Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
anonimi hagiografis Txzuleba `martloba da moTmineba wmidisa evsta-
Ti mcxeTelisa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 30-45) istoriuli qronotopis TvalsazrisiT
axlosaa iakob xucesis `wm. SuSanikis wamebasTan~. `Zeglis Tavdapirveli deda-
ni Tanamedrovis mier unda iyos Sedgenili, magram Semdeg, imave VI s-is dasas-
ruls an VII s-is damdegs, moTxrobaSi cvlileba SeutaniaT~ (javaxiSvili 1987:
66). daTariRebis principisa da tropuli metyvelebis msgavsebac SeiniSneba,
Tumca sruliad gansxvavebuladaa warmodgenili s o f l i s a da s i k v -
d i l i s saxismetyveleba.
`wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ TariRis, avtoris msoflmxedvelo-
bisa da saxismetyvelebis sakiTxi dResac mraval problemur kiTxvas tovebs,
romlebsac Cven ar SevexebiT, Tumca `martvilobis~ qronotopisa da s o f -
l i s cnebis saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba maT TavisTavad exmianeba.
qronotopis _ dro-sivrcis erTiani aRqmis problema zogadad (baxtini
2002: 6; mani 1984: 2) da, kerZod, qarTuli hagiografiis kvalobaze Seswavli-
lia da miRebulia mniSvnelovani daskvnebi (siraZe 2001: 32-33; amirxanaSvili
2005: 15-19): `agiografiaSi dro aucileblad gulisxmobs sivrces, da, piriqiT,
sivrce _ dros... TariRi, rogorc dro da rogorc sivrce warmoadgens isto-
riuli sivrcis nawils, romelic TavisTavad aris dro. amitomaa, rom daTari-
Rebisas upiratesoba eZleva sivrces da ara kalendarul dros~ (amirxanaS-
vili 2005: 17), Tumca zogjer orive aspeqti mniSvnelovania, magaliTad, `wm.
evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~.
nawarmoebSi dro-sivrcis aRqma orgvaria: erTi istoriulia, romelsac
qmnis meaTe weli sparseTSi xuasro anu Sirvanis (531-579 ww.) mefobisa, arvand
guSnaspis marzapnoba tfilisSi, sparseTis qveyana da sofeli arSakeTi. amave
aspeqtSi moiazreba gvirobandakis pirovneba da misi rwmena- mogvoba. meore
qronotopi ki iwyeba gvirobandakis qalaq mcxeTaSi CamosvliT, mexamleobis
SeswavliT, qristian qalTan SeuRlebiT, kaTakmevlobidan jer Rrmadmorwmu-
ne qristianad, xolo Semdeg wm. evstaTi mcxeTelad qceviT da gadadis
usasrulobaSi (dro maradiulobaSi, sivrce RvTaebriv saufloSi). es ukve
mowamisa da hagiografis qronotopia, miT ufro, rom `xelovnebas Tavisi dro
aqvs. es dro iwyeba maSin, roca nawarmoebi iwyeba da masTan erTad mTavrdeba~
(siraZe 2001: 21). es ori istoriuli da xelovnebiseuli qronotopi dasawyis-
Sivea mocemuli da `martvilobis~ bolomde Tanaarsebobs. amdenad, ufro meti
datvirTva aqvs, vidre TariRisa da geografiuli realiebis miniSnebaa. pir-
velSi, romelic ramdenjerme meordeba, sivrcul aRqmas qmnis sofeli sparse-
Ti, evi arSakeTi da qalaqi ganZaki (Zeglebi 1964: 31). am yvelafers amTlia-
.
orive leqsi daculia xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fondebSi.
leqsi `xma~ Semonaxulia 2 nusxiT: erTi daculia arqimandrit tarasi kan-
delakis avtograful krebulSi (Q 1635
b
, 72r-74v) saTauriT `akakis ori dau-
beWdavi leqsi~
, miu-
xedavad amisa, igi dabeWdila da araerTxel. misi dabeWdvis istoria aseTia:
leqsis pirveli publikacia ganekuTvneba 1916 wels
miuxedavad amdengzis
publikaciisa, leqsi `xma~ naklebadaa cnobili sazogadoebis farTo
wreebisTvis.
meore leqsia `qarTveli Zeglis win~ (xelmowerilia ase: `qarTveli~) da dabeWdilia akakis
TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulSi.
wignSi miTiTebulia, rom aq dabeWdili `xmis~ dedania gaz. `megobarSi~ arsebuli publi-
kacia, rac sinamdviles ar Seefereba. Zveli publikacia Semoklebulia (9 strofiT), wignSi ki
leqsi sruladaa warmodgenili.
57
mivubrundeT `xmis~ uZveles, 1916 wlis publikacias. rogorc ukve aRvniS-
neT, igi daibeWda sagrZnobi SemoklebiT. ra iyo amis mizezi?
`xma~ mkveTri JReradobis leqsia, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi yvelaze
mkveTri akakis qmnilebebs Soris. masSi asaxulia viTareba, romelic sufevda
rusebis mier dapyrobil saqarTveloSi da rac didad awuxebdaT qarTvel
mamuliSvilebs, maT Soris akakis. rusifikatoruli reJimi, romelic spobda
yovelive erovnuls, tradiciuls, moralurs da amkvidrebda urwmunoebas,
nihilizms, Ralats, gautanlobas da monur morCilebas, iZulebuls xdida
qveynis bedze mofiqral adamianebs eZebnaT misi gadarCenis gzebi da pirvel
rigSi ebrZolaT Seryeuli rwmenisa da pativaxdili mSobliuri enis ufle-
bebis aRsadgenad. qarTuli ena, gaZevebuli saswavleblebidan da eklesiebi-
dan, `slovenuriT~ icvleboda. gaugebar ucxo enaze swavleba uvicobis
WaobSi Ziravda moswavle axalgazrdobas, rwmenis dakargva ki amoraluri
qmedebebisken, cxovrebis miuRebeli wesebisken ezideboda maT. carizmis reaq-
ciuli saeklesio politikis gamtareblebi siZulviliT iyvnen gamsWvalulni
qarTuli enisa da saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT da yovelnairad uwyobdnen
xels da amarTlebdnen eklesia-monastrebis qonebis mitacebas rusi kleri-
kalebis mier, erovnuli moRvaweebis devnas, Seviwroebas da gadasaxleba-
ganadgurebas. akaki yovelive amas aRwers leqsSi da didad Sewuxebuli gamosa-
vals `saerTo amboxebaSi~ xedavs. igi qarTvel xalxs umaRlesi RvTaebis piriT
aqtiuri moqmedebisken mouwodebs, raTa gauqmebuli avtokefalia, `rac
eklesias iverTa misca msoflio krebama~ aRidginon da egzarqosebi moiSoron.
ai, aseTi mkveTri Sinaarsis gamo daiCexa leqsi `xma~ gaz. `megobarSi~ da
mxolod 29 strofma ixila dRis sinaTle. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom
daklebuli 9 strofis (17-25 strofebi) adgili Tavisuflad, Seuvsebladaa
datovebuli gazeTSi. es redaqciis fandia, rom mkiTxvels naTlad daanaxos,
rogor Sekveca da daamaxinja cenzuram leqsi. aseve Tavisufali adgilia
datovebuli 35-e strofis II taepis SemTxvevaSic (amoRebulia sityvebi
`saerTo amboxebiTa~).
leqsSi dasaxelebulia realuri pirebi: sasuliero seminariis reqtori
germogeni
_ reaqciuli
saeklesio politikis gamtareblebi. `xmaSi~ arsebuli realiebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT leqsi dawerili unda iyos 1898-1900 wlebSi, e.i. jer kidev maSin, sanam
farTo planiT gaiSleboda saqarTveloSi avtokefaliis aRdgenis moZraoba
(1905-1907 wlebi). leqsis dabeWdva im drois mkacri cenzuris pirobebSi
SeuZlebei iyo; akaki, rogorc Cans, arc varaudobda mis dabeWdvas da `xma~
aralegalurad vrceldeboda _ gadadioda xelidan xelSi avtoris miuTi-
Teblad, rom daculi yofiliyo Semoqmedis usafrTxoeba. amis dasturia,
swored, kirionis saarqivo fondSi Semonaxuli nusxa leqsisa, romelic avto-
ris gareSea. nusxas axlavs trofime inasariZis baraTi beWdiT, 1901 w. 21/I, rom
`xma~ ukve waakiTxa Tavis naTlias, rus soloviovs, rogorc sandos, `guliT,
zneobiT _ qarTvels~ da ubrunebs mRvdel-monazon tarasis (kandelaks). eWvi
n. durnovom araerTi werili miuZRvna Sovinist-reaqcioner i. vostorgo-
vis mxilebas, romelic acxadebda: `aravin ise ar mezizReba, rogorc qarTve-
lebi~, isini ruseTis mtrebi da moRalateebi ariano. man 11 weli dahyo saqar-
TveloSi da siZulviliT gamsWvaluli abuCad igdebda qarTvelebs, qarTul
enas da eklesias. igi TanamzraxvelebTan erTad amkvidrebda azrs, rom saqar-
Tvelos eklesias avtokefalia arasdros hqonia. amis sapasuxod, n. durnovom
weriliT mimarTa konstantinopolis msoflio patriarq ioakim III-s, daedas-
turebina saqarTvelos avtokefalia da dadebiTi dokumentis miRebis Semdeg
gamoaqveyna igi Tavis wignSi `qarTuli eklesiis bedi~ (saiTiZe 2002: 72).
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom n.durnovos azrebsa da Sexedulebebs
dResac ar daukargavT mniSvneloba da Tanamedrove JReradoba aqvT. maga-
liTad, mas maiCnda, rom soxumis eklesia, romlis mrevli iqauri qarTvelebi
da qarTul saeklesio wignebze aRzrdili afxazebi arian, qarTveli samRvde-
loebis xelSi unda iyos da ara ruseTis da rom `arcerT xalxs, ragind didi
iyos igi, ufleba ara aqvs, xeli Seaxos saqarTvelos istoriul miwa-wyals~
(saiTiZe 2002: 75).
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena 1917 w. 12 marts didi sixa-
ruli iyo n. durnovosTvis. Tfilel mitropolit leonidesTan gagzavnil
milocvaSi igi werda: `es dRe erTi ubednieresi dReTagania Cems cxovreba-
Si, romelsac ager 40 welia movelodi vulocav ganTavisuflebas eklesiis
msaxurT da ers~.
n. durnovos damsaxurebas saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe didad afasebdnen
akaki, iakob gogebaSvili, eqv. TayaiSvili, n. mari, T. saxokia. al.cagareli, al.
xaxanaSvili... piradi nacnoboba da sulieri megobroba akavSirebda durnovos
episkopos kirionTan, leonidesTan, ambrosi xelaiasTan kirioni n.durno-
vom misi naSromebiT gaicno da misi gulwrfeli damfasebeli gaxda. igi
kirions `qristesdar~, `mociqulebriv~ moZRvars uwodebda da mis dasacavad
ruseTSi didi kampania gaaCaRa. n. durnovo sinodis mesveurebs afrTxilebda
kirionis xvedri SeemsubuqebinaT (ruseTSi gadasaxlebuli kirioni gausaZlis
magaliTad mohyavs aseTi faqti: gelaTis saxarebis Zvirfasi qvebiT mooWvili yda,
romelSic 1846 w. ingliselebi 60.000 girvanqa sterlings iZleodnen, quTaisis gubernator
levaSovs gauyidia da amJamad graf stroganovis muzeumSi inaxebao (saiTiZe 2002: 75).
60
pirobebSi cxovrobda), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi 200000 werils dawerda mis
dasacavad da mTel ruseTSi gaavrcelebda (kiknaZe 2007: 64). kirionic didad
afasebda n.durnovos damsaxurebas saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe da werda:
`gamogviCnda ruseTSi RvTisnieri adamiani n.n.durnovo, romelic uSiSrad
qadagebda Cveni eklesiis avtokefaliazed~ (kiknaZe 2007: 64). akakic, kirio-
nis Tanamzraxveli da pativismcemeli, leqsiT gamoxmaurebia n.durnovos
Rvawls da, rogorc Cans, swored kirionisTvis gaucvnia igi yvelaze adre.
Cven ar viciT, Targmna Tu ara al.xaxanaSvilma es leqsi rusulad (CvenTan
dacul al.xaxanaSvilis arqivSi igi ar aRmoCnda) da saerTod miawvdina Tu ara
xma akakim misi samSoblos did qomags. varaudiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom akaki
Sexvda n.durnovos 1909 w. zafxulSi safrangeTSi gamgzavrebis win moskovSi
yofnisas an 1913 wlis ianvarSi moskovSi moswavle qarTveli studentebis
mier akakisadmi miZRvnil saRamoze da banketze, romelzec miwveuli iyo n.
durnovo da eswreboda kidec.
leqsi `n.n.durnovo~ Seicavs 14 strofs. misi ZiriTadi nawili eZRvneba
rusifikatoruli politikis Sedegebis _ qveynad gamefebuli uzneobis, urw-
munoebis, ukanonobisa da usamarTlobis _ mxilebas. ruseTisgan bevri sike-
Tis momlodine da imedgacruebuli poeti uaryofiTi epiTetebiT `amkobs~
rus moxeleebsa da klerikalebs, romlebmac `saqristiano uaryves vali~ da,
miuxedavad amisa, leqss mainc optimisturi JReradobiT amTavrebs, radgan n.
durnovosTana adamianebi miaCnia `gazafxulis winamorbedad~ da `Zmoba-
erTobis~ simbolod.
rac Seexeba `n. n. durnovos~ Seqmnisa da dabeWdvis istorias, igi, rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, dabeWdilia poetis TxzulebaTa SvidtomeulSi saTauriT `iona
brixniCovs~ (igi akakis sicocxleSi ar dabeWdila). Seicavs 13 strofs. durno-
vosadmi miZRvnili leqsi aris am leqsis gadamuSavebuli da gavrcobili va-
rianti. kerZod, variantuli cvlilebebia Setanili II, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII stro-
febSi. bolo strofi Secvlilia axliT, romelSic gamokveTilia adresati-
sadmi mimarTva, xolo me-7-8 strofebs Soris Camatebulia strofi, romelSic
mkveTri ferebiTaa daxasiaTebuli rusi klerikalebi da maTi sulieri moZR-
vrebi _ egzarqosebi. yvelaferi es iZleva safuZvels, rom `n. n. durnovos~
miviCnioT leqsis saboloo da ZiriTad variantad da swored igi daibeWdos
poetis akademiur gamocemaSi, xolo SeniSvnebSi aRiniSnos misi Seqmnisa da
dabeWdvis istoria. miT umetes, rom saboloo varianti eZRvneba bevrad ufro
Rirseulsa da saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovan pirovnebas, nikoloz durno-
vos, romelic didi mondomebiT iRvwoda Cveni qveynis erovnul moRvaweebTan
erTad saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad.
aqve aRvniSnavT Semdegs: gvaqvs cnoba, rom leqsi `n. n.durnovos~ daubeW-
davs S.gozaliSvils, magram jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT. erT sagazeTo
statiaSi (gozaliSvili 1965: 3). igi msjelobs masze, Tumca iqve ar aqveynebs.
asea Tu ise, `n. n. durnovos~, iseve rogorc `xma~, mxolod mkiTxvelTa viw-
ro wrisTvis aris cnobili da saWiroa vizrunoT, rom isini Sevidnen akakis
TxzulebaTa axal akademiur gamocemaSi.
x m a
1. gars exvevian varskvlavni 2. gars evlebian wmindani
caze amosul mTvaresa! dedofals _ dedaRvTisasa!
SeqaTqaTeben brwyinvales, Segalob-SeRaRadeben
sxivs rom fens aremaresa! madls rom fens qveynad Zisasa
civilizaciis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapi, socialuri, ekonomikuri,
politikuri da kulturuli kavSirebisa da urTierTobebis internacionali-
zacia, mZafri integraciuli procesebi, axali globaluri gamowvevebi Tvi-
sebrivad axal problemaTa wres ayenebs kulturologiis winaSe; gansakuTre-
buli mniSvneloba eniWeba rogorc axali kulturuli paradigmebis, aseve ma-
Ti istoriuli winamZRvrebis saTanado Teoriul da meTodologiur
gaazrebas.
dRes, rodesac qarTuli saxelmwifo araerTi globaluri gamowvevis wi-
naSe dgas, uaRresad aqtualuri xdeba im kulturologiuri memkvidreobis
saTanado gaazreba, romelSic sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba iseT aqtualur
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa qarTuli kulturis civilizaciuri kuTvnileba da sxva
kulturebTan misi tipologiuri mimarTeba, qarTuli kulturisa da erovnu-
li mentalobis raoba, qarTuli kulturis erovnul TaviseburebaTa da TviT-
myofadobis SenarCuneba civilizaciaTa Soris intensiuri dialogis proces-
Si da sxv.
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa XIX saukunis qarTul-evropuli
kulturuli dialogis umTavres gamovlinebaTa Seswavla, vinaidan am epoqis
saxiT Cvens winaSea Tvisebrivad specifikuri periodi, rodesac Zireulad
icvleba qristianuli xanis qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis veqtori.
XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan, metadre _ XIX saukunis dasawyisidan qar-
Tuli kulturis mWidro kavSiri aRmosavlur kulturasTan gzas uTmobs uSu-
alo da mWidro urTierTobas evropul civilizaciasTan. am problematikas
didi adgili uWiravs ilia WavWavaZis kritikul naazrevSi, romlis saTanado
gaazreba Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturologiis aqtualur sakiTxTa rigs
ganekuTvneba.
1. saqarTvelo civilizaciaTa sistemaSi
mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs erTiani Tvalsazrisi saqarTvelosa da ufro
farTod _ kavkasiis civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb.
erT-erTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, qarTuli kulturuli sivrce balka-
nur-kavkasiuri civilizaciuri erTobis nawilia, rac ganpirobebulia iseTi
saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa genderul rolTa ganawileba, seqsisad-
mi damokidebuleba, mSobelTa da SvilTa urTierToba, socialuri sivrcis
funqciuri ganawileba da sxv. (niJaraZe 1999: 7-10).
gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kavkasia Taviseburi subciviliza-
ciaa, anu mezobel civilizaciebs Soris ganfenili marginaluri zonaa, rome-
lic arc erT civilizaciaSi ar Sedis da misTvis niSandoblivi faseulobebis
sistemiTa da tradiciebiT xasiaTdeba (kacitaZe 1998: 87-88). saqarTvelosa da
mTlianad kavkasiis specifikur subcivilizaciad moazrebis gamovlinebad
unda miviCnioT is Tvalsazrisic, romlis Tanaxmad kavkasia civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis zonas ganekuTvneba (hantingtoni 1996).
muSaiTi _ Tokze mosiarule, jambazi. muSaiToba _ muSaiTis xeloba, jam-
bazoba. jambaz-i _[spars. janbaz] Tokze mosiarule, muSaiTi (leqsikoni 1958:
1166).
yuradReba mivaqcioT imas, rom fridons samuSaiTod wvrTnidnen gamzrde-
lebi da ara droebiTi an SemTxveviTi pirebi, mas jambazebis saqmeebs aswav-
lidnen, axtunavebdnen
teqsts yvela SemTxvevaSi vimowmebT; SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, ak. SaniZisa da al.
baramiZis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1966.
horizontaluri da vertikaluri sibrtyeebis gadakveTa samyaros models
qmnis. vertikals (zemo-qvemo) da horizontals (marcxena-marjvena) sxvadasx-
va simbolika aqvs, Tumca konceptualurad isini binaruli opoziciebis ar-
sobriv aspeqts gamoxataven. opoziciebis ukiduresi wertilebis damakavSire-
beli xazebi (Zafebi, Tokebi, qarebi, jaWvebi da a.S.) Rrma simbolikas (Tu gne-
bavT, religiur datvirTvasac _ am azris farTo gagebiT) Seicavs. es funqcia
gamokveTilia Sesaqmes sxvadasxva variaciebSic da Cveulebriv yofiT saqmia-
nobaSic: beWvis procesi (jaraze qsovilis beWva) iwyeba vertikaluri Zafebis
gabmiT. am vertikalur ZafebSi horizontalurad mimoiqceva sxva Zafi, rac
erTianobaSi qmnis qsovils.
movigonoT ilia WavWavaZis msjeloba ruseTSi gatarebul oTx weliwadze: `... eg oTxi
weliwadi cxovrebis saZirkvelia, cxovrebis wyaros saTavea, bewvis xidia, sibnelisa da
sinaTlis Sua bedisagan gadebuli~ Ibid:11.
axla isev fridons davubrundeT. ratom unda eswavlebinaT aRmzrdelebs
mefis ZisTvis Tokze gasvla? xom ar igulisxmeba am `TamaSSi~ rame simboluri
mniSvneloba? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad teqsts mivubrundeT. `vefxis-
tyaosnis~ mixedviT, fridoni zRvispira patara qveynis mefea. metic, Cven ar
viciT, romel qveyanas gulisxmobs rusTveli mulRazanzarSi (marTalia, ga-
moiTqva ramdenime mosazreba fridonis samefos adgilmdebareobis dadgenis
Taobaze, magram es mxolod varaudebia). amis sapirispirod, zustad viciT
sxva gmirebis warmomavloba: tarieli indoeTidanaa, avTandili _ arabeTi-
dan. miTiTebulia sxva saxelmwifoebic _ xataeTi (CineTi) da xvarazmi (spar-
seTi). fridonis qveynamde misaRwevad avTandils tarielis gamoqvabulidan 70
dRe dasWirda. rogorc Cans, mulRazanzari marginaluri, araordinaruli
qveyanaa _ patara, magram Zalian mdidari. am specifikidan gamomdinare, qvey-
nis mmarTvels mefeTa tradiciul `qceva-qmnaTa~ paralelurad aRmzrdelebi
muSaiTobis xelovnebasac aswavlian (amiT xasgasmulia, rom siymawvileSi
fridonma iniciaciis gansxvavebuli _ ezoTeruli _ gzac gaiara). fridoni
Tavisi patara qveynis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad da mis gasafarToeb-
lad, rogorc Cans, nemsis yunwSi Zvreba da xSirad `bewvis xidze~ gadis. am
miznis miRwevaSi mas is sulieri gamocdilebac exmareba, romelic Tokze gav-
lis praqtikulma unar-Cvevam gamoumuSava.
yuradRebas ipyrobs sxva aspeqtebic: sami gmiridan mxolod fridonma
icis qajeTisken mimavali gza (igi adrec yofila qajTa qveyanaSi). `vefxistya-
osanSi~ qajeTi rom borotebis simboloa, sadavo ar aris. borotebis simbolo
_ qajeTi _ upirispirdeba adamianTa qveyanas, sadac, rusTvelis koncefci-
iT, sikeTe Warbobs, radgan am qveynis Svilebs saocari Tavganwiruli siyva-
ruli SeuZliaT. teqstis mixedviT, or samyaros Soris qajeTis auRebeli ked-
lebia, qalaqis sam karibWes ki grZneuli qajebi darajoben. swored am viTa-
rebis gaTvaliswinebiT, fridoni megobrebs problemis gadawyvetis uCveulo
gzas sTavazobs _ Tokze gasvlas (`mas zeda gavla advilad miCs, asre viTa
velisa~, 1394). fridons eWvi ar epareba, rom am amocanas kargad gaarTmevs
Tavs, metic, TamaSiT, kiskasad gavalo, _ arwmunebs megobrebs. am rwmenis mi-
zezi ara mxolod mis muSaiTur ostatobaSia, aramed imaSic, rom keTil saq-
meze mimavals `bewvis xidi~ ar Cauwydeba.
Cveni varaudis gasamyareblad sxva aspeqtebsac mivapyrobT yuradRebas:
fridons uCveulo cxeni hyavs, romelic `zRvaTa Sigan ixvsa hgavs da xmelTa
arca larulad hgeboda mas qseli, arc orxaulad;
simtkice hgvanda naWedsa, vsTqvi cecxlTa SenarTaulad~ (467).
mokled,
tarieli qajebis winaaRmdeg zurmuxtebiT mooWvili xmal
-abjar-muzara-
diT midis fridonis naboZvar Sav taiWze amxedrebuli. amiT xazgasmulia, rom
tarielSi koncentrirebulia yvela Zala _ adamianuri da transcendenturi.
igi mzadaa borotebis dasamarcxeblad.
am konteqstSi fridonis funqcia miTosuri (zRapruli) gmiris (kultu-
ruli gmiris) damxmares models esadageba. kerZod, fridoni Tavadac exmareba
tariels: masTan erTad ibrZvis; Tavis jars axmars (rCeul meomrebs) da saWi-
ro `nivTs~ (cxens) uZRvnis. niSandoblivia isic, rom qajebze gamarjvebis Sem-
deg devebis gamoqvabulis mTeli ganZi tarielma fridons (da mis mebrZolebs)
uboZa.
es swored is cxenia, romelic Semdeg fridonma tariels uZRvna da romelic poemaSi arc Tu
umniSvnelo funqcias asrulebs. am Sav cxenze amxedrebuli tarieli ise dausxlta roste-
vanis moymeebs da rCeul arabul taiWebze amxedrebul mefe-spaspets, rom `hgavda qvesknels
CaZromilsa anu zecad anafrensa~ (100). xataeli Zmebic sagangebod amaxvileben yuradRebas
ucnauri moymis cxenze `zeda jda Savsa taiWsa, _ merani rame Savia~ (209). teqstSi zogjer es
cxeni mxolod feriTaa aRniSnuli `tariel Savsa zeda zis taniTa mis werwetiTa~ (1417). Cven
SegveZlo gvesaubra Savi feris simbolikaze; mogvexmo e.w. `Wkviani~ cxenebis paralelebi mi-
Tosidan da literaturidan (aqilevsis adamianis eniT molaparake cxeni; aleqsandere make-
donelis cnobili bucefali da sxva), gvesaubra jadosnuri zRapris raSze, cxenze, rogorc
`damxmareze~, magram axla am Temas ar ganvavrcobT.
esec saintereso sakiTxia. saqme is aris, rom uZvelesi warmodgenebiT, gamoqvabuli didi
dedis kults _ iniciacias, sikvdilsa da xelaxla Sobas ukavSirdeba. gamoqvabuls ukavSir-
deba liTonis warmoebis magiuri xelovnebac: gamoqvabuli (didi dedis saSo) ziarebulebs
`gauxsnis~ madneuls. am warmodgenebis rekonstruqcia xerxdeba samoTrakes da sxva cnobili
misteriebiT, romelSic monawileoben koribantebi (daqtilebi, kuretebi) miTiuri meta-
lurgebi (eliade 1998b; vasilieva 1990).
am xmalze rusTveli wers: `xrmali rkinasa mohkrian, viT bambis mkedsa sWridian~ (1379).
134
sxva aspeqtebzec SeiZleba yuradRebis gamaxvileba, magaliTad: Cven ara-
feri viciT fridonis pirad cxovrebaze, rac poemis mTavar gmirebTan mimar-
TebiT mas, cota ar iyos, `naklulad~ warmogvidgens. miT umetes, rom Txzu-
lebis komentatorebis azriT, fridoni yvelaze ufrosia. mxolod erTxel
gaielvebs poemaSi fridonis emocia: igi tariels uyveba mzesaviT qalis
uecari da ucnauri naxvis ambavs, romelic xilvas ufro hgavs:
`qali gardmosves, sisxoni vnaxen misisa Tmisani.
mas rome elva hkrTeboda, fernimca hgvandes risani!
man gaanaTla qveyana, gacuddes Suqni mzisani!~ (629)
`igi vardi Semiyvardao~, _ ambobs fridoni. sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom
nestans `safarveli~ swored fridonis qveyanaSi aexada. fridoni aris pirve-
li adamiani, romelmac nestan-darejani ixila indoeTidan gadakargvis
Semdeg.
sainteresoa agreTve fridonis brZolis epizodi biZaSvilebTan. sadavo
kunZulis dapatronebis survili ramdenime aspeqtiT SeiZleba aixsnas _ praq-
tikuli mosazrebiT (samefos gafarToebis surviliT) da SesaZloa, kunZuli
moviazroT, rogorc sakraluri punqti (magram axla am sakiTxs ar ganvavr-
cobT). CvenTvis sainteresoa is, rom fridoni biZaSvilebs Tavisi cxenis wya-
lobiT gadaurCa. man zRva gamocura. poeti ase aRwers gamwarebul fridons:
`mterTa eqadda, wyreboda, igineboda, Cioda~ (596). fridonis mrisxaneba aSka-
rad gansxvavdeba sxva gmirebisagan. arc avTandili arc tarieli ar iginebian.
Tu am termins (gineba) Rrmad CavyvebiT, SeiZleba bilwsityvaobis ritualur
mniSvnelobamde mivideT da kontagiozuri magiis elementebzec visaubroT
(`mters usurve cudi da cudi SeemTxveva). biZaSvilebTan mimarTebiT Cven
sxva aspeqti gvainteresebs: damarcxebuli biZaSvilebi fridonma ar daxoca,
magram `xelni wmindad gardakveTnes~ (623). fridonma mtris dasjis is meTodi
gamoiyena, romelic iTvaliswinebs mowinaaRmdegis gauvnebelyofas saaqaoSic
da saiqioSic.
sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fridoni tarielisa da avTandilisgan
gansxvavebuli personaJia. marTalia, es sami gmiri avsebs erTmaneTs, magram
fridonis wvlili am erTobaSi, nawilobriv, gamodis ordinarulis fargle-
bidan. am araordinarulobis gasaRebi ki `samuSaiTod~ gazrdis koncefciaSi
(ezoTerul codnaSi) SeiZleba moviZioT.
marjvena mklavis mokveTis miToritualur modelze ix.: canava 2005. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
(adekvatur konteqstSi) damarcxebul ramaz mefes sruliad gansxvavebulad eqcevian
farsadani da tarieli.
135
damowmebani:
rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. ak. SaniZis da al. baramiZis
redaqciiT. Tb.: 1966.
gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia z. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tb.: 1991.
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1958: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t.V, 1958.
eliade 1998 a: , . : . . ., .,
. .: 1998.
eliade 1998b: . . . ., ., . .: 1998.
eliade 1998: . , . ., . : 1998.
oniansi 1999: . , . . .:1999.
qeSikaSvili 1990: qeSikaSvili i. RmerTebi, miTebi, ritualebi. Tb.: 1990.
WavWavaZe 1974: WavWavaZe i. rCeuli or wignad. Tb.: 1974.
vasilieva 1990: . , : - -
. , 3, 1990.
Cirumbolo 1995: Chirumbolo Paul, Sex, Gods and Gay Peaple Underlying the Myths, 1995
(www.guidancetochangeyourlife.com)
canava 2005:canava r. miToritualuri modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlo-
baSi da qarTuli literaturul-eTnologiuri paralelebi. Tb.: 2005.
haizinga 2004: haizinga i. Homo Ludens kaci moTamaSe (kulturis TamaSSi warmo-
Sobis Sesaxeb). Targm. germanulidan, Tb.: 2004.
Rusudan Tsanava
Towards the Understanding of the One Strophe in
"The Knight in the Panther's Skin"
Summary
At a counsel with his friends held before the seizure of the fortress of evil spirits, Pridon
proposes that he will penetrate the fortress by walking the tightrope. Stanza 1402 has
attracted our attention here. It quotes Pridon saying that his teachers prepared him to become
a tightrope walker.
Tightrope walking was linked to archaic religious and ritual ideas. Mircea Eliade has
studied this issue, paying particular attention to the symbolism of the main accessory of
tightrope walking - the rope. Eliade took an interest in ropes due to fakirs' and tightrope
walkers' stunts.
The analysis of their stunts or "play" led researchers to universal archaic conceptions.
Two elements can be identified in the stunts: 1. dismembering neophytes, and 2. ascending
to the heavens on a rope. The dismemberment of neophytes is believed to be linked to the
archaic ritual of initiation and ascending to the heavens on a rope is linked to the ancient
religious idea, saying that at the start of the mythic time, a rope (chain, tree, mountain, or
ladder) connected earth and heaven, ensuring gods' connection with humans. This
connection was detached because of the mythic ancestor's malefaction - the tree, rope, or
chain was cut.
Variations of this myth are widespread among all nations. The myth can structurally be
presented as follows: 1. Relations between the heavens and earth were effortless in the
mythic time, as they were connected with a rope (tree, mountain, and so forth); 2. Gods used
136
to descend to earth, and kings, who were of divine origin, returned to the heavens on the
rope after fulfilling their mission on earth; 3. The rope was cut in some major disaster and
relations between the heavens and earth were severed; 4. The disaster changed the order
both in the universe (the heavens and earth were finally divided) and the life of humans:
people became mortals (their bodies and spirits were separated); 5. Since the connection was
severed, only the spirit is able to ascend to the heavens; 6. There are privileged people
(magicians and wizards), who have been able to ascend to the heavens on the rope even after
the disaster. Later, the concept became the basis of the myth of "paradise" and "fall". As
mentioned above, the rope has belonged to privileged people - kings, magicians, and priests
- since a certain moment.
No less symbolic importance is attached to horizontal ropes. We receive a model of the
universe by merging the two conceptions. The vertical (up-down) and horizontal (right-left)
lines have different implications and the lines connecting the extreme points (threads, ropes,
chains, and so forth) are deeply symbolic.
Mulghazanzar is a marginal and extraordinary country. It is small but very rich. Given
this specific feature, the rulers of the country are taught the art of tightrope walkers along
with the traditional rules for the "behaviour and deeds" of kings (which serves to underscore
that Pridon went through a different - esoteric - initiation in his early years). Pridon seems to
travel often on a dangerous road to ensure his small country's prosperity. The spiritual
experience received through the practical skill of walking on the rope helps him in achieving
this aim.
