ACQUI

TNG QUAN Trong lch s in hc, acqui c tui i c gn 150 n ! "h#n th$% c s& tin 'ch () nhu cu to l*n ang l+i t, acqui, su-t thi gian qua, . c r$t nhi/u nghi0n c1u nh2 c3i ti4n acqui c5 () 6h7 8h7 c7c acqui *i! 94n na% . c r$t nhi/u lo+i acqui c nghi0n c1u, :t s- ch; h<nh th)nh trong c7c 8h=ng th' nghi , :t s- . c a ra th trng 8h>c (> cho c7c nhu cu trong ?@n ?>ng c5ng nh trong c7c ng)nh cAng nghi8! Bin na% c r$t nhi/u lo+i acqui c s ?>ng, nhng thAng ?>ng hCn c3 l) D lo+i acqui c t'nh 6inh t4 cao, acqui ch< c=n gi l) acqui aE't () acqui nic6Fl G ca? i H"iGI?J c=n gi l) acqui 6i/ ! ACQUI CH " 1K5L, Maston NlantO, nh) P#t lQ ngi Nh78 . 8h7t inh ra acqui ch<, t, 6hi a ()o s ?>ng t'nh 4n na% . hCn 100 n ! Ro (*i ngu%0n thS%, acqui hin na% (Tn s ?>ng cUng ngu%0n lQ in ha () th)nh 8hn cC V3n, c7c h3ng ch4 t+o acqui ch< c nhi/u nghi0n c1u nh2 a ra th trng c7c lo+i acqui t-t hCn! 94n nhWng n giWa 1LX0, c7c nh) nghi0n c1u c3i ti4n 8h7t triYn n0n c7c acqui ch< lo+i Z[hAng V3o ?\ng] () ZI (an i/u h=a]
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ecqui ch< c c$u t+o V\i aEit ch< HNVa DJ l) in c&c ?Cng c )u n@u () Ih< HNVJ l) in c&c @ c )u E7 Eanh! "*c in gi3i l) ?ung ?ch eEit sulfua?ric HBDRagJ! c3n c&c l) V2ng h8 6i ch<, tr0n V3n c&c >c nhi/u l nhh thng l) h<nh ch nh#t Y O8 ch$t in c&c ()o, c$u t+o nh (#% Y V3o . chu%in t3i ?=ng l*n () c : V/n chjc cao! I7c V3n c&c c E48 EFn 6k nhau! MiWa c7c V3n c&c ?Cng () @ l) c7c t$ ngn, thng l) V2ng c7c ch$t c7ch in chu c aEit nh 8ol% Fr () c nhi/u l rng E-8! 9in 78 nh 1c cSa :t V: c7c V3n c&c @ ?Cng nh (#% l) DP! ThAng

thng acqui c s3n Eu$t thFo nh c&c!

