MIsTRY ENERGY AND REACTIONS , = tndotarmic reactions Exothermic and endothermic Endothermic reactions are much less common than sxaheris ones. reactions {When we dissolve some ionic compounds ke potassium chore or ammonium nate atthe tenperture ofthe slaon drops ss _ ‘Thermal decomposition eactons are aso endothermic. An exams tha » (EEENINGRSTAEGINTED rer crea acto ie ryan Tat ein Secampeston f calcum ator fem ccm ocean carbon doce, & CRS EES crag shay tasore en ercal oon ae oka noma i reacion oi fakes lace we hep het he calun cafponala, 2 How can we measuse the surrouncings. We call hese exothermic reactions. The energy transferred trom ‘The most important endothemic reaction eal photosynthese. This the Sstsecante heat dashing Leaninend he thareacsngGhoncal fen neta up te suroundngs The means at we teacon which plants um carbon odd ané water nto sugar anc onan, anagram snowy east Can measut. ae intamparte as the reacon happens ee en, Gunga gc ‘Some reactions rans energy trom the suroundings tothe eating comical : ‘eal tese ender reactors. Becauee toy tke in ergy trom he 6) Name two endothermic reactors urouncngg, tae rescsons cause acre intemperate as they happen. PRACTICAL 2) What do we calla chemical roacton that ves out hea? Oye Soe Ss tome Coo sar hat or rege? \isoses be oho eterna toetons _ moe Some enone more ses which we olen meetin te chemist ak ‘ reactors cena) te rescind ° ome exiting easing) ‘Sim, oats released whan we add water to whee anhydrous cert encore und Slate arhycrous means without water), This racton makes Dus yaated rey ye ose oppo slate cys, The reacton ges outheal san exothermic moe ote ee Rees 7 surroundings et 95 Respiration sa very special kindof bering tiwohes acting suger with crygen nse te ces of every ving hing. Tis makes the energy needed tr | Powe Wovatsnrrnoynen alte reactons ofc, ard alo makes water and carbon dioxide as waste Eeitycnercenieteenys produits, Respeatin is another exothermic reaction, | rae tenpeaizec 6) veo examples of exathermic reactors. + Stat two way in which you coud make the data you colert mor rable, \We can use vty simple apparatus to ivestigate the ners charges in reactions. Ofen we dort nee to use anyring more complicated than a Stofoam denks cup and a thermometer STATES exc | 1 Copy and complete using the words below Quien: 4 chemical nandwaemars use an 1 Energy may be wansted to broken endothermic exothermic made neutraistion com the reacting ‘Photosynthesis respiration thermal decomposition substances ina chemical txomeric chemi reactono weacon. eters chica acon to CcemicalreactonsInohe anergy changes as bonds. and ee era =o cs ‘hana chon reaction relases ney we sy ati aaa ee ME eessssssee resco. Two important wares ofthis of easton se eater tra... When 8 chemical eacion karin energy we ay hat isan | Suthers react Twacion Two mporart examples of ie Kind acon ae ainrcaruass cote =e {transferred to the reacting ev 2 Marae anyon Pass clo dstting nates an endemic races. What substanes is caedan cosy might you expect to observe when potassium chord issohes nwater? } __Snithermie reaction,ENERGY AND REACTIONS Energy and reversible reactions LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1 How is energy noted in| reverie reactions? 12 What happens to rescons at ‘quilbeum when we change ‘he tomperature’ [Higher Energy changes ar invlve in reversible reaction too We can understand energy changes in areversibe reaction we think erty about he reetion tet eat ea oy — A+B = CHD ~~ later onct te sane mat ‘fag ten tues seo Figure 1 shows a reversible reaction where A and B esc ta fornC and 0, The proche of hs reaction (Cand D) can the react form A and B again. tre reaction between A and Bis ekahermi, energy wil be released when the ‘easton happens and Cand O are formed. HC and D then react io mae Aad lan the ran must be encoerric. What's mere, aust absorb ey ft Same amount of nergy a leased when C and D were formed om A and 8 itd happen would be posible for us to make’ energy it by ‘oninuously reacting Aand Bto make Cand D, hen going back again and so ‘on, We know that we never get "somalhing for nathng' kati in seienen SO the amount of energy reteased when we go in one ection ina rversible ‘eacton must be eracy the same asthe energy absorbed when we go the ‘oppost deecon. {2 How does he energy change for a reversible reaction in one econ compare