqfn t]mIm aSn--Xv. Zm\n-b ]dp,
\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

12

Ahs amXmhv hopw tNmZn-p, Fnv, ]ns-p-mbn?

" F\nv kpJ-ap-m-bn-cp-n, AXp-sImv tlmwhv
sNm Ign-n- Fv So-dn-t\mSv Hcp sNdnb \pW ]dv Rm
c-s-p. tlmw-hv sNm-- aphsmw ASn-In-n. Rm
So-dpsS in-bn \nv c-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zm\n-b A`n-am\-tm-sS-bmWv ]d-Xv,
Zm\n-b-ens amXm-hn\v hfsc kSw tXmn. Chs kz`m-hn\v amw hn-cn-p-p. Ah kzbw Nnn-p. Ahs\ Ah
ASpp hnfn-p. Fnv tNmZn-p, " So-dpsS ASn-bn \npw \o
c-s-p. ]t Fmw Adn-bp \psS Am-lp-hn \nv \o
Fs\ c-sSpw? '' amXm-hns Cu adp-]-Sn Zm\n-b-en\v icnpw
Innb Hcp ASn-bmbn tXmn. Ah hfsc ZpxJn-p.
Ap cm{Xn InS-m t\cv Zm\n-b-ens amXmhv Ah\v
Hcp IY ]dp sImSp-p. Hcp Bn-Sbs IY.
"" Cm-ans cm-as Jeo-^-bm-bn-cp Da (d) Hcp ae-bpsS
Xmgvhm-c
- qsS t]mIp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p, Atm B aescp-hn BSpIsf sXfnpsImp t]mIp Hcp _me-\mb Bn-S-bs\ Atlw
Ip.
Da (d) B Bn-S-b-t\mSp tNmZn-p.
"" CXn \nv Hcm-Sns\ F\nv hnebvp Xcmtam?,
BnS-b ]d-p, C,
Cu BSpI Fs-X-, Chsb tabvm thn DS-a-
Fs Gevn-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.
Da (d) ]d-p. DS-a- Adn-bm t]mIp-n--tm, C\n
Adn-mXs sNmbv ]nSn-p-sImp t]mbn Fp ]d-b-Ww.
CXptIbp-Ss\ Ah adp-]Sn ]d-p, " Fs DS-a--t\mSv
As\ ]dp c-s-Smw, Fm, Fmw ImWp Fs Amlp-hn-t\mSv Rm Fp ]d-bpw? '
13

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

B Bn-S-bs adp-]Sn tIv Da (d) Ic-p-t]m-bn.

t\mp-I, Hc-dn--hp-an-m B Bn-Sb
- \v F{X-b[
- nIw kvt\lhpw
`bhpw Am-lp-hn-t\mSv Dm-bn-cpp. \apv Amlp _pnbpw,
Adnhpw Xv A\p-{K-ln-n-p-v. AXn-\m Amlp Fmw Adnbp-pv F t_m[-tmsS \mw Pohn-t--Xm-Wv.

Ftmgpw kXyta ]d-bmhq

{]h\
tNmZyw
1.

Zm\n-b F-s\-bmWv So-dpsS in-bn \nv c-s-Xv?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

2. Zm\n-b-ens ioe- F-s\-bp--Xm-bn-cp-p.

......................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
3. Bn-S-b F-s\-bp Bfm-bn-cpp?
...........................................................................................................................
4. \psS Fm {]hr-n-Ifpw ImWp-Xv Bcm-Wv?
...........................................................................................................................