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Ih$t in gi3i tha gia ()o 8h3n 1ng in ha, ?o c thY 6iY tra sC V: t<nh tr+ng acqui V2ng c7ch o nmng : in ?ch! Ih< l) 6i lo+i rk ti/n, ?Y gia cAng n0n chi 8h' nh@n cAng, ngu%0n liu ni chung /u r$t th$8! "go)i ra (ic t7i s ?>ng ngu%0n (#t liu r$t ?Y ?)ng c5ng t+o nhi/u thu#n li trong (ic s3n Eu$t () ti0u th>!
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[hi E3 in, \ V3n c&c ?Cng aEit ch< 64t h8 (*i eEit sulfua?ric () D ngu%0n t Bi?ro sk chu%Yn i th)nh Rul8hat ch< () n*c, \ V3n c&c @ Ih< 64t h8 g-c Rul8hat t+o th)nh Rul8hat ch<! tu7 tr<nh n)% l) ti0u hao eEit n0n nmng : in ?ch V gi3 i! "4u nmng : in ?ch qu7 th$8 th< qu7 tr<nh E3 6hAng ti48 t>c c n0n ?ung lng acqui V gi3 ! [hi n+8 in, qu7 tr<nh 8h3n 1ng E3% ra ngc l+i l) c+n n*c () tng nmng : in ?ch! [hi n+8 %, n4u 6hAng ngng n+8 nng lng a ()o sk l) Bi?ro 8h7t sinh \ V3n c&c @ () aE% 8h7t sinh \ V3n c&c ?Cng sk l) c+n n*c in gi3i () l) nng acqui! "go)i ra (ic qu7 n+8 c=n l) gi3 tui th acqui () gia tng 1c ngu% hiY ?o hn h8 6h' sinh ra r$t ?Y ch7% n!
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Bin na% acqui ch< c r$t nhi/u lo+i, t0n gi c5ng 6h7c nhau 8h> thu:c ()o >c 'ch s ?>ng () c$u trwc cSa acqui! 1./Phn loi theo mc ch s dng: ta 8h@n Vit ra n nh l) acqui 6h\i :ng, acqui 8hng s@u () acqui a ?>ng! Acqui h!i "ng: Ai 6hi c=n gi l) acqui A tA ?o hu h4t c7c lo+i A tA /u s ?>ng acqui lo+i n)% chS %4u ?Ung Y 6h\i :ng :ng cC, thi gian s ?>ng thng r$t ngjn ch; ()i 8hwt (*i ?=ng ti0u th> r$t l*n c thY 4n l ln ?ung lng n0n ch; trong 6ho3ng thi gian 1 8hwt . c thY 8hng h4t 10x ?ung lng () thng +t c >c 'ch s ?>ng H. l) ch+% c :ng cCJ tr*c thi gian n)%! 9c thi4t 64 yc Vit cho >c 'ch n)% n0n acqui 6hAng c s ?>ng \ ch4 : 8hng 4n ?*i 1c L0x ?ung lng, s- chu 6z 8hng n+8 cSa acqui n)% l0n 4n 5000 ln n4u 8hng 6hAng qu7 nx, (< (#% tui th acqui 6h\i :ng sk r$t l*n! ecqui n)% c c$u t+o nhi/u V3n c&c hCn () hng hCn acqui thng, : ?)% V3n c&c ch; hCn 1 Y l) tng ?=ng 6h\i :ng, acqui thng c c$u trwc yc Vit Y ch-ng rung (*i : V/n l0n 4n 15 ln so (*i acqui 8hng s@u! Acqui #h$ng su: ngc (*i acqui 6h\i :ng, acqui n)% c thi gian s ?>ng 6Oo ?)i h)ng gi hoyc th@ ch' h)ng ng)% (*i ?=ng li0n t>c thng ?*i 1c ?ung lng, c 6h3 nng 8hng 4n hCn K0x ?ung lng! 9c thi4t 64 (*i V3n c&c ?)% hCn c thY 4n hCn l , ch1a nhi/u ch< hCn ?o trng lng acqui nyng hCn, s- chu 6z 8hng n+8 cSa acqui n)% 8h> thu:c nhi/u ()o : s@u 8hng in, c thY 4n hCn n00 ln \ : s@u 8hng in E7c nh V\i nh) ch4 t+o! Acqui % dng: @% l) lo+i acqui trung gian cSa D lo+i acqui tr0n, n c thY cung c$8 c ?=ng 6hi :ng l*n 4n L0x so (*i acqui chu%0n ?Ung Y 6h\i :ng, c thY 8hng s@u 4n l0x ?ung lng!

