Report No.

2: Flight Envelope
(V-n Diagram)

Name : Capuno, Desiree C.

Date : Nov. 18, 2013
Grade :

Instructor : Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano

Page : 1 of 9
Issue No. : 1

Given:

Weight

= 3037lbs

= 1377.5kg

Wing Area

= 159.5 ft2

= 14.81 m2

W/S

= 19.04 lbs/ft2

= 93.01kg/m2

Vmax

= 194 mph

= 312.21 km/h

CLmax

= 1.7

Category

= Utility Aircraft

CONDITION I: MANEUVERING LOAD FACTORS

A. Positive Limit Maneuvering Load Factors n
n = 2.1
=

2.1 +

24,000
+10,000
24,000

+10,000

n = 3.940914321
For normal category, 2.5 < n < 3.8
For utility category, 3.8 < n < 4.4
For acrobatic category, 4.4 < n < 6.0

B. Negative Limit Maneuvering Load Factors n

-n < -0.5 n, for acrobatic category
-n < -0.4 n, for utility and normal category
-n = -0.4 x n = -1.576365728

Design Maneuvering Speed, VA

VA = VS +n = 97.05503801 ft/s 3.940914321
VA = 192.6711016ft/s = 131.36666018182 mph

Report No. 2: Flight Envelope

(V-n Diagram)

Name : Capuno, Desiree C.

Date : Nov. 18, 2013
Grade :

Instructor : Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano

Page : 2 of 9
Issue No. : 1

Where:

VS = Stall Speed w/ flaps up

+n = Positive Limit Maneuvering Load Factors

W
2
1
Vs = ( ) ( ) (
)=
S
o
CLmax

Vs = 97.05503801 ft/s = 66.1738895522727 mph

Where:

= 0.002378 slug/ft.

Formula for +CnA maximum curve

1
2

for +n:

1
CnA 2 V 2
+ =
W
S
1

1.700067175 2 (. 3 )V 2

=
2
19.04 lbs./ft
+ = 1.061649092x10-4 V2
=
=

nW
1
2
2 VA S
3.940914321 lbs.
1
ft2
(
. /)(192.6711016 )2 (159.5 ft2 )
2
s

= 1.700067175

(. lbs./ft2 ) (. /.) (.)

Report No. 2: Flight Envelope

(V-n Diagram)
Instructor : Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano

Name : Capuno, Desiree C.

Date : Nov. 18, 2013
Grade :

Page : 3 of 9
Issue No. : 1

Formula for -CnA maximum curve

for -n:

1
CnA 2 V 2
=
W
S
1

(. 3 )V 2
2

2
19.04 lbs./ft

0.6800268697
=

= -4.246596366-5 V2
=

(n)W
1.576365728 lbs.
=
1
2
1
ft2 2
V
S
(
.

/)(192.6711016
) (159.5 ft2 )
A
2
2
s

= -0.6800268697
*V is in ft/s

V(mph)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
131.3667

V(fps)
14.667
29.334
44.001
58.668
73.335
88.002
102.669
117.336
132.003
146.67
161.337
176.004
190.671
192.6755

V (mph) = assigned from 0 to VA

V (fps) = equivalent of V(mph)

V2 = V(fps)2

+n, -n = computed (V)

V2(fps)
215.1209
860.4836
1936.088
3441.934
5378.022
7744.352
10540.92
13767.74
17424.79
21512.09
26029.63
30977.41
36355.43
37123.84

+n
0.022838
0.091353
0.205545
0.365413
0.570957
0.822178
1.119076
1.461651
1.849901
2.283829
2.763433
3.288714
3.859671
3.941249

-n
-0.00914
-0.03654
-0.08222
-0.14617
-0.22838
-0.32887
-0.44763
-0.58466
-0.73996
-0.91353
-1.10537
-1.31549
-1.54387
-1.5765

Report No. 2: Flight Envelope

(V-n Diagram)
Instructor : Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano

Name : Capuno, Desiree C.

Date : Nov. 18, 2013
Grade :

Page : 4 of 9
Issue No. : 1

CONDITION II: LOAD FACTOR DUE TO GUST

Design Cruising Speed, VcDES
VcDES = 0.9 VMAX

= 0.9 x 194 mph

VcDES = 174.6 mph = 256.08582 ft/s

Vcmin may not be less than:

W

Vcmin (knots) = 33 S

= 3319.04 lbs./ft2
Vcmin (knots) = 143.9949999 knots
Vcmin = 165.706486503072 mph = 243.0361802045056265 ft/s

Limit Gust Load Factor

= 1
Where:

KUVc a
W

575 S

(1.044447802)( ft/s)Vc (. )
575 (. lbs./ft 2 )

n = 0.01393845908

K = (W/S) = 1.044447802

U = Gust Velocity (= 30 ft/s)

Vc = VcDES = Design cruising speed in MPH = 174.6 mph

Report No. 2: Flight Envelope

(V-n Diagram)

Name : Capuno, Desiree C.