137
lali osefaSvili, saba-firuz metreveli
sveti-cxovelis, viTarca sicocxlis xis
gamosaxulebani
qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi xeTa sakralizeba dakavSirebuli iyo samyaros
msoflaRqmasTan, rwmena-warmodgenebTan, tradiciebTan da, rasakvirvelia,
ucxo kulturaTa gavlenisa Tu universalur faseulobaTa amsaxvel Sreeb-
Tan. samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom uZvelesi
droidan arsebobda xeebis, wminda koromebisa da tyeebis Tayvaniscemis faqti
(RuduSauri 2001: 4).
xe aris sinTezi cis, miwisa da wylis dinamikuri cxovrebisa, sawinaaRmde-
god statikuri qvisa (kooperi 1986: 18). xe SeiZleba iyos kargi da cudi (keTi-
li da xeneSi). igi nayofiT Seicnoba. boroti xeebi imsaxureben imas, rom daW-
ran da cecxlSi Cayaron, magram, amave dros, isini xalxTan iqneba meored mosv-
lis Jams (maTe 7, 16-20; luka 23,31). am saerTo mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, xis
simbolika bibliaSi sami mimarTulebiT viTardeba. amis Sesaxeb vrclad qve-
moT vimsjelebT, magram unda SevniSnoT, rom xe dakavSirebulia samoTxesTan
da amis gareSe misi gaazreba warmoudgenelia, Tumca qarTul cnobierebaSi
sicocxlis xe sacxovrisis simbolikaSi iyo gansaxovnebuli. dedaboZi, rome-
lic saxlis SuagulSi erTgvari sayrdenis funqcias itevda, simbolurad
swored sicocxlis xes ganasaxierebda da mis irgvliv iyrida Tavs yovelgvari
sulieri. mis tanze gamosaxuli iyo borjRali, romelic maradiulis, mudmi-
vobis warmomaCinebelia. aqve aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoebac, rom pirveli
qristianuli taZrebi swored xisa iyo da igi sveticxovlis uZveles mcire ek-
lesias warmoadgenda, romelic saukuneebis Semdeg gaxda grandiozuli dai-
tia qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebis uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde. aq
gamovyofT sam mimarTulebas, romlebic dakavSirebulia sicocxlis xesTan.
1. sicocxlis xe nasesxebia mesopotamiuri miTologiidan. dabadebaSi igi
moTavsebulia pirvelqmnil samoTxeSi, romlis nayofi ukvdavebis momtania
(dab. 2,9; 3,22). amasTan dakavSirebiT pirveli simbolo cru sibrZnea, romlis
Secnoba adamians surda ukanonod, raTa gaeTavisebina keTilisa da borotis
Semecneba. e. i. es iyo akrZaluli (dab. 2,16). `sicocxlisa da nayofierebis xis
motivi CvenSi Sua brinjaos xanidan vrceldeba da igi gvevlineba saTemo da
satomo nayofierebis RvTaebad. vfiqrob, es RvTaeba universaluria da itevs
yovel RvTiur funqcias~ (kikviZe 1963: 196).
macduri, Semacdunebeli saxiT xis nayofi SeWama adamianma (dab. 3,2-6),
romlis Sedegadac mas aekrZala gza maradiuli sicocxlisaken, ukvdavebisa-
ken. sakraluri cxovrebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadyo, rogor aRadgina
RmerTma misken mimavali gza. winaswarmetyvelur esqatologiaSi wminda miwa
ukanasknel dros aRwerilia rogorc axladdabrunebuli samoTxe, saocari
xeebiT, romlebic kvlav miscemen adamians sazrdosa da kurnebas (iez. 47,12;
gamocx. 22,2). am droidan adamianisaTvis sibrZne Seicnoba am sicocxlis xiT,
romelic iZleva netarebasa da, bolos, axal aRTqmaSi qriste hpirdeba maT,
vinc mas irwmunebs, miirTvan sicocxlis xis nayofi, romelic uflis samoT-
xeSia (gamocx. 2,7).
2. uflis samefo xe aRmosavlur miTologiaSi cnobili iyo mxolod ro-
gorc kosmiuri xe, romelic ganasaxierebs samyaros. es simbolo ar Sesula
samoTxeSi, magram masSi sakmaod xSirad adamianuri meufebaa, romlis Crdil-
qveS imyofeba uamravi eri, Sedarebuli uCveulo xesTan. igi miiwevs cisken da
eSveba jojoxeTamde. ifaravs uamrav Citsa da yovelgvar cxovels (iez. 31,1-9;
dan. 4,7), magram es didebuleba xelovnuria, radgan damyarebulia siamayeze da
138
uflis msjavris dros es xe moikveTeba (iez. 31,10-18; dan. 4,10-14), magram uf-
lis samefo wamoizrdeba kvlavac nayofidan da iqneba didi xe, romlis to-
tebSi uamravi Citi daibudebs (iez. 17,82; 22,13-31).
3. jvris xe _ xe gadaiqceva wyevlis niSnad maSin, roca is emsaxureba saxr-
Cobelas sikvdilmisjilTaTvis (dab. 40,19; isu nave 8,29) da bilwavs wminda
miwas, magram iesom Tavis Tavze aiRo es wyevla, man Cveni codvebi Tavisi
sxeuliT jvris xeze aRmarTa (petre 2,24), evno Cveni codvebisaTvis (kolas.
2,14). amrigad, jvris xe gadaiqca xsnis xed. yvelas gauxsna gza axalwarmoqm-
nili samoTxisken, sicocxlis xis nayofisken (gamocx. 2,7; 22,14), Zveli wyevlis
niSani iqca sicocxlis xed (diufura 1990: 276-278).
bunebrivia, rodesac vmsjelobT xeze, unda gaviazroT is adgili, romel-
zedac igi izrdeba, anu baRi, anu Zveli warmodgenebiT, samoTxe. igi Zveli
rwmena-warmodgenebiT qristianobamde arsebobda, bibliaSic da warmarTTa
msoflmxedvelobaSic. qristianobam mas axali saburveli SesZina. arsebobs
ori samoTxe _ Zveli aRTqmisa da axali aRTqmisa. Zveli aRTqmis samoTxe,
umeteswilad, cnobilia, ufro met interess iwvevs axali aRTqmis samoTxe,
romelic esqatologiur Sinaarss itevs, romelSic erTmaneTSia Cawnuli
axali miwa, axali Sesaqme, axali edemi. am axal samoTxeSi mdinare gamoedineba
taZridan, romelSic imyofeba RmerTi. sanapiroebze wamoizrdeba saocari
xeebi, romlebic axal erebs sakurnebel axal sakvebs miscems (iez. 47,12). am-
rigad, gza sicocxlis xisken kvlav gaixsneba (gamocx. 2,7; 22,2). sawinaaRmde-
god dabadebisa (gamocx. 3,24) samoTxiseuli cxovreba aRdgeba sakraluri
wminda cxovrebis Semdeg, iqneba msgavsi pirvelqmnili edemisa da garkveulwi-
lad aRemateba kidec sakvirvel nayofier bunebas (ier. 31,23-26).
xelaxlad dabrunebuli samoTxe es aris esqatologiuri realoba. `sibrZ-
ne aris sicocxlis xe~, romelic uzrunvelyofs bednierebas, msgavsad samoT-
xis mdinarisa. axali aRTqma Segvacnobinebs uflis Canafiqris saidumloebas.
qriste aris sibrZnis wyaro. is TviT aris sibrZne (I kor. 1,30). qriste axali
adamia (rom. 5,14; I kor. 15,45 romlis meSveobiT kacobrioba aRwevs esqatolo-
giur mdgomareobas (diufura 1990: 277). misi saocrebiT sikvdili marcxdeba.
morwmuneebi pouloben `purs cxovrebisas~ (i. 6,35), `macxovnebel wyals~ (i.
4,14), `maradiul cxovrebas~ (i. 6,24). es ZRveni amieridan gvixsnis gzas
esqatologiuri samoTxisaken.
Cven moviyvaneT vrceli pasaJebi rogorc samoTxis, ise sicocxlis xis Se-
saxeb. SesaZloa, arc ise vrceli, radgan moyolebuli IV s-is saeklesio mame-
bidan dRemde uamravs gamouTqvams azri amis Sesaxeb. eklesiologiuri ganmar-
tebiT, samoTxe aris eklesia, oTxi mdinare oTxi maxarebeli, xeebi wmin-
danebi, sicocxlis xe qriste, xolo xe cnobadisa keTilisa da borotisa _
adamianTa survilebi. samoTxis Sesaxeb arsebobs enoqis wigni, romelic apok-
rifs warmoadgens da mraval informacias itevs (qristianuli... 1971: 376).
qristianuli xanis bevri mwerali exeba am problemas da cdiloben warmoadgi-
non jvari, viTarca sicocxlis xe. saxarebaSi mravalgzis gvxvdeba sxvadasxva
jiSis xe, romelTac mxatvrebi dResaswaulis scenebSi CarTaven-xolme, magram
gansakuTrebiT sacnauria vazis semantika.
`me var venai WeSmariti~ _ brZanebs ufali. isaias winaswarmetyvelebis
Tanaxmad, israeli nayofieri vazia, ieremias mixedviT ki gamorCeuli vazi,
magram unayofo. igi nayofieri venaxia, Rirseulia Tavisi saxeliT, namdvili
israelia. WeSmaritad gamoiRebs Tavis nayofs sisxlis gaRebiT, daRvris
sakuTar sisxls, rogorc umaRles dasturs siyvarulisa (i. 15,9-13; 10-10) da
Rvino, viTarca nayofi venaxisa, gaxdeba evqaristiis saidumlo, saidumlo
niSani im sisxlisa, romelic daiRvara axali aRTqmisaTvis, viTarca ziareba
qristes siyvaruliT masSi yofniT (m. 26,27; i. 6,56; 15,4-9).
139
qriste aris venai, Cven ki _ lerwamni. mxolod iesos, WeSmarit venas,
SeuZlia moitanos nayofi mevenaxis sadideblad. e. i. mamis am erTobis gareSe
Cven ver viqnebodiT vazis lerwebi. am siyvaruliT miiRweva adamianebis siyva-
ruli mamasTan da ZesTan, radgan ieso arCevs maT, romlebic xdebian lerwebi,
Tavis mowafeebs. isini ki irCeven mas. am erTobiT adamiani xdeba WeSmariti
vazis lerwami.
adreqristianuli xanis mweral ignatiusis miTiTebiT, vazs Tavisi lerwe-
biT mamis mcenare hqvia (flemingi 1969: 89), sapirispirod kosmiuri xisa, ro-
melsac deda xes uwodeben (kooperi 1986: 18).
Cven zogadad warmovaCineT is rwmena-Sexedulebani, romlebic Camoyalib-
da saukuneTa manZilze adamianTa warmodgenebSi miwier da zeciur ierusalim-
ze, anu samoTxeze, Zvelsa da axal adamze da a. S. es iyo is rwmena-warmodgene-
bi, romlebic arsebobda qarTul sulier cxovrebaSic moyolebuli wm. ninos
moRvaweobidan da, bunebrivia, Semdgomac agrZelebda arsebobas, amJamad ukve
xelovnebis nimuSebSic.
Zeli, anu sveti-cxoveli qarTvelTa upirveles salocavad iqca. Cveni
vrceli Sesavali miznad isaxavda warmoeCina saerTo qristianobamdeli da
Semdgomi xanis adamianTa cnobierebaSi daunjebuli warmodgenebi samoTxisa
da sicocxlis xis Sesaxeb, radgan maT esqatologiuri motivi gaaCniaT da meo-
red mosvlasTan kavSirSi arian. am fonze gvsurs gamovkveToT is, rom qarT-
velTa cnobiereba Caketilad ar viTardeba, rom erovnuli siwmindeebi myar
kavSirSia sinqronuli periodis mewinave sazogadoebis azrovnebasTan,
msoflmxedvelobasTan, SexedulebebTan.
sicocxlis xis upirvelesi gamosaxulebaa iudaur xelovnebaSi dura
evroposis sinagogaSi; `Zveli aRTqmis samebis~ kompoziciaSi mudam CarTulia
mambres muxa da a. S. palestinur bobiosa da moncas ampulebze ki jvari sico-
cxlis xes warmoadgens. rasakvirvelia, Cven uamravi nimuSis moyvana SegviZlia
(qristianuli... 1968: 265).
upirveles yovlisa, mivmarTavT im siwmindeebs, romlebic uSualod sve-
ticxovlis misterias ukavSirdeba. imas, rac mravalgzis Tqmula da dawerila,
amJamad aRar mivubrundebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom yovelgvar simbolos
oTxi sazrisi aqvs, anu oTxgvarad SeiZleba gaviazroT. Cvens pirvelive sta-
tiaSi, romelic sveticxovliseul basili didis Jamiswirvis gragnils Seis-
wavlida, aRvniSneT, rom saeWvo iyo Tavfurcelze postamentze aRmarTuli
vertikaluri sveti jvrad Segvecno, rogorc aRiarebuli iyo samecniero li-
teraturaSi (qajaia 1992: 113), Semdeg igi SvicaniT Zelad, romelic SeiZleba
jvris funqcias itevda, momdevno statiaSi masSi sveti-cxoveli (osefaSvili
2005: 84-100), xolo amJamad masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze masSi kvlav axali
ideis gamovlena davinaxeT, risi safuZvelic gamyarebulia literaturuli
da saxviTi masaliT.
sxvaTa Soris, XII saukunis kaTolikos-patriarqis nikoloz gulaberisZis
`sakiTxavi svetisa cxovelisa, kurTisa sauflosi da kaTolike eklesiisa~
cxadad aCvenebs, rom sveti-cxoveli safuZvelia qarTuli eklesiuri azrov-
nebisa, romelic arsobriv safuZvels qmnis qarTuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis,
qarTuli saistorio cnobierebisaTvisac (siraZe 1992: 109). n. gulaberisZis
`sakiTxavis~ mixedviT sveti-cxoveli anu naTlis sveti gamoxatavs `Zvel
dRes~ _ mama RmerTs, `moxuc kacs~ _ (`moxucebulisa berisa kacisa~. gula-
berisZe 1882: 110), yovladwmida samebas, sveti-cxoveli ukavSirdeba sauflo
kvarTs. `sueti wmidao cxovelo, cxovels myofelo~ (gulaberisZe 1882: 113)
ase mimarTavs nikoloz gulaberisZe. `cxovels myofeli~ saRvTo saxelia. es
sveti imitomaa `cxoveli~, rom RvTaebrivi naTliTaa aRsavse. rogorc prof.
r. siraZe SeniSnavs: `cxoveli niSnavs cocxals da gulisxmobs saRvTo sicocx-
140
les. saba ganmartavs: `cxoel ars ufali da cxovel ars suli Seni (IV mef. 4.30).
saRvTo sicocxle maradiulia. qriste aris RmerTi ara mkvdarTa, aramed
RmerTi cxovelTa (mr. 12,27). qristianoba saukuno cxovrebaa (mT. 19,20),
qriste sityvaa sicocxlisa (I i. 1,1), sulia sicocxlisa (I kor. 15,45), naTelia
cxovrebisa (i.6,12), sikvdilis sicocxliT damTrgunvelia (Sdr. II kor. 5,4).
yovelive SeiZleba SevajamoT ioanes saxarebis sityvebiT: `cxoreba igi iyo
naTeli kacTa~ (i. 1,4) (siraZe 1992: 115-116).
`wm. ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviTac, sveti-cxovelis aRmarTvis epizodi
ukavSirdeba xisa da naTlis kultTan arsebul Zvel warmodgenebs. Txzulebis
mixedviT mefem samefo baRSi (igive samoTxe) taZris aSeneba gadawyvita. moW-
res xe, magram sveti ver aRmarTes. mxolod wm. ninos locvis Semdeg naTliT-
mosilma Wabukma `miyo xeli suetTa mas~ da Semdeg yvelaferi dagvirgvinda
imiT, rom `naTliTa brwyinvale sueti igi Camovidoda adgilad Tssa~. sveti-
cxoveli CaiTvleboda `cxovrebis xed~ da simbolod `kosmiuri xisa~ (siraZe
1992: ). e. i. sveti-cxoveli iyo xe, romelic `samoTxeSi~ moWres da Semdeg imave
Zirze daafuZnes. SesaqmeTa wignis mixedviT `xe cxovrebisa~ samoTxeSi idga,
mefis `samoTxeSi~ iyo sveti-cxovelis xec. `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ Satberduli
redaqcia, momdevno redaqciebic gviCveneben, rom sveti-cxoveli axali taZ-
ris umTavresi burji iyo. amasve migviTiTebs `wm. ioane zedaznelis
cxovrebac~ (T.III).
ase mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi
sveti-cxoveli, viTarca cxovrebisa da sicocxlis xe, romelic saRvTo
sicocxles gulisxmobs.
axla mokled aRvwerT sveticxovlis XII s-is liturgikuli gragnilis Tav-
furclis, anu I kefis dRevandel iers: eqvssafexuriani laJvardisa da mewamu-
lisferi lerwebis wnuliT Seqmnil postamentze aRmarTula Zeli, igive sveti
aseTive wnuliT. igi flankirebulia ori lorosani mTavarangeloziT. Tavi
wakveTili aqvs da kompozicia daugvirgvinebeli. scena moCarCoebulia wnu-
liT. qvemoT oTxi wminda mamaa xatiseburad gamosaxuli da erTgvarad temp-
lonze dasvenebul xatebs mogvagoneben. wm. mamebis qvemoT gamosaxulia ase-
Tive wnuliani Tavsamkauli. mere iwyeba proskomidis teqsti, romlis pirveli
asoa u (o) _ amitomac mxatvarma sazedao asod gaaforma da erTgvar sawyis
prolog gamosaxulebad warmogviCina uflis xati _ logosi, anu winare arse-
buli yrma qriste evmanueli.
rodesac am kompozicias vumzerT, bunebrivad Cndeba samoTxiseuli
brwyinvalebis gancda, im samoTxisa, romelic qristianma mamebma gadaamuSaves
da qristianul saburvelSi Semoses. amaSi uCveulo araferia. Zeli anu xe, ori
angelozi, vazis lerwebi, logosi _ yvelaferi es is atributebia, romlebic
samoTxes ukavSirdeba. jer kidev antikuri droidan moyolebuli sveti Tavisi
bazisiTa da kapiteliT triumfis, gamarjvebis gansxeuleba iyo. igi aseve si-
cocxlis xesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. bazisi _ viTarca fesvi, sveti _ viTar-
ca tani, xolo kapiteli _ viTarca foTlebi da a.S. magaliTad, traianes ko-
lona _ romi (dasuraTebuli 2000: 251).
qristianul simbolikaSi sveti ganasaxierebs samoTxes. igi mcenereul
saxed moiazreba da mesiis xea (leqsikoni 1990: 330).
sveti-cxoveli dgas `samoTxeSi~, marTalia, es samoTxe mefis baRia, mag-
ram masSi simboloebad sulieri samoTxe unda vigulisxmoT. mefe anu mama, e. i.
baRi aris mefiseuli, anu mamiseuli (ise, rogorc mamiseul baRSi dgas koSki
nestan darejanisa, misi iqidan gamodevna, am baRis dakargva nestan-darejanis
ubedurebis dasawyisia). samoTxec mamiseuli edemia. or angelozSi xis mcve-
lebi unda SevicnoT, rogorc aRniSnulia dabadebaSi, roca gamodevnil iqnen
samoTxidan adami da eva. igi SemosazRvrulia zRudiT da pirvelqmnil edems
141
gvaSorebs. vazi, romliTac gaformebulia xe, ieso qristes ganasaxierebs,
xolo lerwebi varT adamianebi, romelTa codvili bunebiT Seibilwa pirveli
samoTxe, magram Cvens xsnas ganaxorcielebs qriste logosi, sityva.
rogorc cnobilia, macxovris ikonografiul tipebs Soris evmanueli
ukavSirdeba logosis cnebas, viTarca `mamisagan Sobili uwinares yovelTa
saukuneTa~ da gankacebadi logosis gansaxierebaa. winaswarmetyveli isaia am-
bobs: `aha qalwulman muclad-iRos da Sves Ze da uwodon saxeli misi emanue-
li~ (isaia 7,14). filos aleqsandrieli logoss ganmartavs, viTarca sicocx-
lis xes Tavisi uxvi nayofiT.
wm. aTanase aleqsandrielis vrceli traqtati sityvis gankacebaze miCneu-
lia logosis Sesaxeb qristianuli swavlebis pirvel yvelaze srul da Camoya-
libebul moZRvrebad, logosis cneba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli mesianistur
doqtrinasTan (Sdr. metreveli 2000: 13-22). aqve SevniSnavT, rom saintereso
semantikaa Cadebuli sicocxlis xis mesiis xesTan gaigivebaSi, romelic saek-
lesio mamebis mier gamoTqmuli SexedulebebiT unda ganmtkicdes.
XII s-dan amnoss zogjer cvlis evmanueli _ viTarca evqaristiuli
msxverpli. interesmoklebuli rodi unda iyos XII s-is gelaTis saxarebis erT-
erTi kamaris morTulobaSi f. 10r-ze CarTuli qriste _ evmanuelis gamosaxu-
leba yovladwmida RmrTismSobelTan da wmida ioane naTlismcemelTan erTad,
sadac, agreTve, angelozebic arian gamosaxulni, oRond amjerad vnebis iara-
RebiTa da evqaristiuli ZRveniT _ sefiskveriTa da zedaSiani barZimiT. evma-
nueli, anu am SemTxvevaSi msxverpli _ winarearsebuli yrma qriste da evqa-
ristiuli ZRveni sefe da zedaSe urTierTkavSirSi arian. es ukanaskneli evqa-
ristiuli msxverplis saxeliTacaa cnobili. evmanueli golgoTis msxverpl-
ze migviTiTebs. golgoTa ki borcvTan da jvrebis xeebTanac asocirdeba.
metad mniSvnelovania semantika xisa, romliTac (nayofi xe cnobadisa) Se-
movida sikvdili da xe, romliTac moxda gamoxsna. rogor aisaxa es idea niko-
loz amilaxvris dakveTiT moxatul sveti-cxovelze. aq zeda registrebze
ilustrirebulia zatikis dResaswaulebi. es aris aRdgomis ideis mkveTri ga-
movlena,
aRdgomis ideis Sesaxeb `wm. ninos cxovrebis mixedviT~ ix. siraZe 1997: 127; metreveli 2000:
54-56.
142
Tu gragnilze angelozebi xis mimarT Tayvaniscemis pozaSi arian da
xelebi vedrebis niSnad miumarTavT misken, svetze ukve angelozebs xelebiT
ise upyriaT sveti, TiTqos, yvelasagan icaven da surT aRamaRlon. niSandob-
livia, rom ioane maxareblis `apokalifsSi~ Cven vxvdebiT svets, romlis Zir-
Tan ori angelozia, rac imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom qristianul RvTis-
metyvelebaSi yoveli dogmati, yoveli saxe, yoveli simbolo esqatologiur
saxes iZens da meored mosvlasTanaa dakavSirebuli. maTes saxarebaSi ufali
brZanebs: `movediT Cemda yovelni maSuralni da tvirTmZimeni, da me gangisue-
no Tquen~ (maTe 11.28).
mniSvnelovania ferTa semantika. svetis moxatulobaSi lurji neitralu-
ri foni, svetis oqrocurvili xazebi, angelozTa oqros Saravandebi samoTxi-
seul brwyinvalebas gadmoscemen. marTalia, mwvane feri miiCneva TiTqosda
samoTxis ferad, magram lurji feri zecis feria, zeciuri ierusalimis, anu
esqatologiuri samoTxisa, im samoTxisa, romelSic marTalni daivaneben da
bilwT Sesvla ar ZaluZT.
Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi `zeciuri ierusalimis~ gamosaxvis ikonog-
rafias safuZvlad udevs ioanes gamocxadebis 21-e da 22-e Tavebi. umetesad
gamoisaxeba golgoTas rotindiseburi taZari. marTalia, apokalifsis mixed-
viT, qalaqs oTxkuTxa forma hqonda, magram umetesad wriul nagebobebs gamo-
xataven. zeciuri ierusalimi xSirad gamoisaxeba wmida werilSi, romlis mi-
xedviTac, igi aris marTalTa samyofeli, sasufeveli anu samoTxe.
amrigad, Cveni naSromis mizans Seadgenda sveticxovliseuli am ori siw-
mindis _ gragnilisa da svetis moxatulobaSi samoTxisa da sicocxlis xis
ideis gamovlena. am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, gragnilze pirvelqmnili samoT-
xe anu edemia gamosaxuli, Tan darTuli evmanuelis xatiT, Tumca gvxvdeba wm.
mamebis xatisebri gamosaxulebebic. svetze esqatologiuri anu momavali sa-
moTxea gamosaxuli, romelSic yvelas ar ZaluZs Sesvla. aq saqme gvaqvs or,
qronologiurad sakmaod daSorebul epoqasTan, gragnili XII saukunes gane-
kuTvneba, xolo svetis moxatuloba _ XVII saukunes, isini asaxaven, erTi
mxriv, im realobas, romelSic TviT imyofebian da TavianT TanamedroveTa
msoflmxedvelobas gadmoscemen, xolo, meore mxriv, qristianobis siRrmise-
ul fenebs, Sreebs uRrmavdebian.
damowmebani:
gulaberisZe 1882: gulaberisZe n. sakiTxavi svetisa cxovelisa, kuarTisa
sauflosi da kaTolike eklesiisa. saqarTvelos samoTxe, Sedgenili m. sabininis
mier. Tb.: 1882.
dasuraTebuli 2000: Udo Becker, Mit uber Lexikon der 900 Abbildungen Symbole, Freiburg,
Basel, Wien, 2000.
kikviZe 1963: kikviZe i. miwaTmoqmedeba da samiwaTmoqmedo kulti Zvel
saqarTveloSi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1963.
kooperi 1986: Cooper J. C. Lexikon der Alten Symbole. Leipzig: 1986.
krosi 1958: The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London. New-York. Toronto: 1958.
leqsikoni 1990: . Bruxelles. Belgique:
-, 1990.
leqsikoni 1968-1971: Lexikon der christlichen Jconography. Bd I, Wien. Basel. Rom: 1968.
leqsikoni 1971: Lexikon der christlichen Iconography. Bd III, Wien. Basel. Rom: 1971.
metreveli 2000: metreveli f. agiografiuli sityva da logosi. Tb.: gamomcem-
loba `nekeri~, 2000.
osefaSvili 2005: osefaSvili l., saswaulTmoqmedi svetis gamosaxuleba sveti-
cxovliseuli basili didis liturgikuli gragnilidan (S-4980, XII s) mwigno-
bari05. Tb., 2005.
143
siraZe 1992: siraZe r. qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba. Tb.: `Tbi-
lisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1992.
siraZe 1997: siraZe r. `wm. ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa.
Tb.: 1997.
flemingi 1969: Flemming J. Kreuz und Pflanzenornament "Byzantinoslavica 30". 1969.
qajaia 1992: qajaia n. basili didis TxzulebaTa Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1992.
RuduSauri 2001: RuduSauri T. XIX saukunis meore naxevris germanuli wyaroebi
qarTveli xalxis sulieri kulturis Sesaxeb. disertaciis avtoreferati. Tbili-
sis saxelwifo universiteti, Tb.: 2001.
cincaZe 1987: . - . kr.: qarTuli xelovneba. g.
CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis Sromebi.
seria A-Zveli xelovneba, 9, Tb.: 1987.
Lali Osepashvili, Saba Pirus Metreveli
Portrayals of Sveti-tskhoveli as Tree of Life
Summary
Svetitskhoveli is the Georgians sacred image. The greatest mystery of turning into
Christian religion, St.Ninos activity, St.Nanas and St. King Mirians merit is connected
with it, Christianity was introduced in Georgia with a vine-cross (wood) which is associated
with a health tree cult.
According to scientific researches the Old Testament borrowed the Tree of Life from
Mesopotamic mythology. It was called Mother Tree, as a synthesis of the sky, earth and
water dynamic life. Its very fruitful. Its branches are risen to the sky bit the roots go down
the Hell Its opposite is a Christian Tree of life-vine, which is called ,,Fathers plant by
Christian fathers. The vine is Jesus Christ and its branches believers.
The aim of our work was to show the semantics which is embodied in the Tree of life
and in general, in the opinion of a Tree. It isnt accidental that the first Georgian church was
built in the place where the column was hoisted and that one was also wooden.
Falling in sins, death came with wood and also deliverance, the way to the eternal life, a
new way too heavenly Jerusalem.
Each portrayal in the Christian art has four symbolic opinions. A pillar hoisted on the
six-step postament which is on the 1
st
page of Basil Didiseulis Liturgical scroll, was
recognized by scientists as a fragmentary cross. According to our survey we have also
cognized pillar, which has a function of a cross, Svetitskhoveli or pillar tskhoveli, which
was gone down by St. Ninos prayer, in our opinions, embodies a Christian Tree of life
which is connected with the Eschatological Paradise. The two angels must be perceived as
attributes to paradise, below it Christ-Logos-Emmanuel or the Gods Son ,,Born by father
the of all centuries, which represents the whole doctrine of deliverance.
The painting of Sveti-tskhoveli done by ordering of Nikoloz Amilakhvari also
represents the symbolical bodies of the Tree of Life which contains a pillar or the Tree with
two angels. St. Nino, a praying nation, semantics of color personifies paradisiacal
magnificence and lights up our way to the future, apocalyptic, heavenly Jerusalem where
indecent people arent let enter there.
The column hoisted in the Kings Paradise we have thought out as the Tree of Life, link
the tress stated in the Bible, that the tree of Life in Paradise is of life, a grantor of an eternal
life.
144
Teimuraz qurdovaniZe
mezRapris mxatvruli metyveleba
2. Sedareba, gapirovneba, hiperbola
jadosnur zRaparSi
mxatvruli metyveleba, rogorc rTuli da gansakuTrebuli fenomeni,
yovelTvis dapirispirebuli iyo Cveulebriv da martiv yoveldRiur metyve-
lebasTan. amis mizezi sityvisadmi sxvadasxvagvar midgomaSi devs. literatu-
rul Semoqmedebaze dakvirvebisas b. tomaSevski SeniSnavda, rom Cveulebriv
saxmari sityva, romelsac `cnobis (uwyebis) gadacemis saSualebas~ vuwodebT,
frazis konstruqciaSi SedarebiT Tavisuflad SeirCeva. am dros SesaZlebe-
lia avirCioT gamoxatvis nebismieri forma, `oRond ki gasagebad iTqvas~
saTqmeli. mxatvruli metyveleba ki piriqiT, mTlianad `fiqsirebuli gamo-
naTqvamebisagan~ Sedgeba. literaturul SemoqmedebaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania
sityvaTa iseTi SerCeva, maTi frazaSi ise ganawileba, rom sazogadod aRiare-
bul formasTan SedarebiT siaxle dafiqsirdes (tomaSevski 1931: 9).
folklors gamoxatvis Tavisi, literaturisagan gansxvavebuli, kultura
aqvs. folkloruli stilistika mxatvrul metyvelebaSi akvirdeba azris ga-
moxatvis upirovno, koleqtivis mier mignebul da aRiarebul saSualebebs, am
saxeTa gamoyenebiT aRbeWdil efeqts. xalxuri metyveleba sityvebis swored
Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri mniSvnelobiT xmarebiT gamoirCeva ara mxolod
sayofacxovrebo Temaze laparakisas, aramed zRapris, saerTod TxrobiTi Jan-
ris nawarmoebebis moTxrobis dros (gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs poeziis
Txzvisa da Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi!), Tumca aq unda SevniSnoT, rom Txrobisas
kargi mezRapreebi meti pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebian sityvas da sSirad mxatv-
rul-esTetikuri faseulobis donemde ahyavT igi. amis magaliTi bevria qar-
Tul folklorSi, romelic gvatkbobs sityvaSi daunjebuli margalitebis
siuxviT.
epiTetis istoriis kvlevisas a. veselovski im daskvnamde mivida, rom
`calkeuli epiTetis iqiT, romelTa mimarT uyuradRebobas viCenT, radgan mas
ukve miveCvieT, devs Soreuli istoriul-fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva meta-
forebis, Sedarebebisa da ganzogadebebis dagrovebisa, gemovnebisa da stilis
evoluciis mTeli istoria, dawyebuli sasargeblo da sasurveli ideis
ganviTarebidan, vidre cneba mSvenieris gamoyofamde~ (veselovski 1940: 78).
es Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa tropis yvela saxeobaze gavrceldes. eWvi araa,
rom nebismier enaSi tropebis mignebisa da saWiro konteqstSi Casmamde xang-
rZlivi dro da didi energia ixarjeba. saukuneebi dasWirda Ziebis process,
vidre yovelma folklorulma Janrma gamoimuSava da tradiciulad daimkvid-
ra Tavisi forma, asaxvis sfero da ideur-mxatvrul TaviseburebaTa arsena-
li, Camoiyaliba sakuTari specifikuri niSan-Tvisebebi. sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Ca-
weril zRaprebSi tropebis msgavsi formiTa Tu mcire variaciiT ganmeorebis
faqtebi imis dasturia, rom azris gamoxatvis forma da naTqvamis Sinaarsi
stereotipul mocemulobad aris qceuli da saerTo erovnul sakuTrebas
warmoadgens.
calkeul folklorul JanrTa Seswavla aaSkaravebs nawarmoebTa Sinagani
struqturis mdgomareobas, cxads xdis, ra enobrivi masalisagan igeba ama Tu
maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdiT: Lesky 1983: 363-4; Foley 1985: 77; Knox 1979: 243-244.
