PREPARED BY:

S.RATH
PGT BIOLOGY
K.V 3 BBSR
http://students-learn.blogspot.com

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CONTENTS

 Characteristics Of Living
 Binomial Nomenclature

 Rules Of Nomenclature

 Taxonomic Categories

 Taxonomical Aids

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CHARCTERISTICS OF LIVING

Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Cellular organisation of body
Consciousness
Interaction

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BIODIVERSITY

 The number &types of organisms

present on earth constitute
biodiversity.
 Number of species that are known
and described ranges between 1.7
to 1.8 million.

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NOMENCLATURE &
IDENTIFICATION
 Nomenclature-naming of a
particular organism in such a
manner that it is known by the
same name all over the world.
 Identification-it is the correct
description of an organism and its
recognition in its scientific name.

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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

 Given By Carolous Linnaeus

 Each Name Has Two Components
 First Name-generic
 Second Name-specific Epithet

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UNIVERSAL RULES OF
NOMENCLATURE
 Names are in Latin and written in
italics.They are Latinised or
derived from Latin irrespective
of their origin.
 The first word is genus name and
second word is specific epithet.

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UNIVERSAL RULES OF
NOMENCLATURE
 Both the words when
handwritten are separately
underlined or printed in italics to
indicate their Latin origin.
 Genus starts with capital letter
while specific epithet starts with
small letter.
 Example-Mangifera indica

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UNIVERSAL RULES OF
NOMENCLATURE
 Name of the appears after
specific epithet and it is written
in abbreviated form.
 E.g Mangifera indica Linn.

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CLASSIFICATION
 It is the process by which any thing
is grouped into conventional
categories based on some easily
observable characters.

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PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION

 Organise vast number of

plants,animals etc into
categories that could be named,
remembered & studied.
 Study of one organism of a group
gives the idea about rest of the
members of that group.

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TAXA & TAXONOMY

 It is the scientific term which

indicates categories of organisms
at different levels.
 Taxonomy-process of classification
taking into account various
characteristics such as external &
internal structure,structure of
cell,development process &
ecological information of
organisms.

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SYSTEMATICS

 Systema(Latin word)-arrangement
of organisms
 It is the study of organisms which
include identification,nomenclature
&classification of organisms.it also
takes into account evolutionary
relationships between organisms.

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TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

 Classification involves hierarchy of

steps in which each step
represents a rank or category.
Category is a part of overall
taxonomic arrangement ,called
taxonomic category.All categories
together constitute the taxonomic
hierarchy.Each category is termed
as taxon.

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TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
KINGDOM

PHYLUM OR DIVISION

CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

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SPECIES
 Group of individuals having
fundamental similarities in
characteristics and successful
reproduction takes place among
themselves form a species.
 E.g:Panthera tigris,Panthera leo
Solanum tuberosum, Solanum
nigrum.

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GENUS
 It consists of a group of related
species which has more characters
in common in comparison to
species of other genera.
 Genera are aggregates of closely
related species.
 E.g:Panthera leo ,P pardus
(leopard) ,P tigris
 E.g:Solanum tuberosum ,S nigrum

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FAMILY
 It has a group of related genera
with less number of similarities as
compared to genus and species.
 E.g:family Solanaceae includes
genera solanum(tomato,potato) ,
petunia & datura.
 Family Felidae includes genera
panthera (lion, tiger ,leopard)
&Felis(cat)
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ORDER
 It is the assemblage of families
which include a few similar
characters in comparison to genus,
family etc.
 E.g:order polynomial includes
family solanaceae &
convovulaceae.
 E.g: carnivora includes family
felidae & cancidae(dog) .
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CLASS
 It includes all related orders having
less numbers of common
characteristics.
 E.g: class mammalia includes order
Primata (monkey, gorilla,gibbon)
&carnivora.
 E.g:class Dicotyledonae includes
order polymoniales
&sapindales(mango)
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PHYLUM or DIVISION
 It includes related classes.
 E.g:phylum Chordata includes
classes fish ,amphibia, reptilia,
aves &mammalia.
 Division angiospermae includes
class dicotyledonae &
monocotyledonae.

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 TAXONOMICAL AIDS
 Herbarium
 Botanical Garden
 Museum
 Zoological Park
 Key

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