Digital Signal Analysis

X-Series Spectrum Analyzers Seminar 2010 Page 1

Objectives

- Provide a digital modulation overview - Review common digital radio impairments

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Di it l Modulation Digital M d l ti Overview O i

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Vector Signal Analysis on one page

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Transmitter Overview

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Receiver Overview

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Signal Characteristics to Modify

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Polar Display / IQ Relationship

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK 2 bits /symbol Symbol Rate = 1/2 bit rate 64 QAM 6 bits /symbol Symbol Rate = 1/6 bit rate

16 QAM 4 bits /symbol Symbol Rate = 1/4 bit rate

32 QAM 5 bits /symbol Symbol Rate = 1/5 bit rate

128 QAM 7 bits /symbol Symbol Rate = 1/7 bit rate

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Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA QPSK example using N=4 subcarriers

The following graphs show how this sequence of QPSK symbols is represented in frequency and time
1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1

V
CP

V
CP

OFDMA

fc

15 kHz

Frequency F

fc

60 kHz

Frequency

Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for one OFDMA symbol period

SC-FDMA Data symbols occupy N*15 kHz for 1/N SC-FDMA SC FDMA symbol b l periods i d
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IQ Modulator

0,1

0,0

1,1

1,0

symbol

1
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IQ Demodulation

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Error Vector Concept

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How EVM is calculated

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Digital Radio Impairments and Measurements

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Common Radio Impairments

Transmitter
I
Symbol Encoder

IQ Imbalance
I/Q Modulator

Compression
IF Filter

0 deg d BB Filter DAC IF LO 90 deg

PA

Phase Noise
DAC/DSP Error Spurious

RF LO

Incorrect Coefficients
I/Q Demodulator IF Filter

Receiver
ADC BB Filter
Symbol Decoder

RF Filter LNA

IF Amp

0 deg IF LO 90 deg d

I t f Interferers Thermal Noise

16

Q
RF LO

Ripple & Tilt

X-Series Spectrum Analyzers Seminar 2010

Wrong filter coefficients

I
Symbol Encoder

I/Q Modulator IF Filter

0 deg BB Filter DAC IF LO 90 deg

PA

Q
Baseband Filter Impulse Response
RF LO

Overshoot from incorrect alpha

Baseband Filter Freq. Response

For this example, the alphas for the Nyquist filter were 0.2 in the transmitter and 0.35 in the receiver.
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Amplifier Nonlinearity
Transmitter
I
Symbol Encoder

I/Q Modulator

Compression
IF Filter

0 deg BB Filter DAC IF LO 90 deg

PA

Q
RF LO

Traditional Two-Tone Test

Testing a Digitally Modulated Signal

With compression

IMD

f1
18

f2

Without compression
X-Series Spectrum Analyzers Seminar 2010

Amplifier Nonlinearity - CCDF

Wh t are the What th other th observable b bl effects ff t of f Compression? C i ? CCDF Measurements

AWGN Signal Si l as a reference

Compressed QPSK Signal

p probability y

Non-compressed QPSK Signal g dB above the average

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Amplifier Nonlinearity - Demodulation

What are the other observable effects of Compression? Vector ( (IQ) ) Diagram g
Without compression Increased EVM With compression

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I/Q Impairments
Imbalances
I
Symbol Encoder

I/Q Modulator IF Filter

0 deg BB Filter DAC IF LO 90 deg

PA

Q
RF LO

Gain Imbalance Quadrature Error DC Offset P th Diff Path Difference - Delay D l

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I/Q Impairments Gain Imbalance

IQ Constellation QPSK Summary Table

Gain Imb. = 1.02 dB (Ideally ( y 0 dB) ) Ideal (square) Measured (rectangle)

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I/Q Impairments Quadrature Error

IQ Constellation QPSK Summary Table

Quad. Error = 5.9 deg. (Ideally ( y 0 deg*) g) Ideal (square) Measured M d (parallelogram)

* meaning that I and Q are ideally 90 deg. apart

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What is causing this problem?

I/Q Demodulator IF Filter

Receiver
ADC BB Filter
Symbol S b l Decoder

RF Filter LNA

IF Amp

0 deg IF LO 90 deg

Interferers
RF LO

Spectrum A

Spectrum B

No Spurious Signals

ACP Looks Good

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Signal A: Demodulation is Good

S Spectrum A

Demod

Points randomly distributed

EVM Low (0.4%) ( )

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Signal B: Demodulation

S Spectrum B

Demod

Points are not randomly distributed

EVM High g ( (3.6%) ) Mag & Phase Errors High and comparable
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Signal B: EVM Spectrum Shows Spur

EVM Spectrum
S i Spurious Signal Si l

-36dBc spur was buried under the modulated carrier

Spectrum B

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Infamous V-shape
I/Q Demodulator RF Filter

Receiver
IF Amp LNA

I
Symbol S b l Decoder

IF Filter

0 deg IF LO 90 deg ADC BB Filter

Q
RF LO

Symbol Rate

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Digital Modulation Measurements Constellation Errors

Ideal Symbol Point Random Noise Phase Noise AM Distortion PM Distortion D l Distortion/ISI Delay Di i /ISI Interference
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64 QAM Constellation C t ll ti
Q

Demonstration

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THANK YOU!

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