QE2

VT2

Q11

Q12

BI 220
Q21

Q22
BII 220
Q8

QE4

Q7

Q2

Q1

VT4

Q3

Q9

1500/5

25 MVA
66/11

400/5

R
S
T

4.37
Matching
OP Rest
2.73

Rest
2.73

.
.




.

. .





. ,

.


.

.




.
.


.

 .
.


.



.

......................................................................................................

1-1

................................................................................................

....................................................................................................

.......................................................................................

10

2-1

......................................................................................................

14

...................................................................................................................

14

..............................................

16

1-1-2 .............................................................................................

16

2-2-2 ..

20

1-2-1-2 .. Local

22

2-2-2-2 Remote

22

23

1-3-2 .......

27

2-3-2 ..

30

3-3-2 ...

31

4-3-2

37

1-2

2-2

3-2

4-2

((

1-4-2 ..

39
40

 2-4-2 ....

42

4-4-2 ..

43

44

...

45

2-5-2 .

46

47

48

49

1-6-2

50

2-6-2 ....

51

5-2
1-5-2

3-5-2
4-5-2

6-2

1-3

55

55

55

...

56

59

2-3

3-3
4-3

5-3

59

1-5-3 .

60

1-1-5-3 .

60

2-1-5-3 Definite Time Over Current Relay

62

3-1-5-3

63

4-1-5-3 .

69

2-5-3 ..

75

II

 1-5-3

75

2-2-5-3

76

3-2-5-3

77

4-2-5-3 .

79

5-2-5-3 Inverse time

80

3-5-3 ..

84

1-3-5-3 ...

85

2-3-5-3

87

4-5-3

88

.............................................................................................................

92

92

...

92

1-2-4 ...

96

2-2-4

97

3-2-4 ...

102

4-2-4 ..

103

1-4-2-4 ......................... Over Current Starting

103

2-4-2-4 ................... Under Voltage Starting

103

3-4-2-4 ............ Under Impedance Starting

104

5-2-4 ....

104

6-2-4 .

106

7-2-4 .

107

1-7-2-4 ............................................................................ Under Reach

107

2-7-2-4 .............................................................................. Over Reach

109

1-4

2-4

III

 3-7-2-4 ..................................................................................

110

8-2-4 .............................................. Distance Scheme

111

.............................................................. )DTT) Direct Transfer Trip 1-8-2-4

112

............................ (PUTT) Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip 2-8-2-4

113

............................... ( POTT ) Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip 3-8-2-4

115

................................................................................. Blocking Scheme 4-8-2-4

116

9-2-4 ...

117

1-9-2-4 .......................................... Broken Conductor

118

2-9-2-4 ................................................. Switch ON to Fault

119

3-9-2-4 ) ...................................... Auto Reclosure ( AR

119

4-9-2-4 ................................................ Check Synchronization

123

3-4
Line Differential Protection

124

1-3-4 ...

124

2-3-4 ......

127

..

130

130

130

1-2-5 .

131

1-1-2-5 ...

131

2-1-2-5 ..

132

3-1-2-5 .......

132

4-1-2-5 .

133

1-5

2-5

IV

....................................................................Biased Differential Relay 5-1-2-5

134

6-1-2-5 .......................

136

7-1-2-5

139

8-1-2-5 .......................................... Inrush Current

140

2-2-5 )............................Restricted Earth Fault Relay (REF

141

1-2-2-5 ..

142

2-2-2-5 ...

143

3-2-2-5 ....

144

3-2-5 ..

153

1-3-2-5 .................................................................Buchholz Relay

153

2-3-2-5 .

155

3-3-2-5

156

....

160

1-6

161

1-2-6 ...................................................................................

162

2-2-6

162

3-2-6

164

4-2-6 .

165

5-1-6 .

167

....

170

1-3-6 ..

170

2-3-6 ..

171

2-6

3-6


...

174

182

188

201

..

208

VI

.

.



.






.
.

.



.



.
11 . 33 .
.





.

1-1



( )1-1 4 () 220

220 ( (BII 220, BI 220 ( .)Tr1 : Tr4
66/220 66 ) (BII 66, BI 66
) (sub1 : sub4 66 ) (Tr5 : Tr8 /66
11 11


.

.

.

T.L. 1

T.L. 2

T.L. 4

T.L. 3

BI 220

BII 220

SUB 3

SUB 1

TR1 220/66

TR3 220/66

TR4 220/66

TR2 220/66
SUB 2

SUB 4

BI 66

BII 66

TR2 66/11

TR1 66/11

L1 L2 L3

TR3 66/11

L4 L5 L6

TR4 66/11

L7 L8 L9

L10 L11 L12

: 1-1

220 66/220
66 ( )2-1 :
6

4
.