&./Phn loi theo c'u t()c %cqui: ta 8h@n Vit ra D nh l) acqui n*c () acqui 6'n! Acqui n*+c: c=n gi l) acqui c l thAng 6h' {|Ft hoyc PFntF? vFa? eci? HPveJ}! ecqui n)% c n lo+i l) acqui thng, acqui V3o ?\ng 't () acqui 6hAng V3o ?\ng {raintFnacF ~rFF Hr~J}! ecqui thng s ?>ng V3n c&c V2ng h8 6i Ih< enti on! I c7c yc iY u iY c thY n+8 in (*i ?=ng in l0n 4n D5x ?ung lnggi, chu c c 6h3 nng qu7 n+8 cao, c thY 8hng in li0n t>c (*i ?=ng l*n 4n D5x ?ung lnggi, hiu su$t 8hng n+8 cao hCn K0x, gi7 th)nh rk! "hc iY ti0u hao n*c nhi/u n0n thng Eu%0n 8h3i ch@ n*c V Eung, 1c t& 8hng in 6h7 cao () tng thFo nhit : c thY 4n 50x ?ung lngth7ng, r$t nh+% c3 (*i nhit :, s ?>ng t-t nh$t \ D5 oI nhit : th$8 th< ?ung lng gi3 , nhit : cao th< tui th gi3 nhanh Hnhit : tng 6ho.ng K,noI th< tui th gi3 :t nWaJ! ecqui V3o ?\ng 't c 8hn l*n yc t'nh cSa acqui thng, c th0 :t s- c3i ti4n nh2 gi3 c7c nhc iY () tng th0 u iY nh tng thY t'ch ch1a n*c in gi3i, tha% i t; l c7c V3n c&c, tha% i h8 6i c$u t+o V3n c&c! I c7c yc iY u iY 't hao n*c, gi3 s- ln ch@ n*c V Eung, gi3 1c t& 8hng in c=n :t nWa, tng tui th acqui \ nhit : cao! ecqui 6hAng V3o ?\ng s ?>ng V3n c&c V2ng h8 6i Ih< Ialciu , c 8hn l*n u iY cSa acqui V3o ?\ng 't, c nhi/u c3i ti4n (/ th)nh 8hn c$u t+o in c&c! I th0 c7c yc iY u iY gi3 1c ti0u hao n*c 4n 1c 't nh$t, gi3 1c t& 8hng in 4n g ln, gi3 7ng 6Y ?=ng in qu7 n+8, gi3 r yt V3n c&c 6hi qu7 n+8, tng th0 : an to)n 6hi s ?>ng! Acqui n: {RFalF? vFa? eci? HRveJ} c=n gi l) acqui c (an i/u h=a {Pal(F FgulatF? vFa? eci? HPveJ}! ecqui n)% c D lo+i ch'nh l) acqui 6Fo HMFlIFllJ () acqui c )ng h$8 thu 6h' {eVsorVF? Mlass rat HeMrJ}! ecqui 6Fo thng c gi (*i t0n l) acqui 6'n, @% l) lo+i acqui c c$u trwc yc Vit (*i ch$t in gi3i \ ?+ng ?ch 6Fo HMFlJ, acqui n)% c ch4 t+o c ?ung lng nhh t, 0,Deh 4n n0eh! I c7c yc iY u iY c thY yt acqui \ t th4 V$t 6z, c 6h3 nng ch-ng rung t-t, 1c t& 8hng in c&c th$8 t, 1 4n Dx i th7ng, 6h3 nng 8hng s@u t-t c thY 4n hCn K0x ?ung lng, chu nhit t-t, tui th cao, 6hAng 8h3i ch@ n*c, c thY 8hng in li0n t>c (*i ?=ng l*n 4n D5x ?ung lng, hiu su$t 8hng n+8 cao hCn L5x, an to)n cao, s- chu 6z 8hng n+8 cao hCn acqui c )ng h$8 thu 6h' D0x! "hc iY (*i cUng 6'ch th*c (*i acqui c )ng h$8 thu 6h' th< ?ung lng 't hCn 4n D0x, thi gian n+8 ch# , ?=ng 6h\i :ng HIIeJ th$8, 6hAng chu c in 78 n+8 qu7 cao! In c 8rFcon?itioning i 10 4n 15 chu 6z 8hng n+8! ecqui c )ng h$8 thu 6h' @% l) lo+i acqui c c$u trwc yc Vit (*i t$ ngn V3n c&c c : th$ cao n0n to)n V: n*c in gi3i ?c ch1a trong , acqui c c7c nwt tho7t 6h' chu 78 l&c nh$t nh, acqui n)% c ch4 t+o c ?ung lng t, n0eh 4n D000eh hoyc hCn! ecqui n)% c S c7c u iY cSa acqui 6hAng V3o ?\ng! "go)i ra chwng c=n :t s- yc iY