152
mxedarTmTavars, agamemnons Tavisi qaliSvili _ ifigenia unda Seewira
msxverplad. sastiki arCevanis winaSe mdgarma agamemnonma yoymanis Semdeg,
rogorc Cans, ifigenias msxverplSewirvis gadawyvetileba miiRo da werili
gaugzavna cols, klitemnestras, raTa mas avlisSi gamoegzavna ifigenia,
viTomcda aqilevsTan dasaqorwineblad. amas adgili piesis gaTamaSebamde
hqonda, tragedia ki imiT iwyeba, rom aforiaqebuli agamemnoni kvlav cvlis
Tavis gadawyvetilebas da msaxurs klitemnestrasTan atans werils, raTa am
ukanasknelma ifigenia avlisSi aRar gamogzavnos. agamemnoni nanobs Tavis
arCevans da is arakeTilSobilurad miaCnia, Tumc mis am axal, keTilSobilur
ganzraxvas asruleba ar uweria. menelaosi xelSi Caigdebs werils, Seityobs
Zmis Canafiqrs da agamemnons eladis interesebis ugulebelyofaSi
adanaSaulebs. Tavis mxriv, arc aqavelTa mTavarsardali aklebs Zmas
gakicxvas. agamemnons miaCnia, rom menelaoss eladis keTildReoba ki ara,
piradi interesebi _ elenes dabruneba _ amoZravebs. mTavarsardlis
sityvebidan gamomdinareobs is, rom omi, romelsac isini warmarTaven, uazroa
Tavisi arsiT. menelaosis pasuxebidan ki vigebT, rom agamemnons omi Tavisi
karieris, piradi ambiciebis da uzomo pativmoyvareobis dakmayofilebis gamo
surs. Tumca male Zmebis poziciebi radikalurad icvleba _ macne avlisSi
klitemnestrasa da ifigenias Camosvlis Sesaxeb gvatyobinebs. agamemnoni
uecrad cvlis Tavis gadawyvetilebas _ igi qaliSvilis msxverplad Sewirvas
ukve gardauvlad miiCnevs, rameTu Tvlis, rom aravin _ arc jari, arc misani
kalqasi, arc qurumTa kasta da arc odisevsi _ ar dauSvebs, rom qalwulis
gamo troas eqspedicia CaiSalos. gansxvavebulad afasebs ifigenias
msxverplad Sewirvas menelaosic, romelic wuTis win Zmas eladis RalatSi
adanaSaulebda. atrevsis Ze exveweba aqavelTa mTavarsardals, uari Tqvas
qaliSvilis msxverplad Sewirvaze, radgan man mxolod axla gaiazra, rom
ifigenias msxverplSewirva ar iyo samarTliani gadawyvetileba. sjobs, rom
agamemnonma gauSvas jari da saerTod xeli aiRos troas dalaSqvraze. Zmebis
dialogi uTanxmoebis notaze wydeba da vidre scenaze klitemnestra da
ifigenia Semovidodnen, qalkisel qalTa qoro I stasimons mReris. qoros es
simRera Zalze sayuradReboa qalisa da mamakacis genderuli rolebis
analizis kuTxiT, rameTu masSi erTob sainteresodaa moazrebuli orive
sqesis siqveleebi da am siqveleTa mimarTeba privatul da sazogado
sivrceebTan. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo Semdegi pasaJia: `misdevde siqveles
didi ram aris. qalisTvis siqvele kiprisis frTis qveSaa damaluli. ma-
makacisTvis ki [siqvele] aris pirovnuli wesrigis saxeoba da rac ufro metia
siqvele, miT ufro diadia qalaqi (evripide 1980: 568-72).
rogorc vxedavT, am pasaJSi mamakacisa da qalis siqveleebi erTmaneTisgan
aris gamijnuli. qalis siqvele privatul sivrceSi moiazreba, kacisa ki saja-
ro sivrciT aris gansazRvruli. qalkisel qalTa qoros mier TiToeuli sqe-
sis siqvelis es gansazRvreba klasikuri epoqis CvenTvis kargad cnobil kul-
turul normas warmoadgens.
imas, Tu ramdenad aqvT TavianTi sqesis Sesaferisi siqveleebi tragediis
protagonistebs _ agamemnonsa da ifigenias, werilis bolos SevajamebT, axla
ki kvlav moqmedebis msvlelobas davubrundebiT. ifigenias scenaze Semosv-
lis momentisaTvis piesis 1/3 ukve gaTamaSebulia da mainc swored am per-
sonaJs akisria centraluri roli piesis ideur gaazrebaSi. mama-Svilis gul-
Tbili Sexvedris Semdeg klitemnestra uecrad Tavis sasiZos _ aqilevss ga-
daawydeba, romelmac, rogorc maTi gasaubrebisas aRmoCndeba, saerTod ara-
feri icis ifigeniasTan Tavisi mosalodneli qorwinebis Sesaxeb. klitemnest-
ra TandaTanobiT Seityobs agamemnonis sastiki ganzraxvis Taobaze da mux-
lebSi Cauvardeba aqilevss, raTa man ifigenia daicvas. aqilevsi hpirdeba dax-
153
marebas, Tumca urCevs qals, sityviT Seecados agamemnonis gadarwmunebas.
magram aqavelTa mTavarsardals verc klitemnestras Txovna, verc misi muqa-
ra, verc qaliSvilis vedreba gadawyvetilebas ver acvlevinebs. maT pasuxad
agamemnoni vrcel sityvas warmosTqvams, romelic troas omis mis adrindel
Sefasebas Zireulad ewinaaRmdegeba. mudmivad cvalebadi agamemnoni uecrad
omis axal mizezs warmogvidgens: troas omi aris erovnuli saqme, erovnuli
Rirseba da usafrTxoeba (evripide 1980: 1269-73). amgvari saqmis warmmarTveli
agamemnoni ki keTilSobiluri saqmis Rirseul damcvelad da saerTo nacio-
naluri interesebis gamtarebel mTavarsardlad warmoCindeba.
agamemnonis STambeWdavi sityvis Semdeg scenaze Semosuli aqilevsi atyo-
binebs deda-Svils, rom jari daJinebiT moiTxovs ifigenias msxverplad Se-
wirvas. igi mzadaa, SeebrZolos meomrebs, magram, rogorc misive sityvebidan
gamomdinareobs, es mxolod uazro winaaRmdegoba iqneba. da ai, maSin gamou-
vali mdgomareobidan gamosavals ifigenia gvTavazobs. is sityvas iRebs da
gamoTqvams mzadyofnas, rom Tavisi nebiT Seewiros msxverplad eladas. yvela
aRrfTovanebulia samSoblos samsxverploze Tavis damdebi qalwulis gmiru-
li suliT. tragedia ifigenias msxverplSewirvisas momxdari saswaulis gad-
mocemiT mTavrdeba. macnes sityviT, swored maSin, rodesac danas ifigenia
sicocxles unda gamoesalmebina, saswauli moxda _ ifigenia gaqra, mis nacv-
lad ki samsxverploze sulTmobrZavi iremi gaCnda. saerTo azris Tanaxmad,
artemisma ar gawira qalwuli da, SesaZloa, Tavis sameufoSi gadaiyvana. aga-
memnoni, jari da qoro aRtacebuli arian msxverplSewirvis amgvari dasasru-
liT. mxolod klitemnestra eWvobs, rom Sikrikis mTeli monaTxrobi saswau-
lis Sesaxeb tyuili da gamogonilia (evripide 1980: 1615_18).
miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar dasasruls mecnierebi sxvadasxvanairad afa-
seben, faqti erTia, ifigenia Tavisi saqcieliT ganmuxtavs tragikul konf-
liqts, misi qmedeba eladas fasdaudebel samsaxurs uwevs _ qalwulis saqci-
eli keTilismyofelia sazogadoebisTvis.
bunebrivia, radgan Cven qalisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebas vikv-
levT, CvenTvis upirvelesad saintereso sajaro sivrcesTan qalwulis damo-
kidebuleba unda iyos. amasTan yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT ifigenias Rire-
bulebaTa ganxilvasa da im motivTa garkvevaze, romlebic erT SemTxvevaSi
safuZvlad edo mis uars msxverplad yofiliyo Sewiruli, meore SemTxvevaSi
ki ganapirobebda qalwulis mier msxverplSewirvis nebayoflobiT miRebas.
amis Semdeg vfiqrobT, SesaZloa, vimsjeloT im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebi-
Tac SeiZleba aixsnas sazogadoebisTvis ifigenias, ufro zogadad ki qalis,
warmatebuli samsaxuri.
ifigenias scenaze sul sam epizodSi vxedavT. I scenaSi _ mamasTan Sexved-
ris scenaSi _ evripide mas morcxv, miamit da mosiyvarule gogonad gvixa-
tavs, romelic bavSvobidan qalwulobaSi gardamaval zRurblze dgas. mamas-
Tan Sexvedrisas igi uaRresad mosiyvarule da Tbil arsebad warmogvidgeba.
rac Seexeba agamemnons, am epizodSi igi naklebad gamoxatavs emociebs. mTa-
varsardali sajaro sivrcis gankargulebaSi imyofeba. amaod cdilobs ifi-
genia, mamamisi samefo sazrunavT mowyvitos. `nu fiqrob am saqmeze (evripide
1980: 646). `wamodi CvenTan, Sens SvilebTan, Sens ojaxSi~ (evripide 1980: 656),
`ra xania avlisSi xar (evripide 1980: 666), _ emudareba mamas qaliSvili. Tavis
mxriv, ifigeniasTvis, romelsac saojaxo, misTvis axlobeli urTierTobebi
aRelvebs, troas eqspedicia arafers niSnavs. igi mTlianad aris mowyvetili
sajaro sazrunavs, rasac is kiTxvebic cxadyofs, romelsac igi troas Sesaxeb
mamas usvams. erTaderTi, rac man icis, aris is, rom es ambavi menelaoss ukav-
Sirdeba. mas, misive TqmiT, mxolod is surs, rom menelaosis gasaWirTan erTad
yvela omi daviwyebas mieces. ifigenias eqspoziciidan yvelaze metad gvamax-
154
sovrdeba qalwulis vitaluroba, sixalise, sicocxlis siyvaruli, rac ifige-
nias erT-erT umTavres Tvisebad SeiZleba moviazroT.
meore scenaSi, rodesac ifigenia mamas vedrebiT mimarTavs da sicocxlis
SenarCunebas sTxovs, igi isev miamit gogonad gvevlineba, romelsac misi da-
maxasiaTebeli saocari vitaluroba warmarTavs, Tumca Tavisi xasiaTiTa da
ganwyobiT es scena wina epizodisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba.
ifigenias grZeli sityva, faqtobrivad, sam Temas warmogvidgens (evripide
1980: 1210-1250). pirveli _ sicocxlis survili da siyvarulia. ifigenia
evedreba mamas, ar daRupos igi droze adre. bedniereba is aris, mzis sxivebs
ucqerde, radgan, qvemoT, miwisqveSeTSi araferi araa. naZraxi sicocxle
sjobs saxelovan sikvdils, _ ambobs ifigenia da am ganacxadiT, faqtobrivad,
mamris aristokratiuli qcevis kodeqsis winaaRmdeg gamodis.
amis Semdeg Cven mowmeni vxdebiT imisa, Tu ramdenad dacilebulia
ifigenia Tavisi interesebiT sajaro sivrces. _ ra mesaqmeba me parisisa da
elenes qorwinebasTan? _ kiTxulobs ifigenia, romelsac, cxadia, ar esmis, Tu
ratom aris saWiro omis warsamarTavad misi sikvdili. qaliSvili oms saerTo
nacionaluri interesebis dasacavad ar moiazrebs, igi sxvebis msgavsad
Tvlis, rom troas oms safuZvlad piraduli da egoisturi motivebi uZevs.
da bolos, ifigenia mamas Tbil urTierTobas axsenebs, igonebs ojaxSi
gatarebul bednier wuTebs. igi xom agamemnonis pirveli Svili iyo, romelsac
`Svilo agamemnonma pirvels dauZaxa. ifigenia axsenebs imasac, Tu rogor
natrobda mamamisi mis iRblian qorwinebas. Tavad igi ki ocnebobda moxuci ma-
misTvis Rirseuli maspinZloba gaewia da amgvarad gadaexada samagiero ga-
weuli jafisTvis. ifigenia cdilobs, rom am mogonebebiT agamemnoni ojaxs,
privatul sivrces daubrunos.
rogorc vxedavT tragediis pirvel etapze ifigenia warmodgenilia gogo-
nad, romelic mocilebulia sazogado sazrunavs da Tavisi bunebrivi garemos
Sesabamisad cxovrobs.
bolo, mesame scenaSi ifigenia gansxvavebul pirovnebad warmoCindeba, ro-
melic ukve sruliad sxvagvarad moiazrebs sakuTar msxverplSewirvas. am tra-
gediis cvalebad samyaroSi personaJebi, rogorc vnaxeT, gamudmebiT icvlian
gadawyvetilebas, akeTeben sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul arCevans,
Tvisobrivad sxva Sefasebas aZleven troas omis mizezebsa Tu omis gamomwvev
motivebs. magram ifigeniaSi momxdari cvlileba yvelaze STambeWdavia, radgan
qaliSvili sajaro sivrcisadmi, sazogado saqmisadmi radikalurad gansxvave-
bul damokidebulebas warmoaCens.
klitemnestrasa da aqilevsis xanmokle dialogis Semdeg ifigenia scenaze
sityviT gamodis. es Zalze mniSvnelovani sityvaa ara marto piesis ideis gan-
viTarebis TvalsazrisiT, ara marto konfliqtis mosagvareblad, aramed sa-
kuTriv ifigenias Rirebulebebis warmoCenis, qalisa da sazogadoebis urTi-
erTmimarTebis Cvenebis kuTxiTac. qalwuli, romelic madlobas aRuvlens
aqilevss, acxadebs mzadyofnas, msxverplSewirva nebiT miiRos: `CemTvis dad-
genilia sikvdili. da es me msurs saxelovnad miviRo da uari ganvacxado qme-
debaze, romelic ar aris keTilSobiluri. kat qanei`n mevn moi devdokt ai. t ou`t o d j
aujt o; bouvl omai, / eujkl ew`~pra`xai , pareu`savg j ejkpodw;n t o; dusgenev~(evripide 1980:
1375-6).
evripide pirveli avtoria, romelmac ifigenia martvili Tavisi nebiT ga-
xada. esqiles ifigeniasgan gansxvavebiT, evripides ifigenia aucileblobas
pirovnul survilad gardaqmnis, roca imas, rac unda moxdes, Tavis nebad
acxadebs.
Tavis sikvdils ifigenia axla sruliad gansxvavebulad moiazrebs. misT-
vis es omi parisisa da elenes kerZo ojaxuri saqme ki aRar aris, aramed elinTa
155
interesebisTvis warmarTuli omia, brZolaa imisTvis, rom barbarosebma ve-
Rar gabedon elinTa qalebis motaceba. rac imas niSnavs, rom veRar gabedon
kiTxvis qveS daayenon berZenTa Tavisufleba. axla yvelaferi maszea damoki-
debuli. mTeli elada mas Sescqeris (evripide 1980: 1378). ifigenia imedovnebs,
rom Tavisi sikvdiliT gadaWris problemas, ris Semdegac ukvdav saxels moi-
povebs ... mou kl evo~/ JEl l avd j wJ~hjl euqevrwsa, makavrion genhvset ai (evripide 1980:
1383-84).
ifigenia asaxelebs im Rirebulebebs, romelTac umTavres Rirebulebebad
Tvlis: a) moqalaqeTa erToba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre individualuri
sicocxle. _ sicocxlis siyvaruli didad ar mmarTebs, radgan Sen, dedav,
mTeli eladisTvis gamaCine da ara mxolod Seni TavisTvis, _ acxadebs
ifigenia (evripide 1980: 1386). b) mamakacebis sicocxle ufro Rirebulia qal-
Ta sicocxleze. ifigenia miiCnevs, rom aqilevsi misi gulisTvis ar unda dai-
Rupos, radgan erTi kacis sicocxle aTasi qalis sicocxleze umjobesia (ev-
ripide 1980:1394). g) RmerTebis neba upiratesia adamianTa survilze. Tu qal-
RmerTs misi sxeuli surs, man is unda miiRos. amitomac uZRvnis igi Tavis
sxeuls eladas (evripide 1980: 1396-97). d) ar egebis, rom barbarosebma eli-
nebi marTon. piriqiT, elinebma barbarosebze unda ibatonon, radgan barbaro-
sebi monebi arian, elinebi ki _ Tavisufali adamianebi (evripide 1980: 1400).
dasasrul, ifigenia isev Tavis ukvdav saxels ubrundeba: `SemwireT
msxverplad. daangrieT troa. es iqneba Cemi Zegli samaradJamod. es iqneba Cemi
Svilebi, Cemi qorwineba, Cemi saxeli (evripide 1980: 1398-99).
ifigenias ganacxadis Tanaxmad, is siqvele, romelsac man Tavisi msxverpl-
SewirviT unda miaRwios, orive sqesis siqveles moicavs _ mamakacis (sikvdi-
lis Semdgomi saxeli) da qalis (qorwineba, Svilebi).
ifigenias es sityva Sinaarsis garda sxva mxrivac aRar aris bavSvis mier
warmoTqmuli. igi argumentirebulia, mwyobria, gaazrebulia, anu aris iseTi,
rogoric mozrdil adamians Seefereba. masSi CamoTvlili Rirebulebebi ki
zrdasruli mamakacis faseulobebs warmoadgens: erToba, elada, sxvebze
zrunva.
ifigenias saqciels aqilevsi aRfrTovanebaSi mohyavs. qalwulis qmedebas
igi jer saWiros _ crhst ov~-s da aucilebels _ ajgagkaivo~-s uwodebs (evri-
pide 1980: 1409), mogvianebiT ki ifigenias keTilSobilad _ gennai va (evripide
1980: 1411) da saukeTeso sulis mqoned Tvlis _ w\l h`mj a[rist on (evripide 1980:
1421).
amis Semdeg scenaze Semosuli Sikriki ukve msxverplSewirvis ritualis
mimdinareobas gadmogvcems. kvlav gaismis ifigenias ganacxadi, rom Tavs igi
nebiT swiravs. ifigenias saqciels afaseben ise, rogorc qalwulma iwinaswar-
metyvela. yvela gaocebuli iyo ifigenias simamaciTa da siqveliT _ eujyucivan
t e kajret h;n t h`~parqevnou(evripide 1980: 1562).
axla ki vfiqrobT, SeiZleba gavceT pasuxi kiTxvas, romelic I stasimonis
gadmocemis Semdeg davsviT _ ramdenad aqvT piesis protagonistebs TavianTi
genderuli roliT gansazRvruli siqveleebi. mamakacisTvis savaldebulo
siqvele _ sulSi pirovnuli wesrigi, harmonia ar hqonda agamemnonis perso-
naJs _ arCevanis gamudmebuli cvlileba, omis motivTa sxvadasxvagvari Sefa-
seba, pativmoyvareoba, rogorc misi moqmedebis safuZveli, namdvilad ar
metyvelebs agamemnonis sulSi harmoniis arsebobaze. Sesabamisad, amgvari ada-
miani Znelad Tu SeZlebs WeSmaritad emsaxuros sajaro sivrces _ ver gaxdis
qalaqs diads, rac am samsaxuris saboloo mizania. rac Seexeba qalur siqveles
_ anu ojaxis marTebul gaZRolas, ifigenias ar dascalda Tavi am sferoSi
warmoeCina. magram mamakacuri siqvele _ sulSi harmonia piesis personaJ-
156
Tagan mxolod mas, qals aRmoaCnda. misi bolo sityva erTmniSvnelovnad cxad-
yofs, rom mis sulSi harmonia sufevs.
Tavisi saqcieliT da gadawyvetilebiT ifigenia mamakacur rols iRebs da
heroikuli mamakacuri kodeqsis Sesabamisad moqmedebs. amaze metyvelebs
ifigenias mier saxelis mopovebaze yuradRebis aqcentireba. gemelis azriT,
ifigenias mamakacuri niri gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv Cans mamrobiT perso-
naJebTan misi Sedarebis dros.
ifigenias SemTx-
vevaSi marTlac aqvs adgili genderul rolTa inversias, razedac mamakacuri
kodeqsis Sesabamisad moqcevis da mamrobiTi sqesis Tvisebebis garda,
upirvelesad is metyvelebs, rom ifigenia mamrobiTi Rirebulebebis dasaca-
vad moqmedebs.
da bolos, rogor da riTi SeZlo qalma sazogado sivrcis samsaxuri, am
sivrcisTvis sikeTis momtani moRvaweoba? erTi axsna, SesaZloa, is iyos, rom
mas sulSi aqvs harmonia. amasTan, ifigenia mamrobiT faseulobebs icavs, rom-
lebic sazogado sivrcis faseulobebs warmoadgenen. piesis bolos aRdgeni-
lia nacnobi, tradiciuli Rirebulebebi. marTalia, amaSi lomis wili qals
miuZRvis, magram es qali, gavimeorebT, mamakacis heroikuli kodeqsis Sesaba-
misad moqmedebs.
Tumc arsebobs meorenairi axsnac. ifigenias SeiZleba idealuri qalic
vuwodoT, rameTu ifigenia gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa.
is aris qali, romelic sazogado sivrceSi religiuri institutis meSveo-
biT moqmedebs. religiuri sfero ki is erTaderTi sazogado sivrcea, romel-
Sic aTenis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad qalisTvis nebadarTuli iyo moRvaweoba.
qali Cveuli iyo am sivrceSi moqmedebas. Sesabamisad, Tu tragediaSi qali sa-
zogado sivrceSi religiuri kuTxiT iRvwis, misi qmedeba sazogadoebisTvis
SeiZleba keTilismyofeli iyos. swored ase iqceva ifigenia da amitomac aris
misi qmedeba sazogadoebis sakeTildReod mimarTuli qmedeba. folis TqmiT,
Tavisi qaluri `siyvarulis politikiT ifigenia Tavidan afuZvnebs marTe-
bul kavSirs RmerTebTan (Foley 1985: 91, 102).
damowmebani:
aristotele 1965: Aristotles. Poetica. Kassel, R. (editor). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.
evripide 1980: Euripides. Tragdien. (Griechisch und Deutsch von Ebener, D.). Berlin:
Akademie-Verlag, VI Teil, 1980.
gemeli 1999: Gamel, M. K. Intruduction to Iphigenia at Aulis in: Women on the Edge, Four
Plays by Euripides. Blondell R., Gamel M. K., Rabinowitz N. S., and Zweig B. (editors). New York,
London, Routledge, 1999.
leski 1983: Lesky, A. Greek Tragic Poetry. New Heaven, 1983.
lora 1987: Loraux, N. Tragic Ways of Killing a Woman. (trans. Forster, A.) Cambridge MA:
Harvard University Press, 1987.
noqsi 1979: Knox, B. World and Action: Essays on the Ancient Theater. Baltimore and London,
1979.
foli 1985: Foley, H. P. Ritual Irony: Poetry and Sacrifice in Euripides. Ithaca, 1985.
ifigenia iqceva ufro mamakacurad, vidre aqilevsi, msjelobs aqilevsze ufro damaje-
reblad da am ukanasknelze metad aris ganwyobili sajaro sivrcis mimarT (Gamel 1999:316).
mama migel arancs, i. s.
romis imperatori, konstantine didi (306-337), romelsac ukve IV s.-is
pirvel ocwleulSi (307-321) laTinuri panegirikebi asxamda xotbas da legen-
daruli pirovneba iyo laqtanciusis (245-323), evsevi kesarielisa (260/5-
339/40) da avrelius viqtoris (IV s.)
1
dros, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi erT-
erT yvelaze mimzidvel literaturul personaJad iqca (van esbroki 1982: 79-
101; aielo 1992: 17-58; kalu 1992: 253-282; fusko 1992: 436
2
). miuxedavad imisa,
rom misTvis ar miuZRvniaT aleqsandrianis (stounmani 1995: 99-114; boitani
1997) msgavsi nawarmoebi, istoriul-literaturul wyaroebsa Tu xalxur le-
gendebze, anda istoriul Tu antikur da Sua saukuneebis miTologiur perso-
naJTa Sesaxeb arsebul literaturaze dayrdnobiT, Sua saukuneebis mravalma
mweralma STamomavlobas Semounaxa didi basilevsis cxovrebis zogierTi epi-
zodi da misgan zebunebrivi arseba, RmerT-kaci Seqmna, rogorc es moimoqmeda,
magaliTad, konstantines cxovrebis (4:65-73 = vinkelmani 1991: 147-150) av-
torma, rodesac qalaq nikomediis maxloblad, ankironSi, 337 wlis aRvsebis
zatikze gardacvlili imperatoris dakrZalva aRwera.
es, Tavdapirvelad istoriul-kulturuli da Semdgom religiur-saRv-
Tismosao interesi pirveli qristianuli imperiis damaarseblis mimarT saek-
lesio-iuridiul doneze nel-nela kodificirebul iqna liturgikul kul-
tSi. winamdebare naSromis mizania, gamoikvlios am dResaswaulis istoria ie-
rusalimur tradiciaSi, romelic, rogorc viciT, yvela aRmosavluri da da-
savluri qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis safuZvelia.
rogorc cnobilia, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia wminda qalaqis uZveles lite-
raturul wyaroTa berZnul originalebs, Tumca, isini Semonaxulia laTinur,
somxur da qarTul wyaroebSi da, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva epoqisa da
warmomavlobis liturgikul fenebsa da elementebs Seicavs, saSualebas gvaZ-
levs, Tvali gavadevnoT ierusalimuri saRvTismsaxurebo tradiciis ganvi-
Tarebas IV s.-dan X s.-mde. ase, magaliTad, iberieli piligrimis, egerias, mier
egvipteSi, galileaSi, samariaSi, iudeaSi, sinas mTaze, arabeTSi, iordaniasa da
libiaSi, mesopotamiasa da konstantinopolSi 381-384 wlebSi mogzaurobis
dRiurebi uZvirfases cnobebs Seicavs 383 wlis wminda qalaqis arqiteqturisa
da RvTismsaxurebis Sesaxeb (devo 1967
1
: 165-194; devo 1967
2
: 381-400; devo 1968:
87-108; kamposi 1967: 273-285). somxuri leqcionarebi _ Hier. arm. 121, Par. arm.
44, Er. arm. 985 _ V s.-is pirveli naxevris (417-439) viTarebas gvisuraTxatebs
(LA: 169-181), qarTuli xanmeti leqcionari (SaniZe 1927: 080-159) ki, romelic
fragmentis saxiT aris Semonaxuli ori palimfsesti kodeqsis qveda fenebSi,
naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi moxsenebis saxiT wakiTxul iqna 2001 wlis 5-8 aprils
italiis qalaq ravenaSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso simpoziumze konstantine didi bizantiur
epoqaSi, Semdeg ki gamokvlevis saxiT daibeWda am simpoziumis masalebSi (SurRaia 2003). ita-
liuri redaqciisagan gansxvavebiT, winamdebare gamokvlevaSi amoRebulia qarTveli mkiTx-
velisaTvis zedmetad miCneuli ganmartebebi, damatebulia calkeuli bibliografiuli mo-
nacemebi, bibliuri teqstebis perifrazebSi SeZlebisdagvarad daculia wminda wignTa Zveli
qarTuli Targmanebis ena da stili. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac es Targmanebi gansxvavdeba
Zveli berZnulisagan, sqolioSi miTiTebulia berZnuli originalebis mniSvneloba.
159
warmodgenas gviqmnis V s.-is meore naxevris, an VI s.-is pirveli naxevris
ierusalimur RvTismsaxurebaze (metreveli ... 1980: 684). xanmeti leqcionaris
pirveli palimfsesturi nusxa, gracis (avstria) universitetis biblioTekis
Geo. 3 xelnaweri, Seicavs vnebis SabaTis mwuxris, aRvsebis ciskrisa da mwux-
ris, aRvsebis zatikisa da, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, agreTve, aRvsebis Semdeg
meore kviris mwuxris gangebebs (metreveli ... 1980: 667-668; Sdr. mgalobliS-
vili 1991: 155-157), xolo meore nusxaSi, H-999-Si, daculia vnebis samSabaTisa
da oTxSabaTis sakiTxavebi (utie 1975: 110-118; utie 1976: 97-101). qarTuli hae-
meti saxarebani _ palimfsesti kodeqsebis H-1329 da Q-333 qveda fenebi (Sani-
Ze 1923: 354-388) _ romelic VI-VII ss.-is RvTismsaxurebis matianea, ierusali-
muri tipikonis qarTuli redaqciidan gamokrefili da misi kalendris mixed-
viT dalagebuli saxarebis sakiTxavTa repertuaria (metreveli ... 1980: 683).
qarTuli tipikonebi _ K, L, Sin. geo. 37, Par. geo. 3, romelTa Soris K da Sin.
geo. 37 ar Seicavs sakvlev dResaswaulTa gangebebs da, amdenad, amjerad Cveni
interesis miRma rCeba _ VII-VIII ss.-is RvTismsaxurebas asaxavs (LG)
3
. da bolos,
qarTuli uZvelesi iadgari _ H-2123, Sin. geo. 18, Sin. geo. 4 da Sin. geo. 34 nusxebi
_ VII-IX ss.-is liturgikuli poeziis korpusia (metreveli ... 1980: 684-691),
ierusalimis aRdgomis eklesiis tropologionSi ki (Hier. gr. 43) dafiqsirebu-
lia mxolod X s.-is vnebis kviris gangeba (papadopulos-keramevsi 1894: 1-254)
4
da, amdenad, winamdebare naSromSi arc misi monacemebi iqneba gaanalizebuli.
zemoaRniSnuli literaturuli wyaroebis Seswavla TvalnaTliv mowmobs,
rom ierusalimur saRvTismsaxurebo praqtikaSi konstantinesadmi miZRvnil
saeklesio kults ukve miRebuli hqonda ori forma: pirveli tipis saRvTis-
msaxurebo dResaswaulebi sakuTriv pirvel qristian basilevss eZRvneboda,
meore tipisa ki _ patiosan jvars da, amdenad, Tumca, iribad, magram mainc
konstantines miemarTeboda.
1. basilevs konstantinesadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulebi
egeria Tavis dRiurebSi arsad mianiSnebs sakuTriv konstantine imperato-
ris dResaswaulze, rac, sakuTriv mogzaurobis Janrobrivi specifikis ga-
TvaliswinebiT, ar gamodgeba IV s.-is bolos aseTi dResaswaulis ararsebobis
damadasturebel sabuTad. am varauds mxars uWers, amave dros, egerias Txzu-
lebaze sul ramdenime aTwleuliT gviandeli somxuri leqcionarebi (LA:
56), romlebic 22 maiss konstantines xsenebas golgoTas eklesiaSi anu,
martiriumSi (maravali 1982: 65-66) JamiswirviT aRniSnavs. leqcionarebSi mo-
tanili saritualo teqstebi _ fsalm. 131 responsoriumiTurT
5
, anu misamRe-
riTurT fsalm. 131:1
6
, 1 tim. 2:1-7, aliluia-fsalm. 20
7
, luk. 7:1-10 _ moix-
mobs keTili, qristianobis mfarveli monarqis xats (Zaneti 1992: 895). am praq-
tikas erTgvarad ewinaaRmdegeba berZnuli literaturuli wyaroebi, romle-
bic konstantine didisa da dedamisis, elenes gangebas 21 maiss afiqsirebs
8
.
marTlac, fsalm. 131, romelsac albaT mTlianad galobdnen, moixsenebs
iahves mier sionis gamorCevasa da sakuTar samkvidreblad saTno-yofas, ase-
ve, daviTis STamomavlobisadmi meufebis miniWebas, rogorc Sedegs yovlad-
mpyroblisadmi micemuli ficis erTgulebisa, fsalm. 131:1 muxli ki xazs us-
vams daviTis simSvidesa da RmerTismier dapirebas Soris kavSirs. pavle moci-
qulis epistolidan sakiTxavi (1 tim. 2:1-7) mouwodebs sayovelTao, RvTisaT-
vis saTno locvisaken mefeTaTs, da yovelTa mTavarTa, yvela adamianis
xsnisaTvis. aliluia-fsalm. 20 madlobas aRuvlens maRals meufis kurTxevisa
da cxonebisaTvis, agreTve, momavali gamarjvebebis winaswarmetyvelebisaT-
vis. lukas saxarebidan 7:1-10 sakiTxavi mogviTxrobs xelisuflebis warmomad-
genlis, kapernaumeli asisTavis ubadlo rwmenaze, romelmac iesoSi ufali Se-
160
icno da romelsac ufalma am rwmenis jildod ganukurna sneuli mona, rome-
li iyo misa patiosan.
SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom es yvelaferi gvixatavs im basilevsis sa-
xes, romelmac daurRveveli aRTqma dado RmerTTan, romelmac mas meufeba
ukurTxa da mis wiaRSi airCia sakuTari gansasvenebeli. agreTve, mianiSnebs ba-
silevsze, romelmac Seqmna materialuri da sulieri pirobebi imisaTvis, raTa
eklesias uflis winaSe aRevlina locva mTeli kacobriobis xsnisaTvis; im
maRliT kurTxeul basilevsze, romelsac RmerTma uboZa mravali gamarjveba,
romelTagan mravali jer kidev win elis; ubadlo rwmenis basilevsze. sxvag-
varad rom vTqvaT, saritualo teqstebi warmogvisaxavs xats unaklo xelmwifisa,
romelic uzadod epyroba RmerTs, visi rCeulic xdeba. Er. arm. 985 kodeqsSi da-
culi erTi tipikonuri SeniSvnis mixedviT, romelsac saRvTismsaxurebo praq-
tikac uWers mxars (ix. sqema 1, II msaxureba), sakvlevi kanoni, anu Jamiswirvis
saritualo teqstTa erToblioba, emTxveva 19 ianvars imperator Teodosius
I-is (379-395) xsenebis kanons. es faqti gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom kidev erTi didi
imperatoris, Teodosiusis xsenebis dawesebis dros _ rogorc Cans, 399 wlis
Semdeg, rogorc es konstantinopolSi moxda (gariti 1958: 135) _ romis impe-
riaSi qristianobis saxelmwifo da erTaderT kanonier religiad gamocxadebi-
saTvis (uspenski 1996: 96-104; ostrogorski 1993: 47), agreTve, wminda qalaqisa
da marTlmadideblobis mimarT gamoCenili mzrunvelobisaTvis, iyenebs isev im
teqstebs, romlebic saeklesio praqtikaSi samagaliTo xelmwifeze misadage-
bulad iyo miCneuli. bolos, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom somxuri leqcionare-
bis meore, anu VIII s.-mdeli somxeTis saRvTismsaxurebo praqtikaSi gamosaye-
neblad SemuSavebul redaqciaSi (renu 1999: 158, 211) imave dReebSi gaTvalis-
winebuli imave dResaswaulebisaTvis igive saritualo teqstebia dafiqsirebuli.
qvemoT moyvanili sqema TvalnaTliv warmoaCens sakvlev dResaswaulTa
struqturas somxuri leqcionarebis mixedviT:
sqema 1
Teodosius da konstantine basilevsebis dResaswaulTa struqtura
somxur leqcionarTa mixedviT
I (LA: 56; renu 1999: 211)
konstantines xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba
r e d a q c i a T a C v e n e b a n i
p i r v e l i meore
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
Er. arm. 985 Hier. arm. 121 Par. arm. 44
9
gansazRvreba konstantines xseneba + + +
dRe 22 maisi + + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili martiriumi + + +
forma Jamiswirva + + +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi fsalm. 131 + + +
resp. fsalm. 131:1 + + +
1 tim. 2:1-7 + + +
aliluia + + +
fsalm. 20 + + +
saxareba: luk. 7:1-10 + + +
tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
kanoni identuria Te-
odosiusis xsenebis
kanonisa
+ +
161
II (LA: 12; renu 1999: 158)
Teodosiusis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba
r e d a q c i a T a C v e n e b a n i
p i r v e l i meore
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
Er. arm. 985 Hier. arm. 121 Par. arm. 44
gansazRvreba Teodosiusis xseneba + + + +
dRe 19 ianvari + + + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili aRdgomis eklesia + + + +
forma Jamiswirva + + + +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi fsalm. 131 + + + +
resp. fsalm. 131:1
10
+ + +
11
+
1 tim. 2:1-7 + + + +
aliluia + + +
fsalm. 20 + + +
saxareba: luk. 7:1-10 + + + +
tipik. SeniSvn. ar aris miTiTebuli
marTalia, xanmeti leqcionarisa da haemeti saxarebanis xarvezebi saSua-
lebas ar gvaZlevs, davadginoT, Tu ra saxe hqonda sakvlev gangebas im period-
Si, romelsac isini asaxavs, magram, SedarebiT gviandeli literaturuli wya-
roebi _ e. i. latalisa (L) da parizuli (Par. geo. 3) tipikonebi (LG: 986), ag-
reTve, ioane-zosimes mier X s.-Si Sedgenili wminda saflavis kalendari (Sin.
geo. 34; gariti 1958: 67, 230-231) _ agrZelebs Zvel ierusalimur tradicias da
imave dRes, anu 22 maiss, kaToliks, anu martiriumSi afiqsirebs dResaswa-
uls saTauriT: seneba kostantine mefisa didisa, Tumca, somxur leqcio-
narebTan SedarebiT, es msaxureba aq gansazRvruli ar aris, rogorc Jamiswirva.
tipikonebSi dResaswaulis saritualo teqstebis motanis nacvlad rub-
rikuli SeniSvnaa dafiqsirebuli. ase, am teqstTa dasadgenad SeniSvniT hpoo
ianvarsa 19 latalis tipikoni Teodosiusis xsenebaze miuTiTebs, parizis ti-
pikoni ki SeniSvniT yoveli mefeTa _ mefeTaTvis gankuTvnil specifikur
gangebaze, anu, liturgikuli eniT rom vTqvaT, komuneze. marTlac, am ko-
deqsis bolos daculia ramdenime specifikuri gangeba, romelTa Soris da-
fiqsirebulia, agreTve, mefeTaTs (LG: 1523-1527), romelic, sxvaTa Soris,
ar aris latalis tipikonSi da romelsac Semdegi saritualo elementebi Se-
moaqvs: responsoriuli galoba _ fsalmun-dasdebeli
12
fsalm. 131:2-[18]-
fsalm. 131:1 meore gverdiT xmaSi, fsalmun-dasdebeli fsalm. 17:47-[51]-
fsalm. 17:50 pirvel xmaSi, fsalmun-dasdebeli fsalm. 67:36-fsalm. 67:33
meoTxe xmaSi _, pavlenis ori sakiTxavi _ rom. 12:16-13:6 da 1 tim. 2:1-7 _,
alelua, romelsac amjerad erTvis ara mTliani fsalmuni, aramed _ mesame
xmaSi sagalobeli muxli fsalm. 20:2 da saxarebis ori sakiTxavi: luk. 7:1-10 da
ioan. 4:43-54. es gangeba moicavs somxur leqcionarebSi absoluturad identu-
rad dafiqsirebul (ix. sqema 1) konstantinesa da Teodosiusis dResaswaulTa
specifikuri gangebebiT gaTvaliswinebul yvela elements, Tumca, masSi
zogierTi axali elementic SeiniSneba: fsalm. 17:47-[51]-fsalm. 17:50 da fsalm.
67:36-fsalm. 67:33 fsalmun-dasdeblebi da rom. 12:16-13:6 da ioan. 4:43-54 sa-
kiTxavebi. rogorc cnobilia, fsalm. 17 mefis mier aRvlenili samadlobelo
sagalobelia, romelic sam nawilad iyofa: 2-31 muxlebi aRwers, Tu rogor
SeZra RmerTma ca da qveyana mterTagan mefis saxsnelad, 32-46 muxlebi _ Tu
162
rogorc Semoartya man mefes Zali maT mosasrvelad, 47-51 muxlebSi ki mefe
RmerTs madlobas swiravs cxebisaTvis da misi naTesavisa (anu STamomav-
lobis) mimarT boZebuli gadarCenisaTvis (brauni ... 1990: 529), fsalm. 17:50
refreni xazs usvams mefis madlierebas da RmrTisadmi mis maradiul RvTiv-
mosilebas. 67-e fsalmunis 36-e da 33-e muxlebi, romelzedac mogvianebiT
SevCerdebi, gansakuTrebulad warmoaCens israelis RmerTis Zlierebasa da
sayovelTaobas. romaelTa mimarT epistolidan sakiTxavSi pavle ganmartavs,
rom WeSmaritad qristianuli cxovrebis arsi mtrebis mimarT kacTmoyvareo-
basa da RvTisa mier ganwesebul xelmwifebaTadmi damorCilebaSia. meore anu
alternatiuli, ioanes saxarebis sakiTxavi ki ubrundeba lukas saxarebis ci-
tirebuli sakiTxavis Temas im azriT, rom yuradRebas miapyrobs galilevel-
Ta da kanad [...] vinme sameufoT mosruli kacis
13
rwmenas, romelsac iesom
sneuli Ze ganukurna. da bolos, aliluiasTan erTad sagaloblad SerCeuli
fsalm. 20:2 muxlis mixedviT, meufe iSuebs ufals, rogorc Zalisa da macxo-
varebis WeSmarit wyaros.
es, xelmwifisadmi misadagebuli saerTo, erTgvar SerCevas eqvemdebareba.
magaliTad, rogorc Cans, mxolod erTi misamReriani fsalmuni, erTi saxareba
da a. S. unda SeirCes. marTlac, aseTi suraTia daculi latalis tipikonSi (LG:
158-160), romelsac 19 ianvars Teodosiusis dResaswaulisaTvis somxur
leqcionarebSi ukve miTiTebuli (sqema 1, II msaxureba) teqstebi mohyavs, erTa-
derTi gamonaklisi pirveli fsalmuni da Sesabamisi refrenia: fsalm. 131:1
refreniani fsalm. 131-is nacvlad aq fsalm. 67:33 refreniani fsalm. 67:2-[36]
igalobeba. 67-e fsalmuni daviTnis erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli nawarmoebia,
romelsac zogierTi mecnieri tipur mesopotamiur poetur katalogad miiC-
nevs, romlis strofebis dasawyisi muxlebi ocdaaTiode antikuri himnis da-
sawyis frazebs unda warmoadgendes (olbraiTi 1950-51: 1-39). sxva mkvlevarTa
azriT, ki igi triumfaluri himnia (dahudi 1968: 133), romelic ixsenebs rCeu-
li eris mTel istorias, sadac ufali mudmivad da ganuwyvetliv ereva. ro-
gorc Cans, 131-e fsalmunis fsalm. 67-iT Canacvlebas aqcenti gadaaqvs mesia-
nisturi aRTqma-RvTismosaobidan sidiadeze RmrTisa, romelsac Tavisi eri,
Teodosiusis an/da konstantines winamZRolobiT, gamarjvebisken mihyavs,
refreni ki mTeli samyaros mefeebs RmerTis qebisaken da misi didebis galo-
bisaken mouwodebs
14
.
amdenad, konstantines somxur leqcionarebSi daxatuli da Semdeg qar-
Tul tipikonebSi ufro metad gamdidrebuli figura xdeba magaliTi Zlieri,
magram mowyale basilevsisa, ficis erTgulisa da RmerTis madlierisa, ro-
melsac, Tavis mxriv, RmerTi irCevs da icavs, basilevsisa, romelic zrunavs
Tavisi xalxis RvTismosaobaze im RmerTis mimarT, romelsac mTeli samyaros
mefeni didebas miageben; erTi sityviT, qristiani basilevsisa, romelic zeci-
eri basilevsis saxea miwaze. bolos, aRsaniSnavia, rom arc tipikonebSia dafiq-
sirebuli konstantinesa da Teodosiusisadmi miZRvnil poetur kompozicia-
Ta dasawyisebi da arc uZvelesi iadgari iTvaliswinebs maT liturgikul dRe-
saswaulebs. es faqti TavisTavad gvafiqrebinebs, rom VIII s.-mde zemoaRniSnu-
li Temebi jer kidev ar iyo gardaqmnili himnografiul saxeebad.
qvemoT moyvanili sqemis pirvel msaxurebaSi, romelic qarTul wyaroTa
rekonstruqcias emyareba Sesabamis tipikonur SeniSvnebze dayrdnobiT, la-
talis kodeqsis saritualo elementebi aRebulia Teodosiusis xsenebidan,
xolo parizis kodeqsisa _ mefeTa saerTodan. sqemis meore msaxureba ki Teo-
dosiusis xsenebaa, romelic identurad aris warmodgenili latalisa da
parizis kodeqsebSi.
163
sqema 2
Teodosius da konstantine basilevsebis dResaswaulTa struqtura qarTul
tipikonTa da uZvelesi iadgaris mixedviT
I (LG: 986. LG: 158-160. LG: 1523-1527. kekeliZe 1912: 114, 51)
konstantines xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba
w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3
gansazRvreba sen. kostantine mefisa di-
disa
+ +
dRe 22 maisi + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili kaTolike +
forma ar aris miTiTebuli
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma 2 gv. refr. fsalm. 131:1 [+]
fsalm. 131:2-[18] [+]
xma 1 refr. fsalm. 17:50 [+]
fsalm. 17:47-[51] [+]
xma 4 refr. fsalm. 67:33 [+] [+]
fsalm. 67:36
[f. 67:2-36] [+]
rom. 12:16-13:6 [+]
1 tim. 2:1-7 [+] [+]
xma 3 alelua [+(xma 4)] [+]
fsalm. 20:2a-b [f. 20:2a]
[+]
saxareba: luk. 7:1-10 [+] [+]
saxareba: ioan. 4:43-54 [+]
hpoo ianvarsa 19 + tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
yoveli mefeTa +
1 sakiTx. pavle rom.: hpoo
marxvaTa dResa kriakesa 4
[+]
2 sakiTx. pavle tim.: hpoo
ianvarsa 19
[+]
saxar. luk.: hpoo ianvarsa 19 [+]
saxar. ioan.: hpoo zatikTa 4
orSabaTsa
[+]
164
II (LG: 158-160. kekeliZe 1912: 51)
Teodosiusis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba
w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3
gansazRvreba sen. Tevdosi mefisa di-
disa
+ +
dRe 19 ianvari + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili ar aris miTiTebuli
forma ar aris miTiTebuli
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma 4 refr. fsalm. 67:33 + +
fsalm. 67:2-[36] + +
1 tim. 2:1-7 + +
xma 3 alelua +(xma 4) +
fsalm. 20:2a-b fsalm. 20:2a +
saxareba: luk. 7:1-10 + +
tipik. SeniSvn. ar aris miTiTebuli
2. patiosani jvrisadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulebi
egeria ar icnobs sakuTriv jvrisadmi miZRvnil raime dResaswauls, Tum-
ca, martiriumis satfurebis, anu kurTxebis aRwerisas jvris Tayvaniscemisa
da satfurebis erT dResaswaulad Serwymis faqts afiqsirebs, rodesac am-
bobs: amrigad, eklesiaTa satfureba didi zeimiT aRiniSneba, radganac uf-
lis jvari swored am dRes gamoCnda. marTlac, dadginda, rom is dRe, rodesac
zemoaRniSnuli eklesiebi pirvelad akurTxes, swored is dRe iyo, rodesac
uflis jvari gamoCnda, ase rom, ori ram erTad idResaswauleba, erTsa da
imave dRes, didi zeimiT (48:1-2 = maravali 1982: 316).
dResaswauli rva dRis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. igi, rogorc Cans, iwye-
boda 13 seqtembers, radganac zustad elias kapitoliumis adgilas konstan-
tinem 335 wels am dRes gaaxsnevina sazeimod martiriumi da misi kurTxeva
kapitoliumis iupiteris taZris gaxsnis dRes daamTxvia (baumStarki 1953:
203). egerias mxedvelobidan ar epareba dResaswaulis xazgasmulad sazeimo
xasiaTi, Tumca, mogzaurobis teqstSi arsebuli xarvezis gamo mxolod is
viciT, rom ritualebi pirvelsa da meore dRes martiriumSi, mesame dRes ki _
eleonaSi imarTeboda.
somxuri leqcionarebi, piriqiT, or sxvadasxva dResaswauls afiqsirebs:
jvris gamoCinebas 7 maiss golgoTaze (LA: 54) da martiriumis satfurebas,
rogorc 13 da 14 seqtembrisaTvis gansazRvruli ierusalimis wminda adgile-
bis kurTxevis dResaswaulis (LA: 67-68) meore dRes.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba kirile ierusalimelis mier moTxrobil
351 wlis 7 maiss zeda wmidasa golgoTasa vidre wmidad mTadmde [zeTis xil-
Ta] gardarTxmuli, naTliTa Semkobili jvris gamoCinebis saswaulis mosax-
165
senebel Jamiswirvas, romlis saritualo elementebi am saswaulis sxvadasxva
mxares warmoaCens. magaliTad, fsalm. 96:6 refreniani fsalm. 96 xotbas asxams
miwasa da zecaSi RmerTis absolutur meufebas, agreTve, mis simarTles yo-
vel erze da kerpebis damxobas. samociqulo sakiTxaviT (gal. 6:14-18) pavle
galatelebs uxsnis, rom jvari, romlisaTs sofeli [...] juarcmul ars, axal
Sesaqmes axorcielebs da qristes mosvliT amkvidrebs gamarTlebas, xsnas, Se-
rigebas, gaTavisuflebas, gamosyidvas, Tavisuflebas, ganwmendas, fericvale-
bas, axal Sesaqmesa da gandidebas (brauni ... 1990: 1397-1402). epistoleSi kon-
stancius imperatoris mimarT (CPG 3587) kirile ierusalimeli konstancius
II-s (337-361)
15
mianiSnebs mamamisis mefobis dros an mis mier (arsebobs aseTi
versiac; ix. frolovi 1961: 156) jvris povnis faqtze da mouTxrobs 7 maiss
golgoTaze mis gamoCinebaze. aliluia da samisionero fsalm. 95 RvTis
xalxs mouwodebs, mTels Sesaqmes mohfinos misi dideba, yovel ers _ adidos
igi, samyaros ki _ icnos misi samarTali da WeSmariteba. ase Semodis saxarebis
sakiTxavi maT. 24:30-35, sadac saswauli
16
Zisa kacisa caTa Sina _ romelSic
saeklesio mamebi jvars xedavdnen (tute 1857: 900 = 15:22)
17
_ miwaze axlos,
karTa zeda myofi WeSmariti RmerTis gamocxadebis WeSmarit niSnad aris
miCneuli. amdenad, saritualo teqstebis funqciaa, gamoavlinos, rom jvari
qristesi da misi didebis WeSmariti xatia da rom misi gamoCineba, rac
RvTismieri gangebiT winaswarmetyvelurad exara konstantines, mesianisturi
drois moaxloebas amcnobs.
meore SemTxvevaSi, ierusalimis wminda adgilebis kurTxevis dResaswau-
lis orive dRisaTvis erTi da igive bibliuri teqstebia dafiqsirebuli,
romelTagan fsalm. 64:2 refreniani fsalm. 64 ufals ugalobs madlobiTa da
didebiT uxvi cvrisaTvis, nayofierebis upirvelesi simbolosaTvis, rac
mTesvaris Sesaxeb igavis fonzec (maT. 13:3-9 da paralelebi) metaforul mniS-
vnelobasac iZens; pavlenidan sakiTxavi (1 tim. 3:14-16) RvTismosaobis saidum-
los hfens naTels; aliluia da fsalm. 147 adidebs RmerTs, radganac man isra-
eli Rirsi gaxada, xiluli samyaros miRma Sesaqme ganeWvrita _ da am saxeSi
saeklesio mamebi axal ierusalims xedavdnen (e. g. pitra 1883: 359); saxarebis
sakiTxavi ioan. 10:22-42 ki ixsenebs, Tu rogor moiqca iesos ierusalimSi sat-
furebisas da rogor gamoacxada Tavisi Tavi uflis Zed. saritualo teqstebi
gvikarnaxebs, rom RmrTis yvelaze did dalocvas moaqvs Semecneba RvTismo-
saobis saidumlosi, romelic mis saxlSi, martiriumSi idResaswauleba. rac ar
unda iyos, aSkaraa, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom isini aranairad
ar mianiSnebs jvarze. igi mxolod meore dRes, martiriumis satfurebisas
moixsenieba: erT-erTi tipikonuri SeniSvna morwmuneTa krebulisaTvis mis
Cvenebas iTvaliswinebs.
interesmoklebuli ar aris, SevniSnoT, rom aRmosavlel sirielTa Soris
severus antioqielisa (465-538) da iakob baradais (542/3-578) epoqamdel (bar-
kiti 1921-23: 302) saeklesio praqtikaSi gamoyenebul leqcionars, romlis
mraval pasaJSi SeiniSneba ierusalimuri liturgikuli tradiciis gavlena
18
,
somxur leqcionarebTan saerTo aqvs mxolod aliluias Tanmxlebi fsalmuni
da saxareba. kerZod, satfurebisaTvis masSi gaTvaliswinebulia fsalm. 83 da
refreni fsalm. 83:4b-5a
19
, ebr. 9:1-28, aliluia, fsalm. 146 da refreni fsalm.
146:12a (citirebulia rogorc _ Ps 147, resp. vers. 12a; ix. barkiti 1921-23: 313)
da saxarebis sakiTxavi ioan. 10:22-42 (barkiti 1921-23: 313).
somxur leqcionarTa meore redaqciis analizi saintereso daskvnebis ga-
keTebis saSualebas iZleva. imTaviTve SeiniSneba kodeqsebs Soris gansxvaveba:
F pirvel redaqcias misdevs, B da D
20
mniSvnelovanwilad amdidrebs am redaq-
ciis repertuars, D-ve kodeqsi mareris Tvis 10 ricxvSi, romelic 17 maiss, an
17 ivniss Seesatyviseba, damatebiT afiqsirebs jvris gamoCinebis dResaswa-
166
uls, rac calkeuli da gviandeli faqtia: Tavad is garemoebac, rom jvris
gamoCineba masSi moTavsebulia ara mareris Tvis dResaswaulebs Soris, aramed
_ 14 seqtembris Semdeg, aSkarad mowmobs, rom igi jer kidev ar iyo mkvidrad
integrirebuli CaSocis kalendarSi (renu 1999: 221-223). amjerad Tavs vikaveb
im saritualo teqstebis analizisagan, romlebic qvemoT qarTul tipikonebSi
Segvxvdeba da iqve iqneba gaanalizebuli, imas ki aRvniSnav, rom pirveli re-
daqciis mixedviT fsalm. 64 da fsalm. 64:2 refreniT gamoxatuli madlobismi-
geba axla gamoixateba fsalm. 4 da fsalm. 4:7 refreniT, rac umTavresad Rmer-
Tis siyvarulze akeTebs aqcents (brauni ... 1990: 527-528); aseve, fsalm. 59:3-
[13], romelic kodeqsSi Tan axlavs aliluias, ratomRac ubrundeba damarcxe-
buli eris vedrebas da masze RmerTis pasuxs. aRsaniSnavia, rom am fsalmuns D
kodeqsSi arabibliuri muxli enacvleba, rac iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiT-
qos amiT fsalmodiaSi mTliani fsalmunis galobidan mokle sagalobelze
gadasvlis faqti iyos dafiqsirebuli. bolos, ioanes saxarebis fragmenti
ioan. 3:13-21, romelsac wminda qalaqis RvTismsaxurebaSi 25 oqtombers sat-
furebisas kiTxulobdnen (L kodeqsi: LG: 1324), _ Z kacisas zecad a-
domasa da amaRlebaSi (igulisxme: jvarcmaSi) qristes RvTiurobisa da mis mi-
er mTeli kacobriobisaTvis ganxorcielebuli xsnis utyuar sabuTs xedavs.
maSasadame, misi arseboba sakvlev gangebaSi mowmobs imas, rom somxuri leqci-
onaris da nusxebi 14 seqtembers satfurebas dResaswaulobda.
qvemoT motanili sqema TvalnaTliv avlens somxur literaturul wyaro-
ebSi jvrisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulTa Soris identurobasa da gansxvavebas:
sqema 3
jvris dResaswaulTa struqtura somxur leqcionarTa mixedviT
I (LA: 54; renu 1999: 209-210)
351 wlis 7 maiss golgoTaze jvris gamoCinebis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacion. msaxureba
r e d a q c i a T a C v e n e b a n i
pirveli meore
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
Er. arm.
985
Hier. arm.
121
Par. arm.
44
gansazRvreba jvris gamoCineba caze + + + +
dRe 7 maisi + + + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili golgoTa + + + +
forma Jamiswirva + + + +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi fsalm. 96 + fsal. 90
21
+ +
refr. fsalm. 96:6 + + + +
gal. 6:14-18
22
+ + ep. CPG 3587 +
kirile ierusal. epist.
konstancius imperat.
mimarT (CPG 3587)
+ + gal. 6:14-18 +
aliluia + + + +
fsalm. 95 + + + +
saxareba: maT. 24:30-35 + + + +
tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
ar aris miTiTebuli
167
II (LA: 68; renu 1999: 221-223)
martiriumis satfureba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba
r e d a q c i a T a C v e n e b a n i
pirveli m e o r e
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
Er. arm. 985
Hier. arm. 121
Par. arm. 44
F B D
gansazRvreba ar aris miTiTebuli + + + +
dRe meore dRe [=14 seqtemberi] +
23
+ 14 seqtemberi
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili martiriumi + + +
forma Jamiswirva + + + +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi fsalm. 64 [+] [+] fsalm. 4 fsal. 4
refr. fsalm. 64:2 [+] [+] fsal. 4:7 fsal. 4:7
sibr.
14:1-7
24
sibr.
14:1-7
ezek. 9:2-6
1 tim. 3:14-16 [+] [+] 1 kor. 1:18-24
aliluia [+] [+] + +
fsalm. 147 [+] [+] f. 59:3-
[13]
imavna
irad
25
saxareba: ioan. 10:22-42 [+] [+] ioan. 3:13-21
morwmuneebs jvars
aCveneben
+ + + tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
igive kanoni
[13 seqtembrisa]
+ +
xanmeti leqcionaris Cvenamde moRweul fragmentebSi aRvsebisa da aRvse-
bis zatikis mwuxrTa gangebebis Semdeg SemorCenilia ramdenime sakiTxavi,
romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT tipikonuri SeniSvna ar uZRviT win, ro-
melime sxva dRisaTvis gankuTvnili Cans. Tumca, sakvlev pasaJSi leqcionaris
struqturis specifikis, e. i. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aRvsebas Semdegi kvi-
radRe, aRvsebis zatiki mosdevs, sakvlevi dRe aRvsebis zatikis Semdegi kvi-
radRe, e. i. aRvsebis Semdeg meore kviradRe unda iyos, romelic, sakiTxavTa
mixedviT, jvris gamoCinebas dResaswaulobda. tipikonuri miTiTebis arqona
dResaswaulze Tavad leqcionaris arqaulobiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli, ro-
gorc es erT SemTxvevaSi latalis tipikonSi daculi pasaJis mimarT fiqsir-
deba (metreveli ... 1980: 781).
xanmet leqcionarSi zemoaRniSnuli dResaswaulisTvis gankuTvnili sa-
kiTxavebia: gal. 6:14-18 da maT. 24:29-35 (SaniZe 1927: 062-063)
26
, romlebsac _
rogorc ukve vnaxeT _ somxuri leqcionarebi 7 maisis gangebaSi moixmobda da
_ rogorc vnaxavT _ aseve iqneba dafiqsirebuli qarTul tipikonebSic (Sdr.
sqema 4, I-II msaxurebebi). somxur leqcionarebTan SedarebiT, xanmeti leqcio-
nari damatebiT mxolod erT muxls maT. 24:29 Seicavs, romelic jvris gamo-
Cinebis winare momaswavebel kosmosur niSnebs aRwers. amdenad, xanmeti leqci-
onari kosmosur WrilSi ganixilavs jvris, rogorc qristes upirvelesi iara-
168
Ris, Temas da, amas garda, dResaswauls axal elfers aniWebs: imave dRes afiq-
sirebs episkoposebis xsenebas saritualo teqstebiT rom. 15:25-29 da luk.
12:32-35. es faqti analogs ver poulobs verc somxur leqcionarebSi da verc
_ qarTul tipikonebSi, Tumca, dasturdeba ioane-zosimes kalendarSi,
romelic aRdgomis zatikis Semdeg meore kviras mcxeTis jvars da ieso qris-
tes mociqulebs, ioseb arimaTielsa da nikodemoss, ixsenebs (gariti 1958: 117,
428-429)
27
. rogorc Cans, es saRvTismsaxurebo praqtikac uZveles tradicias
asaxavs (TarxniSvili 1960: 270).
somxur leqcionarTa msgavsad, qarTuli tipikonebi jvris gamoCinebas 7
maisis Jamiswirvas uZRvnis (LG: 957-963). dResaswauli (sqema 4, I msaxureba)
figurirebs uZveles iadgarSic (metreveli... 1980: 235-237) da ioane-zosimes
kalendarSic (gariti 1958: 65, 218). tipikonebis mixedviT, igi ixsneba meoTxe
gverdiT xmaSi sagalobeli oxiTaT
28
RmrTis msaxursa mefesa, romelsac ar
icnobs latalis tipikoni, da mesame xmaSi sagalobeli fsalm. 96:6 refreniani
fsalm. 96-iT (ix. qvemoT, sq. 55); iadgaris H-2123 nusxaSi es responsoriuli
galoba warmodgenilia fsalm. 85:17a refreniani fsalm. 85:17b-iT. Semdeg ele-
mentebad dafiqsirebulia: kirile ierusalimelis epistole konstancius
imperatoris mimarT (CPG 3587), sakiTxavi saqme mociqulTagan saqme 2:22-
[28], romlis dasasrulis gansasazRvravad parizis tipikoni zatikTa pirvel
orSabaTze miuTiTebs, xolo latalis tipikoni saerTod ar Seicavs mas, da
sakiTxavi pavlenidan, romlis gansasazRvravad latalisa da parizuli ti-
pikonebi erTxmad mianiSnebs did paraskevze, Tumca, sxvadasxva sakiTxavi moh-
yavs: pirvelSi, somxuri da xanmeti leqcionarebis msgavsad, dafiqsirebulia
gal. 6:14-[18], meoreSi ki _ 1 kor. 1:18-25. saxarebis sakiTxavad orive tipikon-
Si moTavsebulia maT. 24:27-35
29
, romelsac win uZRvis alelua juarisa, ra-
sac uZveles iadgarSi enacvleba alelua da fsalm. 45:11 (H-2123), an ale-
lua da fsalm. 44:7-8 (Sin. geo. 18). sakvlevi gangebis bolo nawilSi kodeqsebi
arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. pirvel xmaSi sagalobeli elTabani-
sa latalis tipikonSi aris RmrTis moyuaresa (meoTxe gverdiT xmaSi), pari-
zis tipikonSi _ sibrZneman dausabamoman, Wil-etratis iadgarSi (H-2123) _
uTxres caTa dideba Seni, Sin. geo. 18 nusxaSi ki _ ganwyobili simravle an-
gelozTa. tipikonebi ar icnobs sakvlevi dResaswaulis siwmidisas, Tumca,
igi uZveles iadgarSi ori variantis saxiTaa SemorCenili: erni garemos dga-
nan (H-2123) da orci uflisa, sisxli macxovrisa (Sin. geo. 18).
qarTul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli gangeba naTelyofs, Tu ramdenad
gamdidrda eklesiis cnobierebaSi sakvlevi liturgikuli dResaswaulis Sina-
arsi. winare literaturul wyaroebTan SedarebiT, upirveles yovlisa, aq
pirvelad Cndeba oxiTa RmrTis msaxursa mefesa, romelic mogviTxrobs, Tu
rogor eCvena jvari RmrTis msaxur mefes (lege konstantines) da gvaocebs im
sizustiT, romliTac Tavs uyris am gamocxadebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva litera-
turul wyaroSi dafiqsirebul cnobebs (ix. renu 2000
2
: 100-101). winare li-
turgikul wyaroebSi ukve mkvidrad damkvidrebul fsalmodias _ fsalm. 96:6
refreniani fsalm. 96
30
_ iadgarSi enacvleba fsalm. 85, mterTagan Seviwroe-
buli mefis vedreba, romlis bolo, am dRis RvTismsaxurebaSi gamoyenebuli,
me-17 muxli Seicavs intimur vedrebas _ gansakuTrebiT, refrenis funqciis
mqone 17a nawilSi _ yos mefis Tana saswaul keTil. es elementi Tavis droze
7 maisis gangebaSi iadgaris mier Semotanili axali elementi unda iyos, rome-
lic mogvianebiT tipikonebSi 29 ianvris gangebaSia CarTuli (ix. sqema 4, II msa-
xureba). axalia, agreTve, parizis tipikonis mier Semotanili ori sakiTxavi:
pirvel maTganSi (saqme 2:22-[28]) martviliis dRes petre cxadyofs, rom ieso
evno da mkvdreTiT aRsdga Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad
169
(ix. brauni... 1990: 732-733); meoreSi (1 kor. 1:18-25) ki pavle ganmartavs, rom
jvari cxovrebulTa amaT-Ts Zal RvTisa ars.
aseve axalia aliluias Tanmxlebi fsalmunuri elementi. Tumca, Zneli
gasarkvevia, konkretulad ras aRniSnavs tipikonebSi gamoyenebuli gamoTqma
alelua juarisa, romlis nacvladac iadgaris nusxebi aliluiasTan er-
Tad or sxvadasxva fsalmunur muxls gvTavazobs. pirveli fsalm. 45:11-ia, ro-
melic qaosis Sewyvetis, RmrTis qalaqis aSenebisa da omis damTavrebis Semdeg,
aRiarebs da ugalobs RmerTs, romelic amaRlebulia warmarTTa Soris [...]
queyanasa Sina; meore ki aris fsalm. 44:7-8, sadac saubaria mefis
31
maradiu-
lobasa da RmrTis mier mis cxebaze. elTabanisas variantebic axali elemen-
tebia, magram, samwuxarod, mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba maT Sesaxeb msjelo-
ba, radganac iadgari yvela maTgans ar Seicavs
32
. elTabanisa uTxres caTa
dideba Seni SemorCenilia mxolod dasawyisi fraziT (metreveli ... 1980: 86,
237, 621) da fsalm. 18:2-Tan misi teqstobrivi siaxlovis gamo arqauli, wminda
qalaqis uZvelesi liturgikis naSTi unda iyos; gamoricxuli ar aris, rom me-
18 fsalmunis darad gamoxatavdes Sesxmas RmrTis sibrZnisa, romelic Sesaq-
mesa da uflis samarTalSi gamosWvivis. meore elTabanisa ki, ganwyobili
simravle angelozTa, romelic, sabednierod, mTlianad aris daculi uZve-
les iadgarSi, ugalobs angelozTa simravlesa da morwmuneTa krebulis mier
jvris RmrTiv-brwyinvalebis gandidebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, saxa-
rebis sakiTxavSi momxdari cvlilebebi, kerZod, misi gavrcoba maT. 24:27-29
muxlebiT, sadac elvis gamobrwyineba mesiis mosvlas RvTis samsjavros Sina-
arss aZlevs. da, bolos, siwmidisa erni garemos dganan mogviTxrobs ereb-
ze, romlebic aqeben da ugaloben RmrTis saydars, misi alternatiuli va-
rianti orci uflisa, sisxli macxovrisa ugalobs wminda nawilebs, rom-
lebsac zecisa Zalni [...] msaxureben.
jvris did mniSvnelobas sakmarisad hqonda xazi gasmuli somxur leqci-
onarebSi, magram qarTuli wyaroebi liturgikuli TvalsazrisiT afiqsirebs
am rolis kidev ufro gaRrmavebul Secnobas, amis gamo msaxureba ixsneba
jvris gamoCinebis Sesaxeb oxiTaT, fsalm. 95-sa da aliluias ki enacvleba
alelua juarisa. dasawyisi fsalmodia mowmobs, rom jvari RmrTis siy-
varulis WeSmariti saswaulia, romelic xelmwifes agrerigad surs da iTxovs.
saqme mociqulTas da pavlenis sakiTxavebSi ki parizis tipikonis mier dafiq-
sirebuli siaxleebi ganpirobebulia iesos vnebisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis, e.
i. jvris soteorologiur mniSvnelobaze xazgasmis surviliT, xolo saxare-
bis sakiTxavis gafarToebiT warmoCenilia misi esqatologiuri mniSvneloba.
bolos, uZveles iadgars Semoaqvs RmrTis mier damyarebuli wesrigis, mis mier
cxebuli mefis maradiulobis, jvris Tayvaniscemis, RmrTis saydris gandi-
debisa da sxva Temebi. amgvarad warmoCindeba jvari RmrTis didebis WeSmari-
ti xatad, magram, amave dros, qristes vnebisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis maniS-
neblad, RmrTis Zlevamosili meufebisa da Zalis simbolod, qristianTa xsnis
iaraRad. amis gamo, misi gamoCineba da Tayvaniscema Jamiswirvis, agreTve, mwux-
risa da ciskris himnebis (ix. renu 2000
2
: 93-102) laitmotivi xdeba, rac uZve-
les iadgars Zalze specifikur iers aniWebs.
kerZod, ciskris bolo nawilSi, aqebdiTnis, e. i. 148-e, 149-e da 150-e fsal-
munebis Tanmxlebi mesame da mexuTe stiqaronebi ubrundeba elene dedoflis
mier jvris povnis Temas (metreveli ... 1980: 235-236), rac, farTo mniSvnelo-
biT, TavisTavad gamoCinebaa. amgvarad, kavSiri jvris povnasa da mis xilvas
Soris, romelic mxolod miniSnebulia V s.-Si somxur leqcionarebSi kirile
ierusalimelis epistolis meSveobiT, ufro metad mtkicdeba VII s.-Si. sinq-
ronuli da diaqronuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania is, rom aseT midgomas
ar SeiTvisebs bizantiuri tradicia, romlis mixedviTac 7 maisis dResaswauli
170
_ | `A.c.jc., u .. u,c.. c.., cj..u u ccu,u (menaia 1899: 34-39), anu
xseneba saswaulisa zecad jvris gamoCinebisa _ aranairad ar mianiSnebs mis
povnaze. sxvagvari viTarebaa romaul-kaTolikur da mozarabikul tradici-
ebSi, sadac povnis Temam gaimarjva gamoCinebis Temaze da met-naklebad 7
maisis dResaswaulisadmi Sesatyvisi dResaswauli 3 maiss Inventio crucis (misale
1905: 416-418; lesleo 1862: 1119-1123)
33
, anu jvris povna xdeba.
ierusalimuri warmoSobis qarTuli literaturuli wyaroebi eswrafvis,
formalurad, saRvTismsaxurebo doneze, daamkvidros kidev erTi, albaT,
qristianuli religiis istoriaSi yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmuli gamoCineba:
imperator konstantinesaTvis jvris gamocxadeba, saqsa rubraSi, romelmac
312 wlis oqtombris miwuruls milvios xidTan maqsenciusis winaaRmdeg ga-
marTul brZolaSi mas gadamwyveti gamarjveba moapovebina. Tumca, igi oqtom-
bris TveSi ki ara, aramed _ 29 ianvars aRiniSneba (sqema 4, II msaxureba). lata-
lisa da parizuli tipikonebi
34
mas ase asaTaurebs: patiosnisa juarisa ro-
meli kostantine mefesa gamouCnda (LG: 182-186), xolo ioane-zosimes ka-
lendari mas damatebiT gansazRvravs, rogorc: j(ua)ris(a) r(omel)i eCuena
zeciT kost(a)nt(i)ne mefesa danobsa z(ed)a (gariti 1958: 47, 144). konstanti-
nes xsenebiT, ra Tqma unda, zemoaRniSnuli wyaroebi milvios xidTan momxdar
movlenaze mianiSnebs, magram, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom sinamdvileSi lapara-
kia jvarze, romlic imperator konstancius II-s 351 wlis 28 seqtembers uzur-
pator magnenciusis winaaRmdeg brZolis win gamoecxada (Sdr. van esbroki
2000: 113), rogorc amas filostorgiosi saeklesio istoriaSi (CPG 6032) mo-
gviTxrobs (bide 1981: 200-201).
dResaswauli, romelsac, rogorc Cans, ar icnobs bizantiuri liturgiku-
li kalendari (maTeosi 1962-63: I, 214-216; aranci 1969: 29; deleie 1902: 429-432;
orologioni 1973: 249-250), dafiqsirebulia uZveles iadgarsa (metreveli ...