(
).
Q21,Q11
I Q22,Q12 .II
Q2,Q1
.Q3

T1
I Q4
II Q5 Q7,Q8
T2

QE2

VT1

VT2

Q12

Q11

Q22

Q21

QE1

BI 220

BII 220
Q8

QE4

Q7

Q2

Q1

Q4

Q5

VT3

QE3

VT4

Q3

Q9

Q6

TR1

TR2

BI 66

BII 66

( )2-1

( )3-1 -:
I 500A,300A
.800A

II 350
.250 A 100 A

800 A

300 A

350 A

500 A

100 A

250 A

( )3 -1

350 800A


:


(800 + 350) / 2 = 575 A
300A I 100A
II
I
100 + 500 = 600 A

II
300 + 250 = 550 A

:

.
.

2-1
( )marshalling

.

(.)marshalling
:



.

11

:

(220 )
.
:
.
:
.
:

( ).
:

.
:


.
:

.
: .
:
.

11

( )Ammeter( )Voltmeter
( )Watt meter( )VAR meter ( )Watt-hour meter
( .)Var-hour meter
.

12

4-2
( )

220 66 ....... .

Interlock Circuits

( .)1-2
220
I II 220
66.

.

44

QE2
VT2

Q11

Q12

BI 220
Q21

Q22
BII 220
Q8

QE4

Q7

Q2

Q1

VT4

Q3

Q9

600 /1/1/1/1

125 MVA
Y-Y0

1500 /1/1/1

Q12

Q11

Q10

BI 66

BII 66

( )4-2

45

( ) (
.)
220 600 /1 4
)1( 4 600/1/1/1/1 4
.
1500/1 66 3

.

2-2


.

4-4-2

( )2-2 )sf6( :
Y1
Y2
)k1(antipumping relay
K2

46

Off

Y2

K2_1

S1_2

PS

SF6

K2

-VE

S1_3

Anti Pumping

K1_1

K1

On

K2_2

Y1

S1_1

-VE

K1_2
S1_4

S1_6

S1_7

Free N.O. and N.C. Contacts

S1_5

47

+VE

S2_1

S2_2

-VE

) 2-2(

PS
S1
limit switch s2
( )2-2
( )ve ,+ve Y1
( )ve ,+ve Y2
:

.


.
S1-1


.
PS
K2
K2-2
PS
K2 K2-2

.
Antipumping relay

ve
+ve (

48

)
S1-3 K1
K1-2
K1-1
K1
S1-3
K1
K1
(
)
( )

(
-.)



M

S2-2 , S2-1
.


S1-2
.

49

2-2-2

.
. ( )3-2


. .
M

CC

CA

PC

PA

EE

PEE

: EE

CM

: ( )

L\R

LOCAL /REMOT :

22

Remote

L R

1
ON
+ VE

5
OFF

CC

CC

m2

- VE

+ VE

CA

m1

CA

CA

CA

CC
1

PA

PC

CC

CC

CA

) 3-2(

Free N.O. and N.C. Contacts

EE

PEE

24

1-2-1-2 ()Local
:


L\R local 3
4 13
PC 13
9 CC
CC3 CC
CC1 CC2 M1
M2 .
CC I2
CC
CC2 CC1
.
CC CA
M1 M2
.

2-2-2-2 Remote


:
L/R REMOTE ()2-1
(.)6-5
5 6
14 CC .

22

1 2 12
CA .

PEE EE


CM .CC,CA




.I1,I2

3-2


.
.
:



,

23

( )4-2 .

( )4-2

()
( - - .........-) ( -I

24

.........- II ) . ( )4-2
:





.

( )

.
.
.
.)Auto Reclosure(





(
)




25

( )



( )Breaker Failure Initiation

26

.

()
.


.

4-3-2


.





( )
( )5-2
) (+VE 1 3
( )1
( (+VE 1 2
( ab , cd ( ) (+VE
( )1 2

27

2 ( (+VE 2 .3
+ VE
1

2
c

( )5-2

) lockout relay(
( )indoor

.
( )

( (+VE 6 ( .)6-2

28

6:1
1 2 ) )lock out relay
.





(.)7-2
+ VE
1

2
c

Lockout relay

Reset
4

( )6-2

29

7 8

OFF

ON

1 2

L
OFF

OFF

ON

ON

L
OFF

10

ON

OFF

ON

( )7-2

-ve
+ve -ve +ve
.

( (discrepancy switch
.

( )7-2
32

, )3 , 5( , )2 ,1(
( ) 6 ,10

.

.

) 6 , 10 ( , ) 5 , 9 ( , ) 7 , 8 (

.

2-3-2


.

3-3-2

()
.

34

.
( ) 8-2
( ) II Q8
( )Q9 II
I Q7 Q8
Q9 Q8 Q7 Q9

) ) load transfer Q7
Q7
Q8
I .

QE2
VT2

Q11

Q12

BI 220
Q21

Q22
BII 220
Q8

QE4

Q7

Q2

Q1

VT4

Q3

Q9

( ) 8 - 2

32

Q8 Q7

Q7 ( )9-2 ,Q12 ,Q3, Q2 , Q1
,Q22 Q8
Q7 Q8
Q22 ,Q12 ,Q3 , Q2 , Q1 Q7
II I
.

