PHN II: C HOC MTLT

CHNG I: MT S KHAI NIM C BAN.

1. TEN X VA CAC PHEP TNH X.
1.nh ngha:
Ten x la trng hp ring cua h thng phn t, cac thanh phn cua
no la hng s hoc ham s xac nh trong h c s a cho vi phep
bin i h toa cac thanh phn nay thay i theo mt quy lut
xac nh.
V du:
-Ten x hang 0: ham i vi cac bin trong khng
gian.
(
n 2 1
x ,..., x , x F )
) ( ) ( F x ,..., x , x F X ,..., X , X F
n 2 1 n 2 1


(F la ai lng v hng)
-Ten x hang 1:
Nu mt i tng biu din cac vec t c s A
r
i
E
r

la ten x hang 1.
A E A A
i
i
r r r

Khi thay i h toa :
'
i i
E E
r r
ta co:

' '
i
j
j j
E A E A A
r r r

, trong o lin h
i j
A A & '
i i
j
j '
A b A

,
_

j
i
i
j
x
X
b

Ta goi la cac thanh phn phan bin cua A ten x hang 1.
i
A
-Ten x hang hai va hang cao.
i tng , khi thay i h toa ta co:
j i
ij
E E T T
r r

la ten x hang 2.
T T b . b T
pq j
q
i
p
' ij

ij
T
: cac thanh phn phan bin.
m l k j i
ijklm
E E E . E . E T T
r r r r r

m
t
l
r
k
p
j
q
i
s
sqprt ijklm
b b b b b T T
T la ten x hang 5.

2.Phep bin i toa & vect c s.
a)Phep bin i toa .
i
x : bin le
i
X : bin Lagrange
( )
3 2 1
, , X X X x X
i i

j
i
i
j
j
j
i
i
X
x
a , dX
X
x
dx

i
j
a J
nh thc ma trn phep bin i Jacbien
Phep bin i ngc lai.
j
i
i
j
j
j
i
i
x
X
b dx
x
X
dX

;
Trong o la nghch ao cua
i
j
b
i
j
a

0
1
x
X
.
X
x
b . a
i
k
k
j
j
i
j
k
i
j Ky hiu Crnecke
k i
k i

b) i vi vect c s:
,
i i
E , E
r r
: i
i
x
r
E

r
r
;
i
i
dx . E r d
r
r

j '
j
j
,
j
dx . E r d ;
x
r
E
r
r
r
r

i
j i
,
i
a . E E
r r

,
i
E
r
goi vec t c s hip bin.

j i
j , i
E . E g g
r r
g la ten x mtrc
a vao vec t c s mi trong
i
x
j
ij i
E g E
r r

Con trong
i
X
q
pq p
E g E
r r

'

Mi quan h nh sau
i ' p
E & E
r r
i p
i
' p
E b E
r r

cac vec t c s phan bin
i

r
c)Ten x hn hp.
phan bin
j i
ij
E E T T
r r

ij
T

j i
ij
E E T T
r r

hip bin
ij
T

j
i j
i
E E T T
r r
T la ten x hn hp
j
i
T
3)Cac phep tnh cua ten x
a)Phep cng: Ch thc hin c vi cac ten x cung hang cung bc

A a a A
j i ij
. .
'

( ) n , 1 j , i , ,

B a a B
j i ij
. .
'

( )


B A a a B A
j i ij ij
+ +
' '

b)Nhn vi mt v hng
( )

A a b j A
j
j '
i
c)Phep nhn x

,
_

n
m
A
x

,
_

+
+

,
_

q n
p m
C
q
p
B
Trong o m,p ch ln phan bin
con n,q hip bin
V du:

A a a A
j i
'
ij

B b B
k k
.
'
'

x x
,
ij
A


j i ,
k ,
ij
k '
a a C B

B b
k
,
vi

C . b . a . a C
k
, j , i ,
k ,
ij

B A C

k , ,
ij
k ,
ij
B . A C

d) Phep cun.
Nu trong mt ten x hn hp khi cho mt ch s trn bng ch s
di th hang cua tenx giam i hai.
Cho tenx A vi cac thanh phn , nu k=j ta co:
k ,
ij
A

A a A . a A b a . a A
i
k
i
k
, k i
k ,
ik
Ten x hang 1.

