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ADAPTED FROM Form No, 19641

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Human Physiology Exam 2

Fall 2007

1. Neuroglial cells that produce myelin are:

a. neurolernrnacytes b. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes d. both a and c

2. The portion of the nervous system concerned with afferent input from muscles and tendons is:

a. somatic motor b. special sensory c. somatosensory d. proprio sensory

Which of the following is a bundle ofaxons?

a .ganglion b. cerebral nucleus c. spinal hom d. nerve.

4. A Na+/ K+ ATPase on a neuron membrane acts to:

a. create ion gradients necessary for creating a membrane potential

b. create a small charge difference across the membrane

c. moves 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ into the cell

d. all of the above

5. At the start of an action potential a nerve cell membrane is most permeable to:

a. Na+ b. CI- c. K+ d. Ca+

6. Opening CI-- channels in a nerve membrane at rest results in:

a. a depolarization b. a hyperpolarization

c. no change d. neurotransmitter release

7. Which is true of a graded potential? a. must be a depolarization

c. size independent on stimulus size

b. can be a hyperpolarization d. nondecremental propagation

8. Which is true of an action potential?

a. it is a hyperpolarization b. it opens voltage gated channels along an axon

c. it is inhibitory d. can be summed

9. Increased stimulus size can result in:

a. increased size of graded potential

c. increased frequency of action potentials

b. opening more Na+ channels d. all of the above

10. An increase in the extracellular concentration ofCa++ could cause:

a. a more excitable nerve membrane b. an increase in neurotransmitter release

c. increased contraction of smooth muscle d. all ofthe above

11. Myelination in the peripheral nervous system:

a. speeds nerve transmission b. is produced by neurolernrnacytes

c. helps with neuron repair d. all of the above

12. The sense of touch is: a. autonomic

c. visceral sensory

b. somatosensory d. special sensory

13. Loss of neuron function in the central nervous system cannot be reestablished by:

a. reestablishing blood supply b. reducing extra pressure on neuron

c. axon growth or repair d. all of the above

14. Which ofthe following happens to neurotransmitters after release from the synaptic bulb?

a. diffusion b. destruction by enzymes

c reuptake d. all of the above

15. The slowest portion of a nerve conduction pathway is:

a. propagation of the action potential b. propagation of the graded potential

c. neurotransmitter release and binding d. repolarization

16. Autonomic preganglionic neurons release:

a. acetylcholine b. norepinephrine

c. both a and b d. nicotine

17. Which of the following is cholinergic?

a serotonin b. beta receptors

c. preganglionic sympathetic nerves d. postganglionic sympathetic nerves

18. Nicotinic receptors would be found:

a. on skeletal muscle b. on parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

c. on sympathetic postganglionic fibers d. all of the above

19. Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Administering atropine would:

An antagonist binds to a receptor but does not initiate signal transduction.

a. always increase contraction of smooth muscle

b. directly increase the rate acetylcholine breakdown

c. increase acetylcholine binding to skeletal muscle

d. counteract an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

20. Acetylcholine release results in: a. dilation of the pupils

c. increase in stomach secretions

b. slowing of heart rate d. all of the above

21. Which receptor(s) would be found on salivary glands?

a. nicotinic and muscarinic b alpha and beta

c. beta 1 and nicotinic d. alpha and muscarinic

22. What has occurred if multiple subthreshold stimuli from the same location produce an action potential?:

a. temporal summation b. spatial summation

c. recruitment d. signal transduction

23. Catecholamine receptors are: t: a. cholinergic

c. metabotropic

b. ionotrophic d. excitatory

24. Serotonin is:

a. a catecholamine c. a neuropeptide

b. a biogenic amine d. an amino acid

I!f 25. Which is not true of the fovea of the retina? (Which of the following is false?)

a. provides greatest sensitivity b. provides the greatest visual acuity

c. contains mostly cone cells d. has highest density of receptors

26. Monoamine oxidase acts to:

a. break down acetylcholine c. decrease serotonin reuptake

b. break down norepinephrine

d. inhibit neurotransmitter release

P' 27. Which of the following would increase synaptic effectiveness?

a. presence of an antagonist b. increased neurotransmitter degradation c. membrane potential more negative d. inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake

9: 28. Cells of the pancreas that release insulin have cholinergic receptors. Activation of these receptors results in the release of insulin. What does insulin do?

a. promote fat storage b. promote fat breakdown

c. increase membrane permeability to fatty acids d. increase plasma glucose

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Multiunit smooth muscle can be stimulated by: ~U' (I

a. hormones b. pacemakers stretch d. all ofthe above

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30. Which is true of smooth Inuscle?

a. contracts slower than skeletal muscle c. calcium binds to calmodulin

b. harder to fatigue than skeletal muscle d. all of the above are true

~. 31. Decreased sensory sensitivity is most likely due to:

a. receptors with thresholds closer to the resting potential (-60mv instead of -55mv)

b. receptors with thresholds farther from the resting potential (-50mv instead of -55mv)

c. increased density of receptors

d. decreased density of receptors

32. Mechanoreceptors with stereocilia (hair cells) are present in the:

a. cochlea b. vestibule c. semicircular canals d. all of the above

33. Which term best describes the ability to detect very weak stimuli?

a. sensitivity b. acuity c. adaptation d. perception

34. Which of the following structures can act to help produce a sharp image on the retina?

a. cornea b. lens c. InS d. all of the above

35. A decrease in the size of a skeletal muscle due to lack of use is called:

a. hypertrophyb. hyperplasia c. atrophy d. apathy

36. Energizing the myosin head in skeletal muscle is a result of:

a. binding ofCa b. binding of ATP

c. release of ADP and P d. breakdown of ATP

37. Breaking the cross bridge in skeletal muscle is triggered by:

a. binding Ca b. binding of ATP

c. release of ADP d. breakdown of ATP

38. The time when an action potential cannot be produced regardless of stimulus size is called:

a. recruitment period b. relative refractory period

c. after hyperpolarization d. absolute refractory period.

39. Depolarization of the T tubules opens Ca ++ channels in the:

a. plasma membrane b. sarcolemma

40. Troponin acts to: a. bind calcium

c. attach actin to Z lines

b. block myosin binding sites on actin d. both a and b

41. A somatic motor neuron and all the myofibers it contacts is called a:

a. whole muscle b . motor unit c. myofibril d. sarcomere

42. An increase in ADP and other metabolites of muscle contraction result in:

a. conduction fatigue b. cross bridge inhibition

c. central command fatigue d. rigor mortis

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l 43. Fast glycolytic fuuscle fibers have a lot of:

a. glycogen b. myoglobin c. mitochondria

d. both a and c

44. Which of the following is a structural protein in skeletal muscle

a. rnyosm b. troponin c. actin d. titin

45. Recruitment occurs:

a. when touch receptors are highly stimulated

b. when muscle tension is insufficient for the intended movement

c. to increase sensitivity

d. both a and b

46. The smooth sustained contraction that is a result of a high frequency of stimulation is:

a. recruitment b. unfused tetanus c. fused tetanus d. treppe

47. Low myosin ATPase activity and high levels of myoglobin are characteristic of:

a. slow oxidative fibers b. fast oxidative fibers

c. slow glycolytic fibers d. fast glycolytic fibers

t 48. The law of proportion applies to:

a. touch b. smell c. hearing

d. equilibrium

49. Which period of a muscle twitch is shortest?

a. latent period b. contraction period

c. relaxation period d. band c are equal

50. The basilar membrane is part ofthe:

a. cochlea b. vestibule c. semicircular canals d. eye