1980: 85-86) da 864 wlis sinur mravalTavSi (SaniZe 1959: 237-243), romelic Sei-
cavs kirile ierusalimelisaTvis mikuTvnebul sakiTxavs gamoCineba juari-
sa, romeli gamouCnda kostantine mefesa mdinaresa zeda danubsa, romlisa
mierca moiZia patiosani Zeli juarisa wmidasa qalaqsa ierusalems
(CPG 3607); masSi dunais napirze jvris gamocxadebis Sesaxeb Tavdapirveli
Txrobis Semdeg CarTulia detaluri moTxroba imaze, Tu rogor ipova elene
dedofalma jvari. X s.-iT daTariRebuli klarjuli mravalTavis (A-144)
mixedviT, es homilia 7 maiss ikiTxeba (mgalobliSvili 1991: 347), riTac kidev
erTxel xazgasmulia ukve ganmtkicebuli kavSiri jvris povnasa da mis gamo-
Cinebas Soris.
miuxedavad imisa, rom msaxurebis forma tipikonuri SeniSvniT gansaz-
Rvruli ar aris, saritualo elementebis mixedviT, 29 ianvars Jami Seiwirvis.
msaxureba ixsneba oxiTaT RmrTis msaxursa mefesa, romelic meoTxe gver-
diT xmaSi igalobeba da romelsac mosdevs fsalm. 85:17a refreniani fsalm.
85:17b. Semdegi elementis, sawinaswarmetyvelos, sakiTxavad motanilia mxo-
lod dasawyisi: zaq. 14:13 da sruli sakiTxavisaTvis miTiTebulia 6 agvistos,
fericvalebis, gangeba, sadac dafiqsirebulia zaq. 14:16-21. aseTi miniSnebis
Tanaxmad, sakiTxavis dasasruli zaq. 14:21 muxli unda iyos. mas mosdevs pavle-
nidan gal. 6:14-18 sakiTxavi, galoben aliluias, romelic Tan axlavs fsalm.
44:7-s, da kiTxuloben saxarebis fragments maT. 24:27-35
35
. elTabanisa ori
variantiTaa warmodgenili: pirveli uTxres caTa dideba Seni dafiqsire-
bulia latalis tipikonSi, meore ufalo, moses ze odesme ki _ parizis
tipikonSi.
iadgaris nusxebSi jvris gamoCinebis dResaswauli sxvadasxvagvarad aris
warmodgenili. magaliTad, Sin. geo. 40 ar icnobs mas, Sin. geo. 18 ki specialuri
171
tipikonuri SeniSvniT miuTiTebs: ds
~
blni juarisani hpovne maissa z-sa,
romlis gangebac ukve ganvixileT, xolo H-2123 nusxaSi Semonaxulia specifi-
kuri himnografiuli masala, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad ewinaaRmdegeba ti-
pikonTa analogiur struqturas: upirveles yovlisa, xmis miuTiTeblad aris
Setanili oxiTa ufalo, moses ze odesme, romelic parizis tipikonSi el-
Tabanisas troparia; meore, aliluias Tan axlavs fsalm. 1:3; mesame, elTaba-
nisasTvis moyvanilia latalis tipikonTan Tanmxvedri da parizis tipikoni-
sagan gansxvavebuli teqsti; bolos, Seicavs siwmidisas vin ars viTar ufa-
li, romelsac tipikonebi ar icnobs.
SeuZlebelia, ar SevniSnoT, rom 29 ianvris dResaswauli 7 maisis gangebas
mraval saritualo elements esesxeba: tipikonebi amjeradac ugalobs jvris
gamoCinebas (RmrTis msaxursa mefesa), da RmerTs misi siyvarulis saswaulis
gardamovlenas evedreba (fsalm. 85:17b, resp. fsalm. 85:17a). es vedreba, ro-
gorc Cans, Sesmenilia zaq. 14:13-[21] sakiTxavis esqatologiuri perspeqtiviT,
romelSic RmerTi mtrebs sZlevs. sakvlevi gangebis erTaderTi axali sari-
tualo teqsti zaqaria winaswarmetyvelis wignis sakiTxavia, romelsac maSin-
ve mosdevs 7 maisis teqstebis Temebi: jvrisa da qristes identuroba (gal.
6:14-18), mefis cxeba ukuniTi ukunisamde (fsalm. 44:7), saswauli Zisa kacisa
(maT. 24:27-35), RmrTis sibrZne (uTxres caTa dideba Seni). parizis tipikon-
Si elTabanisas gviandeli Senacvleba variantiT: ufalo, moses ze odesme
aZlierebs mefis Temas, RmerTs SesTxovs eklesiis damtkicebas da meufi-
saTvis mravali wyalobis miniWeba, viTarca kostantines saxed (metreveli...
1980: 85), imave jvris ZaliT, romliTac mose sZlevda mterTa mimarT.
es Tematika imdenad mniSvnelovnadaa miCneuli, rom uZveles iadgarSi (H-
2123) oxiTa ufalo, moses ze odesme Jamiswirvas xsnis, Tumca, liturgiku-
li praqtikis SecnobisaTvis ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs tipikonebis monace-
mebs. aliluiasTan erTad fsalm. 1:3-iT uZvelesi iadgari moixmobs Tana-war-
sadinelsa wyalTasa dargul xesTan marTali kacis msgavsebas: uflis Sjuli
wyalia, romelic marTals sicocxles aniWebs. bolos, siwmidisa vin ars vi-
Tar ufali Sesawirvis Semotanisas jvarcmis Temas ubrundeba. am cvlilebebs
ewinaaRmdegeba uZvelesi iadgaris sxva nusxebi: Sin. geo. 40, romelic ar Seicavs
konstantinesaTvis jvris gamocxadebis dResaswauls da Sin. geo. 18, romelic
liturgikuli TvalsazrisiT mTlianad aigivebs mas golgoTaze jvris gamo-
cxadebis dResaswaulTan.
vfiqrob, yovelive es uflebas gvaZlevs, vivaraudo, rom droTa ganmav-
lobaSi ierusalimis eklesiam saWirod CaTvala, daewesebina specifikuri
dResaswauli, romelic gamoavlenda jvris bunebas, rogorc Zlevamosili sas-
waulisa, romliTac RmerTi mefes ajildoebs. Cemi azriT, swored esaa pari-
zuli tipikonis mier sakvlev gangebaSi Semotanil im siaxleTa logika, rom-
lebic sxvadasxvanairi avTenturobiT aris dadasturebuli latalis tipi-
konsa da uZveles iadgarSi. amgvarad, 29 ianvris gangeba mowmobs, rom kons-
tantines, anda konstancius II-is mimarT jvris gamoCineba aris uflis pasuxi
vedrebaze mterTagan Seviwroebuli mefis mier aRvlenili Sewevnisa da igi win
uswrebs esqatologiur scenas, romelSic jvris meSveobiT, sibrZnismierad,
ganxorcieldeba axali wesrigi, axali Sesaqme, sadac mesia ukuniTi ukunisamde
RmerTis mier cxebuli iqneba; es jvari, romelic ukve arsebobda moses dros
da romelic konstantines dros gamoCnda, mesiisa da mefis upirvelesi
niSania.
ierusalimis wminda adgilebis kurTxevis dResaswauli mniSvnelovanwi-
ladaa gamdidrebuli latalisa da parizis tipikonebSi (LG: 1234-1260). misi
xangrZlivobis rva dRiT gansazRvraSi tipikonebi exmianeba egerias da ewina-
172
aRmdegeba somxur leqcionarebs. wina literaturul wyaroebis msgavsad,
dResaswauli iwyeba 13 seqtembers (an, ufro zustad, bizantiuri Cveulebis
Tanaxmad, satfurebis Tematika ukve winadRes, saRamos mwuxris locvebis
dros Semodis), magram, Semdgomi dReebi moxmobilia ara rogorc 14, 15, da a. S.
20 seqtemberi, aramed _ rogorc [meore]
36
, mesame, da a. S. merve dRe. am
cikls icnobs ioane-zosimes kalendaric, sadac 13 seqtembers dafiqsirebu-
lia: satfuri w(mida)Ta eklesiaTa, r(ome)lsa hrqan enkenia, Semdegi dRee-
bisaTvis ki, e. i. 14, 15 da a. S. 20 seqtembramde, sxva dResaswaulebi, romlebic
mxedvelobidan ar uSvebs satfurebis Temas (gariti 1958: 90-91, 328-335).
Sin. geo. 34 kodeqsze Jerar garitis paleografiuli SeniSvna
37
naTelyofs, rom
X s.-Si 14 seqtembris dResaswaulSi jvris Tematikam gaimarjva satfurebis
Temaze, albaT, imis gamoc, rom imperatorma ereklem (610-641) daibruna pati-
osani jvari da 631 wlis 21 marts apameadan ierusalimSi gadmoasvena (fro-
lovi 1953: 88-105; grumeli 1966: 139-149). ioane-zosime jvarTa apyrobis dRe-
saswauls miuZRvnis kreba-s (gariti 1958: 90), romlis SesaZlebeli teqste-
bi, iseve, rogorc ciskris kanoni, uZveles iadgarSia Semonaxuli (metreveli...
1980: 298-313).
latalis tipikonSi 14 seqtembers dadebulia juarTa apyroba da moce-
mulia misi sakmarisad srulyofili gangeba, romelsac defeqturi saxiT Se-
icavs parizis tipikoni, sadac satfurebis pirveli da meore dRis dResas-
waulebi erTmaneTTan isea Serwymuli, rom maT Soris sazRvari waSlilia.
magaliTad, satfurebis pirveli dRis dasaTaurebas TTuesa sekdenbersa 13,
anastasias, satfuri romel ars enkenia (LG: 1234) mosdevs saritualo
teqstebi, romelTa Semdeg CarTulia mesame dRis dasaTaureba: me 3 dResa,
kreba sions (LG: 1247) da misi Sesabamisi saritualo teqstebi. amdenad,
sakvlevi fragmenti (LG: 1234-1246) Seicavs satfurebis pirveli dRis Jamis-
wirvis dasawyissa da meore dRis Jamiswirvis dasasrul nawilebs.
latalis tipikonis mixedviT (LG: 1240), sam Jams dahrekon Jamsa da Se-
viden sadiakonod. miTiTebuli ar aris, Tu romeli eklesiis sadiakonozea
saubari, Tumca, masSi martiriumi unda igulisxmebodes, radganac swored es
taZaria analogiuri dResaswaulis saritualo adgili egerias, somxuri leq-
cionarebisa da ioane-zosimes kalendris mixedviT. ar aris miTiTebuli arc
msaxurebis forma, magram saritualo elementebis mixedviT, saqme Jamiswirvas
unda exebodes.
Seimosos Jamis mwirveli, ahkazmnes juarni 3 gina 1 da sakurTxevelsa
zeda daasvenes, mis win yon kuereqsi da locva
38
da mamao Cueno. Semdegi
saritualo elementi sami wardgoma-dasdebelia, romelTagan TiToeuls mo-
sdevs ibako da Segwyalen. kerZod, meore xmaSi sagalobel pirvel wardgo-
mas Tayuanis-vscemT, qriste, laxuarsa ganmRebelsa, romelic mxolod da-
sawyisiT aris dafiqsirebuli uZvelesi iadgaris saaRdgomo wardgomebSi
(metreveli ... 1980: 355), Tan axlavs dasdebeli mogicemies moSiSTa Sen sas-
wa..., romelsac ar icnobs uZvelesi iadgari. maT mosdevs ibako juarisa da
diakonman Tquas Segwyaleni da aipyras juari mRdelman, 50-e krie ele-
son-ze moaqcios juari erisaken da Tquas zegardamo locva, romelsac
miqel TarxniSvili laTinurad Targmnis rogorc Superna.
interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, sagangebod mokled SevCerdeT am elemen-
tze. k. kekeliZe termins zegardamo locva gansazRvravs rogorc
da mas ganasxvavebs berZnuli ..,j..-c-sagan da paleoslavuri -
-sagan (kekeliZe 1912: 328, 331). amdenad, mecnieri mas bizantiuri .-..j,-
is, anu pirveli litaniis, anda intensiuri vedrebis (maTeosi 1971: 155) Sesa-
tyvisad miiCnevs, romelic xSirad gvxvdeba marTlmadideblur evqaristiul
173
formularebSi: basili kesarielisa
39
, ioane oqropirisa
40
, siwmidis-ganaxlebi-
sa (aranci 1981: 359; aranci 1996: 515, Sdr. gv. 579; hieratikoni 1995: 210) da me-
same-meeqvsesi (aranci 1977: 77, 344-345). esaa vrceli vedreba _ |.v... vc ..,
. `j, j, 1uj,, -c. . `j, j, :.c..c, [...] vTquaT yovelTa yovliTa suli-
Ta da yovliTa gonebiTa [...]
41
, romelsac diakoni saxarebis sakiTxavis Semdeg
aRavlens da romelsac mosdevs locva: |u,.. -., j.., j. .-..j cuj. .-.c.-
c. v,c:.c. [...] ufalo RmerTo Cueno, aRpyrobili ese vedreba Seiwire
[...]
42
. rogorc Cans, stefano parentic mas .-..j,-is ekvivalenturad
miiCnevs (parenti 1993: 311).
Tumca, sinamdvileSi, zegardamo locva ar SeiZleba, iyos raime sxva,
Tu ara _ locva, romelic iwyeba sityviT zegardamo. igi, marTlac, gvxvde-
ba qarTul evqaristiul formularebSi da zustad Seesabameba bizantiur cu-
.cvj .,c`j-s, romelic sxvagvarad cnobilia, rogorc _ c ..,j..-c (maTeo-
si 1971: 28-31; Stritmateri 1954: 51-108): :v., j, c..-.. ..,j.j,, -c. j, c.j,.-
c, .. 1u.. j.. [...] (aranci 1996: 466 = basili kesarieli); hieratikoni 1995:
158 = basili kesarieli, 106 = ioane oqropiri, 203 = siwmidis-ganaxleba), anu
zegardamo mSdobisa da cxorebisaTs sulTa CuenTasa, uflisa [...]
43
, ro-
melsac slavebi moixmoben sityviT (kekeliZe 1912: 131). rogorc
cnobilia, uZveles RvTismsaxurebaSi mas diakoni .-..j,-is Semdeg warmo-
Tqvamda, mogvianebiT _ samwmida arsobisa galobas Semdeg, xolo dRes
warmoiTqmeba Jamiswirvis dasawyisSi, rodesac qoroebi alternatiulad ga-
loben: |u,.., .`.jc. (aranci 1978: 105-117)
44
. marTlac, zogierT qarTul
formularSi igi msaxurebis dasawyisSi gvxvdeba, Semdeg ki namdvili .-..j,-
is aRvlenis Semdeg meordeba. asea, magaliTad, basili kesarielisa
45
da ioane
oqropiris JamiswirvebSi
46
, sxva wyaroebSi ki igi dafiqsirebulia samwmida
arsobisa galobas locvis win da morwmuneTa meore locvis win rogorc basi-
li kesarielis
47
, aseve ioane oqropiris JamiswirvebSi (Sin. geo. 93; ix. Jakobi
1964: 81, 93, 99). rac Seexeba zegardamo locva-is slavur -sTan Se-
cdomiT identifikacias, es savsebiT gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
imas, rom slavur sinamdvileSi arsebiT saxelad gaazrebuli Tavdapirveli
berZnuli zedsarTavi saxeli .-..j, [sc. . -.c. c] nebismieri saxis litaniur
locvas aRniSnavda (maTeosi 1971: 28, 150).
sayovelTao mSvidobisaTvis locvas meore gverdiT xmaSi sagalobeli
meore wardgoma ganguanaTlna Cuen juarad aRslvaman da fsalm. 96:6 mo-
sdevs; aRsaniSnavia, rom es wardgoma uZveles iadgarSi gansazRvrulia ro-
gorc vnebis paraskevis gamoavline (metreveli ... 1980: 198), anu .cvc..`c,.-
.. Semdegi elementia meore gverdiT xmaSi sagalobeli ibako movediT mor-
wmuneno da viswaoT, romelsac uZvelesi iadgari vnebis paraskevis mwuxrSi
aTavsebs (metreveli ... 1980: 205), da ramdenimejer iTqmeba Segwyalen. meore
xmaSi sagalobel mesame wardgomas juarsa Sensa, qriste, Tayuanis-vscemT,
romelsac uZvelesi iadgari adgomis wardgomansa da ibakoebs Soris aTavsebs
(metreveli... 1980: 357)
48
, Tan axlavs fsalm. 85:17. ukanaskneli elementia Se-
gwyalen, romlis Semdeg jvari ganbanon, sulneliTa Semuron da juarisa
ibakoTa ityodin. eri jvars emTxveva da mas sakurTxevelze daasveneben. zia-
rebis Semdeg morwmuneebs ganuyofen naban wyals.
es sami wardgoma, Cemi azriT, sxva araferia, Tu ara _ sami antifona, ro-
melic uZvelesi antioqiuri da kapadokiuri tradiciebis mixedviT, Jamiswir-
vis dasawyis nawils warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini konstantinopo-
lur tradiciaSi ukve VIII s.-Si damkvidrda, isini X s.-is SuaxanebSic ki ar
aRiqmeboda Jamiswirvis organul nawilad (maTeosi 1971: 34, 42). analogiuri
viTareba SeiniSneba latalis tipikonSic, romelic sami wardgomis nawilidan
174
momdevno nawilze Semdegi tipikonuri SeniSvnis meSveobiT gadadis: amisa
Semdgomad iwyon kanonsa Jamis wirvisasa (LG: 1240).
msaxurebis es, specifikuri evqaristiuli nawili ixsneba meore xmaSi saga-
lobeli oxiTaT qristes beWedman, romelic uZveles iadgarSi motanilia
rogorc sxua, ZiriTad, pirvel xmaSi saTqmel oxiTad ki dafiqsirebulia
ganwyobili simravle angelozTa (metreveli ... 1980: 312-313). dasawyisi
fsalmodia Sedgeba meoTxe gverdiT xmaSi sagalobeli fsalm. 27:9 refreniani
fsalm. 27:8-[9]-isagan. mas mosdevs bibliuri sakiTxavebi, romelTa Soris pir-
velia igav. 3:18-23. aq mTavrdeba parizis tipikonis xarvezi da igi, latalis
tipikonTan erTad, Semdeg sakiTxavebs Seicavs: es. 65:22-24, sibrZ. 14:1-7, ezek.
9:2-6, 1 kor. 1:18-25. orive kodeqsSi alelua da fsalm. 45:11 win uswrebs sa-
xarebis sakiTxavs ioan. 19:17-37, ris Semdegac latalis tipikoni Seicavs el-
Tabanisas da siwmidisas, parizis tipikoni ki _ tipikonur SeniSvnas yoveli
juarisa, rac mianiSnebs jvris saerToze, romelic qarTuli tipikonebis
bolo, daskvniT nawilSia moTavsebuli (LG: 1446-1454).
aRsaniSnavia msaxurebis dasasrul troparTa problematuroba. upirve-
les yovlisa, m. TarxniSvilisa (LG: 1245) da k. kekeliZis gamocemebSi sxva-
dasxvagvaradaa dafiqsirebuli elTabanisa: pirvelSi miTiTebulia tropa-
ri ma winaswarmetyuelTa SenTa, meoreSi ki _ (keke-
liZe 1912: 123), rac, albaT, aris rusuli Targmani sityvebisa: ma winaswar-
metyuelisa Senisa. es ori dasawyisi fraza uZveles iadgarSi or gansxva-
vebul tropars Seesabameba: ma winaswarmetyuelTa SenTa 13 seqtembers
satfurebis dResaswaulze igalobeba da eklesiaze mianiSnebs, ma winas-
warmetyuelisa Senisa ki _ 14 seqtembers da jvars ugalobs (metreveli...
1980: 297-298, 313). miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin _ gadamwerma Tu romelma gamomce-
melma _ auria erTmaneTSi es ori tropari, Cemi azriT, sruliad aSkaraa, rom
Seuryvneli teqsti unda iyos ma winaswarmetyuelisa Senisa, rogorc da-
fiqsirebulia kidec uZvelesi iadgaris H-2123 da Sin. geo. 18 nusxebSi. Sin.
geo. 40 nusxaSi mas sxva tropari enacvleba: mcnebisa gardaslviTa eufla si-
kudili, romelic sulTa saerToSi figurirebs (metreveli... 1980: 313, 333).
da, bolos, mxolod H-2123 nusxaSia miTiTebuli sxua elTabanisa, romelic
iwyeba sityviT cxovelsmyofelsa da romelic saaRdgomo wardgomebs Soris
moTavsebul elTabanisas cxovelsmyofelsa juarsa gulisxmobs (metreve-
li... 1980: 511)
49
.
aseve problematuria siwmidisa. latalis tipikonSi es elementia an-
gelozTa erni Senda didebasa, uZveles iadgarSi es teqsti sxva dResaswaule-
bis siwmidisad gvevlineba
50
, jvarTa apyrobis siwmidisad ki ori sxvadasxva
teqstia moxmobili: saSinelisa da uxilavisa, uxilavTa Semoqmedisa (H-2123)
da orci uflisa, sisxli macxovrisa (Sin. geo. 40), romelic ukve gaanali-
zebul iqna 7 maisis gangebasTan dakavSirebiT (sqema 4, I msaxureba).
da, bolos, am dRes gaTvaliswinebulia mwuxric, romlis gangebidan tipi-
konebi mxolod fsalmodias afiqsirebs: fsalm. 97:3 da 97:2.
qarTul liturgikul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli saritualo teqstebi
mowmobs, rom satfurebis meore dRe ukve qceula jvarTa apyrobis
dResaswaulad.
Jamiswirvis dasawyisSi, kerZod, antifonur nawilSi pirveli wardgomisa
da dasdeblis SemorCenili dasawyisebi zogadad moxazavs jvarcmisa da
RmrTis saswaulis Temebs; maT imeorebs meore wardgoma, Sesabamisi dasdebeli
ki mianiSnebs RmrTis samarTlianobasa da mis sayovelTao didebaze; mesame
adgens paralelizms jvarsa da aRdgomas Soris, dasdeblis saSualebiT ki
RmerTs SesTxovs mefisadmi misi siyvarulis niSans. jvarcmis Tematika Tavs
175
iCens vnebis paraskevis gangebidan mravali saritualo teqstis moxmobiTa da
meore wardgomis ibakoTi, romelic, arc meti arc naklebi, iudevelebs ga-
kicxavs. jvris ibakoTa garda, jvris Tema sxva mravali monacemiT aris xazgas-
muli: maSin, rodesac somxur leqcionarTa mixedviT, morwmuneebs jvars aCve-
nebdnen, axla mas ahkazmaven, sakurTxevelze daasveneben da locviT adide-
ben, aRmarTaven, raTa morwmuneebma mas Tayvani scen zegardamo locva-iT,
ganbanen da xelaxla daasveneben sakurTxevelze.
rac Seexeba Jamiswirvis saritualo teqstebs, oxiTa qristes beWedman
himns aRuvlens qristes mier kacobriobis xsnas, oxiTa ganwyobili simrav-
le angelozTa ki jvars mTeli Sesaqmis saxeliT adidebs. dasawyisi fsal-
modia RmerTis winaSe aRvlenili samadlobelia, RmerTisa, romelic Tavisi
xalxis winamZRoli da mxsnelia
51
. Zveli aRTqmis sakiTxavebi, romlebic pir-
velad Cndeba sakvlev dResaswaulTa gangebebSi, gamoavlens jvris arsebobas
adamianTa xsnis mTeli istoriis manZilze. kerZod, sakiTxavi igav. 3:18-23 mas
edemis xeSi xedavs da xazs usvams sibrZnis arsebobas imis Seqmnasa da mdgra-
dobaSi, vinc mas misdevs; es. 65:22-24 gvarwmunebs, rom RvTis xalxi sicocxlis
xesaviT
52
maradiuli iqneba da rom RmerTi manam mova Cven saSvelad, vidre mis
moxmobas movaswrebT; sibrZ. 14:1-7 naTelyofs imas, Tu rogor SeiZleba, yve-
laze ufro saTuTma xemac sZlios zRvis velur talRebs, Tuki mas sibrZne
uZRvis win, ganWvrets xes kacobriobis mTel istoriaSi sayovelTao warRv-
nidan (sibrZ. 14:4b) mewamuli zRvis gadalaxvamde (sibrZ. 14:3) da akurTxebs mas
muxlSi (sibrZ. 14:7), romelSic eklesiis mamebi jvris Zelze miniSnebas xe-
davdnen (e. g. petCengi 1999: 164); bolos, winaswarmetyvelis xilva (ezek. 9:2-6)
aaSkaravebs, rom ufali gadaarCens marTalT, romelTa zeda ars saswauli
(cj..., ebrauli dedani laparakobs : asoze, romelic isev da isev jvris ni-
Sani, anu saswaulia (krafti 1971: 146; ix., agr., danielu 1951: 85, 91-92; danie-
lu 1961: 143-152). am sakiTxebze msjeloba qarTul tipikonebSi gaRrmavebulia
7 maisis specifikuri teqstebis saSualebiT: 1 kor. 1:18-25, romelic amtki-
cebs imas, rac ukve iTqva ezek. 9:2-6-Si da fsalm. 45:11, sadac gandidebulia
RmrTis meufeba.
saxarebis sakiTxavi ioan. 19:17-37, cxadia, axali elementia, romelic
vrclad mogviTxrobs jvarcmis Sesaxeb. jvarcma da aRdgoma, amave dros, aris
elTabanisas ma winaswarmetyuelisa Senisa Tema, magram, agreTve, misi
alternatiuli variantisac cxovelsmyofelsa juarsa, romelic amaRlebs
cxovelmyofel jvars, rogorc qristes mier ganxorcielebuli xsnis iaraRs.
da, bolos, rac Seexeba siwmidisas, mis orive variantSi _ angelozTa erni
Senda didebasa latalis tipikonis mixedviT da saSinelisa da uxilavisa,
uxilavTa Semoqmedisa uZvelesi iadgaris mixedviT _ angelozebi adideben
qristes an mama RmerTs, Tumca, meore tropars gansakuTrebulad sadResaswa-
ulo toni aqvs, rasac xazs usvams Sesabamisi tipikonuri SeniSvnac: didTa
dReTa yolad iTqmis, mesame varianti ki, orci uflisa, sisxli macxovri-
sa, wminda nawilebze mianiSnebs.
zemoTqmulidan sruliad aSkaraa, rom juarTa apyroba Tavdapirvelad
jvris ontologiur _ anda, esqatologiur, _ aspeqts dResaswaulobda: mis
arss, gamarjvebis, Zlevamosili simbolo yofiliyo. aseTi iyo 7 maisis, magram,
amave dros, 14 seqtembris dResaswaulebic qarTul tipikonebamdel litera-
turul wyaroebSi. Semdeg, droTa ganmavlobaSi gaCnda saWiroeba imisa, rom
ufro metad gaesvaT xazi jvris soteriologiuri mniSvnelobisaTvis. sul
ufro da ufro metad gacnobierda is, rom manam, vidre amas Tavad adamianebi
sTxovdnen, sibrZnem ukve gardaqmna jvari saTuTi xidan Zlevamosil iaraRad,
romelmac adamians umegzura xsnis mTeli istoriis saval gzaze; RmerTis
siyvarulis mtkiceba Tav-yofil iqna jvarcmaSi da, amdenad _ aRdgomaSi.
176
kidev ufro mogvianebiT, teqstebi, Tumca, ar iviwyebs xsnis movlenas, magram
mainc jvris ontologias, esqatologiur Sinaarss ubrundeba; am tendenciis
arsebobaze mowmobs latalis tipikonTan SedarebiT uZveles iadgarSi da-
culi siaxleebi, kerZod, Jamiswirvis oxiTas Senacvleba da siwmidisas arCe-
va Tavad 14 seqtembris dResaswaulis mniSvnelobis gaRrmavebul gacnobie-
rebas adasturebs (SurRaia 2004: 137-188).
bolos, interesmoklebuli ar aris jvris saerTos gaanalizeba, romelic,
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, parizis tipikonis dasasrul nawilSia (LG: 1446-1454)
moTavsebuli, magram ar aris latalis kodeqsSi, romelic tipikonuri SeniSv-
niT kmayofildeba: juarsa Tu Seswirvide yoveli hpoo maissa 7. msaxureba
gansazRvrulia, rogorc senebasa juarisasa da warmoadgens saritualo
elementTa repertuars, romlebic SeiZleba, SeirCes da gamoyenebul iqnes
jvris sxvadasxva dResaswaulze. miuxedavad amisa, sinamdvileSi igi arc 7 mai-
sis gangebas emTxveva _ latalis tipikonSi daculi tipikonuri SeniSvnis
sapirispirod _ da arc Seicavs jvris dResaswaulebisaTvis ukve gansazRv-
rul yvela elements (Sdr. sqema 4, I da IV msaxurebebi). magaliTad, sxvadasxva
oxiTasagan, romlebic ukve Segvxvda, masSi dafiqsirebulia erTaderTi
qristes beWedman, romelsac amboben ara meore xmaSi, rogorc es 14 seqtem-
bris dResaswaulisaTvis iyo gansazRvruli, aramed _ pirvelSi. bibliur sa-
kiTxavebamde gaTvaliswinebuli fsalmodia Seicavs fsalm. 96:6 refrenian
fsalm. 96:1-s, fsalm. 85:17a refrenian fsalm. 85:17b-s (mesame xma) da tropars
mogicemies moSiSTa Sen saswauli fsalm. 85:5-[17]-iT
53
(mesame xma); es elemen-
tebi sxvadasxvagvarad Cndeba jvris gangebebSi. bibliuri sakiTxavebidan
SerCeulia igav. 3:18-23, 1 kor. 1:18-25, gal. 6:14-18 da filip. 2:5-11. aliluias,
SeiZleba, Tan axldes Semdegi fsalmunuri muxlebi: fsalm. 45:11, fsalm. 95:1
(pirveli xma), fsalm. 109:2 (pirveli xma) an fsalm. 44:7 (mesame xma). dafiqsire-
bulia saxarebis sami sakiTxavi _ maT. 24:27-35, luk. 21:20-36, ioan. 19:17-37 _
da erTaderTi elTabanisa: sibrZneman dausabamoman. gangeba mTavrdeba,
Cemi azriT, rTulad gasaazrebeli tipikonuri SeniSvniT: sxua yoveli ju-
arisa. uZvelesi iadgari ar Seicavs jvris saerTos, magram afiqsirebs
jvrisa da misi gamoCinebis (metreveli ... 1980: 352, 343) kidev gansxvavebul
wardgomans.
sqema 4 (IV msaxureba) TvalnaTliv aCvenebs, rom sakvlevi saerTo ara mar-
to Seicavs ukve cnobil saritualo elementebs, aramed maT repertuarSi axa-
li elementebic Semoaqvs. magaliTad, fsalmodia RmrTis absoluturi Za-
lauflebisa da samarTlianobisaTvis xotbis SesxmiT (fsalm. 96) moixmobs ara
mxolod mis siyvaruls (fsalm. 85:17), aramed _ mowyalebasac (fsalm. 85:5).
bibliur sakiTxavebSi wamoWrilia edemis xis, SesaqmeSi sibrZnis monawileo-
bis, morwmunis Seumcdarobis (igav. 3:18-23), xis rogorc RmrTis Zalis (1 kor.