A
Phep nhn co s rut gon (n-2) goi phep cun.

CHNG II: CHUYN V VA BIN
DANG. TEN X BIN DANG.
1. CHUYN V VA BIN DANG
1.Chuyn v.
Xet mitrng lin tuc tai co dang va tai t co dang S 0 t
0
S
3 2 1 3 2 1
X X X 0 & x x x 0
la hai h toa cacvung goc
X d : S Q , P
0 0 0
r

Sau khi chuyn dch va bin dang
x d : PQ
r

Tnh hiu:
X d X d x d . x d X d x d
2
2
r r
r r
r
r



k k i
dx dx dX dX
i
Theo Lagrange:
i
i
k
k
dX
X
x
dx

j i
j
k
i
k
2
dX dX
X
x
X
x
x d

r

j i ij i i
2
dX dX dX dX X d
r

Thay vao ta co:
j i ij
j
k
i
k
2
2
dX dX
X
x
X
x
X d x d

,
_

r
r

j i ij
dX dX E 2

Vi

,
_

ij
j
k
i
k
ij
X
x
X
x
2
1
E
goi la ten x bin dang hu han Grin
Theo le:
j i ij
2
dx . dx x d
r

j i
j
k
i
k
2
dx dx
x
X
x
X
X d

r

j i ij j i
j
k
i
k
ij
2
2
dx dx . L 2 dx . dx
x
X
x
X
X d x d

,
_

r
r

vi

,
_

j
k
i
k
ij ij
x
X
x
X
2
1
L
goi la ten x bin dang hu han Amngxi
2.Biu din ten x bin dang qua chuyn v.
Ta co vec t chuyn v cua phn t :
0
P

X x u
r
r r

hay
i i i
X x u

Theo bin Lagrange:
ij
j
i
j
i
ij
j
i
j
i
X
u
X
x
X
x
X
u
+

Con theo le ta co:
ij
j
i
j
i
j
i
ij
j
i
x
u
x
X
x
X
x
u
+

Th vao ten x
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

ij
i
k
ij
j
k
ij
X
u
X
u
2
1
E

,
_

j
k
i
k
i
j
j
i
X
u
X
u
X
u
X
u
2
1

Ten x

,
_

j
k
i
k
i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
x
u
X
u
2
1
L

2.TEN X BIN DANG BE VA TEN X QUAY.
1.Ten x bin dang be .
Bo qua cac s hang nho bc cao i vi
i
k
x
u

ta con lai nh sau:

,
_

i
j
j
i
ij ij
X
u
X
u
2
1
E

,
_

i
j
j
i
ij ij
x
u
x
u
2
1
l L

Goi la ten x bin dang be, y la ten x i xng hang 2:
ji ij ji ij
l l ,




2.Ten x quay.
u d u
r r
+
Ta co va
u
r
la vec t chuyn v cua chuyn v
tng i gia la:
0 0
Q & P
0 0
P & Q
0 0
P Q
u u u d
r r r


i P i Q i
u u du
0 0


Khai trin
( )
j ij ij j
i
j
j
i
i
j
j
i
j
j
i
i
dX dX
X
u
X
u
2
1
X
u
X
u
2
1
dX
X
u
du +
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

i
j
j
i
ij
X
u
X
u
2
1
goi la ten x quay Lagrange
Con i vi bin le:

,
_

i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
2
1
~
goi la ten x quay le
Ten x quay la ten x phan i xng.
ji ij ji ij
~ ~
;

Nn co th vit di dang ma trn
1
1
1
]
1

0
0
0
23 13
23 12
13 12
ij
Trong o:
3 2
1 23
2 3
u 1 u
2 X X
_




,

,
_

1
3
3
1
13 2
X
u
X
u
2
1

,
_

2
1
1
2
21 2
X
u
X
u
2
1


Hay:
u rot
r r
2
1


Trong trng hp chuyn v be th toa u va cui cua mt phn t
rt gn nhau nn gradien chuyn v theo Lagrange va le gn bng
nhau.
nn va ij ij
l
ij ij
~