u iY c 6h3 nng ch-ng rung t-t, 1c t& 8hng in c&c th$8 t, 1 4n nx i th7ng, chu nhit t-t, tui th cao, 6hAng 8h3i ch@ n*c, c thY 8hng in li0n t>c (*i ?=ng l*n 4n nnx ?ung lng, hiu su$t 8hng n+8 cao hCn L5x, an to)n cao () c thY yt acqui \ :t s- t th4 6h7c! "hc iY s- chu 6z 8hng n+8 th$8 hCn acqui 6Fo D0x

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I7c nh) s3n Eu$t ecqui ch< thng cung c$8 r$t nhi/u thAng s- 6 thu#t, nhng quan trng nh$t l) c7c thAng s- (/ ?ung lng, ?=ng 6h\i :ng () ?=ng ?& tr! "go)i ra c=n :t thAng s- 6h7c 6h7 quan trng trong (ic lu tr acqui l) ?=ng t& 8hng in! 1./,ung l*-ng: l) 6h3 nng 8hng in cSa acqui sau 6hi c n+8 %, 6Q hiu cSa ?ung lng l) I! Pic 8hng in c th&c hin (*i ?=ng in e sau thi gian h sk l) cho in 78 acqui gi3 Eu-ng 1c in 78 8hng in cu-i cUng! IeEh 9Cn ( t'nh cSa ?ung lng l) e 8F gi, 6Q hiu l) eB hoyc eh! Trong th&c t4 ?ung lng cSa acqui 8h> thu:c nhi/u ()o ch4 : 8hng in () nhit : l) (ic cSa acqui, ?=ng 8hng in c)ng l*n th< ?ung lng c)ng gi3 , nhit : c)ng l*n th< ?ung lng c)ng tng! ThAng thng c7c nh) ch4 t+o E7c nh ?ung lng thFo 6h3 nng 8hng in trong D0 gi (*i in 78 8hng in cu-i cUng l) 1,X5P V: V3n c&c t+i nhit : acqui l) Dl,XoI gi l) ?ung lng thFo ID0! &./,.ng h!i "ng: l) 6h3 nng 8hng in (*i ?=ng l*n trong 6ho3ng thi gian ngjn! Thng s ?>ng D thAng s- IIe HIol? cran6ing a 8sJ gi7 tr ?=ng in ) acqui c thY cung c$8 \ 0oI trong n0 gi@% () Ie HFsFr(F ca8acit%J thi gian 8hng in t'nh V2ng 8hwt, cho t3i ?=ng D5e 4n 6hi in 7o c=n 10,5P! ecqui s ?>ng ?)i h+n c IIe t, 1D 4n ng () Ie t, D 4n n ln so (*i acqui s ?>ng ngjn h+n! /./,.ng d0 t(: l) 6h3 nng 8hng in 1./,.ng t0 #h$ng i2n: s& t& 8hng in g@% ra V\i l) ?=ng 6h3 nng 8hng in !
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Ih4 : n+8 acqui 3nh h\ng nhi/u 4n ung lng cSa acqui Rve t'nh thFo ?=ng 8hng c- nh trong 5 gi! ecqui Rve () Pve 6hAng n0n - ho+t :ng \ ch4 : 8hng s@u qu7 D0x ?ung lng - s ?>ng \ ch4 : s+c qu7 % ecqui Rve () Pve n0n - s ?>ng \ nhit : D5oI - n+8 4n 1c c in 78 i ngn l) D,11P ecqui ch< r$t nh+% c3 (*i nhit : s ?>ng, 6hi nhit : th$8 th< ?ung lng acqui V gi3 , \ nhit : cao th< tui th acqui V gi3 ! 9yc Vit l) acqui Rve () Pve c thY s ?>ng c 10 n \ D5oI nhng ch; c hCn 1 n \ gDoI! ecqui Rve () Pve c thi4t 64 yc Vit (*i in 78 n+8 % r$t th$8 6ho3ng D,DP i ngn Y gi3 thiYu s& sinh 6h' () hao h>t n*c, ni c7ch 6h7c 6hAng thY s+c c7c lo+i acqui n)% 4n S in 78 chun cSa acqui ch< l) D,gP i ngn!