1:18-25) anda rogorc axali Sesaqmis iaraRis (gal. 6:14-18) Temebi da aRavlens
qristes sadidebels (filip. 2:5-11), romelic xsnis gegmaSi qristes pirovne-
bis misterias dastrialebs Tavs: mis Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas, damdable-
bas, amaRlebasa da jildos (ix. brauni... 1990: 794-795). alelua, garda imisa,
rom RmrTis samudamo mSvidobas (fsalm. 45:11) da mefis maradiulobas (fsalm.
44:7-8) adidebs da somxuri leqcionarebiviT (sqema 3, I msaxureba) yovel
qveyanas misi didebisaken (fsalm. 95:1) mouwodebs, xotbas asxams kidec mesiis
zeciT momaval mRvdelobas (fsalm. 109:2). bolos, saxarebis sakiTxavebi,
caTa Sina gamoCenil Zisa kacisas saswaulTan (maT. 24:30-35) da jvarcmis
Sesaxeb moTxrobasTan (ioan. 19:17-37) erTad, moicavs iesos esqatologiur si-
tyvas (luk. 21:20-36), romelic drois dasasrulis saSineli niSnebs winaswar
acxadebs _ ierusalimis moorebas da ZalTa caTa SeZvras _ da mouwo-
debs mociqulebs, ifxizlon da ilocon.
177
zemoaRniSnul gangebaTa kompleqsuroba sqematurad Semdegnairad
warmoCndeba:
sqema 4
jvris dResaswaulTa gangebebis struqtura qarTul tipikonTa da
uZvelesi iadgaris mixedviT
I (LG: 957-963. kekeliZe 1912: 112-113. metreveli ... 1980: 235-237)
351 wlis 7 maiss golgoTaze jvris gamoCinebis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacion. msaxureba
w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 H-2123 Sin. geo. 18
gansazRvreba gamoCin. zeciT patiosn. jua-
risa
+ +
dRe 7 maisi + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili golgoTa + +
forma Jamiswirva +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma 4 gv. oxiT. RmrTis msa-
xursa mefesa
+ + +
xma 3 refr. fsalm. 96:6 + (xma1) + 85:17a +
fsalm. 96:1
54
+ 92:1 85:17b +
[1] sakiTx.: epist. konstanci-
us imper. mimarT (CPG 3587)
+ +
2 sakiTxavi: saqme 2:22-[28] +
3 sakiTxavi: 1 kor. 1:18-25 gal. 6:14-[18] +
alelua juarisa + + alel.
f. 45:11
alel.
f. 44:7-8
saxareba: maT. 24:27-35 + +
xma 1 elTabanisa sibrZne-
man dausabamoman
RmrTis
moy.-sa
(xm. 4 gv.)
+ uTxres
caTa
did.Seni
ganwyob.
simravl.
angel.
siwmidisa erni garemos
dganan
+
orci uf-
lis., sisx.
macxovr.
2 sakiTx. saqme: hpoo zatikTa
1 orSabaTsa
+ tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
3 sakiTx. pavle kor.: hpoo
didsa paraskevsa
+
(pavle)
+
saxareba maT.: hpoo qanqarsa
Sina
+ +
178
II (LG: 182-186. metreveli ... 1980: 85-86)
konstantinesaTvis jvris gamoCinebis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba
w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 H-2123 Sin. geo. 18
gansazRvreba patiosnisa juarisa rome-
li kostant. mef. gamouCn.
+
dRe 29 ianvari +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili ar aris miTiTebuli
forma [Jamiswirva]
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma 4 gv. oxiT. RmrTis msa-
xursa mefesa
+ ufalo,
moses
ze odes.
[+]
xma 3 refr. fsalm. 85:17a
+ + [96:6]
fsalm. 85:17b
+ + [96:1]
1 sakiTxavi: zaq. 14:13-[21] +
55
+
2 sakiTxavi: gal. 6:14-18 + +
xma 4 alelua + + + (xma 2) [+]
fsalm. 44:7 + + fsalm. 1:3 [44:7-8]
saxareba: maT. 24:27-35 maT.
24:29-35
+
elTabanisa uTxres caTa
dideba Seni
+ ufalo,
moses
ze od.
+ [ganwy.
simr.
angel.]
siwmidisa vin ars viTar
ufali
+ [orci
ufl., si-
sx. macx.]
1 sakiTxavi zaq.: hpoo agvis-
tosa 6
+ + tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
2 sakiTx. pavle gal.: hpoo
didsa paraskevsa
+ +
saxareba maT.: hpoo qanqar-
sa Sina
+ +
ds
~
blni juarisani: hpovn.
maissa 7
+
179
III (LG: 1240-1247. kekeliZe 1912: 130-132. metreveli ... 1980: 312-313)
juarTa apyroba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba
w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 H-2123 Sin. geo.
18
Sin. geo.
40
gansazRvreba dResa juarTa apyrobasa +
dRe [14 seqtemberi]
dro mesame Jami +
adgili [martiriumi]
forma Jamiswirva +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi kuereqsi da locva +
mamao Cueno +
xma 2 [1] wardg.: Tayuanis-vscemT,
qriste, laxuarsa ganmRebel.
+
dasd.: mogicemies moSiSTa
Sen saswa...
+
ibako juarisa +
Segwyaleni +
ufalo, Segwyalen (50-jer) +
zegardamo locva +
xma 2 gv. [2] wardg.: ganguanaT-
lna Cuen juarad aRslvaman
+
dasd.: fsalm. 96:6 +
xma 2 gv. ibako: movediT mo-
rwmuneno da viswaoT
+
Segwyaleni +
xma 2. 3 wardg.: juarsa Sensa,
qriste, Tayuanis-vscemT
+
dasd.: fsalm. 85:17 +
Segwyaleni +
jvris ibakoni +
xma 2 oxiTa qristes beWed-
man
+
56
ganwyobili simravle
angelozTa (xma1)
57
;
sx. qristes beWedman
xma 4 gv. refr. fsalm. 27:9 + + + +
fsalm. 27:8-[9] + + + +
[1] sakiTxavi: igav. 3:18-23 +
[2] sakiTxavi: es. 65:22-24 + es. 65:24
58
3 sakiTxavi: sibrZ. 14:1-7 + +
4 sakiTxavi: ezek. 9:2-6 + +
5 sakiTxavi: 1 kor. 1:18-25 + +
alelua + + + + +
fsalm. 45:11 + + + + +
saxareba: ioan. 19:17-37 + +
xma 4 gv. elTabanisa ma wi-
naswarmetyuelisa Senisa
+ yoveli
juarisa
+
sx.cxo-
vels
myof.
juarsa
+ mcneb.
garda-
slviTa
eufla
sikud.
180
w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 H-2123 Sin. geo.
18
Sin. geo.
40
xma 4 gv. siwmidisa angeloz-
Ta erni Senda didebasa
+ xma1
saSin. da
uxilav.,
uxil.
Semoqm.
orci
ufl.,
sisxli
macx.
sxva 1 an 3 jvris ahkazmva da sa-
kurTxevelze dasveneba
(msaxur. dasawy.)
+
jvris apyroba (I Segwyale-
nis Smd.)
+
jvris II ibakos win jvris gan-
banva, sulneliT Semurva,
amborisyofa da sakurTxe-
velze dasveneba
+
morwmuneTa Soris jvris na-
bani wylis ganyofa (ziare-
bis Smd.)
+
2 sakiTx. da saxareba ioan.:
hpoo didsa paraskevsa
+ + tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
es siwmidisa didTa dReTa
yolad iTqmis
+
IV (LG: 1446-1454)
jvris xseneba stacionaruli msaxureba
w y a r o T a
C v e n e b a n i
monacemebi
dResaswaulTa
gangebebSi xelnawerTa
mixedviT
qarT. tipikonebi d R e s a s w a u le b i
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e ln a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 7.V 29.I 14.IX
gansazRvreba senebasa juarisasa [] +
dRe ar aris miTiTebuli [7 maisi] +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili ar aris miTiTebuli [golgoTa] +
forma Jamiswirva []
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma1 oxiTa qristes
beWedman
[] + L,
iadg.
(sx.)
refr. fsalm. 96:6 [+ (xma1)] + L,
Par. geo.3,
Sin. geo.18
Sin. geo. 18 L
fsalm. 96:1 [+] + L,
Par. geo.3,
Sin. geo. 18
Sin. geo. 18
xma 3 xs. refr. fsalm.
85:17a
[] + H-2123 Par. geo. 3,
H-2123
L
181
w y a r o T a
C v e n e b a n i
monacemebi
dResaswaulTa
gangebebSi xelnawerTa
mixedviT
qarT. tipikonebi d R e s a s w a u le b i
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e ln a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 7.V 29.I 14.IX
fsalm. 85:17b
[] + H-2123 Par. geo. 3,
H-2123
[xma 3] sx. mogicemies
moSiSTa Sen saswaul.
[] + L
fsalm. 85:5-[17] [] +
1 sakiTxavi: igav. 3:18-
23
[ep. kon-
stanc. imp.
(CPG 3587)]
+ L
2 sakiTxavi: 1 kor.
1:18-25
[] + Par.geo. 3 L,
Par.geo.
3
3 sakiTxavi: gal. 6:14-
18
[+] + L L,
Par.geo.3
4 sakiTxavi: filip.
2:5-11
[] +
xma1 alelua [alelua
juarisa]
+ saxarebiswina fsalmo-
diisas yovelTvis
fsalm. 45:11 [] + H-2123 L,
Par. geo. 3,
iadg.
xma1 [sx.] fsalm. 95:1 [] +
xma1 gv. [sx.] fsalm.
109:2
[] +
xma3 [sx.] fsalm. 44:7 [] + Sin. geo. 18
(44:7-8)
L,Par. geo. 3,
Sin. geo. 18
(44:7-8)
1 saxareba:
maT. 24:27-35
[+] + L,
Par.geo.3
Par. geo. 3,
L(24:29-35)
2 saxareba:
luk. 21:20-36
[] +
3 saxareba:
ioan. 19:17-37
[] + L,
Par.geo.3
elTabanisa sibrZne-
man dausabamoman
[RmrT. moy.
(xma 4 gv.)]
+ Par. geo. 3
juarsa Tu Seswirvi-
de yoveli hpoo ma-
issa 7
+ tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
1 sakiTx. igav.: hpoo
juarTa apyrobasa
[] +
2 sakiTx. pavle kor.:
hpoo didsa parask.
[] +
3 sakiTx. pavle gal.:
hpoo didsa parask.
[+] +
4 sakiTx. pavle fi-
lip.: hpoo didsa
paraskevsa
[] +
1 saxar. maT.: hpoo
qanqarsa Sina
[+] +
182
w y a r o T a
C v e n e b a n i
monacemebi
dResaswaulTa
gangebebSi xelnawerTa
mixedviT
qarT. tipikonebi d R e s a s w a u le b i
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e ln a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 7.V 29.I 14.IX
2 saxar. luk.: hpoo
maissa 17
[] +
3 saxar. ioan.: hpoo
didsa paraskevsa
[] +
sxua yoveli juaris. +
da, bolos, gansaxilvelia somxur da qarTul ierusalimur literatu-
rul wyaroTa dResaswaulebis mimarTeba jvris sxva danarCen bizantiur dRe-
saswaulebTan: didmarxvis mesame kviradRes jvris TayvaniscemasTan, vnebis
paraskevTan da pirveli agvistos procesiasTan. uZvelesi iadgari arc erT
maTgans ar icnobs, somxur leqcionarebSi dafiqsirebulia mxolod meore,
qarTul tipikonebSi ki _ pirveli da meore. vnebis paraskevi, romelic gamo-
wvliliviT gaanaliza sebastia Janerasma (Janerasi 1988), jvrisadmi miZRvnili
dResaswaulia da pirdapir ar miemarTeba imperator konstantines, didmar-
xvis mesame kviradRe ki, studielamde bizantiur wyaroebis msgavsad (aranci
1996: 27; aranci 1984: 43-64)
59
, tipikonebSi kaTakmevelTa mosamzadeblad gamoi-
yeneba da ar mianiSnebs jvarze.
daskvnebi
winamdebare, Tumca, mokle analizi kidev erTxel TvalnaTliv cxadyofs,
rom basilevs konstantine didis kulti, rogorc sazogadod, yvela sxva saR-
vTismsaxurebo kulti, sxva araferia, Tu ara _ saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
gantkicebuli religiuri saRvTismosao cnobierebis saeklesio-iuridiuli
kodifikacia. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, erTi mxriv, konstantines mniSvne-
lobas ierusalimisaTvis, meore mxriv ki _ Tavad wminda qalaqis rols kacob-
riobis xsnis istoriaSi, sulac ar mogveCveneba ucnauri, rom pirveli qristi-
ani imperatoris kultma swored aq hpova nayofieri niadagi, izarda da Semdeg
sxva eklesiis tradiciebSi gadavida.
ierusalimur sinamdvileSi, literaturul wyaroTa _ egerias mogzau-
robis, somxur leqcionarTa, qarTul leqcionarTa da tipikonTa, qarTuli
uZvelesi iadgaris _ mixedviT, wminda basilevsi gandidebulia sakuTriv mi-
sadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulebis, aseve, sxva, patiosani jvrisadmi miZRvnili
dResaswaulebis meSveobiT, romlebic, iribad isev konstantines miemarTeba.
saqme exeba uprocesio, stacionalur msaxurebebs, umeteswilad Jamiswirvebs.
konstantinesadmi miZRvnili Jamiswirvis Sesaxeb uZvelesi cnoba 417 wliT
TariRdeba da daculia somxur leqcionarebSi, romelTa mixedviT, aseTi
msaxureba 22 maiss martiriumSi imarTeba. Sesabamisi saritualo teqstebi,
romlebic Teodosius I-is dResaswaulzec iqneba gamoyenebuli, warmosaxavs
srulyofil xelmwifes, romelsac RmerTTan idealuri urTierToba aqvs da-
myarebuli. xanmet leqcionarsa da haemet saxarebanSi arsebuli xarvezebi am
mxriv naklebad mniSvnelovani faqtebia, radganac qarTuli tipikonebi da io-
ane-zosimes wminda saflavis kalendari eTanxmeba somxur leqcionarebs ro-
gorc msaxurebis dRis, ise _ adgilis mixedviT. Sesabamis saritualo teq-
stebSi, romlebic winare wyaroebTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovanwilad aris ga-
183
mdidrebuli, ukeTaa dazustebuli mefisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi:
Zlevamosileba, mowyaleba, RvTismosaoba da RvTivmadliereba, zeciT arCeu-
loba da zecis mier mfarveloba, misi xalxis RvTismosaobis garantad da ze-
cieri meufis miwaze xatad yofna. Zneli asaxsneli Cans, Tu ratom ar gvxvdeba
analogiuri msaxureba uZveles iadgarSi. ierusalimur tradicias erTgvarad
upirispirdeba bizantiuri literaturuli wyaroebi, sadac konstantinesa da
elene dedoflis dResaswauli dawesebulia 21 maiss.
kidev ufro rTulia jvris gangebaTa struqtura. egeria mowmobs jvris
Tayvaniscemisa da satfurebis erT dResaswaulad Serwymis faqts, somxuri
leqcionarebi ki or Jamiswirvas ganarCevs: 7 maiss golgoTaze da 14 seqtem-
bers martiriumSi. pirveli ixseniebs 351 wlis 7 maiss golgoTasa da zeTisxi-
lis mTas Soris jvris gamoCinebas saritualo teqstebiT, romlebic jvarSi
qristes WeSmarit xats amoicnobs, konstantinesadmi nawinaswarmetyvelev mi-
si gamocxadebis faqtSi ki _ mesianisturi drois moaxloebas. meore maTgani
dResaswaulobs martiriumis satfurebas da gvikarnaxebs, rom RvTivmieri
kurTxeva Segvacnobinebs misterias, romelic martiriumSi aRevlineba; jvar-
ze erTaderTi miniSneba moipoveba tipikonur SeniSvnaSi, romelic morwmune-
ebisaTvis mis Cvenebas iTvaliswinebs.
7 maisis Sesatyvisi dResaswauli xanmeti leqcionaris mixedviT aRvsebis
Semdeg meore kviradRes aRiniSneba da jvris kosmosur mniSvnelobas aRmoa-
Cens. am dResaswaulis gangebaSi leqcionarma Semoinaxa arqauli saRvTismsa-
xurebo niuansebi, romlebic dafiqsirebulia ioane-zosimes kalendarSi da
romelTac ar icnobs sxva literaturuli wyaroebi.
tipikonebi da uZvelesi iadgari jvars sam dResaswauls uZRvnis: 7 maisis,
29 ianvrisa da 14 seqtembrisa. pirveli golgoTaze gamoCenil jvarSi elene
dedoflis mier napovn jvars ganWvrets da liturgikulad gardaTqvams ekle-
siis mier jvris arsis gaRrmavebul Secnobas, mis soteriologiur da esqato-
logiur Rirebulebas. ase aRiqmeba igi mxsneli ieso qristes, Zlevamosili
meufebisa da RvTaebrivi Zalis WeSmarit simbolod da amis gamo mas sazeimod
scemen Tayvans.
29 ianvris dResaswauli xelaxla ixsenebs jvris gamoCinebas. mis gangebaSi
meordeba 7 maisis gangebis mravali saritualo elementi, axali elementebi ki
ugalobebs jvars da aZlierebs Zlevamosili RmrTis esqatologiur perspeq-
tivas. droTa ganmavlobaSi, daaxloebiT, VI-VII ss.-Si ufro metad izrdeba in-
teresi mefis Temisadmi, Cndeba konstantines saxeli da oficialuri sanqcia
eZleva misTvis (an konstancius II-isadmi) gamoCenili jvrisa da elene dedof-
lis mier napovni jvris identurobas. dResaswaulis daweseba avlens ierusa-
limur RvTismosaobas, pativi miagos jvars, rogorc Zlevamosil niSans, rom-
liTac RmerTi mefes ajildoebs da moiazros konstantinesadmi misi gamo-
cxadeba, rogorc daxmareba mefis Zaxilze ukanasknel brZolaSi, romelic win
uZRvis ukve mosesaTvis nacnobi jvrisa da sibrZnis saSualebiT axali Sesaqmis
aRsrulebas, sadac mesia RmrTivcxebuli iqneba ukuniTi ukunisamde.
ierusalimis wminda adgilebis kurTxevis ciklis meore dRes, 14 seqtem-
bers dawesebulia juarTa apyroba. Sesabamis gangebaSi miTiTebulia mwuxri,
ciskari da Jamiswirva. Jamiswirva ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: pirveli antifo-
nuria, romelSic upiratesi adgili eTmoba jvarcmis, RmerTis samarTliano-
bisa da didebis Temebs; specifikur evqaristiul nawilSi ki ugalobeben
qristes mier ganxorcielebul kacobriobis xsnas, cxovelmyofeli jvris gan-
didebas da RmerTis winaSe madlobis aRvleniT gamoCndeba jvris arseboba
kacobriobis xsnis mTel istoriaSi, sadac jvarcmasa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomaSi
macxovris upirvelesi iaraRi xdeba.
184
jvris xsenebis saerToSi, anu komuneSi CarTulia Temebi: RmrTis abso-
luturi Zalaufleba, misi samarTlianoba, siyvaruli da mowyaleba, jvris wi-
naswari ganWvreta edemis xeSi, sibrZnis roli SesaqmeSi, jvari, rogorc simbo-
lo RmrTis Zalauflebisa da axali Sesaqmis iaraRi, qristes misteria RmrTis
xsnis gangebaSi, drois dasasrulis niSnebi, RmrTis samudamo mSvidoba, mefis
maradiuloba da mesiis zeciT momavali mRvdloba.
da, bolos, ierusalimuri RvTismsaxureba ar icnobs laTinuri tradi-
ciebis 3 maisis Inventio crucis-is, anu jvris povnis Sesatyvis dResaswauls, mag-
ram am povnas WeSmariti jvris gamosacnob saSualebad ganixilavs. aseve, ar
icnobs didmarxvis mesame kviradRes jvris Tayvaniscemis bizantiur dResas-
wauls da pirveli agvistos litanias, vnebis paraskevs ki sakuTriv jvarcmas
miuZRvnis.
am aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba, vivaraudoT, rom Tavdapirve-
lad ierusalimis eklesia jvris ontologiur, magram, agreTve, esqatologi-
ur aspeqtebsac, mis Zlevamosil da Zlier mxares dResaswaulobda, mogviane-
biT, daaxloebiT, VI s.-is bolodan ki wina planze wamoiwia misma soteriolo-
giurma mniSvnelobam. am aspeqtiT gacnobierda, rom sibrZnem imTaviTve gar-
daqmna jvari saTuTi xidan Zlevamosil iaraRad, romelic gamiznuli iyo mi-
waze adamianis megzurad, romelic adamianebs RmrTis siyvaruls moupovebda
jvarcmasa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomaSi. kidev ufro gvian, VIII s.-dan moyolebuli,
ise, rom mxedvelobis aredan ar gamorCeniaT es soteriologiuri aspeqti,
RvTismsaxureba daubrunda jvris ontologiuri aspeqtis Wvretas, romelSic
TavisTavad hqonda kari gaxsnili esqatologiur perspeqtivas.
SeniSvnebi:
1. legendaruli `cxovrebani, laqtanciusis mdevnelTa sikvdilis (CPL 91) Se-
sabamisi nakveTi (44:3), evsevi kesarielis saeklesio istoria (CPG 3495) da
konstantines cxovreba (CPG 3496), agreTve, avrelius vitores Semoklebu-
li istoriebi ganxilulia naSromSi balivi 1992: 59-72.
2. dasaxelebulia: daaxl. 800 wels gadawerili palimfsestis qveda fenaSi Se-
monaxuli konstantines cxovrebis erT-erTi redaqciis fragmenti, f. hal-
kenis mier dafiqsirebuli ocdaxuTi cxovreba (halkeni 1957), euzinis wa-
meba, romis papis, silvestr I-is (314-335) saqme, wminda mitrofanesa da wmin-
da aleqsandres wamebani.
3. am literaturuli wyaros tipikonad moxseniebis Sesaxeb ix. SurRaia 1995-
97: I, 101, sq. 5; SurRaia 1997: 147-148, sq. 3.
4. am literaturuli wyaros triodionad, himnologionad an tropologio-
nad moxseniebis Sesaxeb ix. aranci 1976: 119; SurRaia 1995-97: I, 101, sq. 7; Sur-
Raia 1997: 148, sq. 4.
5. Cemi azriT, umjobesia, gamoviyenoT es termini, vidre _ antifona (antifona),
romelsac egeria xmarobs, anda _ antienne (antifona), rogoradac Sarl renu
sistematurad Targmnis frangulad somxur leqcionarebSi gamoyenebul si-
tyvas kourd. unda aRiniSnos, rom laTinur termins responsorium aqvs igive
liturgikuli Taviseburebani, rac _ sakvlev literaturul wyaroebSi ga-
moyenebul Sesabamis terminebs maSin, rodesac antifona iolad SeiZleba,
aRreul iqnas terminSi c....., romelic, marTalia, Tavdapirvelad aR-
niSnavda bibliur an arabibliur frazas, romelsac or jgufad gayofili
mrevli refrenis saxiT upasuxebda medaviTnes (maTeosi 1962-63: II, 283; mogvi-
anebiT refrens poeturi tropari Caenacvla; ix. leebi 1970: 41), magram bizan-
tiur RvTismsaxurebaSi adreuli periodidanve daiwyo fsalmunis, anda
fsalmunTa jgufis aRniSvna, romlis yoveli muxlis Semdeg erTi da igive
185
refreni igalobeboda da didebiT mTavrdeboda (maTeosi 1971: 13-14; aranci
1996: 20, sq. 1). amis mixedviT, somxur leqcionarTa da qarTul tipikonTa
fsalmodia, SeiZleba, ganvsazRvroT rogorc antifonurisagan gansxvavebu-
li, responsoriuli fsalmodia (fsalmodiiis sxvadasxva saxis Sesaxeb ix.
maTeosi 1971: 7-26).
6. aq da Semdgom, fsalmunTa rigobiTi da maTi muxlebis ricxviTi saxelebi
miTiTebulia septuagintas numeraciis mixedviT.
7. S. renus azriT, V s.-is pirveli naxevris ierusalimur saRvTismsaxurebo
praqtikaSi, rogorc Cans, aliluia mTlian fsalmunTan erTad igalobeboda
da amis gamo sakuTriv fsalmuni miTiTebuli iyo misi raodenobrivi nomriT
an _ fsalmodiisaTvis saWiro dasawyisiT (LA: 176).
8. asea sinaqsarebSi (deleie 1902: 697-698; gariti 1958: 230; luci 1992: 585-644),
studiuri (aranci 1969: 152; pentkovski 2001: 344) da konstantinopoluri
redaqciebis (maTeosi 1962-63: I, 296-297), agreTve, dRes xmarebul tipikonebSi
(orologioni 1973: 285).
9. Par. arm. 44 nusxaSi es nawili defeqturia (LA: 337, sq. 5).
10. S. renus gamocemaSi (LA: 227) am responsoriumis miTiTeba, rogorc Ps. CXXI, 1,
anu fsalm. 121:1, rogorc Cans, koreqturaa.
11. es elementi gansazRvruli ar aris rogorc kourd, anu responsoriumi.
12. sakvlev qarTul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli termini dasdebeli, romelic si-
tyvasityviT niSnavs is, rac dasadebia, winamdebare naSromis italiur re-
daqciaSi yovelTvis gadmoveci sityviT salmo, anu fsalmuni. saqme isaa,
rom dRemde damajereblad araa axsnili terminis Sinaarsi ierusalimuri
warmomavlobis qarTul literaturul wyaroebSi. marTalia, ase Tu ise,
naTelia, rom troparTan mimarTebiT igi fsalmunis teqstis Semdeg saTqmel
poetur kompozicias aRniSnavda (leebi 1970: 41), magram mecnierebi dRemde
ver SeTanxmebulan mis mniSvnelobaze maSin, rodesac igi responsoriul
fsalmodiasTan mimarTebiT gamoiyeneboda. magaliTad, e. metrevelis azriT,
gamoTqmaSi fsalmun-dasdebeli [...] fsalmuni ewodeba fsalmunur refrens,
xolo dasdebeli fsalmunis ZiriTad teqsts (metreveli ... 1980: 797, sq. 375),
S. renus azriT ki, piriqiT, dasdebeli aRniSnavs refrain-s, anu refrens, an
antienne-s, anu antifonas (renu 2000
1
: 14, 76). erT dros gaviziare e. metre-
velis Tvalsazrisi, Tumca, sakvlev terminTa gamoyenebis sapirispiro SemTx-
vevebzec mivuTiTe (SurRaia 1996: 31; SurRaia 1995-97: II, 113, sq. 29), qarTul
literaturul wyaroebze Semdgomma dakvirvebam ki ufro metad damarwmuna
qarTuli dasdeblis berZnul v,-.. ...-Tan TanxvedraSi. diaqronul
WrilSi sakiTxis problematurobis miuxedavad, xuan maTeosma damajereblad
gaarkvia, rom termini v,-..... Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda fsalmunur
muxls, romelic win daedeboda fsalmunis teqsts, romlis refrenic xdebo-
da, mogvianebiT ki aRniSnavda fsalmunsa da refrens orives erTad, im
SemTxvevaTa gamoklebiT, rodesac igi aliluiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (maTe-
osi 1971: 8, 12-13; Tanamedrove praqtikaze ix. maTeosi 1971: 12-13). rogorc
Cans, qarTuli termini berZnuli v,-.....-is pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT
saTargmnelad SemuSavda, magram, Cemi azriT, Targmnisas koncefciuri da,
amdenad, funqciuri gadaxra moxda: dadebis cneba gagebuli iqna ara ro-
gorc win, aramed _ bolos dadeba, darTva; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
Tu v,-.. ... niSnavda [fsalmunis] win dadebas, dasdebeli niSnavda
[refrenisaTvis] darTvas. amdenad, Cemi azriT, rubrikul SeniSvnaSi fsal-
mun-dasdebeli anotacia fsalmuni fsalmodiaze miuTiTebda, medaviTne
qoros refrens esroda, romelsac daurTavda dasdebels, e. i. fsalmunis
ZiriTad teqsts. aseTive Cans sakvlevi terminis mniSvneloba stiqologiaSi,
sadac fsalmunis strofebs daurTaven arabibliur kompoziciebs. es ganapi-
robebs v,-.. ...-sa da dasdebels Soris kidev erT principul gansxvave-
bas: pirveli maTgani aRniSnavs xan fsalmunur muxls, xanac _ sagalobels,
186
meore ki sistematurad miemarTeba mTlian poetur kompozicias, rogorc bib-
liurs, ise _ arabibliurs.
13. berZnul originalSia: [...] ., cc.`.-, u [...] anu [...] vinme samefo, romlis
[...]; ix. nestle ... 1979: 258.
14. aseTia fsalmunTa Zveli qarTuli Targmanis fsalm. 67:33 muxlis Sinaarsi
(SaniZe 1960: 172), romelic mefeTaTvis sagangebod gankuTvnili ritualisaT-
vis Sedgenili Cans, ebrauli teqsti (kiteli 1967-75: XI, 63; vulgata 1998: 804)
da septuaginta (ralfsi 1935: 70) ki ara mefeebs, aramed samyaros samefoebs
mouwodebs RmerTis qebisaken.
15. epistolis berZnul nusxaTa umravlesobis mixedviT, kiriles adresati kon-
stancius II-a, Vat. Ottob. gr. 86 nusxis (bihe 1973: 286), siriuli (qoukli 1984: 81,
sq. 27) da qarTuli (LG: App. II A ad num. 959) versiebis mixedviT ki SecdomiT
aris imperatori konstantine. aleqsandre kviprelis (VI s.) jvris gamoCinebis
sakiTxavis (CPG 7398) qarTul TargmanSic, romelSic Semonaxulia zemoaRniS-
nuli epistolis teqstic, kiriles adresati isev konstantinea (mgalob-
liSvili 1978: 75).
16. berZnul originalSia: cj... (nestle ... 1979: 69), anu niSani.
17. amas garda, igive kirile ierusalimeli, am niSans ( cj...) 351 wels 7 maiss
golgoTaze gamoCenil jvarSi xedavs (bihe 1973: 290).
18. swored am mizeziT masSi 7 maiss jvris gamoCineba idResaswauleba (barkiti
1921-23: 323-324).
19. sinamdvileSi, es fsalmuni zemoaRniSnul naSromSi, ebrauli fsalmunis nume-
raciis mixedviT miTiTebulia, rogorc _ Psalm 84, resp. vv. 3b, 4a (barkiti
1921-23: 313).
20. somxur leqcionarTa meore redaqciis nusxaTa misaTiTeblad vsargeblob
S. renus mier gamoyenebuli pirobiTi literebiT, romelTa mixedviT F aRniS-
navs romis papis wm. leonis sax. romis somxuri kolejis 1 (70) kodeqss, B _
veneciaSi wm. lazares kunZulze mxiTaristebis monastris biblioTekis 169
kodeqss, D ki _ tubingenis universitetis biblioTekis MA XIII 21 kodeqss
(renu 1999: 102-103).
21. Hier. arm. 121 xelnawerSi miTiTebulia fsalm. 90, rogorc Cans, SecdomiT,
razec fsalm. 96:6 refrenic mianiSnebs.
22. rac Seexeba pavlesa da kirile ierusalimelis epistoleTa gansxvavebul mim-
devrobas somxur leqcionarebSi, rogorc Cans, Par. arm. 44 nusxaSi Tavdapir-
veli rigi unda iyos daculi, radganac analogiur SemTxvevaSi, 11 ianvris
gangebaSi wmidanis, an wmindanTa (LA: 224, sq. 5) martvilobidan sakiTxavi pir-
dapir uZRvis win saxarebis sakiTxavs da, amas garda, zemoT citirebuli siri-
uli leqcionaric aseTive mimdevrobas uWers mxars 7 maisis gangebaSi (LA: 333,
sq. 3), sadac miTiTebulia Semdegi saritualo teqstebi: fsalm. 97 [=96] _
fsalm. 97:6 [=96:6], epistole konstancius imperatoris mimarT, gal. 6:1-
dasasruli, aliluia, fsalm. 98 [=97] _ fsalm. 98 [=97:1], maT. 24:3-37 (barkiti
1921-23: 313-314, 323).