Ta thng dung bin dang be i nghin cu vt rn bin dang.
3.Y ngha vt ly cua ten x bin dang be va ten x quay.
a)Ten x bin dang nho.
3
3
33
2
2
22
1
1
11
X
u
;
X
u
;
X
u

Thanh phn
X
X x
1
X
x
1
X
x
X
u
2
2
2
2
22

goi : phn t thng trung truc Vy chnh la 0 0
Q P X
2
X
22

bin dang dai t icua phn t theo

2
X
tng t : hay bin dang dai t i vi truc
33 22 11
, ,
ii

i
X
Cac thanh phn khng nm trn ng cheo

,
_

3
2
2
3
32
X
u
X
u
2
1

tg
' PQ
Q ' Q
x
u
X
u
2
3
2
3

tg
' PM
M ' M
x
u
X
u
3
2
3
2

Nn
( )
32 32
2
1
2
1
+

ij

goi goc trt trn mt phng j i

X X 0
nn goi bin dang trt.
( j i
ij
)

b)Ten x quay
( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
3
32

,
_

X
u
X
u

: goc quay phn t

0 0
Q P
: goc quay phn t

0 0
M P
do o

2
1
goc quay ng cheo cua phn t
quanh truc khi quay goc .
0
P
0
B 0 0 0 0
M B Q P
1
X
0 0
Q P
Con

2
1
goc quay ngc lai cua ng cheo
quanh truc khi quay goc

.
1 0 0 0 0 0
M B Q P B P
1
X
0 0
M P
Nh vy
32

biu th s quay cac ng cheo cung goc quay cua

phn t quanh truc
0 0
B P
0 0 0 0
M B Q P
1
X
Ta co i i P i Q
du u u
0 0
+


( ) ( )
j
P
ij j
P
ij i P
dx dx u
0 0
0
+ +

hay
+ + u u u u
0 0
P Q
r r r r

Trong o

r r
u
u d
r

3TRANG THAI BIN DANG TAI LN CN TAI MT
IM.
Trang thai bin dang tai 1 im cua MTLT c biu th bng mt ten
x hang hai i xng
ij

1.Quy lut bin i khi thay i h toa .
i vi h toa cac ngi ta co cng thc bin i.
mn jn im ij
a a

ij nj mi mn
b b

vi , con
(
j
'
i ij
X , x cos a )
ji ij
a b
i vi h toa cong:
j
b
j
a
i
i
j
i
i
j

'
,
'

2.Bin dang chnh, phng chnh, Bt bin cua trang thai bin dang.
Tai mt im cua MTLT trang thai bin dang c c trng bi ten x
bin dang th bao gi ta cung co th xac nh c tai im o co 3
phng vung goc vi nhau ch co bin dang dai ky hiu
ij

(
III II I III II I
, , ) > >
. Cac gia tr la bin dang dai cc
tr goi la bin dang chnh.
III II I
, ,
Con phng cac bin dang chnh goi phng chnh trn cac mt phng
vung goc phng chnh khng co bin dang trt. Bin dang chnh la
nghim cua phng trnh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
0
3
3
2
2 3
1
+


: bt bin cua ten x bin dang vi. 3 2 1
, ,
33 22 11 ii 1
+ +

( )
11 31
13 33
33 23
32 22
22 12
21 11
ij ij jj ij 2
2
1


+


+




33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11
3






+ +

,
dV
dV dV
33 22 11
0
0
bin i t i th tnh
Thay vao phng trnh: ( )

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

+ +
+ +
+ +

0 n n n
0 n n n
0 n n n
3 33 2 23 1 13
3 32 2 22 1 12
3 31 2 21 1 11

Vi cac phng chnh.
3 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
n n , n 1 n n n + +

3.Ten x cu va lch bin dang.
trong o goi la ten x cu
'
ij
'
ij ij
+
1
1
1
]
1

0 0
0 0
0 0
'
ij
Vi
( )
33 22 11
3
1
+ +
.
1
1
1
]
1

33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11
"
ij

4.PHNG TRNH TNG THCH BIN DANG.
6 thanh phn cua ten x bin dang be c xac nh 3 thanh phn u
i

chung phu thuc vao nhau.
S phu thuc nay bao am cho cac bin dang tng thch vi nhau (v
MTLT sau khi bin dang vn con LT).
bao am tnh lin tuc ta phai loai bo cac thanh phn u
i
c quan h
gia cac ao ham cua cac thanh phn ten x.