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

14

]mTw \mev

\-io-e
-

hkv{X-[m-cWw
\psS icocw ad-p--Xn\pw Ae-m-c-n-\p-am-bn-mWv
hkv{Xw \mw [cn-pXv. hrn-bp hkv{X-amWv \mw [cnt--X
- v. \mw em ioe-cm-bX
- p-sImv \psS \X shfnhm-Im coXn-bn hkv{Xw [cn--W-sa-v Ckvemw Ievnp- p. AXp- t ]mseXs hkv { Xw sImpw B`- c Ww
sImpw Al-mcw ImWn-p-hm ]mSn-. cv s\cn-bm-Wnv
Xmsg hkv{Xw \nev hen-n-gv \S-p--Xns\ \_n (k)
hne-n-bn-p-v. AXp-t]mse BIp-n-Ipw s]Ip-nIpw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw hkv{X-[m-cW coXn-bp-v. thjn s]Ip-n-ItfmSv kmZriyw tXmp hkv{X-fpw
AXp-t]mse s]Ip-n-I BIp--n-I-tfmSv kmZriyw
tXmp hkv{X-fpw [cn-p-Xv A\n-jvSI
- cw Xs-bm-Ipp.
PpapA, s]cp-m Fo Zn\-fn am\yhpw hrnbpap hkv{Xw [cn-W-sav \_n (k) ]d-n-cn-p-p.
AXp-t]mse Xs akvPn-Zn t]mIp-tmgpw a{Z-b
- n t]mIptmgpw kvIqfn t]mIp-tmgpw hrn-bp hkv{Xw
[cntXm-Ip-p.
\_n (k) Acpfn. \n sNcnv [cn-p-tm BZyw
het Imen sNcnv [cn-p-I. sNcnv Agn-p-tm
15

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

`mKw

BZyw CSt Imense sNcnv Agn--Ww. A{]-Imcw HcpIm-en am{Xw sNcnv [cnv \S-p--Xn-s\bpw \_n (k)
hntcm-[n-n-cnp-p.-

\mw ]Tn--Im-cy-
\-X shfn-hm-Im coXn-bn \mw hkv{Xw [cn-t--XmIpp.
hkv{Xw sImpw B`-cWw sImpw Almcw ImWn-m-Xncn-p-I.
\nev hen-n-gv \S-p coXn-bn s\cn-bm-Wnv Xmsg
hkv{Xw [cn-c
- p-Xv.
s]Ip-n-I BIp-n-I-fp-sSbpw, BIp-n-I s]Ip-n-If
- p-sSbpw hkv{Xw [cn-c
- p-Xv.
PpapA, s]cp-m Fo Zn\-fnepw AXp-t]mse Xs akvPnZn t]mIp-tmgpw a{Z-b
- n t]mIp-tmgpw kvIqfn t]mIptmgpw hrn-bp hkv{Xw [cntXmWv.

ipNnXzw
ssZ\wZn\ PohnXNcyIfn \mw ipNnXzw ]mentXv
A\nhmcyamWv . BtcmKyIcamb PohnXn\v ipNnXzw
{][m\s Hcp LSIamWv. hrnbpw shSnpw Dsn
\psS lrZbn\v B\hpw Dtjhpw DmIpp. \psS
NnIfpw, Bcm[\Ifpw kPohamIpp. Bcm[\I
kzoIcnsSW san BcnIhpw _mlyhpamb ipNnXzw
]ment aXnbmIq. Fmhn[ amen\yfn \npw
hnp\nevpXmWv bYm nep ipNnXzw.
\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

16

Bgv N bnsemcn \Jw shn hrnbm

tXmWv. Hcnepw \Jn\Snbn Agpv
ASnp IqSm A\phZncpXv. Cu Agpv
`Ww Ignptm hbnsepIbpw
]ehn[ tcmKv ImcWamhpIbpw
sNpw. AXpt]mse \Jw ISnpXv Hcp
ZpoeamIpp. AXv Xopw Dt]n
tXmWv.

Znhkn IpdXv cv {]mhiyw

]ptXv hmb \mbn hrnbmt
XmWv. \psS \_n (k) Z ipoIc
WsIpdnv iambn XmoXv \evInbn
pv.]v -hrnbmpXpaqew A\h[n
tcmKfn \nv \apv c t\Sm
IgnbpXmWv. AXpsImv cm{Xn Ddp
Xn\v appw, cmhnse DWcptmgpw ]v
tXv hmb hrnbmtXmWv.

Znhkhpw cmhnse IpfnpXv \psS

BtcmKyn\v hfsc \XmWv. icocn
se AgppI tXpcv IgpIn Ifv
hrnbmbn IpfnpIbpw, Xebn
Fbnv apSn NoIn HXpn shtXp
amIpp.