Tr, c7c lo+i ch4 t+o yc Vit, acqui ch< thng 6hAng th'ch h8 cho (ic s+c nhanh, thi gian s+c t, K 4n 1l gi l) th'ch h8 nh$t! ecqui Rve () Pve c 1c t& 8hng in 6h7 th$8, ()o 6ho3ng 1 G Dx i th7ng so (*i g0x i n cSa acqui ch< thAng ?>ng! C3c l*u 4:
[hAng n0n s ?>ng \ nhit : tr0n 50oI [hAng n0n s ?>ng t3i l$% tr'ch ngang trong h th-ng acqui ghO8 n-i ti48 [hAng n0n s ?>ng acqui \ t3i qu7 lI ecqui ch< n0n Y thng Eu%0n \ ch4 : n+8 %

50 gi6m th'# ch't l*-ng %cqui:

Ih$t lng acqui ch< V gi3 chS %4u ?o V sulfat, :t l*8 hng h<nh th)nh tr0n V3n c&c @ l) tng in tr\ n:i cSa acqui! Th0 ()o l) s& qu7 n+8 l) r V3n c&c ?Cng! P*i acqui 6'n th< s& $t n*c l) ngu%0n ?o ch'nh l) gi3 ch$t lng c thY $t n*c ?o nhit : acqui cao hoyc ?o n+8 acqui (*i in 78 l*n!

73c 8nh dung l*-ng %cqui:

ung lng acqui E7c nh thFo nmng : in ?ch so (*i nmng : lwc n+8 %, trong th&c t4 r$t 6h E7c nh c ch'nh E7c nmng : n0n thng E7c nh ?ung lng thFo in 78 h\ +ch cSa acqui! 9in 78 n)% o sau 6hi n+8 () Y %0n trong Dg gi hoyc 't nh$t sau 6hi 8hng () Y %0n trong 10 8hwt!

ACQUI KIM " 1KLL, |al? ar ungnFr ngi Th>% iYn . 8h7t inh ra acqui "ic6Fl Ia? iu H"i I?J, D n sau, ?ison l+i a ra 1 thi4t 64 6h7c l) acqui "ic6Fl G Rjt H"i ~FJ! "ghi0n c1u t, nhWng n u 1LX0 nhng .i 4n 1LL0 acqui "ic6Fl rFtal h%?ri?F H"i rhJ *p c tung ra th trng! ung lng cSa c7c acqui "i rh hin na% cao hCn acqui "i I? 6ho3ng g0x! r1c t& 8hng in cSa acqui "ic6Fl Ia? iu 6h7 cao, $t 6ho3ng 10x ?ung lng trong (=ng Dg gi u ti0n sau 6hi s+c, ti48 1c t& 8hng in n nh ()o 6ho3ng 10x i th7ng! r1c t& 8hng in cSa acqui "i rh cao hCn t, 1,5 4n D ln!
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ecqui 6i/ c s ?>ng hin na% thng l) lo+i "iGI?, yc Vit c s ?>ng trong c7c lo+i acqui c ?ung lng l*n! ecqui 6i/ c c$u t+o V\i Bi?roEit nic6Fl G "iHaBJ D l) in c&c ?Cng () Bi?roEit ca? iu G I?HaBJD l) in c&c @ ! Ih$t in gi3i l)