T y ta nhn c 6 phng trnh c lp
.

jk i ki u kj i k ij
u u u
, , , ,
(
2
1
) (
2
1

u
j,i k
)
( )
ik , j ij , k ij , k jk , i
u u u u
2
1


i , jk j , ik


Cho tm theo trn ta cn tm ij

i
u
ij

iu kin cn va u
( )
i i , jk j , ik
dx
co vi phn toan phn. Ma
co vi phn toan phn, khi nn
i i
dx A
i , m m , i
A A
0
jk , im im , jk ik , jm jm , ik
+

hay:
0
x x x x x x x x
k j
im
2
m i
jk
2
j i
km
2
m k
ij
2

+



5.TC BIN DANG, VN TC XOAY.
1.Ten x tc bin dang.

,
_

i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
dt
d
2
1
dt
d

j
i i
j j
i
x
v
dt
du
x x
u
dt
d

,
_

,
_

Ta ky hiu

,
_

i
j
j
i
ij
ij
x
v
x
v
2
1
dt
d
D
Ten x tc bin dang
2.Ten x vn tc xoay.

,
_

i
i
j
i
ij
ij
x
v
x
v
2
1
dt
d
V
Con Ten x vn tc xoay.
21 3 13 2 32 1
V ; V , V

V rot
2
1
r r


3.Vn tc ln cn tai 1 im P.
( ) ( )
j ij j
P
ij P j
P
j
i
P Q
dX V dx D V dX
x
v
V V
i i i
+ +

,
_

+

Hay
+ + V V V V
bd P Q
r r r r

Vn tc xoay:
x d V
r
r r





CHNG III: TRANG THAI NG SUT.
1. TRANG THAI NG SUT TAI MT IM
1.Lc mt, lc th tch. Ni lc.
a.Lc mt.
( ) ( )

,
_

dS
dQ
M fi
dS
Q d
S
Q
M f
i
S
r r
r
0
lim

b.Lc th tch (khi)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

M K
dV
dm
M
M M K M F
r
r r

mt khi lng
( ) ( ) ( ) M M K M F
i i


Lc tac dung ln mt n v khi lng
c.Ni lc.

S
f
T
ntb

r
r
la ng sut trung bnh
dS
f d
S
f
lim T
0 S
n
r r
r

la vec t ng sut tai M.
hay
dS
df
T
i
ni

, T
n
=- T
-n


r r
r
+ n T
n

: ng sut phap;

: ng sut tip
2.Ten x ng sut.
Xet phn t lp phng trong h
toa cac
3 2 1
e , e , e
r r r

3 2 1
T , T , T
r r r
va
3 13 2 12 1 11 1
e e e T
r r r
r
+ +

3 23 2 22 1 21 2
e e e T
r r r
r
+ +
hay i ij i
e T
r
r


3 33 2 32 1 31 3
e e e T
r r r
r
+ +

ij

ten x hang 2 goi la ten x ng sut.

3.ng sut tai 1 im M.
Xet phn t tai M: MABC
n
r
la phap tuyn, nila cos ch phng vi cac mt phng toa
din tch ABC: dS
dS n dS
i i


Lc mt gm:
n i
T & T
r r

Lc khi:
W K
r r
&
Xet cn bng cac lc ln phn t:
( ) 0 + dV W K dS T dS T
i i n
r r r r

( ) 0 + dV W K dS n T dS T
i i n
r r r r

( ) 0 +
dS
dV
W K n T T
i i n
r r r r

Khi
( ) M ABC

0 dV
: Ta co: ma

i i n
n T T
r r

j ij i
e T
r
r

Nn
;
j i ij n
e n T
r
r

hay i ij j
n Tn

Ten x ng sut tai im xac nh trang thai ng sut tai im y.
2.PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG VA CN BNG
CUA MTLT.
1.Phng trnh chuyn ng.
Theo nguyn ly Dalambe
( ) 0 +

dV W K dS T
S V
n

r r r

( ) 0 +

dV W K x dS T x
S V
n

r r
r
r
r

hay (*)
( )