17

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

`mKw

aeaq{X hnk\n\mbn Iqkn t]mIptm

sNcnv [cntXmsWv \_n (k) Acpfnbnpv .
aq{Xsamgnptmsgmw
\n_ambpw
IgpIn
ipNnbmtXmWv. Iqkn CSXpIm shv
{]thinpIbpw Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw ZpB sNtXp
amIpp.

Amlp Co ADu-Zp-_nI an\ Jp_pkn h J_m-Ckn

(Amlpth Fmhn[ AiphkvXpfn \npw
AipIcamb {]hrnIfn \npw Rm
\nn A`bw tXSpp.)
aeaq{Xhnk\w Ignv ]pdphcptm heXpIm shv
]pdv hcnIbpw C{]Imcw ZpB sNtXp amIpp.

Kp^vdm\I AlwZp enmln Zo AZvl_

Anb AZm h B-^m\o
(\ntmSv Rm amn\v At]npp. Fm
_pnappIfpw Fn \npw AIpIbpw F\nv
kuJyw \evIpIbpw sNbvX Amlphn\v
kkvXpXnbpw.)

s]cp-am acymZI
Xp-n-bm DSs\ Alw-Zp-en-mlv (k kvXpXnbpw Amlp-hn-\m-Ip-p) Fv ]d-tb--Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse tImp-hmb
hm Ign-bp-Xpw AXv XS-tb-X
- m-sWv \_n (k) D]-tZinncn-p-p.
\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

18

\mw ap--hsc Ip-ap-p-tm A-emap Assepw Fv ]dp-sImv A`n-hmZyw sNt--Xm-Wv. A{]-Imcw A\yhoSp-I-fn
sN-p-tm \mw kemw ]d-p-sImv A\p-hmZw hmt--Xm-Wv.
hop-Sa
-
s A\p-hmZw IqSmsX AI-tbvv {]th-in-c
- p-Xv.
Bscnepw Fs-nepw km[\w \nv Xcn-Ib
- m-sW-n \n
kqN-I-ambn \n Xbm--tfmSv Pkm--mlp ssJdm AXm-bXv
Amlp \nv \ {]Xn-^ew \evIs Fv ]d-bWw.

kkz`mhw
kkz`mhnbmb hynsb Fmhcpw BZcnpIbpw
_lpam\npIbpw kvt\lnpIbpw sNpp. Ghpw \ a\pjy
P\tfmSv Ghpw \mbn s]cpamdph\mWv. tamiamb coXnbn
kwkmcnphs\ Fmhcpw shdppp. AlvaZnIfmb \mw Ghpw
\ kz`mh ioe kzoIcnWw. A\mhiyambn tIm]ncpXv,
NohmpI ]dbcpXv, IqpItcmSv \ coXnbn s]cpamdWw,
Ftmgpw {]k- - h - Z \tmsS kwkmcnWw. IqpImsc
]cnlkncpXv, ]cnlmkw Bmlp CjvSsSm {]hrnbmIpp.
apXnhsc Ftmgpw _lpam\nWw. \ coXnbn
kwkmcnpXv Zm\ [sm DaamsWv JpB \s
]Tnnpp.
\mw ]Tn-Xv
1.
2.
3.
4.

Xpnbm Alw-Zp-en-mlv Fv ]d-b-Ww.

tImp-hmbv AS-n-sh-Ww
ap--hsc ImWp-tm kemw ]d-b-Ww.
A\y-ho-n sNp-tm kemw ]dv A\p-hmZw hmt-Xm-Wv.
5. Znhkhpw cv t\cw ]ptXv hmb hrnbmpI.
6. apXnhsc _lpam\nWw.
19

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

{]h\
tNmZyw
1. hkv{X[mc-W
- ns Dtiy-sav ?
.................................................................................................
2. F{]-Im-c-ap hkv{X-amWv \mw [cn-t--Xv ?
.................................................................................................
3. hkv{Xw henngv \ScpsXv ]dbphm ImcWsav?
.................................................................................................
4. \mw A\phnt kkz`mh FsmamWv?
.................................................................................................