QE2
VT2

Q11

Q12

BI 220
Q21

Q22
BII 220
Q8

QE4

Q7

Q2

Q1

VT4

Q3

Q9

( ) 9 - 2 Q7

Q8 ( )10-2

. ( ) indoor

33

( )+ve
10 .
+ VE
1

QE4

Q7
4

Q12
Q9

5
Q22
6
Q1
7
Q2
8
Q3
9

10

( ) 42 - 2 Q8

34

+ VE

Q12

Q22

Q1

Q2

Q3
4

K1

- VE

( ) 44-2

)4,9( ( ) 10-2
K1 ( ) 10-2
( )12-2

( .)indoor :

(
.)

35

+ VE
1

QE4

Q7

K1

Q9
9

10

( ) 42-2 Q8

:
K1 ( ) 11-2
.


Q7 .Q8


,Q1
Q2 Q0 .

36

( .)7- 2

4-3-2



( )13-2 2

( ) 14-2
:
R, S, T
2 ( S2 ,S1 ) ( )S1
( )1S1 ( )2S1 (.)S2

.
.
.

.


.


.

37

QE2
VT2
BI 220

BII 220
Q8

QE4

Q7

VT4

Q9

600 /1/1/1/1

125 MVA
Y-Y0

( )43-2

38

2S1

2S1

2S1

1S1

1S1

1S1

2S2

2S2

2S2

1S2

1S2

1S2

protection panel

control panel

( )44-2

4-2 ()
( )15 2
I II




:
( )15 2

39

BI

B II
2

Q1

Q2

Q0

Q9

Q8

( )45-2

4-4-2


2
(
)Lockout Relay
( )Reset ( )Indoor

42

( .)16 2
:
+ VE

Lockout relay

( )46-2

,


.
.

44

) Lockout Relay (
( ) Reset .
( .)indoor

2-4-2

.

(
) .

( ) Electrical lock

( )Mechanical Lock
Q9 Q8
)18-2( )17-2( .

.
.
+ VE
1
Q0
2

Q8
3

Q9

( )17-2

42

+ VE
1
Q0
2

Q9
3

Q8

( )48-2

4-4-2

.
3
( )star

( )open delta
()19-2 .

43

xd_t

xd_s

xd_r

x2_r x2_s x2_t

x1_r x1_s x1_t

ad_t

ad_s

ad_r

a2_r a2_s a2_t

a1_r a1_s a1_t

ad

xd

Open delta

protection panel

control panel

( )49-2

5-2
( )20-2 2
4
) Q12 , Q11 ( I
) Q22 , Q21 ( II
)Q2 , Q1( (.)Q3
()

44

QE2
VT2

VT1
Q12

Q11

Q22

Q21

QE1

BI 220

BII 220
Q1

QE4

Q2

VT3

QE3

VT4

Q3

( )22-2

4-5-2

Q2 , Q1
.
( )

(
).

2
I II

( )21 2
.

45

:
.
+ VE

1
)

( ) 24 2

2-5-2
Q1,Q2
Q3

.

46

3-5-2



( )Q11,Q12,Q21,Q22 Q11
( )22-2
)T1,T2( )F1,F2(
) )Q1 ( ) Q12 .)QE1(

VT1
Q12

QE1

Q11
BI 220

Q1_BC

Q1_T2

T2

Q1_F2

F2

Q1_T1

T1

Q1_F1

F1

( )22-2

Q11 1 2
:
1 1
()T1,T2,F1,F2
2
Q12 Q1_BC
QE1 (-2
.)23

47

Q12,Q21,Q22
+ VE

QE1

Q1_BC

Q1_F1

Q12

Q1_T1

Q1_F2

Q1_T2

( )23-2

4-5-2

QE1
1 T1,F1,T2,F2 Q11
()24-2

48

+ VE

Q11

Q1_F1

Q1_T1

Q1_F2

Q1_T2

( )24-2

6-2
4 ( )20-2
( )

.
( )Synchronizing .

49

4-6-2




.

( )

( .)Setting
( )
I (
)
(.)25-2
Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q6 Q5


( )25-2
Q4 Q6



.

52

Q1

Q2

1
Q3

Q4

V1
Q5
V2

Q6

( )25-2

2-6-2
()

. 9
(4 4 T1,T2,T3,T4 F1,F2,F3,F4 )

54

F4

T3 F3

T4

BC

T1 F1 T2 F2

( .)26-2
VT2

VT1

VT4

VT3

( ) 26-2

3,1 T2 T1
4,2 T3 T4
( .)27-2

VT2
F4

T4

F3

T3

VT1
F2

BC

VT4

T2

F1

T1

VT3

( ) 27-2

T2
VT3,VT1
T2 ( )28-2 :

52

)r1,s1,t1,n1) VT1
)r2,s2,t2,n2) VT3
I Q1
r1,s1,t1,n1
r, s , t, n .
II Q2
r2,s2,t2,n2
r, s , t, n .
R1 S1 T1 N1

Q1
1

VT1

VT2
BC

VT4

F2

R
S
T
N

T2

VT3

Q2
2

R2 S2 T2 N2

( ) 28-2 T2

53

F1

1-3





.




.

2-3

:
short circuit
open circuit
.

