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Levels of development
LDCs- These are the poorest countries with the lowest quality of life. !
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LEDCs- These are the least economically developed countries.! NICs- these are rapidly getting richer by moving from primary to secondary industry.! MICs-These countries are not poor but not rich. ! MEDCs- These countries are the most economically developed.
Quality of life
Happiness
Climate
Family/friends
Health Education
Poor soil
Poor climate
Environmental
War
Political
Natural hazards
Corrupt governments
Measuring development
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Social
Economic o GDPgoods o GDP divide Gross and per by domestic services capitathe a
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Birth rate- measures female education and birth control. Death Infant ratemortalitymeasures measures healthcare and quality of life. sanitation and health care. People per doctor- measures access to health care. Literacy education. Access rateto safe measures watero o Human using
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product. The total value of country produces per year. GDP total
index- A number calculated literacy rate, educational attainment and GDP per capita. Physical quality of life index- A number calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality rate.
population.
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o o
measures sanitation. Life expectancy- measures access to health care and quality of life. o Calorie intakemeasures access to healthy diet.
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Aid
Official governmental aid
International aid
Voluntary aid
Multilateral aid
Given by many countries and paid out by an international organisation e.g. UN.
Bilateral aid
Given from one country to another.
Long-term
Given for constant improvement. To help development.
Short-term
Given to cope with immediate problems caused by disasters.
The good..
o o o o Aid which is long term can help development. Overtime the country can become less reliant on foreign aid. Aid can help combat poverty. It can be used to help a boost a countries economy. For example money can be used to set up new industry.
The bad..
o o o o o The recipient can become dependent on the aid. Some aid may not reach the people who need it. Some aid only lasts a short time- will not help development. Some aid can be tied. The benefits of aid can take a long time.
WaterAid is an international NGO (non-governmental organisation /charity) that focuses on the provision of safe domestic water, sanitation and hygiene education to the world's poorest people.. WaterAid's vision is of a world where everyone has access to safe domestic water and effective sanitation.!
In Mali, current national figures indicate that only 50% of the people have access to clean drinking water and only 4% of the population have access to adequate sanitation facilities (toilets).
Wateraid works with local people & organisations, as they best know the local people.
Poor sanitation means bad health. Bacteria, viruses and parasites found in human waste are responsible for the transmission of cholera, typhoid and other infectious diseases that kill millions of people each year. The problem is huge in both urban and rural areas
In Mali, the water industry is privatised but often fails to the provide water to rural and urban aeas. Wateraid is first targeting Slums in Malis capital, it wants to show the government that projects in slums are easy to set up and sustainable. Wateraid employs local people, who they are training up to maintain the system and raise money to keep it running. Then invest in the community THIS IS SUSTAINABLE
Health has now improved include reducing the deaths from diarrhoea 65% improvement
Employment structures
Primary industry
Environmental! o Lots of raw materials. o A suitable climate. o Good soil.
Secondary industry
Environmental! o Close to raw materials. o Plenty of flat land o A local water supply.
Economic! o Cheap land as farming uses large areas of land. o Good transport routes to export.
o o o o
Economic! Suitable local market. Government grants given to encourage set up. Lots of workers. Good transport routes.
Tertiary industry
Services
Environmental! o Green open spaces for a pleasant environment.
Quaternary industry
Economic! o A suitable local market. o Good transport routes. o Skilled and educated workers.
Economic! o Near similar businesses so that information can be shared. o Skilled and educated workers.
As a country develops they loose their primary industry and begin to industrialise as the country becomes further developed and the land too expensive the secondary industry is moved. Any secondary industry that is left if carried out by machines. Tertiary industry then has enough money to fully develop.
South East Brazil is the economic CORE region of Brazil, it has primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries.
Primary Industries What influence the primary industries here? -Warm temperature Average rainfall Rich soils GREAT FOR FARMING Coffee, beef, rice, cacao, sugar cane and fruit are grown here
Secondary Industries It is the centre for foreign and national investment in manufacturing. Investment was concentrated her in the 1950s/60s by the Government. Excellent road and rail links here, as well as the most ports and airports. Solid pipeline for oil and gas. Car industry is the major activity Ford, GM, VW, Fiat and Toyota manufacture here. Other production includes clothing, food , printing and furniture. (Yet decreasing due to competition in AISA)
Map showing Brazils regional Human Development Index
MINING - Large deposits of gold, iron ore, manganese and bauxite make mining very viable here ENERGY -Oil, gas offshore and hydroelectric power from the large river ensure energy is produced FOREST/LOGGING Warm temperatures create the forest FISHING -Off the coast many are employed in fishing and supplies food for the locals
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Quaternary Centre of research and development in public & private sectors. San Jose Dos Campos is the key area. The Aerospace Technical Centre is where space & aviation is developed & tested
Primary Lots in the west. They produce coffee, tea, tobacco and fruits. The area has good soil and rainfall.
Secondary Lots of manufacturers in Nairobi . They produce clothes, food and drink . The area has good transport links and a good labour supply.
Secondary There are cement works in the coast. They use the limestone from nearby deposits as a raw material and can then ship it easily.