]qcn-n-p-I.
1. Hcm Xpn-bm ............................................... Fv ]d-b-Ww.
2. ap-h
- sc Ip-ap-n-bm .............................. Fv ]d-bW
- w.
3. \Jw ISnpXv Hcp ........................................................ BWv
4. Znhkhpw cmhnse IpfnpXv \psS ....................................... \v
\XmWv
5. Znhkn IpdXv ................ {]mhiyw ]v tXtXmWv.
6. Ftmgpw ............................................ sS kwkmcnWw
7. \ coXnbn kwkmcnpXv ............................ s\ m
DaamWv.

Aw
Pkm-
- mlp ssJdm

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

Amlp \nv \ {]Xn-^ew \evIs

20

]mTw Av

lZokv

\nt-i-
Xmsg ]dbp lZokpI a\x]mTampI. CXns
Ahpw hymJym\hpw efnXamb `mjbn IpnIv
a\nemn sImSpWw

1. hnizkvXX am\yXbmIpp
2.heXp]m heXp]
m XsbmIpp (he-Xp-]-n\v apK-W\ \evIp-p)
3.Hcp apkvenw asmcp apkvenans ktlm-Zc
- \
- m-Ip-p.
4.\ns ]nXmhns\ A\p-k-cnpI
5.\n ac-Ws B{K-ln-cp-Xv.

lZokv a\x-]m-T-am-p-Ibpw sNmn tIn-p-Ibpw sNpI

21

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

(Ckvemw Imcy-)
]mTw Bdv

Ignhjw CkvemwImcy F{Xsbpw Ah GsXms

sbpw ]TnpIgnp. Cu hjw Ah Hmtcmns\bpwIpdnv Aev]w
hniZambn ]Tnmw. Ign hjw ]Tn Imcy Fmw
Hmbnepmbncnt-XmWv.

Ckvemw Imcy
1. ilmZp Iena
ilmZp Iena Fv ]dm kmyw ]dbp hN\w
FmIpp. ilmZp Iena Xmsg sImSppp.

AivlZp AmCeml Cmlp hAivlZp A aplZ

A_vZplp hdkqeplp.
2. \a-kvImcw (

Ckvemw Imcy-n cm-a-tXv \a-kvIm-c-am-Ip-p.

Am- l p- h ns\
Bcm[npXnt\bmWv
\akvImcsap]dbpXv. Hcp apkven-an\v Ap-t\-cs \akvImcw IrXy-ambn A\p-jvTnt-Xv \n_-a
- m-Wv. Hcn-epw
Pohn-X-n Hgn-hm-m ]mSn-m Bcm-[-\-bm-Ip-p \akvImcw.
Amlp \apv Hcp-]mSv A\p-{K-l
- sNbvXp Xn-pv. AXn\v Amlp-hn-t\mSv \a-kvIm-c
- n-eqsS Ftmgpw \mw
\n tcJ- s - S p- n- s m- n- c nWw. A- X n- \ mbn sNdp- ns \mw \a-kvImcw A\p-jvTn- i
- o-ea
- m-t-X
- mWv.
\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

22

Apt\c \akvImcfpsS t]cpIfpw, kabhpw,

dIvApIfpsS Fhpw XmsgsImSppp.
Av \a-kvIm-c-w
t]cv
1. kp_vln

kabw
{]`mXw

dvA
-
- p-If
- psS Fw
cv dIvAv

2. fpl

\mev d-IvAv

3. Akzv

sshIp-tcw

\mev dIvAv

4. aKvcn_v

ky

aqv dIvAv

5. Cim

cm{Xn

\mev dIvvAv

Ipnsb IqsS \ndpn \akvImcw ioennv XpStXmWv

3. t\mv (

Bcm-[\m I-fn {][m-\-s Hcp Bcm-[-\bmIpp t\mv. {]mb-]qn-bmb _pn-bp Fm apkven-an\pw

t\mv \n_-a
- m-Ip-p. hj-n dafzm amkn ]qambpw CXv A\p-jvTn-t--Xm-Wv. {]`mXw apX kqcym-kvXabw hsc `W ]m\o-b- Dt]-n-t-Xv \n_--amIp-p. AXp-t]mse Fm hn[ A\m-h-iy-Im-cy--fn \npw
hnp-\nevt--Xm-Ip-p. t\mp sImv Am-lp-hns kvt\lhpw A\p-{K-lhpw \ap-pmIpw. t\mns Zn\- hfsc
t{ijvTI
- c
- a
- m-Wv. B Znh-k
- fn IqSpXembn Jp-B ]mcmbWhpw ZpB-Ifpw sNt-X
- m-Ip-p.
4. kmv (