55

:
Transient

:
)(R-E) (S-E) (T-E
)(R-S) (S-T) (T-R
)(R-S-E) (S-T-E) (R-T-E
)(R-S-T-E) (R-S-T


.





.
.

3-3


.
( )1-3

:

56

(
)


(

.(over lap

57

:1-3

58

4-3


:
:
.
(stability):
( ).
(-:)sensitivity
.
:Reliability

.

5-3

Electromecanical Relays
Static Relays
Digital
Relays OR Micro processor Based Relays


.



.

59

1-5-3


) (setting


.



.

1-1-5-3

.

2 2.1
10 . ( )2-3
( )3-3
.

60

I
: 2-3

R
S
T

+VE
+VE

:3-3

61

2-1-5-3
Definite Time Over Current Relay



.

(.)4-3
T

T3
T2
T1

I2

I3

I1

:4-3 -

) (Timer ( )5-3
Electromecanical

(.)6-3

62

R
S
T

Timer
-VE

+VE

+VE
+VE

:5-3

R
S
T

Timer
+VE

-VE

+VE
+VE

:6-3

3-1-5-3

-:
11 22, .
63

.
.
.

.
1-3
( )7-3 2
T1,T2 4 ( )F1, F2, F3, F4 F1,F2

) (F11,F12,F13,F14.,
F3, F4 .

T2

T1
1500/5

600/5

600/5

F2

F11

1500/5

600/5

2500/5
F1

F12

F13

F4

F14

( :)7-3

-:
T1,T2
. 25.
64

600/5

F3

11/66
11 5/1500

11
5/2500
F1, F2,F3,F4
11
5/600
)) F11, F12, F13, F14, .
11
5/200
100

11
5/600


.

:


( 200
)

:

65

- :
100 F11,F14
%125 ( 125 )
5/200

)200:150(

- :
F1,F2
200
250:300( ) ( 300 )
5/600

450
250 .
- :
F1,F2
400 (
) 500
5/600

66

700
200
- 11:

= 1312 A
= % 150
= 1986

2000

( ) 200
- :


2000

67

200
900
( )

1100 =200+900

()1-3

()

( )

125

200

300

450

500

700

2000

900

11

2000

1100

()1-3

:



11

68

4-1-5-3
Inverse Time Type Over Current Relay






.

(.)8-3

Standard Inverse
Very Inverse
Extremly Inverse

: 8-3

69

2-3


Normal Inverse
:

%125
125
250
500
1600
2000
200

( 5000 )Etap Power Stations

.
- :
T1
: Normal Inverse

]
)

[
(

:
: ISC 5000

70

: IP1 125
: TP1
0.05

- :
TP

]
)

[
(

: ISC
: IP2 250

71

- :

:

]
)

[
(

ISC= 5000A

IP3=500 A

- :
,

]
)

72

[
(

- :

]
)

[
(

()2-3

73

IP

TP

125

3.125

0.05

250

2.08

0.1285

500

4.17

0.1654

1600

3.2

0.1138

11

2000

6.67

0.1178

() 2-3

( )9-3
Inverse Time ETAP Power Stations

Current
: 9-3 2-3

74

2-5-3


.


Inverse time

.

1-2-5-3




0.2A 0.21A
( )10-3

.

75

O/C
E/F
R
S
T

+VE
+VE

:11-3

2-2-5-3


.


(.)11-3

76

O/C
E/F
R
S
T

-VE

+VE

+VE
+VE

: 11 3

3-2-5-3


( )12-3





.

( )13-3

77

-VE

+VE

+VE
+VE

: 12 3

R S T

+VE

-VE

+VE
+VE

: 13 3

78

4-2-5-3





()1-3
11
( )3-3

.

()

( )

20

200

40

450

60

700

150

900

11.

300

1100

3-3

:

300 12.

79

5-2-5-3 Inverse time

Inverse Time





( )2-3
( )3 -3
-:
()3-3
200

( )ETAP Power Stations 5800
T1

]
)

[
(

: ISC
: IP1 20 ( ()3-3
: TP1 0.05

80

]
)

[
(

ISC ( 5800)
40 = IP2 ()3-3

]
)

81

[
(

(.)4-3

82

TP

20

0.5

0.05

40

0.33

0.1931

60

0.5

0.3133

150

0.3

0.3566

11.

300

0.3741

( )14 -3
Inverse time ( ETAP Power
.)Stations

Current
: 14 3 2-3

83

3-5-3






.
( )15-3
2 , 1

.
OC-1

OC-3
i1

i2

OC-2

OC-4

:15 3

1 1 3
2 4 , 2
1
1 3 , 1
2
1 I1 I2

84

3 4 2

.
43 4
3
4

31


.

1-3-5-3

.




.
( )
40 20

80 40

85

.
IR & VST
IS & VTR
IT & VRS
( )16-3
VR&VS&VT R
.T&S

VST R 40
80 R 10:50 VST



IR
VST
VST 50 : 10 Maximum Torque
)MTA( Angle .Characteristic Angle )CA(

90 ( .)MTA


S& T
.