othe ener cxange forthe reaction nthe oppost ection? Wie can ses how tis works it we look at whit happens when we heat blu ‘copper ulate cystas. Te cysts conan water a3 part of he atoe formed ‘when hey crystalise. We say tat tho copper sult s hydrated. Heating the ‘opp sulfate dives of the water rom the crystals, producing whe anhydrous (without water) copper sult. Tis an endothermic eachon. biue crystals white powder (0u50,5HO = "CuSO, +SH.0 hycled——_anycrous copper sue copper suse Wien we add wate to annyrous copper slat we frm hycrsted copper sult, The colour change nthe reaction ea use tt for wor. The reaction inthis dracon i exctharmi. in fac, 80 much eneay may be produced that ‘we may se soem ising as wate ol, OE — PERE Fite pape’ cnt soled cel conan stowed cy vont ea ‘ny. The bie paper hata Produced cated cobah ESTES Z. Energy changes n a reversible reaction “Ty thes reactions yous Genty hea aw copper tulle cxysas ina teat tube. Obeore the changes. Wien te crystal re compltaly wit sow he tbe to coal to oom iemperatre fakes soveral mints), twocor thee ops of war em adropeer and obser 2 lorie paper — wo use tio the changos. Caetly fa the baton ofthe test tbe, test for ater i 30 sensing att ust be ketin a © Explain th changes you have observed copie oy ea Yeu can repeat ms wine sme soda ea (BS etane pagan! reversible reaction or uy wth ae hyated crystal, he cobalt chore, ‘Some are not o colour but the changes are sis, ) What can anyous copper sulfate be used totter? ‘nergy and equilibrium We havea closed sytem when nating sade or taken aay rom the reaction mit. Ia closed system the eleve amounts ofthe restated reduc na reversible eacten depend onthe temperate ‘Te aily to change he balance of reactats and product fe very porta ‘hen we look a industrial processes By changing tho lemprture we can got mor ofthe products and less of th estan. Locka he able: It reaction is oxotormi Wa eacton is endotarmic procs foma arose 8 darease ntrpesire decreases [eas 1 Inreversble reactions, ne reaction is exotermie and the otarisendotnermic, 2 Inany roveraberescton the amount of energy released when he reaction goes in SIMMS 1 Copy and complete using the werd below decreasing endothermic exothermic ia reversible reaction Increasing reversible In one cect it wal be .. inthe cppostedecton. a. reacton's ecto in the ioard tne arecion seach oa recon, te tenperature wi nreoe tw avert of pets {othe energy abeorbad when tomed: it isandobermicin etorvarsarecton-twtompere | hereacastfoerntre wa reate te emer of predicts food. ‘hare | Spoose acon Bue cob oie cysts tuen pk hen hey become damp. The 23 Wocan change tn amount fomula tote wooo can be wren ae CoG 2140 nd.coG-er,0. | of produce td at ‘equim by changing the temperature at wich we cary outa rverstie reaction. (Higher) 4) How many meles of war will cambine with 1 mole of CoO 24,02 1 Wt a balanced quaton forthe reaction which i reversibe ©) You have some pink cobalt chloe ovata Suggest how you could turn thesia tue cobalt chide crystal.ENERGY AND REACTIONS More about the Haber process (SIMIAN 1 Wy co we use temperate of 450° forthe Haber process? 2 Why do we use a pressuro of abut 200 amesphores fr the Haber process? ‘Wo saw onthe previous page tat he temperature a which we cary ou reversible reaction can aot he amount ofthe products formed at elu. [uri th reaction we are carving out volves Gases, pressure canbe vory Important too. Many reversible reactions which inate gases have moce mole of gas on one ‘sie of he equation han on the other By changing he pressure at which We ‘ary cut he reaction we can change he mount of products that we produce, Look atthe table ow Is restion produces a larger volume a reaction produces a smaller oles a volume of ga sm inraie in presi deveares the. ieease pressive eresos the Producto oe To swe now ths useful we can look athe Haber process which we met eae (See pages 154 and 188), 1) Look at the table above, How does inceas the pressure aft he amount of products fomed ia eacton which produces large volume of as? ‘he economics ofthe Haber process “Te Habe process ivatves the reversible reaction between nlvogen are hhydcogen 1 make ammonia: N+ 2H, == 2NH, (= isthe equllium sympa) Enaigy lelaasad dung this eacton, 0 ts exthormi. Aste chanical ‘Squatin shows, thee are 4 roles of gaa (N+ 3H) onthe letand sig othe ‘Squation.Buton te righthand