Economic effects! More money will need to be spent on predicting extreme weather events in order to reduce their impacts as weather events are becoming more extreme.! Industries that helps to reduce the effects of climate change will become bigger and make more money. Political effects! Water will become scarce and competition could lead to war.! Governments are under pressure to come up with ways to reduce the effects.
National response
Transport strategies o Governments can improve public transport . For example they can make people want to use them by making them faster and cheaper- reducing the cars on the roads.
Local response
Congestion charging o Local authorities can charge people for driving cars into cities during busy periods. Recycling ! o Local authorities can recycle waste material by building recycling plants and giving people recycling bins. Conserving energy! o Local authorities give money and advice to make homes more energy efficient. If people use less energy, less energy is produced which uses carbon dioxide. !
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Taxation o Governments can increase taxes on cars with high emissions- encouraging people not to drive.
Globalisation
Multi-national companies- they sell and produce products all over the world. ! They therefore increase globalisation by linking countries together through production and sale of goods.
ICT- Improvements in email, internet, mobile phones and phone lines.! This means that it is now quicker and easier for businesses to communicate all over the world.
Causes
Transport- Improvements in airports, trains and larger ships. ! This has made is quicker and easier for people to communicate face to face. ! It has allowed businesses to distribute their products all over the world.
Economy
! " Taxes are used to improve infrastructure. This attracts other MNCs creating even more jobs. ! ! " MNCs are often located in LEDCs because of cheap labour, which means that they make a profit. ! ! " MNC headquarters and research centres are usually located in MEDCs, because of skilled labour.! !
Their general positive effects.
Taxes Infrastructure
" MNCs create jobs where they are located. This can lead to more jobs through the multiplier effect.!
! " They create some skilled jobs in LEDCs. This encourages more education and training. ! ! Education and training " Workers can get higher wages and more reliable incomes compared to farming. ! ! " MNCs spend money on infrastructure, this helps to develop the country. ! Cheap labour !
" Local companies supply the MNCs with their resources therefore increasing their income.
Development
Local companies struggle. Profits go back to MNCs origin country.
Profits
Large sites create pollution
sports footwear and equipment. The company was founded in 1972. The company name comes from the Greek word for 'victory'. Nike does not make any shoes or clothes itself but contracts out to factories in LEDCs. These subcontracted companies then act on their own and resubcontract their operations in other Asian countries that give low wages and have no employment laws. E.g. Vietnam, The Philippines and Indonesia
The average pay at a Nike factory close in Vietnam is $54 a month, 3x higher than other jobs.
The numbers Yearly revenue of $19.2 billion (2009). Products in 140 countries. Contracts to 700 factories in 45 countries. Employing 800.000 people in the supply chain.
Nike has been accused of using child labor in the production of its soccer balls in Pakistan.
Children as young as 10 making shoes, clothing and footballs in Pakistan and Cambodia
Negatives of Nike - Sweatshops - Child labour. - Hazardous working conditions - Below subsistence wages.
Measures taken by Nike, Code of conduct. Decommissioning. Auditing tools and task force.
Nike have hired independent auditors to make sure that the company subcontractors are living up to Nikes code of conduct.
Conflict between economic activity & the environment The Pearl Delta -China
The Pearl Delta is in the Republic of China in the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea. It is one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and one of the main hubs of China's economic growth.
The Pearl River Delta is notoriously polluted, with sewage and industrial waste. (Treatment facilities are failing to keep up with the growing population).
The Pearl River Delta has become the world's workshop and is a major manufacturing base for products such as electronic products (such as watches and clocks), toys, garments and textiles, plastic products, and a range of other goods. Nearly five percent of the world's goods were produced in the Greater Pearl River Delta in 2001. Over 70,000 Hong Kong companies have plants there.
Much of the area is frequently covered with a brown smog. This has a strong effect on the pollution levels in the delta.
In October 2009, Greenpeace released a report, "Poisoning the Pearl River" that detailed the results of a study it conducted. All samples they took contained hazardous properties including heavy metals such as beryllium, copper and manganese. These substances are
associated with a long list of health problems such as cancer, endocrine disruption, renal failure and damage to the nervous system as well being known to harm the environment.
Pollution is a great risks to the Chinese White Dolphins that inhabit the area.
In 2007, the World Bank approved a $96 million loan to the Chinese government to reduce water pollution in the Pearl River Delta. 7.1 billion was spent on the river by mid 2010 to clean up the river's sewage problems. The city will build about 30 water treatment plants, which will treat 2.25 million tonnes of water per day. The program hopes to cut down the amount of sewage in the area by 85%,
Impacts of globalisation
Economic
o o LEDCs and NICs Globalisation has caused industry to move to these countries MNCs create jobs which has brought wealth to some peoplewhich increases the gap between the rich and the poor.
MEDC Globalisation has caused industry to move out of MEDCs because labour is cheaper. MEDCs have developed their tertiary and quaternary industriesincreasing the gap between the rich and the poor.
Social
o o o o Improve peoples quality of life especially in LEDCs. Increased trade brings in more money and jobs. Loss of culture. Expose to other cultures.
Environmental
o o o o Carbon emissions- transporting goods around the world, increases global warming. Waste-people have access to more products. Deforestation- cleared forests to make way for crops. Oil pollution- products being transported by ship.