86

V_R

I_R

V_ST

V_S

V_T

: 16-3

2-3-5-3


. ( )17-3 VT ,VS ,VR
R IR
VR ( I_Residual
=) V_Residual
= ( VT + Vs R = )
V_Residual I_ Residual
V_Residual )MTA( (CA)
( -45 : -30 )
90 ).)MTA

87

:

100: 80
I_R
V_R

I_T

I_S
V_T

V_S

V_Residual

I_Residual

: 17-3

4-5-3




Commissioning Test Routine Test

-:
-:
.

88

.
.
.
.
110.VDC 220
1A.5A
.
.Serial Number
-:
.
.
.
.
-:
Test Switch .
.
.
.Binary Inputs
Self Test .
-:
Pick Up Drop Off
.

Definite Time Inverse Time .

.

89

.
:

-:
().

.

.
.
.

.

(
).
.

90

1-4

.
.



.

9-4

.
( )1-3

( )Radial System
( )Network System




.

29

.



.



:

.


.

. .
( )1-4
Z1 Z2
( Z1
( Z1

) Z3
) S1

.
.

29

-:
S1

.
Z1
s1
V

Z2
Z3

: 1-4

-:
S1

Z3 Z2 Z3

24

.


( )2-4 .
:

Z1

Z/1n

V
Z3

: 9-4

29

1-9-4

( )3-4 Z1
Z2 .
X
Z1

Z2
R

: 9-4

(.)4-4

29

at
e
Op
er

Bl
oc
k

: 4-4

9-9-4



( )5-4 4 A&B&C&D


.

29

G1

Station A

Circuit
Breaker

AB

BA

Distance
Relay

T_L_CB_T3

Station B
T_L_CB_T2

BC

T_L_BC_T1

T_L_CB_T1

:9-4

T_L_BC_T2

CB

Station C

CD

T_L_BC_T3

DC

G2

Station D

29

C&B
CD BA
.
DC CB BC AB




CB BC
DC AB
CB BC
AB
BC DC .CB

:
.
.
.
.



% 85 :% 80

.

22

( )6-4
.

111

G1

Station A

Circuit
Breaker

AB

BA

Distance
Relay

T_L_CB_T3

Station B
T_L_CB_T2

BC

T_L_BC_T1

T_L_CB_T1

: 9-4

T_L_BC_T2

CB

Station C

CD

T_L_BC_T3

DC

G2

Station D

111

9-9-4




.

-:

%80
.


( )
%100 o %50+ .
o %120 .

500 :400.


( )
%100 o %100+ %25 +
.
%120 o %120 + .
%200 o .
900 :800.

119

%25 30
%15


% 50
.
1500 :1200
2500 .

4-9-4



.

1-4-2-4 Over Current Starting

.

2-4-2-4 Under Voltage Starting

.

119

3-4-2-4
Under Impedance Starting



.

9-9-4

R .XL
Mho Characteristic

Arcing Resistance ()7-4
4
. C/C
Quadrilateral ( )8-4

Arcing Resistance
.

114

: 9-4 mho

Z3
Z2
Z1
R

Z4

: 9-4 quadrilateral

119

9-9-4

: ZSEC .
: ZPRI .
: CTR .
: VTR
12 5/600
0.11/66
.
(

)
)

ZSEC
.

Positive Sequence

)Z1( Impedance Negative Sequence Impedance

( .)Z2 Zero

119

) Sequence Impedance (Z0 (Compensation )K0

Factor :

9-9-4

) (fault
.Under Reach
.Over Reach
.Power Swing

1-7-2-4 Under Reach

( )9-4 ) .(Under Reach Scheme
R1 :
.I1

: Z2
)

I2

119

:
I1&V
Z2
)

119

I2

I1+I2
R1

I1

: 2-4 under reach

2-7-2-4 Over Reach

( )10-4
(Mutual Zero Sequence
) Impedance )65:80) %
. 80%
Over Reach
100%
.

: 10-4 over reach

112

3-7-2-4

( )11-4

Block -:
(
).
(
).

Power Swing
).(3-Ph Fault
X

R
R

: 11-4 power swing

111

9-9-4

Distance Scheme

Basic Scheme .



.



.
:

).Power Line Carrier (PLC

.Optical Fibers
.

AB
Z3 Z2 Z1
Z4 ( ) 12 -4
B A Basic Scheme
Trip :

111

.Z4 Z3 Z2 Z1
B A

.distance schemes

Z1

Z1
AND

AND

T1

T1

Z2

Z2
AND

AND

T2

T2
OR

TRIP

TRIP

OR
Z3

Z3
AND

AND

T3

T3

Z4

Z4
AND

AND

T4

T4

( : )19-4

) DTT) Direct Transfer Trip 1-8-2-4

Z1

( ) 13 -4

119

Z1

Z1
AND

AND

T1

T1

Z2

Z2
AND

AND

T2

T2

OR

Z3

TRIP

TRIP

OR

Z3
AND

AND

T3

T3

Z4

Z4
AND

AND

T4

T4

Receive
Signal

Receive
Signal

Direct Transfer Trip : 19-4

Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip 2-8-2-4

PUTT

119

.Z1
.
.
.Z2
T1
( .) 14 -4

Z1

Z1
AND

AND
T1

Receive
Signal

T1

AND

AND

TRIP

TRIP
OR

OR

Z2

Receive
Signal

Z2
AND

AND

T2

T2

Z3

Z3
AND

AND

T3

T3

Z4

Z4
AND

AND

T4

T4

Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip : 14-4

114

:

4 Z3 Z2 Z2

.

Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip 3-8-2-4

POTT

:
.Z2
.
.
.Z2
.T1
T1
T2 ( .) 15-4
Characteristic
" ." Mho
:
Z1B
Siemens .Z2

119

Z1

Z1
AND

AND
T1

Receive
Signal

T1

AND

AND

TRIP

TRIP
OR

OR

Z2
AND

Receive
Signal

Z2
AND
T2

T2

Z3

Z3
AND

AND

T3

T3

Z4

Z4
AND

AND

T4

T4

Permissive Over Reach Transfer Trip : 19-4

Blocking Scheme 4-8-2-4

16-4
-:
Z4 Z4
not And = 1
Z4 .
.Z2
T1 T1 .T2

119

Z1

Z1
AND

AND
T1

Receive
Signal

T1

AND

AND

TRIP

TRIP
OR

OR

Z2
AND

Receive
Signal

Z2
AND
T2

T2

Z3

Z3
AND

AND

T3

T3

Z4

Z4
AND

AND

T4

T4

Blocking Scheme : 19-4

2-9-4

.

() ()

Distance Scheme


(

119

)

Broken Conductor
SOTF .

Auto Reclosure

Check

Synchronism .

1-9-2-4 Broken Conductor

.Symtrical Components

-:

.
) (I1) ( Positive Sequence Component
.
)(Negative Sequence Component I2
I1&I2
= I2

.

119

2-9-2-4

Switch ON to Fault

.

.



Zone extension
.



(
).
:

) (Discrepancy Switch ) (Binary Inputs
.

3-9-2-4 Auto Reclosure ( AR )

%80
%20

112

.
Auto Reclosure


:
.
.
.
.SOTF
.



): (Time delays

Action Time
( ( Pick up

250
.

191

Dead TIME

) (Close Command
( 500 : 300).

Reclaim Time
( (Close Command
Reset
(
) ) 30 200 : ).

Block Time
Block
10 ( SOTF ).

( )174
.

191

PICKUP
Aborted

Aborted
ACTION
TIME

TRIP
COMMAND

CLOSE
COMMAND

Reclaim
time 1 st
reclosure

Reclaim
time 2nd
reclosure

Aborted
RECLAIM
TIME

Reclaim time

Reclaim time

Reclaim time

RECLOSURE
ACTIVE
Reclaim time

: 19 4

:
Action Time

Action
.Time

199

4-9-2-4 Check Synchronization

(
)



:
.Setting
.
.Setting


.

199

9-4
Line Differential Protection








) (3-ended lines
) (Series Compensation
.

1-9-4

.(Only Current Protection )

Pilot wiresOptical
fibers
.

Supervision
.

Pilot wire ( )18 4

194

Pilot wire
(.)19 4
Bus B

Bus A

Relay

Trip B

Trip A

+ VE

: 19 4

Bus B

Bus A

Relay A

Relay B

Trip A

Trip B
+ VE

+ VE

Pilot Wire

: 12 4

199

Biasing ) ( Operating ( ) 20-4


( .) 21 4
Bus B

Bus A

+ B

B
V

op

op

+
Relay B

Relay A
Pilot Wire

: 91 -4

199

Biasing
Bus B

Bus A
Operating

+ B

op

op

Relay B

Relay A
Pilot Wire

: 91 -4

9-9-4


Capacitive Current Tapped load
Channel time delay errors
.Saturation
Capacitor Current
Pilot wire




.Phase Current

199

.

.
Communication Channels

.
Knee Point Voltage
.Saturation

199

0-5

.

.

2-5



( )


(
) ( )
.




.

031

Buchholz Relay

Pressure Relief

0-2-5




()High impedance differential protection
( Low impedance differential
)protection
.

1-1-2-5



( )setting

030

setting
.

2-1-2-5
1:1
(star\star(
( )5-1

I2I1
.
I1P = I2P

I1S

I2S

Diff. Relay

I1S

I2S

( : )0-5

3-1-2-5
F ( )2-5
I2I1

032

.
I1P = I2P

I1S

I2S

Diff. Relay

I1S

I2S

: 2-5

4-1-2-5
F ( )3-5

) (Radial I1 I2
(
.I1
)
I1+I2
.

033

I2P

I1P

I2S

I1S

Diff .Relay

I1S

I2S

: 3-5

:



.

Biased Differential Relay 5-1-2-5

1:1
) (star\star



.

034

)Restraining or Biasing Coils( Operating
) )Coil ( .)4-5 )Restraining Coils(
)Operating Coil) Operating
Force .Restraining Force
:
.

I1

I2

Rest1

Rest2
OP

I1

I2

Diff. Relay

Biased Differential Relay : 4-5

035

6-1-2-5


.