Ckvem-anse AXn-a-l-mb asmcp Bcm-[-\bmWv

km-v. \mw \ coXnbn km-Zn-p [\-n \npw
23

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

av hkvXp-f
- n \npw Hcp \nnX tXmXv {]Imcw ss_p
amentev \evIp \n_ [\-am-Ipp km-.v AXv ]mhs-h
- c
- p-tSbpw Zcn-{Z-cp-tSbpw ta-n\v thn hn\n-tbm-Kn-pp. hj-n Hcp {]mhn-iy-amWv CXv \evtI-Xv. kmv
\evIp--Xp-sImv \psS In-ep kv ]cn-ip--ambn
Xocpw.

5. lv
Ckvemw Imcy-fnse Ah-km-\s Bcm-[\m Iam-Ipp lv. CXv av Bcm-[\
- I
- s
- f-t]mse hfsc {][m-\s
- -Xm-W.v a-bnse IAv_
- b
- n t]mbmWv CXv sNt-X
- .v temInse Fm apkvenw--Ifpw hj-n Hcp {]mhiyw HcpanpIqSp Hcp temI apkvenw ktf-\h
- pw IqSnbmWv lv. BtcmKyhpw Ign-hp-ap--h Pohn-X-n Hcp {]mh-iy-sa-nepw
abn t]mbn lv Iw \nh-ln-t--Xm-Wv.

IAv_bpsS Nn{Xw

\nkms_
\nkms_ XAv
XAveeowow cmw `mKw

24

{]h\
tNmZyw
1. ilm-Zp Ien-a-bpsS Aw Fv?
......................................................................................
2. Ap t\c \a-kvm-c
- f
- psS t]cp-I ]d-bpI?
......................................................................................
3. Znh-khpw A\p-jvTn-t \a-kvm-c
- f
- psS ka-b
- ]d-bp-I.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
]qcn-n-pI
1.

................. amk-n t\mv t\mevp-I.

2.

................ Znh-kw t\mv t\mevtXmWv.

3.

.................. t]mbmWv lv \n-ln-t--Xv.

tbmPn-h tNp hmbn-pI

25

1. ilm-Zp Ien-a-

2. \a-kvImcw

da-fzm

3. t\mv

hj-n-sem-cp-{]m-hiyw

4. kmv

Ap t\cw

5. lv

kmyw ]d-bp hN\w

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

_mv
]mTw Ggv

\a-kvIm-c
- n\v ka-ba
- mbn F-dn-bn-m-\mWv akvPn-Zp-If
- n \npw
D-n _mv hnfn-p--Xv. ASpp akvPn-Zp-If-- n \npw
Ap-t\-chpw \apv Cu i_vZw tIm km[n-pw. _mv hnfntI-m DSs\ Xs Camapw Pam-A-p-ambn \a-kvI-cn-p--Xn-\pthn akvPn-Zn-tebvv t]mtI-X
- m-Wv. _mv hnfn-p B Jn_vebvv A`n-ap-J-ambn \nevt-Xpw Nqphnc sNhn-bn shbvtXpw kp-m-Ip-p. _mns hmp-I Xmsg sImSp-ncnp hn[- a m- I p- p. (_mv sImSpm IpnIsf ]cn
ioenntXmWv)
\nkms_
\nkms_ XAv
XAveeowow cmw `mKw

26

Fv cv {]mhiyw ]d-bp-tm he-Xp-`m-Kt- pw

Fv cv {]mhiyw ]d-bp-tm apJw CS-Xp`m-Ktpw Xnc-tXm-Ip-p. kp_vln \akvIm-c-n\v thn _mv
sImSp-p-tm
tijw

Fv cv {]mhiyw ]d-Xn\v
(\a-kvImcw Dd--s-m DaamIp-

p.) Fv cv {]mhiyw ]d-b-Ww.