23. Par. arm. 44 kodeqsSi sakvlevi gangeba ar aris gansazRvruli, rogorc _ meo-
re dRisa.
24. sakiTxavis wyaro miTiTebulia, rogorc _ igavni (ix. renu 1999: 176, sq. 4).
25. Orps frkean. saqme exeba strofis dasawyiss, romelic dRemde igalobeba
somxuri RvTismsaxurebis ciskarsa da mwuxrze (renu 1999: 222, sq. 4).
26. qarTul tipikonebSi aRvsebis Semdeg meore kvirisaTvis gansxvavebuli gange-
ba figurirebs (LG: 797-800).
27. es kviradRe wyaroSi miTiTebulia, rogorc k()r(ia)k(e)sa me-g z(a)t(i)k(Ta).
28. am terminis etimologiisa da saRvTismsaxurebo mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. abu-
laZe 1973: 336; leebi 1970: 41; SurRaia 1996: 30.
187
29. tipikonuri SeniSvna hpoo qanqarsa Sina (LG: 962) miuTiTebs maTes saxare-
bis fragmentze maT. 24:3-26:2, romelsac did samSabaTs kiTxuloben (LG: 615).
30. parizis tipikonSi mis nacvlad miTiTebulia fsalm. 92, rac, Cemi azriT,
gadamweris uyuradRebobis Sedegia (ix. 54-e sq.). Tu me vcdebi da gadamwerma
savsebiT gacnobierebulad daafiqsira fsalm. 92, maSin, SesaZlebelia, es faq-
ti imiT aixsnas, rom esec samefo fsalmunia, radgan ebraul sinamdvileSi
mas iahves aRsaydrebis dResaswaulze axali wlis dasawyisSi galobdnen (mo-
vinkeli 1962: 126), raTa pativi miegoT misi maradiuli meufebisaTvis, rome-
lic samyaroze mis mier gantkicebul rjuls emyareboda da alegoriulad
qristes mianiSnebda.
31. ebrauli originalis gamoTqma :s (kiteli 1967-75: XI, 42; vulgata 1998:
788) septuagintaSi Targmnilia, rogorc -., (ralfsi 1935: 47), riTac Se-
wynarebulia am fsalmunSi dafiqsirebuli koncefcia meufebis RvTiuri war-
momavlobis Sesaxeb (brauni ... 1990: 533).
32. uZvelesi iadgari ar icnobs troparebs RmrTis moyuaresa da sibrZneman
dausabamoman (metreveli ... 1980: 627-628, 617), Tumca es ukanaskneli arc ie-
rusalimur originalur tropars Canacvlebuli gviandeli poeturi kompo-
zicia Cans (folieri 1960-66: I, 100; III, 513 mas ar icnobs). aRdgomis erT-erTi
dasdebeli dausabamo [...] sibrZne miuwdo[...] (metreveli ... 1980: 457), SesaZ-
lebelia, sakvlevi tropari iyos, magram, ramdenadac mxolod dasawyisiT
aris SemorCenili, am sakiTxze gadaWriT msjeloba SeuZlebelia.
33. 3 maisis dResaswaulis dafiqsirebisaTvis laTinur wyaroebSi ix. leklerki
1914: 3132.
34. xarvezis gamo, latalis tipikoni gangebis mxolod meore nawils Seicavs.
35. parizis tipikonis tipikonuri SeniSvna hpoo qanqarsa Sina (LG: 185) miuTi-
Tebs maTes saxarebis fragmentze 24:3-26:2, romelsac vnebis samSabaTs kiTxu-
loben, latalis tipikoni ki maT. 24:29-35 fragmentis dasawyis da dasasrul
frazebs miuTiTebs.
36. sinamdvileSi, arsebuli xarvezis gamo, am nusxebSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris Se-
sabamisi tipikonuri SeniSvna (LG: 1240. kekeliZe 1912: 130).
37. gansazRvrebas, romelic, rogorc Cans, Tavdapirveli unda iyos, j(ua)rTa
aRpyroba, ioane-zosime striqonebs Soris daumatebs: kr(e)b(a) martri-
ons, xilv(a) j(uarisa), da, bolos ki _ kreba sions, satf(u)r(e)b(a), da
s(e)n(e)b(a) evstuqisi mRd(el)Tm(o)ZR(u)r(i)s(a). erTad ki zemoaRniSnul
SeniSvnas Semdegi saxe aqvs: kr(e)b(a) martrions, xilv(a) j(uarisa), j(ua)r-
Ta aRpyroba, kreba sions, satf(u)r(e)b(a), da s(e)n(e)b(a) evstuqisi
mRd(el)Tm(o)ZR(u)r(i)s(a) (gariti 1958: 90).
38. terminis kuereqsi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. kekeliZe 1912: 330-331; SurRaia
1996: 30.
39. asea konstantinopolur (aranci 1996: 470; topkapi sarais muzeumSi daculi
liturgikuli gragnili afiqsirebs .-..j,-is sakuTriv teqsts, sxva nusxe-
bi ki _ locvas, romelic mosdevs da, amdenad, gulisxmobs .-..j,-s) da sam-
xreT italiis evqologionebSi (aranci 1996: 541, figurirebs mxolod .uj j ,
. -..j,, anu . -..j ,-is locva; parenti 1993: 299-300), qarTul kondakebSi
(qajaia 1992: 264, 280, 304), agreTve, dRes xmarebul evqologionebSi (hierati-
koni 1995: 166).
40. samxreT italiaSi: aranci 1996: 565 (dafiqsirebulia mxolod .uj j , . -.-
.j,); qarTulad: LIA: 9; Jakobi 1964: 95; Tanamedrove praqtikaSi: hieratikoni
1995: 114-115.
41. LIA: 9. fraza sxva redaqciaSi Semdegnairad aris dafiqsirebuli: yovliTa
guliTa da yovliTa gonebiTa [...] (Jakobi 1964: 95; qajaia 1992: 264, 280, 304).
42. LIA: 9. sxva redaqciebSi dafiqsirebulia: ufalo RmerTo Cueno, apyrobiTi
vedreba Seiwire [...] (qajaia 1992: 304); ufalo RmerTo Cueno, apyroba ese
elTa vedrebisa Cuenisa Seiwire [...] (Jakobi 1964: 96; qajaia 1992: 265, 281).
188
43. LIA: 3. sxva redaqciebSi dafiqsirebulia: zeciT gardamo mSdobisa da sulTa
[...] (Jakobi 1964: 88, 93, 99 (zegardamo mSdobisa)); zeciT gardamo mSdo-
bisa da cxorebisaTs sulTa [...] (qajaia 1992: 261).
44. mSvidobis litaniis struqturisaTvis ix. aranci 1978: 113; cu.cvj-s gamoye-
nebisaTvis Jamiswirvis sxvadasxva momentSi ix., agreTve, Jakobi 1964: 81.
45. zeciT gardamo mSdobisa [...] H-531 (qajaia 1992: 261); zegardamo mSdobisa
[...] S-4980 (qajaia 1992: 300).
46. zegardamo [...] Geo. 5, gracis universitetis biblioTeka (LIA: 11).
47. samwmida arsobisa galobamde: [zeciT] gardamo mSdob. [...] H-531 (qajaia
1992: 263), zegardamo mSdob. [...] Sin. geo. 93 (qajaia 1992: 279); morwmuneTa
meore locvamde: zeciTgardamo H-531 (qajaia 1992: 267), zegardamo mSdo-
bisa [...] Sin. geo. 93 (qajaia 1992: 283), zegardamo m. S-4980 (qajaia 1992: 305).
48. uZvelesi iadgari afiqsirebs: tropars mxolod dasawyisi fraziT juarsa
Sensa, qriste, Tayu... da sxva tropars, romelic mxolod Sin. geo. 40 nusxaSia
Semonaxuli sruli saxiT: juarsa Sensa, qriste, Tayuanis-vscemT (metreve-
li ... 1980: 355, 357). miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli maTgani meore xmaSi igalo-
beba, meore ki _ mesameSi, uZvelesi iadgaris gamomcemelTagan gansxvavebiT,
romlebic zemoaRniSnul troparebs or sxvadasxva kompoziciad miiCneven
(metreveli ... 1980: 642), Cemi azriT, saqme gvaqvs erTsa da imave troparTan.
49. uZvelesi iadgaris gamomcemlebi ganarCeven 14 seqtembris tropars aRdgomis
dasadebelTa Soris moTavsebuli troparisagan, rac uneblie uzustobis Se-
degi unda iyos, radganac troparTa saZiebelSi 14 seqtembris tropari Sec-
domiT mohyavT rogorc cxovelsmyofelisa, cxovelsmyofelsa-s nacvlad
(metreveli ... 1980: 636). amasTan, aRdgomis dasadeblebs Soris moTavsebulia
ori sxvadasxva tropari, romlebic erTi da imave sityviT iwyeba: cxovels-
myofelsa da urwnelsa da cxovelsmyofelsa juarsa (metreveli ... 1980:
511). maTi Sinaarsis mixedviT, 14 seqtembris gangeba, Cemi azriT, meore maT-
ganze unda miuTiTebdes.
50. saqme exeba iakob mociqulisa da ioane maxareblis dResaswauls, ganrRueulis
meore SabaTs, ioane naTlismcemlis Sobas 25 ivniss, fericvalebas 6 agvistos
da aRdgomis dasadeblebs (metreveli ... 1980: 30, 228, 255, 266, 511).
51. fsalm. 27:8 ixseniebs ersa da cxebuls (,.c ,), romelSic zogierTi xedavs
mefis epiTets (mini 1857: 249C; haikeli 1913: 186-187), sxvebi ki _ miniSnebas
Tavad erze.
52. ebrauli originalis gamoTqma [...] : : : : ::: [...] [...] radgan, rogorc
dReni xeebisani, ise dReni erisa Cemisani (kiteli 1967-75: VII, 777; vulgata
1998: 1102) septuagintaSi gadasulia rogorc _ [...] -cc ,c, c, j.,c, u
u`u j , .j, .c.c. c. j.,c. u `cu u [...] (ralfsi 1935: 653-654) da, mis
Sesabamisad, qarTul TargmanSi, rogorc _ [...] rameTu dRisa misebr xisa
cxorebisa iyvnen dReni erisa Cemisani (bleiki ... 1961-62: I, 504; II, 430).
53. miTiTebulia, rogorc dasdebeli.
54. parizis tipikonSi es fsalmuni miTiTebulia, rogorc _ ufali sufevs, Su-
e[niereba], rac 92 fsalmunis Zveli qarTuli Targmanis pirveli muxlia. amis
miuxedavad, vfiqrob, aq saqme unda gvqondes fsalm. 96:1-Tan uneblie aRre-
vasTan, romelic ase iwyeba: ufali sufevs, ixarebdin queyana da iSuebdes.
55. am fragmentamde latalis tipikoni xarvezs Seicavs.
56. k. kekeliZis gamocemaSi (kekeliZe 1912: 132) dafiqsirebuli ar aris es elementi.
57. es tropari figurirebs 7 maisisa da 29 ianvris dResaswaulTa gangebebSi
Sin. geo. 18 nusxis mixedviT, xolo 14 seqtembers Sin. geo. 18 da Sin. geo. 40 nusxe-
bis mixedviT mwuxrisas igalobeba.
58. esaias sakiTxavis dasasrulamde (65:24) parizis tipikoni xarvezs Seicavs.
59. jvris Tayvaniscemis dResaswaulis dawesebis daTariRebaze ix. aranci 1979:
43-45; frolovi 1953: 88-105; borneri 1963: 99-101; Janerasi 1988: 298-299;
pasareli 1998: 50-51.
189
damowmebani:
abulaZe 1973: abulaZe il. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi). Tb., 1973.
aielo 1992: Aiello V. Costantino, la lebbra e il battesimo di Silvestro. wgn. bonamente... 1992-93.
aranci 1969: Le Typicon du Monastre du saint-Sauveur Messine, codex messinensis gr 115
a. D. 1131. Intr., texte critique et notes par M. Arranz. Roma, 1969 (Orientalia Christiana Analecta 185).
aranci 1976: Arranz M. L'office de la veille nocturne dans l'glise grecque et dans l'glise russe.
J. Orientalia Christiana Periodica 42, 1976.
aranci 1977: Arranz M. Les prires presbytrales de la Tritoekt de l'ancien Euchologe byzantin. J.
Orientalia Christiana Periodica 43, 1977.
aranci 1978: . , . ., 1978.
aranci 1979: Arranz M. Les ftes thologiques du calendrier byzantine. wgn. La Liturgie expre-
ssion de la foi, Confrences Saint-Serge, XXV semaine d'tudes liturgiques, Paris, 27-30 juin 1978.
d. par A. M. Triacca et A. Pistoia. Roma, 1979 (Bibliotheca Ephemerides liturgicae, Subsidia 16).
aranci 1981: Arranz M. La liturgie des Prsanctifis de l'ancien Euchologe byzantin. J. Orientalia
Christiana Periodica 47, 1981.
aranci 1984: Arranz M. Les Sacrements de l'ancien Eucologe constantinopolitain, (4), 3
re
partie.
J. Orientalia Christiana Periodica 50, 1984.
aranci 1996: Arranz M. L'eucologio costantinopolitano agli inizi del secolo XI, Hagiasmatarion &
Archieratikon (Rituale & Pontificale) con l'aggiunta Leiturgikon (Messale). Roma, 1996.
balivi 1992: Baglivi N. Da Diocleziano a Costantino: un punto di riferimento storiografico in
alcune interpretazioni tardoantiche. wgn. bonamente ... 1992-93.
barkiti 1921-23: Burkitt F.-C. The Early Syriac Lectionary System. J. Proceedings of the British
Academy 10, 1921-23.
baumStarki 1953: Baumstark A. Liturgie compare. Principes et mthodes pour l'tude des
liturgies chrtiennes. Paris, 1953.
bide 1981: Philostorgius. Kirchengeschichte, mit dem Leben des Lucian von Antiochien und den
Fragmenten eines arianischen Historiographen. Hrs. von J. Bidez, 3, bearbeitete Auflage von F. Win-
kelmann. Berlin, 1981 (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte).
bihe 1973: Bihain E. L'ptre de Cyrille de Jrusalem Constance sur la vision de la Croix (BHG
3
413), tradition manuscrite et d. critique. J. Byzantion 43, 1973.
boitani 1997: Alessandro nel medioevo occidentale. A cura di P. Boitani, [...], intr. di P. Dronke.
Milano, 1997 (Scrittori greci e latini).
bonamente... 1992-93: Costantino il Grande dall'antichit all'umanesimo, Colloquio sul Cristia-
nesimo nel mondo antico, Macerata 18-20 dicembre 1990. 1-2, a cura di G. Bonamente e F. Fusco.
Macerata, 1992-1993.
borneri 1963: Bornert R. La clbration de la sainte Croix dans le rite byzantin. wgn. La sainte
Croix = J. La Maison-Dieu 75, 1963.
brauni... 1990: Brown R., [...]. The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Englewood Cliffs, 1990.
bleiki... 1961-62: The old Georgian version of the Prophets. Critical ed. with a latin transl. by R.
P. Blake and M. Brire, Paris, 1961 (Patrologia Orientalis 29); apparatus criticus by R. P. Blake and
M. Brire, Paris, 1962 (Patrologia Orientalis 30).
gariti 1958: Le calendrier palestino-gorgien du Sinaiticus 34 (X sicle). d., trad. et comm. par
G. Garitte. Louvain, 1958 (Subsidia Hagiographica 30).
grumeli 1966: Grumel V. La reposition de la vraie Croix Jrusalem par Hraclius, le jour et
l'anne. wgn. Polychordia, Festschrift Franz Dlger zum 75. geburtstag. Besorgt von P. Wirth. = J.
Byzantinische Forschungen 1, 1966.
danielu 1951: Danilou J. Bible et Liturgie. La thologie biblique des Sacrements et des ftes
d'aprs les Pres de l'glise. Paris, 1951 (Lex orandi 11).
danielu 1961: Danilou J. Les symboles chrtiens primitifs. Paris, 1961.
dahudi 1968: Psalms, 2 (51-100). Intr., transl. and notes by M. Dahood. Garden City, 1968 (The
Anchor Bible 17).
190
devo 1967
1
: Devos P. La date du voyage d'grie. J. Analecta Bollandiana 85, 1967.
devo 1967
2
: Devos P. grie desse. S. Thomas l'aptre. Le roi Abgar. J. Analecta Bollandiana
85, 1967.
devo 1968: Devos P. grie Bethlem. Le 40
e
jour aprs Pques Jrusalem en 383. J. Analecta
Bollandiana 86, 1968.
deleie 1902: Delehaye H. Synaxarium Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae e codice Sirmondiano
nunc Berolinensi, Propylaeum ad Acta Sanctorum Novembris. Bruxelles, 1902.
van esbroki 1982: Van Esbroeck M. Legends about Constantine in Armenian. wgn. Classical
Armenian Culture, Influences and Creativity. Ed. by Th. J. Samuelian. Philadelphia, 1982.
van esbroki 2000: Van Esbroeck M. Le dossier de sainte Nino et sa composante copte. wgn. Santa
Nino e la Georgia, Storia e spiritualit cristiana nel Paese del Vello d'oro, Atti del I Convegno interna-
zionale di studi georgiani, Roma, 30 gennaio 1999. A cura di G. Shurgaia. Roma, 2000 (Medioevo, 4).
vinkelmani 1991: Eusebius. Werke, 1:1. ber das Leben des Kaisers Konstantin. Hrs. von F. Win-
kelmann. Leipzig: 1991 (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte).
vulgata 1998: Nova Vulgata Bibliorum sanctorum editio. Sacrosancti oecumenici concilii
Vaticani II ratione habita iussu Pauli PP. VI. Auctoritate Ioannis Pauli PP. II promulgata, Editio typia
altera. Citt del Vaticano, 1998.
TarxniSvili 1960: Tarchnishvili M. Zwei georgische Lektionar-fragmente aus dem 5. und 8.
Jahrhundert. J. Le Muson 73, 1960.
kalu 1992: Callu J. P. Ortus Constantini: aspects historiques de la lgende. wgn. bonamente...
1992-93.
kamposi 1967: Campos J. Sobre un documento hispano del Bajo Imperio: la Pelegrinatio Egeriae.
J. Helmantica 18, 1967.
kekeliZe 1912: . VII . ., 1912.
kiteli 1967-75: Biblia hebraica stuttgartensia, quae antea [...] ediderat R. Kittel. Editio funditus
renovata, ediderunt K. Elliger et W. Rudolph, textum masoreticum curavit H. P. Rger, masoram ela-
boravit G. E. Weil. 1-15. Stuttgart, 1967-75.
krafti 1971: ptre de Barnab. Intr., trad. et notes par P. Prigent, texte grec tabli et prsent par
R. A. Kraft. Paris, 1971 (Sources Chrtiennes 172).
leebi 1970: Leeb H. Die Gesnge im Gemeindegottesdienst von Jerusalem (vom 5. bis 8.
Jahrhundert). Wien, 1970.
leklerki 1914: Leclercq H. 2. Croix (invention et exaltation de la vraie). wgn. Dictionnaire
d'Archologie chrtienne et de Liturgie, publ. par F. Cabrol et H. Leclercq, 3:2. Paris, 1914
lesleo 1862: Liturgia mozarabica secundum regulam beati Isidori, in duos tomos divisa, quorum
prior contenet Missale mixtum. Prf., notis et appendicibus ab A. Lesleo; posterior Breviarium
gothicum opera Ant. Lorenzana, nova nunc et accuratiori editione utrumque monumentum reviviscit
acc. J.-P. Migne, 2. Paris, 1862 (Patrologia latina 86).
luci 1992: Luzzi A. Il dies festus di Costantino il Grande e di sua madre Elena nei libri liturgici
della chiesa greca. wgn. bonamente... 1992-93.
maTeosi 1962-63: Le Typicon de la Grande glise, ms. Saint-Croix n 40, X
e
sicle. Intr., texte
critique, trad. et notes par J. Mateos, 1-2. Roma, 1962-63 (Orientalia Christiana Analecta 165-166).
maTeosi 1971: Mateos J. La clbration de la parola dans la liturgie byzantine, tude historique.
Roma, 1971 (Orientalia Christiana Analecta 191).
maravali 1982: grie. Journal de voyage (Itinraire). Intr., texte critique, trad., notes, index et
cartes par P. Maraval. Paris, 1982 (Sources Chrtiennes 296).
mgalobliSvili 1978: aleqsandre kviprelis kronika (X-XIV ss. xelnawerebis mi-
xedviT). teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, komentarebi da leqsikoni da-
urTo T. mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1978.
mgalobliSvili 1991: klarjuli mravalTavi. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamo-
kvleva daurTo T. mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1991 (Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi 12:1).
menaia 1899: Mj.c.c u `u . ..cuu , . 5 v.,.... j. c.j-ucc. c -`u-. c. .. c. u
-c. .u..u j.... Roma, 1899.
191
metreveli... 1980: uZvelesi iadgari. gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da saZi-
eblebi daurTes e. metrevelma, c. Wankievma da l. xevsurianma (Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobis Zeglebi 2). Tb.: 1980.
mini 1857: Eusebius Caesariensis. Opera omnia qu exstant. 5. Paris, 1857 (Patrologia Graeca 23).
misale 1905: Missale romanum ex decreto sacrosancti concilii tridentini, restitutum s. Pii V.
Pontificis maximi, jussu editum Clementis VIII., Urbani VIII. et Leonis XIII auctoritate recognitum.
Romae, 1905.
movinkeli 1962: Mowinckel S. The Psalms in Israel's Worship, 1. Oxford, 1962.
nestle... 1979: Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine. Textum Gr. post Eb. Nestle et Er. Nestle
communiter ediderunt K. Aland, [...]. Textus Lat. Novae Vulgatae Bibliorum Sacrorum Editioni
debetur; utriusque textus appar. criticum recensuerunt et editionem novis curis elaboraverunt K. Aland
et B. Aland. Stuttgart, 1979.
olbraiTi 1950-51: Albright W. F. A Catalogue of Early Hebrew Lyric Poems (Psalm LXVIII).
J. Hebrew Union College Annual 23:1, 1950-51.
orologioni 1973: .,`,.. .,c, j .,-,.c.. -c. .u`,.c u 0.-u...-u lc,.c,-
.. u. Athenai, 1973.
ostrogorski 1993: Ostrogorsky G. Storia dell'impero bizantino. Torino, 1993.
papadopulos-keramevsi 1894: Papadopoulos-Kerameus A. 1uv.-. j , . . l.,c`u .,
`|--`jc. c,. .-., 1894 (`A.c`.-c l.,c`u..-j, cu`,.c, 2).
parenti 1993: Parenti St. L'ekten della liturgia di Crisostomo nell'Eucologio St. Peterburg gr. 226
(X secolo). wgn. |:A0||MA, Studies in honor of Robert Taft, S.J. Roma, 1993 (Studia Anselmiana 110).
pasareli 1998: Passarelli G. Icone delle dodici grandi feste bizantine. Milano, 1998.
pentkovski 2001: . .
. M., 2001.
petCengi 1999: Sancti Ambrosi Opera. 5, Expositio psalmi CXVIII. Rec. M. Petschenig, editio alte-
ra supplementis aucta curante M. Zelzer. Vindobonae, 1999 (Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum
latinorum 62).
pitra 1883: Origene. Libri in Psalmos CPG 1426. wgn. Analecta sacra spicilegio solesmensi para-
ta, edidit J. B. Pitra, 3. Patres antenicni. Venezia, 1883.
Jakobi 1964: Jacob A. Une version gorgienne indite de la Liturgie de saint Jean Chrysostome. J.
Le Muson 77, 1964.
Janerasi 1988: Janeras S. Le Vendredi-saint dans la Tradion liturgique byzantine. Structure et
Histoire de ses Offices. Roma, 1988 (Studia Anselmiana 99).
ralfsi 1935: Septuaginta id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Rd. A. Rahlfs,
2. Stuttgart, 1935.
renu 1999: Renoux Ch. Le lectionnaire de Jrusalem en Armnie, Le Caoc. II. d. synoptique
des plus anciens tmoins. Turnhout, 1999 (Patrologia Orientalis 48:2).
renu 2000
1
: Les hymnes de la Rsurrection. 1, Hymnographie liturgique gorgienne, Textes du
Sina 18. Trad., intr. et annotation par Ch. Renoux. Paris, 2000 (Sources liturgiques 3).
renu 2000
2
: Renoux Ch. Les hymnes du Iadgari pour la fte de l'apparition de la croix le 7 mai.
wgn. Miscellanea Metreveli = J. Studi sull'Oriente cristiano 4:1, 2000.
stounmani 1995: Stoneman R. Naked Philosophers: the Brahmans in the Alexander Historians
and Alexander Romance. J. Journal of Hellenic Studies 115, 1995.
tute 1857: Cyrillus Hierosolymitanus. Catecheses. Cura et studio A. A. Toutti. Paris, 1857
(Patrologia Graeca 33).
uspenski 1996: . . , 1. ., 1996.
utie 1975: Outtier B. Fragments onciaux du Lectionnaire gorgien. J. Bedi Kartlisa 33, 1975.
utie 1976: Outtier B. Fragments onciaux du Lectionnaire gorgien. J. Bedi Kartlisa 34, 1976.
folieri 1960-66: Follieri E. Initia Hymnorum Ecclesiae graecae, 1-5. Citt del Vaticano, 1960-
66 (Studi e Testi 211-215).
fusko 1992: Fusco F. Costantino in Niceforo Gregora. wgn. bonamente... 1992-93.
192
frolovi 1953: Frolow A. La Vraie Croix et les expditions d'Hraclius en Perse. J. Revue des
tudes byzantines 11, 1953.
frolovi 1961: Frolow A. La relique de la Vraie Croix, recherches sur le dveloppement d'un
culte. Paris, 1961 (Archives de l'Orient Chrtien 7).
qajaia 1992: l. qajaia. basili kesarielis TxzulebaTa Zveli qarTuli Targmane-
bi. Tb., 1992.
qoukli 1984: Coakley J. F. A Syriac Version of the Letter of Cyril of Jerusalem on the Vision of
the Cross. J. Analecta Bollandiana 102, 1984.
SaniZe 1923: SaniZe a. haemeti teqstebi da maTi mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istori-
isaTvis. J. tfilisis universitetis moambe, 3, 1923.
SaniZe 1927: xanmeti leqcionari. fototipuri reproduqcia, gamosca da simfo-
nia daurTo a. SaniZem. J. tfilisis universitetis moambe, 7, 1927.
SaniZe 1959: sinuri mravalTavi 864 wlisa. a. SaniZis redaqciiT, winasityvaobiTa
da gamokvleviT. Tb.: 1959 (Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi 5).
SaniZe 1960: fsalmunis Zveli qarTuli redaqciebi. X-XIII saukuneTa xelnawerebis
mixedviT gamosca m. SaniZem, 1, teqsti. Tb., 1960.
Stritmateri 1954: Strittmater A. Notes on the Byzantine Synapte. J. Traditio 10, 1954.
SurRaia 1995-97: SurRaia g. bzobis kviradRis gangebis struqturis formacia
ierusalimur kaTedralur tradiciaSi, I. J. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1995: 1-4; II. iqve, 1997: 1-4.
SurRaia 1996: Shurgaia G. La tradizione liturgica del sabato di Lazzaro e della domenica delle
palme nei manoscritti bizantini dei secoli XI-XII. Excerpta ex Diss. ad Doctoratum. Roma, 1996.
SurRaia 1997: Shurgaia G. Formazione della struttura dell'ufficio del sabato di Lazzaro nella
tradizione cattedrale di Gerusalemme. J. Annali di Ca' Foscari 37:3, 1997.
SurRaia 2003: Shurgaia G. Santo imperatore, Costantino il Grande nella tradizone liturgica di
Gerusalemme. wgn. Costantino il Grande nell'et bizantina, Atti del Convegno internazionale di
studio, Ravenna, 5-8 aprile 2001. A cura di G. Bonamente e A. Carile, 1 = J. Bizantinistica, Serie
seconda 5, 2003.
SurRaia 2004: Shurgaia G. L'esaltazione della croce nello Iadgari antico. wgn. L'Onagro Maestro,
Miscellanea di fuochi accesi per Gianroberto Scarcia in occasione del suo LXX sad. A cura di
R. Favaro, [...]. Venezia, 2004.
Zaneti 1992: Zanetti U. Costantino nei calendari e sinassari orientali. wgn. bonamente... 1992-93.
haikeli 1913: Eusebius. Werke, 6. Die Demonstratio evangelica. Hrs. von I. A. Heikel. Leipzig,
1913 (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte 23).
halkeni 1957: Halkin F. Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca. Bruxelles, 1957 (Subsidia Hagiogra-
phica 8a).
hieratikoni 1995: l.,c.-.. A. -.. c. `..u,,.c. `l.c..u u \,uccu, 3cc.`..u u
M.,c`u -c. .. v,j,.cc.... .c j , uv.-j, cu.. A.cc.., -c. .... cvc,c.j..,
..,.. c-`u-..., c... -c. .u... Athenai, 1995.
literebi:
CPG: Clavis Patrum Graecorum. 1-5, cura et studio M. Geerard. Brepols-Turnhout, 1974-87 (Corpus
Christianorum); Supplementum, cura et studio M. Geerard et J. Noret. Brepols-Turnhout, 1998 (Corpus
Christianorum).
CPL: Clavis Patrum Latinorum. [...] commode recludit E. Dekkers, Opera usus qua rem praeparavit et
iuvit Ae. Gaar vindobonensis. Ed. tertia aucta et emendata. Steenbrugis, 1995 (Corpus Christianorum, Series
latina).
Er. arm.: somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis xelnawerTa institutis (maTenadaranis)
somxur xelnawerTa fondi, erevani.
H: xelnawerTa erovnuli centris saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazo-
gadoebis yofili muzeumis (H) koleqcia, Tbilisi.
Hier. arm.: ierusalimis somx. sapatriarqos somxur xelnawerTa koleqcia,
ierusalimi.
193
Hier. gr.: ierusalimis berZn. sapatriarqos berZnul xelnawerTa koleqcia,
ierusalimi.
K: kalas tipikoni (Q-1653), Tbilisi.
L: latalis tipikoni, mestiis saxelmwifo muzeumi, Cod. 635.
LA: A. Renoux. Le Codex Armnien Jrusalem 121. II, d. compare du texte et de deux autres
manuscrits. Paris-Turnhout, 1971 (Patrologia Orientalis 36).
LG: M. Tarchnischvili. Le Grand Lectionnaire de l'glise de Jrusalem (V-VIII Sicle). Louvain, 1959-
1960 (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 188-189, 204-205).
LIA: Liturgiae ibericae antiquiores. Ed. M. Tarchnischvili. 1-2. Lovanii, 1950 (Corpus Scriptorum
Christianorum Orientalium 122-123, Scriptores iberici 1-2).
Par. arm.: parizis erovnuli biblioTekis somxur xelnawerTa koleqcia, parizi.
Par. geo.: parizis erovnuli biblioTekis qarTul xelnawerTa koleqcia, parizi.
Q: xelnawerTa erovnuli centris axali (Q) koleqcia, Tbilisi.
S: xelnawerTa erovnuli centris yofili qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrce-
lebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleqcia, Tbilisi.
Sin. geo.: sinas mTis wm. ekaterines monastris qarTul xelnawerTa (Sin) koleqcia, sinas
mTa.
Gaga Shurgaia
The Holy Basileus
Constantine the Great in the Jerusalem Liturgical Tradition
Summery
The study analyzes an ecclesiastical and juridical codification of the cult of the Roman
emperor Constantine the Great (306-337) in the Jerusalem liturgical tradition of the eighth
century, according to the Diary of Egeria, the Armenian lectionaries, the Georgian lectiona-
ries and typika, John Zosimis' Calendar of the Holy Sepulchre and the Old Georgian Iadgari.
The basileus is glorified by means of the feasts dedicated him, as well as those of the
Venerable Cross. The Eucharist of the May 22, the matins canon of which is not fixed in the
Old Iadgari, is reserved properly to Constantine.
As for the celebrations of the Cross, Egeria testifies to the fusion of the adoration of the
Cross with the dedication of the Temple, but in the Armenian lectionaries there are
distinguished the two eucharistic celebrations: for the apparition of the Cross between
Golgotha and the Mount of Olives (May 7) and for the dedication of the Martyrium
(September 14). The Georgian typika and the Old Iadgari reserve another, third, celebration
to the Cross, namely, its apparition on the January 29. In the typikon of Paris there is also
fixed the Totum crucis. In the Jerusalem liturgy, there is no trace of any feast corresponding
to the Inventio crucis of May 7 of the Latin tradition, or of the adoration of the Cross on the
third Sunday of Lent of the Byzantine tradition or, again, of the Litany of the August 1;
finally, the Great Friday is entirely dedicated to the Crucifixion.
The analysis of the structures of the celebrations and of the ritual texts allows us to
make an hypothesis that the Jerusalem Church originally celebrated not only ontological, but
also eschatological aspects of the Cross, i.e. its victorious and portentous characters; almost
from the end of the sixth century its soteriological meaning was underlined. In this new
perspective, it was comprehended that Wisdom from the very beginning transformed the
Cross from being a delicate piece of wood into a powerful instrument, which was destined
to be a guide for humanity on earth, as well to bring God's love to the men by means of the
Crucifixion and the Resurrection. Later, from the eighth century, without losing this soterio-
logical aspect, the liturgy returned to contemplate the ontological aspect of the Cross, which
naturally yields the eschatological prospective.