+
V
K K n
dV W K ds T
K
0
(**)
( )

+
S V
K K j ijK nK j ijK
dV W K x dS T x 0
Trong o ky hiu Spin ijK

1
1
0

Co 2 ch s bng nhau
Theo cng thc Gao x:
( )
i iK nK
n T

hoan v chn
hoan v le




S V
i
iK
i iK
dV
x
dS n

(*)
( )

1
]
1

V
K K
i
iK
dV W K
x
0

v V bt ky
( ) +

K K
i
iK
W K
x
phng trnh chuyn ng nu
:
0 W
r
0 W
K


0 +

K
i
iK
K
x
phng trnh cn bng.
2.nh lut i ng cua ng sut tip.
T (**), thay:

,
_

S V
iK
i
j
i
iK
j ijK i iK j ijK
dV
x
x
x
x e dS n x e

,
_

V
jK
i
iK
j ijK
dV
x
x e
.
Ta co:
( )

+
1
]
1

V
jK
V
ijK K K
i
iK
j ijK
dV e dV W K
x
x e 0

13 31 32 23 21 12 jK ijK
; ; 0 e

Hay ji ij

ten x i xng.
3.Quy lut bin i ng sut khi thay i h toa .
Tai M,
'
3
'
2
'
1 3 2 1
x , x , Mx x , x , Mx
( )
j
'
i ij
x , x cos a

mn jn im
'
ij
a a

ij nj mi mn
b b
ji ij
a b
Trong h toa cong.
mn j
n
i
m
ij '
a a

,
_

j
i '
i
j
j '
i
i
j
b
a

ij ' n
j
m
i
mn
b b

3. NG SUT CHNH VA PHNG CHNH, CAC BT
BIN CUA TEN X NH SUT.
n T
n
r
r


j ij nj
n nj T

ng sut chnh; i ij j
n n

( ) 0 n 0 n n
i ij ij i ij i ij


hay (*)
( )
( )
( )

+ +
+ +
+ +
0 n n n
0 n n n
0 n n n
3 33 2 23 1 13
3 32 2 22 1 12
3 31 2 21 1 11
h phng trnh co nghim.
0 del
33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11
ij ij






0 I I I
3 2
2
1
3
+

33 22 11 ii 1
I + +

2
I
22 12
21 11


+
33 23
32 22


+
11 31
13 33


( I
1,
I
2 ,
I
3
cac bt
bin)
ij 3
del I


III II I
> >
ng sut chnh.
Thay
...
I

vao (*) 3 2 1
n , n , n
Tai M co cac phng chnh.
1
1
1
]
1

III
II
I
ij
0 0
0 0
0 0
;
3 III 3 n
2 II 2 n
1 I 1 n
n T
n T
n T




4.NG SUT TIP CC TR.
2
n n n
2
n
i i
T . T

3 n 2 n 1 n i n n
n T n T n T n . T
3 2 1 i
+ +

2
3 III
2
2 II
2
1 I n
n n n + +

( )
2
2
3 III
2
2 II
2
1 I
2
3
2
III
2
2
2
II
2
1
2
I
2
n
n n n n n n + + + +


( ) ( )
2
III
2
2
2
III
2
1
2
1
2
III
2
I
n n + +
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
III
2
2 III II
2
1 III I
n n + +

0
n
1
n

;
0
2

n
n

( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ] 0 n n n 2
0 n n n 2
2
2
2 III II
2
1 III I III II
1
2
2 III III
2
1 III I III I
+
+

Xet trng hp 1:
0 n ; 0 n
2 1

Xet trng hp 2:
0 n ; 0 n
2 1

Trng hp 1
2
1
n ; 0 n ;
2
1
n
3 2 1


Trng hp 2
2
1
n ;
2
1
n ; 0 n
3 2 1


Tng t
0 n ;
2
1
n ;
2
1
n
3 2 1


2
2
2
2
max
III I
II
II I
III
III I
II
III II
I

5. BIU DIN TRANG THAI NG SUT BNG VONG
TRON
0
M
Cho 1 mt vi cac phng chnh tai M: vi cac cos ch phng
3 2 1
n , n , n
cos n ; cos n ; cos n
3 2 1
Ta co cng thc tnh ng sut phap va tip trn mt:
( )