_mv tIp-tm AXn

]d-bp hmp-I AtX {]Imcw Xs \ Gp-]-d-tb--Xm-Ipp. Fm

tIp-tm

Fpw

Fpw
(Xn hnpXpw

\bmnpXpw Amlphns klmbw sImv am{XamIpp)

Fv ]d-bWw.
27

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

{]h\
tNmZyw
1. _mv sImSp-p--Xns D-tiyw Fv ?
.....................................................................................................................
2. _mv hnfn tIm \mw FmWv sNtXv ?
.....................................................................................................................
3. _mv sImSp-p B Ftmv Xncnv \nevWw?
.....................................................................................................................
4. _mns hmp-I a\x-]mTw sNmn tIn-pI.
.....................................................................................................................
tbmPnh tNv hmbn-p-I.

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

28

akvPn-Zp-I

]mTw Fv

\akv-I-cn-p-Xn\pthn {]-tXy-I-ambn
\nnp `h-\--sf-bmWv akvPnZv
Fp-]-db
-- p--Xv. AhnsS Am-lp-h-s\-bmsX a-m-scbpw hnfnv {]mnp-hm
]mSn-m-X
- m-Ip-p. a-kvPn-Zp-I F-tmgpw
hrn-bmbn kqn-t--Xm-Wv. akvPnZn {]th-in-p-tm -AhnsS kn-lnX-cmbncnp Bfp-Iv kemw ]d--tb-Xm-Wv. akvPnZns ]cn-kcw hrn-bmtXpw AhnSw kp-c-am-p--Xn--\pthn sNSn-I shv ]nSn-n-tXp-amWv. akvPn-- Z n {]- t h- i n- p- t m
heXpIm shv {]thinpIbpw Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw ZpB sNt-X
- pam-Wv.

(Am-lp-^vXlv eo A_vhm_ dlvaXnI)

\ns
ImcpWyns

29

IhmS

F\nv
thn

Xpdv
XtcWta

Amlpth

\nkms_XAv
XAveeowowcmw
cmw`mKw
`mKw
\nkms_

29

a-kvPn-Zn \npw ]pd-p-hc

- p-tm CSXpIm shv ]pdv
hcpIbpw Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw ZpB sNpIbpw thWw.

(Am-lp-^vXlv eo A_vhm_ ^fven-)

\ns
A\p{Klns

IhmS

F\nv
thn

Xpdv
XtcWta

Amlpth

{]m\bpsS ]qcq]w

{]h\
tNmZyw
1. akvPnZn ]ment acymZI Fsmw ?
................................................................................................................
2. akvPn-Zn {]th-in-p-tm sNmt {]m\ GXmWv?
................................................................................................................
3. akvPnZv Fv ]d-m FmWv ?
................................................................................................................
]qcn-n-pI
1. akvPnZn shv ................................s\ AmsX av Bscbpw
Bcm-[n-cp-Xv.
2. akvPn-Zp-I Ftmgpw ........................... n sht--Xm-Wv.
\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

30

]mTw H]Xvv

aplZp \_n (k)

Atd_ybnse am ]Wn {InkvXphjw 570 G{]n

Ccp]Xn\v aplZp \_n (k) `pPmX\mbn. \_n (k) bpsS ]nXmhns
t]cv A_vZpmsbpw amXmhns t]cv Ban\sbpw Bbncpp.
\_n (k) bpsS P\\n\v apt ]nXmhv acWsp. \_n (k) bpsS
]nXmal \_nv aplZv Fv t]cnp. aplZv Fv ]dm
kvXpXnsh FmWw. sNdpn \_n (k) sb ]meqn
hfnbXv leoa F {KmaoW kv{Xobmbncpp. \_n (k) bvv
Bdv hbv ]qnbmbtm amXmhv acWsp. ]ns Atlw
hfXv ]nXmal A_vZp apzen_ns XWenembncpp.
Atlw \_n (k) sb hfscb[nIw kv t \ltmsSbmWv
hfnbXv. ]t, AXv A[nI Imew \op\nn. amXmhns
acWn\ptijw GItZiw cv sImw Igntm ]nXmal\pw
acWsp. Atm \_n (k) bvv Fv hbv {]mbambncpp. ]noSv
\_n (k) hfXv ]nXrhy\mb A_qXzmen_ns kwcWn
embncpp. As\ ]ecptSbpw kwcWnemWv \_n (k) bpsS
_meyIme PohnXw \SXv.
]nXrhy\mb A_qXzmen_ns hoSv hfsc Zcn{Zambncpp.
AhnsS IrXyamb `W km[\tfm kmlNcytfm
Dmbncpn.
`W
kabv
IpnIsfmhcpw
`Wn\pthn apdhnfn Iqp Hcp Ahbmbncpp
DmbncpXv . X\nv A[nIw `Ww XndnsSpphm
Hmtcmcpcpw acnpIbpw sNbvXncpp. Fm, \_n (k)
31

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

Hcnepw `Wn\pthn Bn {]ISnnncpn.