side there are only 2 moles of gas (2NK). Tis mia tha the volume of he reactants fe much gate than he volume of the products, So an inzease n pressure wl tend to reduce more amraria, 2) How doo he volume of he products Inthe Haber process compar to the volume ofthe reactants? “To get tne maximum possible yea of ammonia in the Haber process, wo nes {omaha the pressire as tigh as possible, But high pressures nee exponsive reaction vessels and pipes whic are song enough ta withtand the pressure Otherwise hoe fs always the dangor that an explosion may happen Inthe Haber process we hav to make a compromise betwoon using very high pressures (hich would produce alt of anmrana) and the expense of buling chemical pant which can withstand toes high pressures. This compromise, ‘moan that we aul cary outthe Haber process at between 200 and 350 atmospheres pressure, DID YOU KNOW? The Hee process ealy Z olf ce process onee Fit Feber ball = EXntouthow winae ae tomenia om nivoge nd 3 wl Eronen br ca Booch * otf 1 ‘carried out the work to fing the fe $ bet condone fr tw octon Z £ Boece ou etn 4 { bio” aa aio” aS expariments to fnathe best cata forthe reaction, ‘Te elec of mperature onthe Haber process more complicated than the tect of pressure, The forward reaction 's exothermic. So we cary tout at ow temperature the would inresse th amount of arson nthe reaction mature at ulin, But at fow omporature, ho ate othe reacton would be very slow: That's because the parties woud cold oss ‘ten and would have less energy. To make ammana commercially we must get ne reaction fo go a at ee possible, We don want to neve to wal forthe anna tobe produced Todo hie we need anothe compromis. A reazcnaby hightemperature is used to got the reaction going at a reasonable ate, even fagh ths reduoes te amount of ersmona i the erm mitre Wo also uso anion catalyst 0 speed up the action. (Since thie afoot the rata of react lo both dections, it does notatect he amount of amma nthe equim mature) SMITESeNS 1 Copy and complet using the words blow: ‘rescure released 1 creases exothermic fewer increasing left “The Haber process uses a “The Haber proces Ie. 80 ene is. ting th action. This pressure of around 200 to roars hat... the tmperature..the amount of ammonia formes 350 atmospheres toinrease Inereasing tho... wilnerease te amount of ammonia ore, ‘he amount of ammonia because thee a... Moles of gas on height hand side ofthe Produced ‘equaton than on the hand sige. 2 hough higher pressures ‘wou produce more ‘armora, they would make ‘he chemical plant to ‘xponsive to bul | Atomperatue of about 40°C ieee forthe reacton. though lower Temperatures woul increase the amour’ of ammena st Look at Figure 2ENERGY AND REACTIONS Industrial dilemmas How can we make as much chemical as possible ... ABC Laboratory Consultants Dow Se Wa earning told a acryt produce thats ging deli of he reaction we shal usngto produce ths chamea and woud The you aie ue abou tho bos action anders Peetu, pressure et) 0 use togetasmuch AB as we cana cheap 2s Heys ron (working in teams, decide what you willie Consotdstos Chemica to do about ne Contaute to th. The following ‘questions may lp you: © How does he amount of procict change with tomporature? 1 How does the volume ofthe ‘gees inthe reaction change ‘58D is made rom AB? BRIEFING SHEET 4 Petro: aster sso Seaton usecase The eauaton forthe reasons it propre by = Jk Chee oy ie AB, — 208 BRIEFING SHEET 2 pope SARTO Spec, BUST saeigrgaty ND rear SH spe ameuntt AB ne The graph sree at cron temperatures ure at ‘ui ro gmt wl Gl 2 eae “Seam »+. and what happens when the raw materials run out?! “What do we do when our __fesources run low?” TThe world population grows all the rime. It gros in its demands for better lifestyle as well. Why shouldn't ‘everyone have access tocar, ‘compiiters and the latest electrical ‘goodies? Yerall his growth means ‘our natural resources It muse be oti el clovaited leaders thar we eng © ot act explorers in the pase fs on ier plants We en then gd that we con make the tee explore lands and ‘nora 0 buck to ned Eon travel oaher pane inthe Solar System. But magine tal they could be ‘overcome, Could we really travel to other werd to ind new resources and 4 | beng them back to Earth? Workin teams. You have bean asked to procs a repr fora government ‘sepanment about the possbity of using the Mocn and nearby panes a @ source of minerals. You need to consider not only the practical aspect of this but also the economies andthe pois oo. Fer example, 1969, ‘amecan astronaut ended onthe Moan. So does tis mean ta the USA, ‘ume the Moon? Wo wl desde who owns the miners on Mare or ontheENERGY AND REACTIONS: C2 5.1 - C2 5.4 SMM 1 Select tom A, 8, Cando Dio deserbe comecty 1 ‘woth and endthenmi eactons reaction decrease in tomperatur. reaction bythe chemicals 2 "When sherbet sweets cssoNe in your mouth this is sn endatnemic process Devise an experiment 10 tee your salamert. Use words ang iagrams fo describe clearly wat you would do, 2 “Two chemicals ae mixed and eac ndothemicaly, ‘han the reaction nas frishod, the reaction mitre is alowed to stand uni thas tuned tot staring temperature 8) Sketch a graph of tmperatire (sv tine ‘ax 10 show how the temperature of te reaction ‘mature changes, ) Label te graph leary and expan what happening wherver you have shown the temperature changing 4A chemical reaction can make product Z rom reactants Xand ¥ Under the reaction corios, X,Y ‘ad Zar gases. X.Y and Z rect inthe proportions 1:2:9. The ‘eactonis cated outa! 250°C and 100 amosphres, 3 ‘Tha reaction le revered, ands exctheric the ‘onward rection 1) We an equation fortis reversible) reaction 'b) How would inecoasing the pressure attct 1) theamount of Zfrmes, Math cach of (4) 1 (g) wth one ofthe following ‘endothermic rection exothermic ection (2) Burning pera in aca cogine (©) Respaton i ing cl (© Boing water (Converting linestone int calcium ie (© Reducing lead oxide wit carbon to produce lead @) Carbon conde combining wth water in cell ot een plas o canbe changed ito lve coat. (4) What does the symbot = ell you abou this (9 (9 Hw cout you change the beets 1 ine i) What temperature change would you obsene when this one? 0 (@ Suggest wt colour changes of thete cals sould be weed, 0 ‘The ale shows the percentage ld ofthe Haber proces a liferat empertres ud presures, 1) hora at which i formed? ) How would increasing the temperature affect 1) the amount ot Z forme, i heat at whieh 2 formed? 6) A 10% yield of2 is obtained 25 seconds under the reaction condtions. To get a 20% yield of Under the same condions take 78 seconds, seth easton upto obtain a 10% yi rather than 020% il THeohen (2) Why des the yea of ammonia decreas with need terpeatre e () Why does the yet of ammonia increase with ited prsere? ° (6) Wy are condtons of 2matm pressure an $0°C ed ia the ind proces? 3) (8) Sopgest eter way than able to prsea this diate. 0 (igh) The reaction to prc poly(ctens) isexthermi tthene polyetne) The condtions wed in two process to make polythene) are awa inthe able (6) What enables proses B tobe operated under xs (b) Suggest one way okecp the energy used oa ‘misma noth process, 0 (6) Suggest wo etvicoanental advantages of sing process B to make poly(ether). @ {tld more tid tothe all more hea would be produced, She used a burct oder ent amounts ‘of hyrochore cd to em? af alkali ask. She used thermometer to measure the emperatrs Heres arin ths tb (@) How soaldste nave insted he ask? (1) (©) Exp why she shoud fave taken the femperatre teluton a) (©) Dia se scaly measre the eat proce by the (@) How might she have used an indict to neesse the accuracy ofher met? w PERSE ON Jock setup some apparatus to 966 he ‘ot of tmperatre onthe rate ota Feacton between eam exbonste nd hydroclore act oti van catim Jack was careful to ensure that the mas of the calium carbonaa,he concentration and he volume ofthe hycrochion acid were kopt tho same forthe star of ach experiment He algo ensured that the temperature ofthe reectans was checked ater the carbon oxide hod boon colected He timed how lng ito at each temperature to filthe bt. Here ar his resus: Temperature of Average time | Averoge emperature reactants (C) taken (@) change). a 8 28) Plot a graph of he imperare of he reactants agniet he average time take, ° by Desorte the pattem that you thinks shown by those recut. @ ) List hoe variables that Jack contoted in his investigation. ° 4) Name a variable hat ck could not contol, but id take account @ 8) Whatiype of err was the changing temperature? Explain your answer 0 1) Was the eonstvty of te thermometer good ‘eaugh? Explain your answer 0 1) Why it not possible te age the precision of sacks veut? @ 1 Do yeu dou the roiabity of Jack's recut? vlan your ansver o