:
0-5

:

25 MVA :

66/11 KV :

11

400/5

1500/5

:
( )5-5

180

.

036

( 11 )
30
) )matching
.

2.73 A
I11s matching

)Delta\Star( matching

037

matching
0.36


.
25MVA
11/66

5/1500

5/400
R
S
T

4.37
Matching
OP Rest

Rest
2.73

2.73

Diff .Realy

: 5-5 0-5

038

7-1-2-5 :

( .)6-5



( )7-5
Threshold
%40: %20
(
) slope 1 slope 2
:
|
| |

|
| |

Idiff / IN

Trip

Block

: 6-5

039

Idiff/In

2
pe
o
l
S

Operate

e1
Slop

Block

Threshold

Istab/In

: 7-5

8-1-2-5 ()Inrush Current

( )Inrush Current second harmonic

( )Filters
(.)8-5

041

IFN / IN

TRIP

BLOCK

I100 / IFN

: 8-5

2-2-5 )Restricted Earth Fault Relay (REF

( .)9-5



( )Y .)Half Differential (

040

Earthing
Resistor

R.E.F
and
Metrosil

: 9-5

1-2-2-5




( )10-5 )Delta / Star(

IF
.

.

042

IF

: 01-5

2-2-2-5

( )High Impedance Differential Relays

)Vs(
.

( )saturation


.

043

3-2-2-5

.

:


.saturation

.

( )Non Linear Resistor
.

( )9-5
saturation
(.)11-5
:
CT_R saturation = ZM_R

044

CT_N

CT_R
TRANSFORMER

Zm_R

Zm_N
R_CT_N

R_CT_R
RL_R

RL_N

IF
Is
R_ST
Vs
R

RL_R

RL_R

: 00-5

CT_ N

: .

CT_R

: .R

Zm_N

: .

Zm_R

: .R

RCT_N

: .

RCT_R

: .R

RL_N

: .

RL_R

: .R

R_R

: .

R_ST

: .

IF

: .

IS

: .

045

RST VS
VS
(

)
RST

VK Knee Point Voltage .

[

n
N
Ie

: .
: 4 = .
:

046

Non Linear Resistor

[

VP ( Non Linear Resistor

) Metrosil > 3000 .Metrosil
:
VP

VP

.
0-5

. 125..

132..

33..

%16.2

047

032..
1\800

( 3 )RCT
120

VK
Ie

30

RL

0.7

IS

200

RR

0.625

132..

:
RST VS
IF
[

]
)

)
)

20

048

]
Ie VS

IP 32.19%
VS = 20 V

()Metrosil
VF
[

049

( )Metrosil .
2-5

. 125..

132..

33..

%16.2

33

2400/1

RCT

9.6

VK

300

Ie

10

RL

0.35

IS

100

RR

33.

051

:
RST VS
(

050

IP 12.14 %
()Metrosil
(

)
)

.Metrosil

052

3-2-5



.
.
.

1-3-2-5 Buchholz Relay

( )

.





.


(
)
( )12-5
.

053

: 02-5

( )13-5


.

: 03-5

054

:

.

2-3-2-5




( )14-5
.
( )15-5

.

+VE

:04-5

055

+VE

:05-5

3-3-2-5




.

.
Thermocouple
( )
.

.
.

056

( )16-5
4 :
)1(
()2


( )3








.
( )4
.
:



.
.

057

: 06-5

058

0-6


.

.



.

.
.
.
.

, FrameLeakage Directional Comparison

061

) (Low impedance differential relays

.
) (High impedance differential relays
.

.

2-6


.( )2-6
,

.

Ip

Is

Is

: 0 6

060

Ip

0-2-6


(.)2-6

Ip

Is

Ip

Is

: 2 6

2-2-6

( .)3- 6 :
Non Redial System I1p I2p
( I1s + I2s)
.
Redial System I1p
I2p I1s
.

062

I1p

I1s

I2p

I2s

: 3 6

high impedance differential protection

low

impedance differential protection

:

.
knee point voltage
( ) Class X .
Stabilizing Resistor
Biased Differential
.
Burden Load .
Saturation
Saturation

061

.


Saturation Block
.
non linear resistor
3333.


.

1-2-6
( )4 6

.
.
Bus I
Bus II
I2
I1

I6

I5

I4

I3

: 1 6

061

= I2 & I1.

: Bus 1
: Bus 2

: Bus 1
: Bus 2
:

Bus I
Bus II Bus II
.Bus I

1-2-6

.



. ( )4-6
( )5-6
Bus II )

061

) (+VE Trip Bus

.
normally open

. 4 3
C4 C3 C6 C5
4 3 6 5
.Bus I
+VE

I3+I4
I4

I3

Trip Bus

C6

C5

C3

C4

6 5 4 3

: 1 6

066

.Bus I


.
,Zones

.

Check
Zone
.

Check Zone

Bus I ( ) Bus II.

1-0-6
.
.
.


.


.

061

.DC

.
:

.
I II
I
.II
II I
II .I
.
C.T supervision
.
:
o I

.
o
I II
.
o
Check Zone
.

061

:

Master Follower
.