`Wn\pthn ap IpnI _lfw shptm Xs Dugw
Imv `Ww InpXphsc aplZv \_n (k) \n_vZ\mbn Hcp
`mKv ASn HXpn \nevpIbpw, ]noSv Innb `WwsImv
Xr]vXnsSpIbpw sNpambncpp. \_n (k) Xs _meyImev
kl\nsbpw abpsSbpw Da amXrIbmWv \apv ImWnp
XnpXv.

{]h\
tNmZyw
1. \_n (k) P\nsXhnsS?
..........................................................................................
2. aplZv F t]cns Aw Fv ?
..........................................................................................
3. \_n (k) sb ]meqn hfnbXv Bcv ?
..........................................................................................
4. \_n (k) bpsS ]nXmals t]scv ?
..........................................................................................
5. ]nXmals acWn\p tijw BcpsS kwcWnemWv
\_n (k) hfXv ?
..........................................................................................

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

32

Aw
ap-l-Zv

kvXpXn-s
- -h
-

tNp hmbnpI
aplZv

]nXmhv

]nXmal

A_qXzmen_v

A_vZpmlv

\_n (k)

A_vZp apzen_v

]nXrhy

\_n P\nXv

1. \_n (k) bpsS _meyIme PohnXw {lkzambn hnhcnpI?

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

33

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

]mTw ]v

lZvdv Camw alvZn (A)

Camw alvZn (A) bpsS t]cv lZvdv

ankm Kpemw Alv a Zv kmln_v (A)
FmIpp. Atlw ]m_nse
JmZnbm F ev 1835 s^{_phcn
12 \mWv P\nXv. ]nXmhns t]cv ankm
Kpemw apXzfm Fpw amXmhns t]cv
NndmKv _o_n Fpam bncpp. hfsc
sNdp ns `uXnI kpJmVw
_c tfmSv Hcp Xm]cyhpw
Dmbncpn.
adnv Ftmgpw Amlphns\ Bcm[npXnepw aX]camb
Imcyfnepw Cjv S w Isnbncpp. Ipnmev Xs
\akvmcnt\mSv AXnbmb B`napJyw ImWnncpp. Atlw
P\n Imew AXbpsS Imeambncpp. P\ hnm\n\v
A{Xb[nIw {]m[m\yw \evInbncpn. Fm `mhnbn almb
]e tPmenIfpw Ctlw aptJ\ \nlnstSXn\m Amlp
]T\n\p kuIcyw HcpnsmSpp. ]nXmhns \nti
{]Imcw, sNdpn Xs JpB\pw ]mkn `jbnse Nne
]pkv X Ifpw ]T n p X n \ m b n ^ kv C e m l n F
Aym]Is\ \nbanncpp. AXn\ptijw 10 hbv
Igntm

\nkms_
\nkms_ XAv
XAveeowow cmw `mKw

34

kmXznI\pw AXy[nIw `\pamb ^kv Alv a Zv F

Aym]Is\ \nbanp. Cu Aym]I hfscb[nIw
hmytmsSbmbncpp ]TnnncpXv. Ctln \nmWv
Ad_n`mjm hymIcWw ]TnncpXv. AXn\p tijw ]Xnt\gv ]Xns\v
hbv {]mbambtm auehn KpAen im bn \npw \lvhpw,
aXznpw, sshZyhpw ]Tnp.