Date : Nov. 18, 2013
Grade :

Instructor : Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano

Page : 5 of 9
Issue No. : 1

a = slope of lift curve per radian

=
=

CL
180
(
)
o
0.85 180
(
)
6+2

= . /
Where:

0 = Angle of attack at zero lift = -2

CL = 0.85

= 6 (half value ref based from CL)

Therefore:

a = . /rad

n = 0.01393845908 Vc

n = 1 0.01393845908 Vc

Vc(mph)

+n

-n

Vc(mph)

+n

-n

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

1.139385
1.278769
1.418154
1.557538
1.696923
1.836308
1.975692
2.115077
2.254461

0.860615
0.721231
0.581846
0.442462
0.303077
0.163692
0.024308
-0.11508
-0.25446

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
174.6

2.393846
2.53323
2.672615
2.812
2.951384
3.090769
3.230153
3.369538
3.433655

-0.39385
-0.53323
-0.67262
-0.812
-0.95138
-1.09077
-1.23015
-1.36954
-1.43365

Explanation on Table:

V (mph) = assigned from 0 to VD in mph

+n = 1 + 0.0103982129 VD

-n = 1 - 0.0103982129 VD

Report No. 2: Flight Envelope

(V-n Diagram)
Instructor : Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano

Name : Capuno, Desiree C.

Date : Nov. 18, 2013
Grade :

Page : 6 of 9
Issue No. : 1

Design Dive Speed, VD

VD = 1.5 Vc (Utility Category)
VD = 1.5 (174.6 mph)
VD = 261.9mph

Where:

Vc = Either Vcmin or VcDES whichever is greater

Therefore:

VD = 261.9mph = 384.12873 ft/s

Limit Gust Load Factor

= 1
Where:

KUVD a
575

W
S

(. )( ft/s)VD (. )
575 (. lbs./ft2 )

n = 6.96922954x10-3

K = (W/S) = 1.044447802

U = Gust Velocity (= 15 ft/s)

Therefore:

n = 0.00696922954 VD

n = 1 0.00696922954 VD

Report No. 2: Flight Envelope

(V-n Diagram)
Instructor : Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano

V(mph)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200

+n
1.06969
1.13938
1.20908
1.27877
1.34846
1.41815
1.48785
1.55754
1.62723
1.69692
1.76662
1.83631
1.906
1.97569
2.04538
2.11508
2.18477
2.25446
2.32415
2.39385

-n
0.93031
0.86062
0.79092
0.72123
0.65154
0.58185
0.51215
0.44246
0.37277
0.30308
0.23338
0.16369
0.094
0.02431
-0.0454
-0.1151
-0.1848
-0.2545
-0.3242
-0.3938

Name : Capuno, Desiree C.

Date : Nov. 18, 2013
Grade :

V(mph)
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
384.129

Explanation on Table:

V (mph) = assigned from 0 to VD in mph

+n = 1 +

0.00696922954 VD

-n = 1 - 0.00696922954 VD

Composite V-n Diagram

VF = 1.4 VS
= 1.4 (66.1738895522727 mph)
VF = 92.64344537 mph

+n
2.46354
2.53323
2.60292
2.67262
2.74231
2.812
2.88169
2.95138
3.02108
3.09077
3.16046
3.23015
3.29985
3.36954
3.43923
3.50892
3.57861
3.64831
3.67708

Page : 7 of 9
Issue No. : 1

-n
-0.4635
-0.5332
-0.6029
-0.6726
-0.7423
-0.812
-0.8817
-0.9514
-1.0211
-1.0908
-1.1605
-1.2302
-1.2998
-1.3695
-1.4392
-1.5089
-1.5786
-1.6483
-1.6771

Report No. 2: Flight Envelope

(V-n Diagram)
Instructor : Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano

Name : Capuno, Desiree C.

Date : Nov. 18, 2013
Grade :

Page : 8 of 9
Issue No. : 1

VF = 1.8 VSF
= 1.8 (72.79127851)
VF = 131.0243013 mph
*From the two computed values of VF above, get the higher value.

Where:
= 1.1 VS = 1.1 (60.11343704 mph) = 66.12478074 mph

VSF

VS INVT = The intersection of the +CnA Maximum Curve and the +VD gust line

(Ref. V Diagram, see next page).

VS

= The computed stalling speed with flaps retracted at the design weight.

VF

= Airspeed with flaps fully deflected.

VSF

= The computed stalling speed with flaps fully extended at the design
weight (Approx. 1.1 VS).

Summary:

VS

66.1739 mph

97.0551 ft/s

VS INVT

92.1mph

135.08 ft/s

VF

131.0243 mph

192.1690 ft/s

VA

131.3667 mph

192.6712 ft/s

VC

174.6 mph

256.08 ft/s

VD

261.9 mph

384.12 ft/s

+ CnA max

1.700067175

- CnA max

-0.6800268697

Report No. 2: Flight Envelope

(V-n Diagram)
Instructor : Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano

Name : Capuno, Desiree C.

Date : Nov. 18, 2013
Grade :

Page : 9 of 9
Issue No. : 1