061

1-6
,
,
.

.






.

0-1-6

.
.


( ) (
033 )


( 333 : 253 )

011

2-1-6


:

.
(
52a normally open).
.

, ( )6-6
.

010

+Ve

Current
Relay

+Ve

+Ve

Timer1

Timer2

-Ve

: 6 6

012

.

021 ( )0-
R&S&T R S
) (Lag R 021 T S 021
.

120

120

V_R

120

V_S

V_T

: 4-

471

.

.
. .

Symmetrical

Component Fortescue .


:
)(Positive Sequence Component
)(Negative Sequence Component
)(Zero Sequence Component
( )0 -
( ) 2-
(VR1) R VS1 VT1
(VR 2) R VT2 VS2
.

471

V_R1

V_R2

T
_V

S0
_V

R
_V

V_T2

V_S1

V_S2

V_T1

: 2-

-:

[=]

] []

471

R
:

[]

] [

4-

477

120

V_R

V_T

V_S

R
[

471

471

411

.
.

: Phase Phase Voltage

: COS

(.)1-

281

:2-

( )


.
(..)
. 52.
. 52 ( . 12+..)
( .)5-

Q = 15 MVAR

P = 20 M watt

: 1-

281

. 52
. 2 . 12
. 52

) (

25-20.62=4.38 MVA
. ( )3-
S1 S2
.
S1

S2
Q = 15 MVAR

P = 20 M watt
-10 MVAR

:1-

281

:
( )

.
( )
( )
.



()


(.)2..0 :2..0


.



.
.


.


.

281

281

( )1- :

.

444 .

Stabilizing current Differential
Current
.

.

888

R
S
T

Diff .
Realy

: 8-

Y

. ()2-


.

889

R.E.F
and
Metrosil

: 2-

( )3-
:
R .
.
R (
)
.

891

.
.S,T
.

R
( )4-
.

R.E.F
and
Metrosil

: 3-

898

R.E.F
and
Metrosil

: 4-

224
()5-
:
R .
.


.

892

.

( )6-

.

R.E.F
and
Metrosil

220 VAC

: 5- 220 VAC

893

R.E.F
and
Metrosil

220 VAC

: 6- 220 VAC

) (Marshalling



.

894

(
)
Setting .

( )7- R
R

( .)8 - .
.T,S

N1

T1

S1

N2

R1

T2

S2

:7-

895

R2

N1

T1

S1

N2

R1

T2

S2

R2

: 8 -

( )9-



.

896

BUS I

BUS II
Q1

Q1

Q2

Q2

I
Q0

Q0

: 9-

:



( )14- :
I .
2 .
R
.
.
R (
).

897

I

.
( )IDIFF ( )ISTAB
IDIFF ISTAB .

R ( R )
) (ISupervision
.





.

.
S
.
T .
II I

.

.

898

BUS I

BUS II
Q1

Q1

Q2

Q2

I
Q0

Q0

: 81-

899

Transmission line positive and zero sequence
impedances measurements

.





.Earth Fault Compensation Factor

Z1
.K0
K0 Z1
:
( )
() ( ).
( ) ()
.
() (.)2
102

110 S R ( )
()
(.)2

.
T S .RT

Z1 .
.

R
S
T

A
V

: 1

101

K0
R ()
().
R ( )
R (
) ( .)1

ZE Z1
K0 .
(

S T
K0 .

R
S
T

A
V

: 2

102

1-
55
:

-73

11.76

211.1

R-S

-73

11.85

211.5

S-T

-73

10.73

212.3

T-R

-76

13.62

215.7

R-N

-76

13.62

215.8

S-N

-76

13.65

215.8

T-N

Z1 :
(

)
K0

103

K0 :

K0
.

:

-73

11.81

211.9

R-S

-73

11.86

211.8

S-T

-75

10.75

212.5

T-R

-76

17.17

214.2

R-N

-76

17.30

214.0

S-N

-76

17.20

214.6

T-N

104

Z1 K0
K0 setting

setting

) (Binary Inputs

.

105

Parallel operation of power transformers

.


.



.

-:


Vector group
percentage impedance
1:3

202

circulating current



circulating current

:
K2K1

2 3

Z2 % Z1 %

IS2 IS1

(rated current)

202

circulating current rated current

T3 T2 T1
:
Z1 % = 10

P1max = 100 MVA

Z2 % = 9

P2max = 150 MVA

Z3 % = 8

P3max = 150 MVA

:

:

210

044..
:

:
Pi

: i

Ptot

P3 P2 P1

354 T3..
T3=150MVA
T2 T1 :

211

90.8 %
:





10 % .

212

.
For parallel operation
High Voltage Side
Low Voltage Side
RST
rst

Vector Group

trs
rst
rst

RST
STR

RST

srt
rts
tsr
rst

RTS
TSR
SRT
RST

rts
tsr
srt
rst

RTS
TSR
SRT
RST

rts
tsr
srt
rst

RTS
TSR
SRT
RST

tsr
srt
rts
rst

RTS
TSR
SRT
RST

trs
rst

RST
STR

213

1
11

5
7

5
11

7
11