+ + + +
+ +
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
n n n n n n
n n n
III II I III I n
III II I n


vi

1 n n n
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ +
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )

0
0
0
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
II III I III
II n I n n
I II III II
I n III n n
III I II I
III n II n n
n
n
n






vi
III II I
> >

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )

+
+
+

0
0
0
II n I n
2
n
I n III n
2
n
III n II n
2
n
hay
2
II I
2
II I
n
2
n
2
III I III I
n
2
n
2
III II
2
III II
n
2
n
2 2
2 2
2 2

,
_

,
_

+
+

,
_

,
_

+
+

,
_

,
_

+
+

Chon mt phng toa
( )
n n
,

(I)(II)(III) Vong tron Mo n cho ta nhn thy cac gia tr ng sut phap
n
va ng sut tip
n
trn mt mt phng bt ky thuc pham vi cua tam
giac cong ABC cua ba vong tron .
0
M
Cach xac nh ng sut trn 1 mt phng bt ky khi bit phng cua mt.
Gia s
III II I
, , ta co 3 vong tron . Vi cac goc
0
M , , , ta se xac nh
c 1 im ma ABC K
n n
, la toa cua K. Biu th ng sut phap
va tip cua mt.
i vi phng chnh III vi goc , t vong tron III: im G 2
t vong tron I : CD 2
Ta co ng cong tron vi tm , ban knh : ta co cung DE.
3
O D O
3
Ta co ng cong tron vi tm , ban knh : ta co ng cong GH.
1
O G O
1
K la giao im cua 2 cung DE va GH.
CHNG IV: QUAN H GIA NG SUT
VA BIN DANG CUA CAC MI TRNG
THNG GP.
1. CHT LONG NHT.
1.Ten x ng sut ij ij ij
p + =
0
-P
0
ap sut.
- ij

: ten x ng sut nht.

Trong cht lu, ng sut nht lin h vi nng lng hao tan c th
hin qua ten x tc bin dang : ij
D

( )
pq ij ij
D f =
: cht long Xtc.
Nu tuyn tnh hoa ta co dang:
pq
jpq
i ij
D K =
goi cht long Niu tn ( h s nht) ijpq
K
Nu cht long ng cht th K la hng s.
Nu cht long khng ng cht th K la ham cac toa .
ijpq
K
co 81 thanh phn.
0 =
ijpp
K
( ) j i
Ch tn tai . 9 thanh phn vi hng s c lp:
0 K
iipp

1 1
&

1 1 3333 2222 1111
2 K K K + = = =

1 2233 1133 1122
K K K = = =

ppii iipp
K K =

Trong o
1 1
&
goi la h s nht: lin h vi tc bin dang
th tch.
1

lin h vi tc bin dang

hnh dang.
Khi o ij 1 ij 1 ij
D 2 + =
&

2.Phng trnh xac nh cua cht long Niu tn:
ij 1 ij 1 ij ij
D 2 p + + =
&

Khai trin:
12 1 12 11 1 1 11
D 2 ; D 2 p = + + =
&

23 1 23 22 1 1 22
D 2 ; D 2 p = + + =
&

13 1 13 33 1 1 33
D 2 ; D 2 p = + + =
&

Vi
V div D D D
r
&
= + + =
33 22 11

i vi cht lu khng chu nen (
0 = V div
r
)
Phng trnh co dang: ij 1 ij ij
D 2 p + =

3.H phng trnh c ban cua cht long Niu tn.
Theo bin le:
+Phng trnh lin tuc:
0 = + V div
Dt
D
r

