-

< <j]<<^j]<]<

44

a@a@a

]~j]<^]<]j]<j]<
<u^j]<]<
2008 08/07

e]<]<<rj]<^]<^a<<]<
De]<]<<^ri<f<<]<^]<E<

. .
069 30 43 16 :
docmoh17@yahoo.fr :

027664863:

. .
071638763

kaitziane @yahoo.fr: :


) (
:

.
)
(...
: ) (


.
)(
) (



" ".
:



) (
.
.


.



.
:
. :
. :
. :
ABSTRCT : Can be argued that the benefits of technical and economic feasibility of renewable energy systems
linked to the place and time, Solar energy in particular thanks to the wide availability and proliferation in the Arab
region can come in place following immediately after the oil and natural gas, followed by wind energy resources
are modern methods of use of biomass sources promising to provide fuel and electricity needed to meet energy
needs in rural areas, and represent energy Renewable kinds room suitable for the transfer of technology to
developing nations, and can say that renewable energy technologies, which are varied (from solar and wind) and
decentralization makes it particularly suitable for the development of energy in rural areas. And in this framework
can take advantage of the clean development mechanism adopted by the Kyoto Protocol in renewable energy
applications to reduce greenhouse gases.
The concern of urban air pollution and acid rain, oil spills and the risks of nuclear and high temperature
on the Earth urges re-examine alternatives to coal, oil and nuclear energy, and despite the fact that alternative
energy sources are not free of pollution in general, there is wide scope of options that have less environmental
damage much of the conventional energy sources
And the best technology is promising that harness the sun's energy is in direct thermal conversion of solar
radiation into electrical energy via solar cells technology is new and evolving industry strategy as a source Takuya
future will have the greatest impact in the maintenance of conventional energy sources and for the exploitation of
the most important and valuable addition to the source free and inexhaustible energy, clean and without notice or
remnants. And above, we will deal with this intervention by the following aspects:
First: concepts in renewable energy.
Second: the reality of renewable energy in Arab.
Third: solar energy as energy alternative future in the Arab countries .

: :


:
.
. 2000 .



.

 .
. .
:
-1 ) ( :

biomasse ) ...(


2 . 1110
)...( %10 11500....
.
-2 : biofuels
.

-1-2 :
10
178 15 %30
%50 % 20 .
:
. ) ( .
. .
-2-2 ) : ( :

""
.
:
) ( . . - .

 -3-2 : ) BIOMASSE ( Bio-

) disel ( )
. (Gasification des dchets
-4-2 : ) (H2
.
1974 ) 1973
1974 ( OIEH


) . ( 235-
-5-2 : .



.
235- 236-
235-
. 235-
.
-6-2 )( : :
- :



.
1870
. 1886 1895 3,75
.

% 90 - 80
% 30 .
3 % 20
%16 % 16

 . 150 % 5
.
1995
199 %2,3 %18
%31 .
) ( ""
" "
) (
:
. .

.
- : `
149 361

.

.



. 30

5

.
-3 :
-1-3 :




:





-
- .
.
.





.









.


.


.




.
)
( ) (.



.
-2-3 : )
( ) $1000 (
PV Solar $5000 .

) $350 ( ) $550 (
$1200 .


. )
5-4 3
2 } $5 .{BTU
30
.

. PV .

 50 )
( .

.
:
) : (01

)/ (

1995

3.1- 1.2

3.3- 2.8

0.6 -0.4

7-4.5

1995

5.8- 3.2

4.3- 3.8

0.3- 0.2

6.1- 4.9

1995

5.8- 3.2

00

1.5

7.2- 4.7

00

0.2- 0.1

16.4- 8.4

00

2.5

7.0- 5.6

16.2- 8.3 2000

2000

4.6- 3.0

: 2000. 127

:


. .
45 50
30 2010 10 2020

.
)(IEA ) %17.9 %16.1
%1.8 ( % 39.8
% 6.7 % 19.6 %15.7
2050 % 50 .
% 7.6 % 7.04
%0.28 . :
) ( . % 0.01 . 1000 500 60
110 200 8000 20- 15
.

 550 6/
10 8/ 100
.
" "

. " "
-
.
. " "
.
.

.
) ( %8 .
:2004
) :(02 2004

) (

) (

9120

214

27276

614

122829

526785

% 7.6

% 5.3

. www.oapecorg.org/images/8%20AEC/Technical%20Sessions/Hisham%20Khatib.doc :

%5.3
2004 .%16

) ... ( .
:
) :(03
) (

) (

12

53

621

19

154

44

275

251

308

1.107

1.528

4.247

1864

5.723

272

1.122

2.742

140

13.019

368

1.498

54

1.600

199

9.120

214

27.276

614

: 2004 . www.oapecorg.org:

:



.
-1 :

.


.

.
) (

.

.


