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PHASE RELATIONSHIPS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Moisture/Water Content Void Ratio Porosity Degree of Saturation Density Unit Weight Specific Gravity Relative Density
Answers: (a) 22.22 (b) 127.7 (c) 102 (d) 0.66 (e) 0.40 (f) 0.92
CONSISTENCY OF SOILS:
ATTERBERG LIMITS: 1. Liquid Limit 2. Plastic Limit 3. Shrinkage Limit
These limits are named after the Swedish scientist Albert Atterberg. But according to the textbook in Soil Mechanics by Muni Budhu, only the liquid limit and plastic limit were considered as Atterberg Limits.
CONSISTENCY OF SOILS:
LIQUID LIMIT: - Defined as the water content at which the groove cut into the soil pat in the standard liquid limit test requires 25 blows to close along a distance of 13 mm. (Casagrande Cup Method) - Defined as the water content at which 20 mm of soil is penetrated by an apparatus. (Cone Penetration Test) - Liquid state to Plastic state
CONSISTENCY OF SOILS:
LIQUID LIMIT: CASAGRANDE CUP METHOD
CONSISTENCY OF SOILS:
LIQUID LIMIT: CONE PENETRATION TEST
CONSISTENCY OF SOILS:
PLASTIC LIMIT: - Defined as the water content at which the soil begins to crumble when rolled into a thread 3 mm in diameter. - Two or more determinations are done and the average water content is recorded as the plastic limit. - Plastic state to Semi-solid state
CONSISTENCY OF SOILS:
SHRINKAGE LIMIT: - Defined as the water content when the soil changes from the semi-solid state to the solid state. The solid state is the state at which no further change in volume occurs since almost all of the water has already been removed.
CONSISTENCY OF SOILS:
PLASTICITY INDEX: - Defined as the range of water content at which the soil behaves like a plastic material. - PI = LL PL
LIQUIDITY INDEX: - Relative consistency of a cohesive soil in the natural state - A measure of soil strength - LI = (w PL)/PI
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
Definition: A soil classification system is the arrangement of different soils having similar properties into groups or subgroups based on their application. It provides a common language to express briefly the general characteristics of soils.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Textural Classification Grain Size Analysis Triangular Classification Chart (USDA) AASHTO Classification System USCS System Sieve Analysis
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
Textural Classification: Clay particle diameter less than 0.002 mm Silt particle diameter in between 0.002 mm and 0.05 mm Sand particle diameter in between 0.05 mm and 2 mm
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
Triangular Classification Chart (USDA): United States Department of Agriculture Uses a triangular chart to classify soils.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
AASHTO Classification System: When classifying soils using the table, classification should start from left to right. The group index is written to the right of the classification enclosed in parentheses. The group index ranges from 0 to 20 and rounded off to the nearest whole number For groups A-2-6 and A-2-7, only the partial group index is used.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
Sieve Analysis: Uses a stack of sieves of different opening sizes. The larger openings are put on top of the smaller openings.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
Sieve Analysis: Effective size (D10) the diameter of the particle size distribution cure corresponding to 10% finer Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) = D60/D10 Coefficient of Curvature/Concavity/Gradation (Cc) (Cc) = D302/[(D10)(D60)] Cu > 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 for well graded gravel Cu > 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 for well graded sand
(a) What % of soil is retained in the No. 200 sieve? (b) What is the effective grain size? (c) Determine the uniformity coefficient.
Determine the group index in accordance with the AASHTO Classification System. Ans. 12
Ans. For Soil A: A-1-b (0) For Soil B: A-7-5 (20) For Soil C: A-1-a (0)
Determine the ff: (a) Effective size, (b) coefficient of uniformity, and (c) soil classification according to USCS. Ans. (a) 0.149 mm (b) 14.23 (c) Well graded sand (SW)
USCS TABLE