(1)
+Phng trnh chuyn ng:
Dt
Dv
K
x
i
i
j
ij

= +

(3)
+Phng trnh nng lng:
b
x
C
D
dt
Du
j
j
ij ij
+

=
(1)
- ij ij
D
: Ham hao tan. u: nng lng ring
trong
-
j
C :lu lng nhit.
-.b :h s bc xa.
+Phng trnh xac nh: (6) ij 1 ij 1 ij ij
D 2 p + + =
&
+Phng trnh trang thai:
( T P P , ) =
(1)
+iu kin truyn nhit cua Furi:
j
j
x
T
K C

=
(3)
+Phng trnh trang thai Calri:
( ) T u u , =
(1)
Gm 16 phng trnh vi 16 n s:
P T u C V
ij j i
, , , , , ,

y la h phng trnh ao ham ring tuy tng cac bai toan cu th cn
b sung iu kin bin va iu kin ban u.
Lu y: Thay vao
ij
D
ij

th phng trnh chuyn ng ta nhn c

phng trnh Nari-Xtc.
( )
Dt
DV
K
x x
V
x x
V
x
i
i
j j
i
j i
j
i

= +

+ +

2
1
2
1 1

Dang vec t:
( )grad grad
1 1
+ +

Dt
v D
K v v div
r
r
r r
= + +
1

i vi cht lu khng nen c (khng chu nen)
0 v div =
r
toan t Laplace
2
3
2
2
2
1
x x x

=

2.CHT RN AN HI. NH LUT HOOKE.
1.Vt an hi tuyn tnh.
-Phuc hi v trang thai ban u khi thi tac dung lc.
-Lin tuc.
-ng cht.
-ng hng.
2.nh lut Hooke.
Cung ging nh cht long Niutn quan h gia ng sut vi bin dang
be ta co:
kl ijkl ij
A =

ijkl
A
: ten x hang 4 co: thanh phn.
81 3
4
=
Do tnh i xng cua kl ij
&
nn con
21 36
thanh phn.
i vi mi trng an hi ng hng.
nh lut Hooke:
ij kk ij ij
2 + =

,
: hng s Lam
Giai ngc lai ta co quan h gia bin dang va ng sut:
( )
ij kk ij ij
2
1
2 3 2
1

+
+
=

Trong keo n theo 1 phng: ta co
11 11
E =
(E: m un an hi)
con 11 33 22
= =
( : h s Pootxng)
T y ta co cac quan h gia cac hng s:
( )( ) ( ) +
=
+

=
1 2
E
;
2 1 1
E

hay
( ) +

=
+
+
=
2
;
2 3
E

Th vao nh lut Hooke:
( )

+
+
=
kk ij ij ij
2 1 1
E

kk ij ij ij
E E
1

+
=

3.Giai bai toan tnh cua ly thuyt an hi ng cht ng hng.
a)Theo chuyn v phng trnh Lam.
Phng trnh cn bng:
0 = +

i
j
ij
K
x

Cng thc Csi

=
i
i
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
2
1

-6 phng trnh tng thch bin dang.
-Quan h gia ng sut va bin dang:
ij kk ij ij
2 + =

Vi iu kin trn bin cho chuyn v trn toan bin

( ) ( ) ( ) S x x Q x u
i i
= ;
ta co gm 15 phng trnh vi 15 n s ij ij i
, , u

T phng trnh cn bng ta thay i ij
u
ta nhn c:
( ) 0
2
2
= +

+ +

i
i j
j
j j
i
K
x x
u
x x
u


Hay dang Vec t:
( )grad u + +
r
0 = + K u div
r
r

hay:
( )grad 2 +

( ) 0 = + K u rotrot u div
r
r r


phng trnh Lam.
(v
grad u=
r
u rotrot u div
r r

)
b)Theo ng sut phng trnh Bentrami-Misen.
Th qua
ij

ij
theo phng trnh tng thch bin dang.

1
1
1
1
1
2
k
k
ij
i
j
j
i
j i
ij
x
K
x
K
x
K
x x
S

+
+

Vi
( )
kk
S ;
2
=
+

=

Nu
0
x x
S
1
1
cte K
j i
2
ij
=

+
+ =
r
> phng trnh Bentrami-
Misen .
iu kin bin theo ng sut
( ) ( ) ( ) t x f x n t x
ni j ji
, , =
,
( ) S x