?ung ?ch Bi?roEit 8otassiu [aB () thng c 8ha th0 :t 't Bi?roEit lithiu viaB nh2 gia tng tui th cSa acqui () c3i thin (#n h)nh \ nhit : cao! c3n c&c l) V2ng sjt + nic6Fl () h)n c7n (*i c7c in c&c Y V3o . chu%in t3i ?=ng l*n () c : V/n chjc cao! 9: ?)% cSa V3n c&c c5ng 8h3i chn Y thha .n 6h3 nng ?Tn ?=ng cn thi4t! Ic c&c c + nic6Fl () l) V2ng mng hoyc sjt! R- lng cc tU% thFo ?ung lng V<nh () >c 'ch s ?>ng! MiWa c7c t$ c&c ?Cng () @ l) c7c t$ ngn, thng l) V2ng 8ol% Fr!hoyc c7c l*8 8ol% Fr () n; ghO8 san?itch (*i nhau!
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Ih$t in gi3i ch; l) nhi (> chu%Yn t3i ion ) 6hAng tha gia 8h3n 1ng ha hc (*i c7c ch$t c$u t+o n0n acqui, ?o acqui n)% c tui th r$t cao! "mng : n*c in gi3i hu nh 6hAng i tr*c () sau 6hi n+8! Trong hu h4t c7c trng h8 s ?>ng, sau 6hi ch@ n*c in gi3i \ ln n+8 in u ti0n, 6hAng cn 8h3i quan t@ 4n nmng :!cSa n*c in gi3i 6Y c3 6hi V3o ?ng! Mi7 \ cSa c3 D lo+i V3n c&c l) V2ng sjt, ?o 6hAng tha gia 8h3n 1ng in ha n0n c : V/n (Wng cao trong su-t qu7 tr<nh s ?>ng acqui!
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[hi n+8 in, Bi?roEit nic6Fl ha tr D sk chu%Yn p th)nh Bi?roEit nic6Fl ha tr n () Bi?roEit Ia? iu tr\ th)nh Ia? iu () gi3i 8hng D 8h@n t n*c! [hi n+8 %, n4u 6hAng ngng n+8 nng lng a ()o sk l) Bi?ro 8h7t sinh \ V3n c&c @ () aE% 8h7tr sinh \ V3n c&c ?Cng sk l) c+n n*c in gi3i () l) nng acqui! "go)i ra (ic qu7 n+8 c=n l) gi3 tup th acqui () gia tng 1c ngu% hiY ?o hn h8 6h' sinh ra r$t ?Y ch7% n! [hi 8hng in qu7 tr<nh 8h3n 1ng in ha ngc l+i sk i Bi?roEit nic6Fl ha tr n tr\ l+i Bi?roEit nic6Fl ha tr D () Ia? iu tr\ th)nh Bi?roEit ca? iu ! 9in 78 nh 1c cSa acqui l) 1,DPolt! TU% thFo i/u 6in n+8 ) in 78 6hi n+8 % c 6h7c nhau t, 1,nP 4n hCn 1,gP! TU% thFo i/u 6in 8hng ) in 78 6hi h4t in c5ng 6h7c nhau, (*p ?=ng 8hng nhh in 78 c=n 6ho3ng 1,1P (*p ?=ng 8hng l*n in 78 c=n 6ho3ng 0,l5P EF nh acqui 8h3p n+8 l+i! 9in ?ung cSa acqui c E7c nh V2ng c7ch cho 8hng in acqui . n+8 % (*p ?=ng 6hAng i \ D0oI, trong 5 gi in 78 cSa acqui gi3 c=n 1P!