{]h\
tNmZyw
1. Camw alvZn (A) P\nsXhnsS ?
....................................................................................................
2. Camw alvZn (A) bpsS ]nXmhnsbpw amXmhnsbpw t]cpI
Fv ?
....................................................................................................
3. Camw alvZn (A) sb ]Tnn Aym]I Bscmw? t]cpI
]dbpI ?
...........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
tNv hmbnpI
sshZyw ]TnnXv
JpB, ]TnnXv
P ew
amXmhv
Ad_n ]TnnXv
]nXmhv

35

NndmKv _o_n kmln_

Kpemw apXzf kmln_v
^kv Cemln
auehn Kp Aenim
JmZnbm
^kv AlvaZv

BIpp

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

Jp-B ]T\w

]mTw ]Xns\mv

\nt-i
-
1. kqd-p ^mnl A klnXw a\x]m-T-am-t--Xm-Wv.
2. kqd-p CJvemkv a\x-]m-T-am-pI

i]n-s-

]nimNn
\npw

IcpWmab

k temIfpsSbpw

{]Xn^ens Zn\w

\o Rsf
\bntWta

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

DSa

Am-l- phn-s\smv

]ca ImcpWyI

]cn]meI

IcpWmab

\ntmSv am{Xw R
klmbw tXSpp

Rm A`bw
tXSpp

Amlphns \man
(Bcw`npp)

Fm kvXpXnbpw
Amlphn\mIp

]ca ImcpWnI

\ns am{Xw R
Bcm[npp

36

t\cmb amn

\o A\p{KlnnphcpsS amn

tIm]n\v ]m{XambhcptSX

hgn ]nghcptSXpa

A CJvemkv

37

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

]mTw ]{v

]Zyw

(Xdms\ AXv^m) AXv^m Km\w

lZvdv ankm _iodpo alvaqZv AlvaZv(d)

(cv hcnhoXw Hmtcm amkhpw ]TnnpI)

1. tacn cmXvZn _kv blo FIv kZmsl
sI Ckv Besa sIuIm FIv JpZmsl.
2. Dkos\ sl ss]Zm Inbm Ckv PlmsIm
knXmtdmsIm kqcPv sIm Hu Bkvam sIm
3. shmtl GIv DkvIm \lo tImbn lwk
shm amenIv ssl k_vIm shm lmnw sl k_v]
4. \tl _m]v DkvIm \tl tImbn t_m
ltaimsk ssl Hu ltaim dtlKm
5. \lo DkvtIm lmPv sImbn _ohntbmIn
kdqdv \lo DkvsIm IpOv kmYntbmIo
6. l FIv Nokv] DkvsIm JpZvdv ssl lmkn
l GIv ImwIn DkvsIm XzmJv ssllmkn
7. ]lmtSm sIm Dkvs\lo Dum Inbm ssl
kap sIm Dkvs\lo ]m\o Znbmssl
8. sb Zbm sPm Nmtdmw Xzd^v _lvdtlsl
Dkos\ sXm JpZvdvsk ss]Zm Inbmsl
9. kapIo aOven lhmsI ]cnt
LtdeqNcnt _t\mwsI Zcnt
\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

38

10 k`o sIm hlo dnkvJv ]lqm dlmsl

l FIv A]vs\ aXzve_vIn ibv Jmslm
11 l FIv ibvtIm tdmko shm tZXmssl lZw
Jkms\ I`o DkvsI tlmtX \lo Iw
12 shm knmsl Hu knKo _Jvivmsl
shm Jmbnw sl l GIv Im Bkdm sl
13 tImbn ibv \ksk \lo DkvsI aJv^n
_Uosk _Uo slm sI tOmosk tOmo
14. Zntem In Op]o _mv `o PmXmsl
_tZmw Hu t\tmw sIm ]lvNmXmsl
15. shm tZmsl _tmwsIm A]vs\ lnZmbv
ZnJmmsl lmtYmws] DsI Idmav
16. sl ^bmZv afveqw Io kpt\ hmem
kZmJv Im Imsl shm t_m _mem
17. Kp\mtlmw sIm _Jviniv sk sl Vm]v tZm
Kcot_mw sIm dlvavsk sl Ymw tem
18. blo cmvZn A_v tXm tacn kZmssl
blv tacm JpZmssl blvtacm JpZmssl
(Iemw alvaqZv)

39

\nkms_ XAveow cmw `mKw

\nkms_
\nkms_ XAv
XAveeowow cmw `mKw

40