.
-2 :
5

/ / % 5
16000 ) (
400 4 10 .



.

. :
.

.


) ( .



.
-3 :
-1-3 : ) (IEA
2005 3700 2607 . 200
2005 1429 794 2004
:
) : (04

) (
2003

2004

2005

(%) 05/04

 -1

431

794

1429

80

-2

859.6

1132

1421.9

25.6

-3

275.2

376

479.0

27.4

-4

45.6

52.3

60.6

15.9

-5

27

37

57.4

55.1

-6

45.9

49.1

50.8

3.5

-7

26

30.7

37.5

22.1

-8

21.1

26

33

26.9

-9

21

23.1

27.1

17.3

-10

16.8

21.1

24

13.7

-11

17.1

18.2

18.7

2.7

-12

11.8

13.9

16.7

20.1

-13

6.4

8.5

15

76.5

-14

5.9

8.2

10.9

32.9

1810.4

2590.1

3681.6

42.1

-: 2005 www.oapecorg.org.:
- . 2006

% 42.6 2004 % 42.1 2005

% 80 % 76.5 % 55.1 % 27.4 % 26.9
%25.6 % 17.3 % 15.9 . %13.7
1000
2010 12000 2020 50- 45
/ 30/ 2010 10/ . 2020
-2-3 :
) (
.
) ( Global Solar Radiation
2500./ 2 200./ 2 6.95
/ 2 ) (Direct Solar Radiation 2800 / 2
233 / 2 7.6./. 2

8 .
7000 3
) (solar ponds ) (CSP ).(PV
:

 - : 7 / 2

1800 2300.. / 2 700 / 2

330 .

. :
. .
) ( 30 . :
RSW CIDA
. 2005

.
- : % 5

2010 2003 ) (IEA

.
- :
3

2000 85 / Solar trough-evacuated tube-

collectors 1860 2 8.5 - 7.5/.3

:
. .
.
- : 2004 7

120 1982
2004

2005

 .
. 100.000 2 . 2006


170 2004 12
200
.
2004 13
. 2004
63
2004
.
- :

- 1994 10.6 ) 7000

( 24 /3 120
.
) ( Pyranometers 10 .
400 387/ 2 /.
1996 6 6) - ( % 40 6 10
.
1985 240 546 48 4900/ 57 6000/ .
13 93.8 20
.
- :
) (
GEF
2009 985/ /.
-

 1900 0.8 / 2004

.
- :
- % 91 % 7

.
:
. 500. " "
500 ) ( 1000 121
.
-4 :

% 50
.

.



.
. )
(
.


.
-5 :

.

.
:
- .

 . -1-5 : )

(
).Climate Change Levy (CCL
2002 2001 $6-4
. 22.5
) ($25 .
.
) ( . 6000
.
2006 -2002

.2008 %80 ) (CCL
). (E COAL, June 2002
Energy White Paper 2003
2050 %60 1990 %20 .2020
EU Renewables Direction
%10 2010 %20 .2020
) (CCL 2003 4.30 .
EU
) Emissions Trading Scheme (EUETS 2005
.

2002 ) Renewable Obligations (RO
2003 -2002

%3 %10.4 . 2011 -2010

.Ofgem
30 1000 .
RO 2025 .
) ( .
-2-5 :
.


) ( .


.
:

) (





.


:
-1 .
-2
.
-3
.
-4 .
-5 .
-6
.
-7 .
:
-1 1 1 . 1980
-2 2005 2006: . .
. .

3 -Commission of Sustainable Development; Report of the 9th Session., 1, E/CN/.17/2001/19, Website:

http://www.un.org.esa.sustdev/csdg-2001html.
4 - UNEP/ROWA, Energy and Environment; A frame work for Action in the Arab Region, a discussion paper,
distributed at Environment and Energy Conference, Abu Dhabi, Feb, 2002.
5- CAMRE, LAS The Abu Dhabi Declaration on Environment and Energy, 2003, Feb, 2003.
6- International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook: Energy and Poverty 2002,Paris 2002.

7- International Association of Oil and Gas, The Oil and Gas Industry from Rio to Johannesburg and beyond,
contributing to Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002.

-8 )( 2004 .2004
9- United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. Options and Opportunities for
Greenhouse Gas Abatement in the Energy Sector of ESCWA Region. Volume II: The Power Sector, New York
2001 (E/ESCWA/ENR/2001/14).

-10 25
. 2000
-11 25 . 2005
-12 ) ( 2006 :
.www.oapecorg.org

-13 ) ( 2007 :
.www.oapecorg.org

-14 1111 / . 2002

-15 . 2004 /10 /15
-16 ) ( 26 2 . 1995
-17 ) ( " "
14 -11 / . 2002
18-www.oapecorg.org/images/8%20AEC/Technical%20Sessions/Hisham%20Khatib.doc