194
Tamar SarabiZe
saukunis niRbebi
sayovelTao WeSmaritebaa, rom literatura sinamdviles asaxavs da saxe-
ebiT gesaubreba. saxes qmnis azrovneba da misi aRqmac imave process gulisx-
mobs. saxe garkveulwilad emsgavseba sityvaTa myar Sexamebas, romelic pir-
dapir ar gveubneba saTqmels, magram misi warmodgena (Tundac fantaziiT)
naTlad migvaniSnebs qveteqstze. `kudi yavarze aqvs gadebuli~, _ aRniSnuli
mdgomareoba ampartavnis araCveulebriv suraTs qmnis. asevea mxatvruli
saxec, oRond mis aRsaqmelad mxolod warmodgena ar kmara. mxatvruli saxis
SeqmnaSi monawileobs: lingvistika (enis SesaZlebloba ama Tu im azris konk-
retuli gamoxatvisa), koleqtiur azrovnebaSi Semonaxuli miTologiuri da
religiuri warmodgenebi, mwerlis msoflmxedveloba da literaturuli az-
rovnebis diapazoni, konkretuli wyaro da a.S. magaliTad, winadadeba _
`mwvervalze videq~ _ SeiZleba mxatvruli saxe iyos da arc iyos. Tu am
sityvebs ityvis alpinisti an adamiani, romelmac marTlac Seasrula es moq-
medeba, maSin mxatvrul saxesTan saqme ara gvaqvs, magram Tu am sityvebs ambobs
poeti da Tanac dasZens _ `Tvalwin mefina mze-mTvare, vlaparakobdi RmerT-
Tana~ (vaJa-fSavela 1961: 85), eWvgareSe mxatvrul saxed unda miviCnioT, ro-
melSic sulieri simaRle mTaze asvliT gamoixateba. am konkretuli saxis
SeqmnaSi monawileobs rogorc miTologiuri, aseve religiuri warmodgenebi,
gamyarebuli lingvisturi azrovnebiT, romlis magaliTicaa _ `amaRleba~,
agreTve, mTqmelis (poetis) msoflmxedveloba, romelic aisaxeba leqsikaSi,
rogorc nimuSi mxatvruli azrovnebisa, da SesaZlebelia, konkretuli SemTx-
vevac, romelmac es sulieri mdgomareoba gamoiwvia. mxatvruli saxe Tavis
leqsikur mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT ganzogadebulia da zedrouli. is aRar
gulisxmobs konkretul faqts, romelic konkretul droSi xdeba. is asaxavs
process. nikoloz baraTaSvilis `merani~ mxatvruli saxea mebrZoli sulisa,
romelic erTi didi miznisken miiswrafvis, magram, leqsis Seqmnis istoriidan
gamomdinare, mernis mxedari iliko orbelians gulisxmobs (` ...amas ambobs
ilia tyveobaSi, da ara me ...~ / baraTaSvili 1968: 177), romelic Samilis tyveo-
bidan ganTavisuflebas cdilobs. visac odnav mainc Sexeba hqonia poeziasTan,
mernis an mernis mxedris mxatvrul saxeSi ilia orbelians veRar warmoidgens,
radgan mxatvruli saxe zedrouli xdeba, mudmivarsebuli. ase magaliTad,
mudmivad migvaqrolebs yvelas Cveni merani `bedis samZRvris~ gadasalaxavad;
`bedis samZRvaric~, ra Tqma unda, mxatvruli saxea da ar gulisxmobs konk-
retul sazRvars da, SeiZleba iTqvas, konkretul mizansac ki.
Cven mivediT im daskvnamde, rom mxatvruli saxe sinamdviles asaxavs ara
pirdapir, aramed niRburad. ra aris niRabi? ras emsaxureba igi _ damalvas Tu
warmoCenas? damoukideblad arsebuli niRabi arafrismTqmelia, is efareba
saxes da masTan mimarTebaSi iZens garkveul funqcias. Tu saxes uWirs ar-
sebulis gamoxatva, niRabs SeuZlia zustad warmoaCinos dafaruli an, piri-
qiT, Tu saxe ver faravs arsebuls, niRabi exmareba mas. ufro metic, niRbis
orive funqcia erTdroulad aisaxeba mxatvrul saxeSi. amitom mxatvruli sa-
xe-niRabi dafarvacaa da masTan erTad mkveTrad warmoCenac. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, saxe igive niRabia, romelic ara pirdapir, magram _ ufro zustad, ara
TvaliT nanaxs, aramed azrovnebiT aRqmul sinamdviles warmoaCens. Tamaz
Cxenkelma Tavis araCveulebriv wigns vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebaze `tragiku-
li niRbebi~ uwoda. mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom vaJas poeziis `pirvelsafuZveli
miTosia~ (Cxenkeli 1971: 6), miTosi, romelic RerZia `kulturis Sinagani ga-
naxlebisa da gamZleobisa~ (Cxenkeli 1971: 12); vaJam `mkvdreTiT aRadgina mi-
195
viwyebuli RmerTebi da gmirebi, TanamedroveTa mtkivneuli gancdiT aRbeWdi-
li niRbebi aafara maT saxeebs da TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa tragikuli xvedris
mqone adamianis maradiuli saxe~ (Cxenkeli 1971: 14).
es azri CvenTvis misaRebia imdenad, ramdenadac `miTis Sinagani Rirebu-
leba imaSia, rom drois garkveul momentSi momxdari es ambebi qmnian mudmiv
struqturas, romelic Sesabamisdroulia rogorc warsulisaTvis, ise awmyo-
sa da momavlisaTvis~ (levi-strosi 1970: 7). mudmivi struqtura axasiaTebs
adamianur gancdebsa da vnebebsac, romelTa ganWvretaSic gvexmareba niRabi,
rogorc zedrouli saxe adamianis Sinagani samyarosi da, piriqiT, samyaros
adamianuri arsisa.
Cveni dakvirvebidan gamomdinare, yvela didi Semoqmedi erT umTavres
saxe-niRabs ifarebs, am niRbidan Wvrets samyaros, am niRbiT gamoxatavs Tavis
simarTlesac da am niRbiT icavs Tavs gare sinamdvilisgan. niRabi aucilebe-
lia sinamdvilis zedroulobad qcevisaTvis, kargi poetis geniosad Camoyali-
bebisTvis. aviRoT qarTuli literaturidan Svidi didi Semoqmedi _ rusTa-
veli, guramiSvili, baraTaSvili, ilia, akaki, vaJa, galaktioni _ anu, rogorc
sadRac amomikiTxavs (mgoni, skolis kedlis gazeTSi), `cisartyelis Svidi
sxvadasxva feri, romlebic srulyofilad warmoaCens erT mTlianobas _ qar-
Tul poezias~. TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ganumeorebeli niRabi aqvs: rusTa-
vels _ vefxvis tyavi, guramiSvils _ uSviloba, baraTaSvils _ suliT ob-
loba, ilias _ moZraoba, akakis _ sicili, vaJas _ siRaribe, galaktions _
Rvino da simTvrale. ratom ifareben qarTveli geniosebi niRbebs, ra mizans
isaxavs es gansxvavebuli saxe-niRbebi? mokled SevCerdeT TiToeul maTganze.
Cven ar SevudgebiT `vefxistyaosnis~ prologidan mecnierTaTvis sakama-
To strofebis analizs, warmovaCenT mxolod Tamarisadmi Tayvaniscemas, rac,
vfiqrobT, safuZvelia rusTavelis niRbisa. Tamarisadmi Tayvaniscema mTel
poemaSi Zalze naTeli da TvalSisacemia: `mefisa mzis Tamarisa...~, `Tamars
vaqebdeT mefesa...~, `mibrZanes maTad saqebrad...~ da a.S. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Tamaria rogorc prologis, aseve mTeli `vefxistyaosnis~ mTavari saTqmeli,
mas eZRvneba rusTavelis poeziac, radgan mefe poetis mijnuria. miuxedavad
amgvari pirdapirobisa, prologSive ikveTeba niRabi. rusTaveli gveubneba,
rom poema Tamars eZRvneba, Tamaris qebaa da iqve dasZens, rom poemis siuJeti
sparsuli ambavia, `qarTulad naTargmanebi~. Tanac am ambiT kvlav mas aqebs,
vinc ukve Seaqo, anu Tamars. rusTaveli kidev ufro azustebs Tavis naTqvams:
`misi saxeli SefarviT qvemore miTqvams, miqia~.
(rusTaveli 1974: 19).
da Tu marTlac `vefxistyaosnis~ TiToeul detals Tamar mefesTan
mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT, maSin gaadvildeba im sinamdvilis danaxva, romlis
gadmocemaca da SeniRbvac erTdroulad iyo avtoris mizani; gaadvildeba
samefo karze momxdari realobis aRqma, personaJTa funqciebisa da avtoris
mizandasaxulobis wvdoma, nawarmoebis arsisa da saxelwodebis siRrmiseulad
gaazreba, romelic mxolod siyvarulisgan velad gaWrisa da, rogorc vaJa-
fSavela ityoda, siyvarulis vefxvobad warmoCenis (vaJa-fSavela 1961: 280),
amgvari grZnobis simboluri aRqma ar unda iyos. gavixsenoT, rom vefxistyao-
sani mxolod tarielia, romelic siyvarulis gamo velad aris gaWrili da
vefvxi ganrisxebuli satrfos saxed `dausaxavs~. velad gaWrilia avTandilic
satrfos gamo, satrfos davalebiT. ucxo moymis saZebnelad wasvlas is velad
gaWras uwodebs da ase mimarTavs misi daxmarebis mosurne Sermadins:
`ra mijnuri velTa rbodes, marto unda gasaWrelad~.
(rusTaveli 1974: 167).
196
avTandilic `mxecqmnilia~ siyvarulisgan, magram is vefxistyaosani ar
aris, radgan satrfo ar `dausaxavs~ vefxvad. aq TiTqos ikargeba ormxrivi
qarga, arabeTisa da indoeTis samefoTa gamaigivebeli, magram es ormxrivoba
TvalsaCinoa avtorTan mimarTebaSi. rusTavelia vefxistyaosani, romelsac
Tamari jiqad, vefxvad dausaxavs:
`igia Cemi sicocxle, uwyalo viTa jiqia!~.
(rusTaveli 1974: 19).
aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom realuri ambavi indoeTis samefo karze
xdeba, Tamaris mxatvruli saxe ki jiqia, romelSiac Serwymulia didebuleba,
silamaze, brwyinvaleba, magram, amave dros, mrisxanebaca da Seubraleblobac;
amitomac `vefxistyaosnis~ mTavari gmiri grZnobebs ayolili avtoria, anu
Tavad tarieli, da ara brZeni avTandili, romelic arasdros ar aZlevs
gonebas modunebis saSualebas. Tamari ki Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT nestania da
ara `morWmuli~ TinaTini. nestania Tavisi emociurobiT, SeupovrobiT, Tun-
dac im daCagrulobiT, romelsac moklebulia TinaTini da agreTve isto-
riuli wyaroebiT warmoCenili Tamari. mefis namdvili adamianuri bunebis
Cveneba mxolod mis Tanamedrovesa da masTan daaxloebul pirs SeeZlo; SeeZ-
lo da Tanac ar SeeZlo ori mizezis gamo: mefis saxe idealuri unda yofili-
yo; WeSmarit moleqsesa da genioss ki ise unda aesaxa sinamdvile, rom daeZlia
konkretuli dro da konkretuli ambavi Tavisi konkretuli pirovnebebiT
(vfiqrobT, garda ormxrivi qargis gmirebisa, `vefxistyaosnis~ yvela perso-
naJis saxe, romelTac moeZebnebaT Tu ar moeZebnebaT analogi istoriul
wyaroebSi, realuri sinamdvilidan unda iyos aRebuli). vefxvis tyavis saxe-
niRabamofarebulma rusTavelma ganumeorebeli saxe-niRbebiT warmoaCina
realoba (Tundac davaris saxe rogori iSviaTia Tavisi mxatvruli siRrmiT da
niuansuri datvirTviT), magram Tavad erTi saxe-niRabi moirgo _ Tamaris,
igive vefxvis, da swored amitomac gaexvia vefxvis tyavSi. am saxiT iTqva da
daimala kidec sinamdvile, iTqva da ganzogadda, Sesabamisdrouli gaxda yve-
la epoqisaTvis. mTeli poemis siuJeti da gmirTa saxeebi swored am war-
moCenas, SeniRbvasa da ganzogadebas emsaxureba. ganzogadebis dakonkreteba
ki prologSi mJRavndeba _ vefxistyaosnobiT, amqveyniuri mijnurobiT, ro-
melic `SoriT wva da SoriT dagvaa~, miiltvis poeti geniosi zeciuri
mijnurobisken, brZennic rom ver swvdebian.
rusTavelisgan sruliad gansxvavebulia guramiSvilis saxe-niRabi. es
niRabi uSvilobaa, romelic realuri satkivaria Semoqmedisa, magram swored
es satkivari qmnis mxatvrul saxes _ Svils _ poetis Semoqmedebas, romelsac
mamis saxeli `daviTiani~ daerqmeva. Tavis leqsTa krebulSi poeti yovelmxriv
xatavs qveynis satkivars _ codvas, romelmac xalxisa da mamulis dacema ga-
moiwvia, Tavis Tavgadasavals, romelic qveynis ubedurebis bralia, da mainc
uSviloba rCeba mis mudmiv gancdad da sazrunavad. ratom? _ am kiTxvis
pasuxs guramiSvili adamianis arsebobis sazrisiT xsnis:
`ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao:
vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao;
vinca qmna Tixa WurWelad, ras uZRvnis xelfasadao;
viT rema xnarcvs ar Cavardes, ulagmo da usadao~.
(guramiSvili 1992: 55)
Secnoba imisa, Tu saidan mosula da vin dabada, uflis aRiarebaa, xolo
`xelfasis miZRvna~ sasikeTo saqmea, nayofi am qveynad arsebobis safasurad.
adamianis cxovrebas maSin aqvs fasi, roca qveyanaze Tavis nayofs tovebs. una-
197
yofo xe unda moiWras (luka 13, 9); amitomac iSvila uSvilo guramiSvilma `Svi-
li~, rom Tavisi nayofi daetovebina, am nayofis gazrdas Sealia mTeli si-
cocxle, Relavda, vaiTu, garkveul mizezTa gamo dawyebuli saqme ver
daesrulebina:
`me rac vSobe, Svilad vsjervar, es Tu mzrdelman gamizarda,
vzrdi momRerlad, me Tu Cemi simRera ar gamizarda,
Tumca ena gasareklda, guli misTvis gamizarda,
magram mefeT samsaxuriT es sazrdelad gamizarda~.
(guramiSvili 1992: 566).
amaze ufro xelisSemSleli garemoebac gamoCnda _ codva, romelmac poe-
tic imsxverpla da amiT mis misias _ mSoblobas _ xeli SeuSala:
`Surman me didaT damkoda, xmali Semomkra misrisa,
msxvils Svilebs yeli damiWra, wvrilebi fexiT misrisa;
cecxliT damiwo saxl-kari, vame, javri mklavs mis srisa!
viT alesili laxvari, miT sevda gulsa misrisa~.
(guramiSvili 1992: 580).
`msxvil SvilebSi~ Tu didtanian poetur qmnilebebs gulisxmobs guramiS-
vili, xolo `wvrilebSi~ _ mcire zomis leqsebs, maSin saxl-kari da sasaxle
SesaZlebelia poetur Semoqmedebad an poetur niWadac aRviqvaT da ara rea-
lur sacxovrisad, radgan misi dawva-ganadgureba kidev ufro did tkivils
ayenebs poets da guls useravs alesili maxviliviT. amrigad, guramiSvilma
`uSviloba~, realuri sinamdvile, aifara niRbad, rom Seeqmna mxatvruli si-
namdvile, aralealuri, magram mainc namdvili, rom Seesrulebina Svilis fun-
qcia mamis winaSe, vali moexada da TviTonac daetovebina nayofi. es nayofi ki
misi Semoqmedeba iyo, romelsac `Svilad vervina sjobs~.
guramiSvilTan sxva saxe-niRbebic gvxvdeba. esenia: `uswavleloba~, `cu-
dad moSaireoba~, `saRvTo werilis ucodinroba~ da a.S.
`Cemis ucebiT Sevatyev, briyvTaTvis rac Semityvia:
avi da kargi garCeviT, vxedav, rom axlos miwyvia.
minda da swavlis simokliT cal-calke ver gamiyvia~.
(guramiSvili 1992: 34)
_ wers guramiSvili da swored es `uswavlelobaa~ niRabi misi sibrZnis. poe-
tis `cudad moSairobam~ (`javaxiSvils gamaleqses, moSaires Cemebr cudsa...~ /
guramiSvili 1992: 477) qarTul poezias rusTavelis gavlena daaZlevina, `saR-
vTo werilis arcodnam~ ki (`arc maqvnda saRmrTo werili, codnaca maqvnda me
mcire...~ / guramiSvili 1992: 412) yvelaze metad religiuri Sinaarsis poezia
Seaqmnevina. miuxedavad amisa, guramiSvilis mTavari saxe-niRabi mainc `uSvi-
lobaa~, anu survili nayofis datovebisa, sxva danarCeni mas miemarTeba _
codnac, poeturi niWica da rwmenac poets esaWiroeba erTi miznisTvis _ STa-
momavlobisaTvis anu SvilisaTvis dasatoveblad, Svilis aRsazrdelad, mis
Camosayalibeblad, raTa misi locviT SeZlos poetis sulma `fons gasvla~,
ufalTan miaxleba.
gadis dro da saqarTveloSi ibadeba kidev erTi geniosi, romelic amjerad
`suliT oblobis~ niRabs ifarebs. igi dardiani da uimedo sulac ara Cans.
bavSvobaSi celqia, Semdgom ki imdenad aqtiuri, rom mudam sazogadoebis
centrSia, yvelas icnobs, yvelas uyvars; naTesavebic hyavs, megobrebic, mag-
ram suliT mainc obolia. `suliT obloba~ baraTaSvilisTvis poza ar aris, is
marTlac martosulia da es martosuloba gasaRebia mTeli misi poeziisa. `su-
198
liT obloba~ iwvevs eWvs, tanjvas, mwuxarebas. mis dasaZlevad bunebis wiaRSi
miiswrafvis poeti da iq poulobs droebiT Svebas, magram isev dgeba mZime
wuTebi, `mwuxri~ isadgurebs mis sulSi; siyvarulSi poulobs Zalas, magram
`qreba taZari~ da kvlav `udabno mdumarebs~, amitom igi mzadaa `bedis samZRv-
ris gadasalaxavad~ sicocxlis fasadac ki, ar indobs Tavis merans, magram es
survilic miuRwevelia da mxolod poeturi fantaziiT da mistikuri TviTSe-
mecnebiT aris warmosadgeni. baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mravlad moipoveba
saxe-niRbebi, saxe-simboloebi, Tundac yvelaze cnobili magaliTebi gavixse-
noT: taZari, udabno, merani, Savi yorani, bedis samZRvari, mSvenieri suli da
a.S., mTavari saxe-niRabi ki mainc `suliT oblobaa~. am niRbiT baraTaSvili asa-
xavs rogorc realur sinamdviles, aseve mxatvrulsac, radgan swored misi
meSveobiT xdeba sxva saxe-simboloTa dakavSireba da poetis cxovrebis erT
mTlianobaSi aRqma; cxovrebisa, romlis ganuyofeli nawilia rogorc realo-
ba, aseve mxatvruli sinamdvile _ swrafva `ganTiadisken~, mwuxris ganqarve-
bisken, `mSvenieri sulis~ Zieba siyvaruliT ukvdavebis mosapoveblad, merniT
qrolva cxovrebis gzaze bedis sazRvrisken da a.S. marTalia, `suliT oblo-
bis~ daZlevisaken ltolvaa baraTaSvilis mTeli Semoqmedeba, magram swored
es sulieri obloba qmnis mas; sxvagvarad ver Sedgeboda baraTaSvilis poezia.
niRbis Taviseburebac amaSia _ is warmoaCens dafarul, Sinagan realobas,
romlis damalvasa da uaryofas Tavad unda Seuwyos xeli, magram swored es
uaryofa TavisTavad qmnis mxatvrul sinamdviles, romelic ganuSorebelia
baraTaSvilis pirovnebisgan, radgan igi aRar moiazreba misi Semoqmedebisagan
damoukideblad.
da ai, baraTaSvilis Semdgom, drois sul mcire monakveTSi samwerlo as-
parezze gamodis sami Semoqmedi sami sxvadasxva saxe-niRbiT: gulCaTxrobili
ilia WavWavaZe _ moZraobis deviziT, piradi bednierebis vermxilveli akaki
_ siciliT da marTlac mSier-titveli vaJa, romelsac qveyana Tavisi hgonia
(`mTlad me mekuTvnis qveyana, mTaSi _ mTa, barad _ baria~) _ siRaribis
niRbiT.
ilia bavSvobidanve gulCaTxrobili yofila; umoqmedo iyo misi qveyanac
da albaT erTaderTi niRabi, romelic mas Tavisi xasiaTisa da qveynis mdgoma-
reobis daZlevaSi daexmareboda, moZraoba iyo. iliam marTlac aamoZrava
Tavis garSemo myofi sazogadoeba, ra sakiTs ar Seexo, ras ar gadaswvda. am
yvelaferma Tavi iCina ilias SemoqmedebaSi. erTaderTi, rasac ilia faravda,
ris gamomJRavnebasac erideboda, piradi grZnobebi iyo; erideboda, radgan
piraduli ver iqceoda qveynis asamoZravebel Zalad.
TiTqos erTia SemoqmedTa Canafiqri: vefxistyaosani SoTasTvis simarT-
lis Tqmaa, im simarTlisa, romlis ukuRmarTobis wyalobiT mematianem misi
saxelic ki ar Semoinaxa; uSvilZiro, swavlas mowyurebuli guramiSvilisTvis
im sibrZnis nayofis gamoRebaa, romelzedac izrdeba STamomavloba; da umoq-
medo, Rrma ZilSi myofi qveynis SvilisTvis, iliasaTvis _ `kvali naTelis~
datovebaa, romelmac marTlac gamoafxizla eri. erTia maTi saboloo mizanic
_ siyvaruliT, simarTliT, keTili nayofiT, oblobiT, `kvali naTeliT~
RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis Secnoba.
amitomac ise ar unda gavigoT, rom ilias misia mxolod eris gamoRviZeba
iyo. `moZraoba~, pirvel yovlisa, pirovnul gamofxizlebas gulisxmobda:
`yvelas gavuZleb, rogorc klde qvisa,
bedTana brZola viT meSineba?!
xolo Cem Tavis arafrobisa,
ar ZalmiZs, Zmano, verriT gaZleba!~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 69).
199
arafrobis daZleva mxolod moZraobiTaa SesaZlebeli, ara luarsabisa da
darejaniseuli `faca-fuciT~, aramed iseTi SromiT, rogoric kvals tovebs.
`kvali naTeli~ maincdamainc did saqveyno saqmes rodi gulisxmobs, Tumca
arc amas gamoricxavs. es saukeTeso SemTxvevaa. ilia SesTxovs yrmisaTvis
ufals: `rom dReni ise ar daelios, manam tanjvisa cremli Tvis xalxsa co-
taTi mainc man ar moswmindos~ /`g. abxazs~/ (WavWavaZe 1987: 121). es cotac sak-
marisia, didi saqmea qveynisTvis. naTel kvals toveben oTaraanT qvrivi da
giorgi TavianTi patiosani cxovrebiTa da SromiT. `kvali naTeli~ patiosan
cxovrebasTan erTad Sromasac moiTxovs. glaxaca da muqTamWamela wvrilSvi-
liani dedakacic SeiZleba patiosnad cxovrobdnen, magram ilias ideali ve-
rasodes gaxdebian, umoqmedobiT ver datoveben naTel kvals. patiosneba da
Sroma rwmeniT modis adamianSi, uflis valis gadaxdis SegnebiT. amitomac de-
dis movaleoba ara mxolod Svilis gazrda, aramed misi sulieri aRzrdaa,
qristianuli cnebebis STagoneba, `rom sikeTisTvis guli uTrTodes da momav-
lisTvis bedTana brZodes~, xolo poetis misia ki eris gamRviZeblobaa (`da,
velo, Sensa gamRviZebelsa...~ /`Citi~/ (WavWavaZe 1987: 47), im wminda sityvis _
`giyvardes~ _ ZmisaTvis Tqmaa, romelic poets `caT STamosZaxes~, TviT ede-
mic iliasaTvis moZraobad, sifxizled moiazreba, `sadac ise tkbil ar aris
Zili, rogorc tkbilia gamoRviZeba~ /`dakarguli edemi~/ (WavWavaZe 1987: 54).
ilias yvela leqsi mowodebaa mRviZarebisken, Zilis, umoqmedobis, `urwmu-
noebis~ (`odes demoni urwmunoebis~) daZlevisaken. `moZraoba da mxolod
moZraoba aris~ rogorc pirovnebis, aseve qveynis `Zalisa da sicocxlis~ mim-
cemi. Zili, umoqmedoba, urwmunoeba iliasaTvis sinonimebia iseve, rogorc
mRviZareba, moqmedeba da rwmena.
zogadad, adamiani irgebs im niRabs, romelic aucileblad arsebobs masSi,
mis pirovnebaSi, mis sulier samyaroSi. niRabi mas exmareba rogorc am arsebu-
lis dafarvaSi, aseve, piriqiT, arsebulis ganmtkicebaSi, gaZlierebaSi, warmo-
CenaSi da xSirad oriveSi erTdroulad. amis axsna qristianuli msoflmxed-
velobiT martivad SeiZleba. morwmune Tavis Tavze yovelTvis ambobs, rom is
mciredmorwmunea. amiT is faravs Tavis rwmenas rwmenaSi ganmtkicebis mizniT,
xolo, roca safrTxe emuqreba mis rwmenas, is daufaravad ganacxadebs mis
Sesaxeb, Tundac es sicocxlis fasad daujdes, is magaliTi xdeba sxvebisTvis.
baraTaSvilis niRabi `suliT oblobis~ daZlevaa, igivea ilias niRabic _
umoqmedobis, `urwmunoebis~ daTrgunva, oRond sakuTari magaliTiT, sakuTa-
ri Tavganwirvis CvenebiT, romlis dadasturebacaa ilias mkvleloba.
`vefxistyaosnobis~, `uSvilobis~, `suliT oblobisa~ da moZraobis fonze
kontrastulad moCans `sicili~, romliTac akaki bavSvobidan gamoirCeoda
(`vis unaxavs amis tirili? sul icinodao~, /`Cemi Tavgadasavali~/ wereTeli
1989: 9) da mTeli cxovreba es niRabi ar mouSorebia. `Turme sul vicinodi, _
mogviTxrobs akaki `Cems TavgadasavalSi~, _ da am sicils erTi kargi usia-
movnebac mouxdenia~. mis ZiZas Cxubi mosvlia mezoblis gamzrdelTan, romel-
sac momcinar akakize uTqvams, `es bavSvi ise icinis, rom swored suleli
gamovao~ (/`Cemi Tavgadasavali~/ wereTeli 1989: 9). mama ki akakis `xiTxiTa
biWunas~ eZaxda. sicili, rogorc mxatvruli saxe, ar warmoCndeba akakis yvela
leqsSi, iseve rogorc baraTaSvilTan `suliT obloba~, magram yvela leqsSi
igrZnoba is simsubuqe, romelic guliT mocinari adamianisagan momdinareobs.
tirilic ki akakis leqsebSi misi daZlevisa da sicilisaken swrafvis
survilia:
`am dRes velodi, moveswar!...
vicini, aRar vtiri me~
/`Tqveni Wirime~/ (wereTeli 1988: 551).
200
sicili ganuyofelia akakis Sinagani samyarosagan, is misi pozacaa da
mxatvruli sinamdvilec. Tavisi daavadebis _ kisris kunTebis modunebis _
gamo akakis xSirad gaumeorebia Tavisi ZiZis mier Cagonebuli azri da xum-
robiT uTqvams, `me rom zemoT viyurebi, angelozebs vucinio~ da misi es
naTqvami simarTles ar gamoricxavs. rac Seexeba mxatvrul sinamdviles, akaki
mas Semdegnairad warmoaCens:
`ar mSordeba mwuxareba da Wiri,
magram mainc sul vicini, ar vstiri~.
/`muxambazi~/ (wereTeli 1988: 133)
sicili akakisaTvis piraduliT ar ganisazRvreba (`ras miqvian piradi
mwuxareba?~), is misi grZnobebis gamoxatulebaa, warmoCenis aratradiciuli
formaa:
`Wirisufals mxolod cremli Sveniso!
is icinis! rogor ara rcxveniso~.
/`muxambazi~/ (wereTeli 1988: 133)
akaki aRniSnavs, rom sicili `bevrjel cremlzed mwaria!~ da Tavisi `mara-
diuli~ sicilis sam mizezs asaxelebs. es aris warsuli, romlis mogoneba
guls stkens, awmyo, romelic abediviT swvavs da momavali, romelic imediT
aRavsebs, amitomac siciliT samgvarad dascinis poeti beds. akakis sicilSi ar
aisaxeba `piradi vneba~, misi ocneba iliasaviT Zilisgan gamofxizlebaa, `tur-
fa qorwilia~, rac pirovnebisa da eris sulier amaRlebas unda niSnavdes,
rasac mowmobs misi warmosaxviTi Sedegi, rom poetmac svimon winaswarmety-
veliviT Tqvas:
`ganmiteve~ da mRviZari mivirqva!~
/`muxambazi~/ (wereTeli 1988: 134).
poetis ocneba mxolod bednierebis dasawyisis xilvaa, darwmuneba imaSi,
rom ufali Cven Sorisaa da ai maSin, mxolod maSin icinebs guliT, saflavSic
mosvenebiT daiZinebs. Tu baraTaSvili `suliT oblobis~ niRbiT misi daZle-
visaken miiswrafvis, ilia `moZraobiT~ umoqmedobas, `urwmunoebas~, sibneles
(bnel Rames) ebrZvis, akaki siciliT elis ufals, siciliT midis RmerTamde.
sicili da tirili, netareba da tanjva akakisaTvis ar aris mkveTrad gamij-
nuli cnebebi: `sicili bevrjel cremlzed mwaria~ (wereTeli 1988: 134), iseve
rogorc `Cum tanjvaSic aris didi netareba~ (/`rac ar iwvis, ar anaTebs~/,
wereTeli 1988: 460).
sicili akakisaTvis mTavari saxe-niRabia, romelic faravs mis tanjva-wa-
mebas, magram amave dros sicili misi Sinagani `mes~ warmomCenia, romelic msu-
buqi da Rrmaa, imdenad brZnulia, rom ugunuradac moCans. es bunebrivia,
radgan mas RvTiuri niWi warmarTavs:
`nu mkicxav mnaxo ugnurad,
nurc gaikvirveb brZnobasa;
sul sxva hyavs xelisufali
am Cems goneba-grZnobasa~.
(wereTeli 1988: 304).
akakis sicili, zogjer `ugunuradac~ rom moCans, mocartiseuli _ didi
da niWieri adamianis _ sicilia, romelic Tavisi RvTiT momadlebuli talan-
tis wyalobiT axlos dgas ufalTan.
201
amrigad, gasakviri da moulodneli aRar unda iyos, rom bumberaz Semoq-
medTa saTqmels vaJa sruliad gansxvavebulad _ tiriliT _ gamoxatavs. is,
rasac akaki siciliT aRwevs, vaJasTvis tiriliT miiRweva:
`me rom tirili mewados,
Tqven vis ra gindaT netara,
erTi icinis, sxva tiris,
aseTi aris qveyana,
magram mixvdebiT erTxelac,
vin axlos vdgevarT RmerTTana~./
(vaJa-fSavela 1961: 52).
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom vaJas pirvel krebuls `cremlebi~ hqvia. es is
cremlebia, romlebic adamians guls ulbobs da sxvis tkivils aCvenebs, magram
vaJas umTavresi saxe-niRabi mainc `siRaribea~ da ara tirili. tirili Tan
axlavs mas. vaJa realuradac Raribia, mSier-titveli; Wraqis Suqze wers leq-
sebs, Svils ki eubneba, qvaze dawereo; mis colsa da Svilebs `Rilebic ki ar
akeriaT kabaze~. siRaribe vaJas poza ar aris, es misi Cveuli mdgomareobaa,
rac poets tkivilTan erTad siamayes aniWebs:
`arc-ra tanT mcvia, arc fexTa,
davdivar dedi-Sobila,
mec imaT jogidama var,
vinc siRaribiT cnobila~.
(vaJa-fSavela 1961: 146).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom siRaribe vaJas sulieri mdgomareobacaa, romelic
mxatvrul saxe-niRbad yalibdeba da romelmac ara realuri, aramed mxatv-
ruli sinamdvile unda warmoaCinos. siRaribe xdeba vaJas usazRvro, ukide-
gano, fasdaudebeli simdidris warmomCeni, iseTi simdidris, rogoric `jer
arvis gaugonia~. da marTlac,
`mTlad me mekuTvnis qveyana:
mTaSi _ mTa, barad _ baria,
zRva da xleleTi erTian,
cas _ varskvlavebis jaria ...~.
(vaJa-fSavela 1961: 146)
da gana damTavrda CamonaTvali? ara, poets ekuTvnis adamianTa grZnobe-
bic _ mdidarTa RiRini, beCavTa qviTini, bunebis movlenebi _ `avdari, JinJ-
li, cis qceva, ca mowmendili, daria~, TviT samoTxeca da jojoxeTic erT-
droulad, samyaros srulyofilebisa da ganuzomlobis Sesacnobad. vaJa su-
lieri simdidriT eziareba Semoqmeds, romlis SecnobaSi siRaribe (`sawylo-
ba~) exmareba, amitomac es saxe-niRabi ganuSorebelia misgan. siRaribis Semec-
neba iseTive aucilebelia sulieri simdidris (uflis) mosapoveblad, ro-
gorc sulieri oblobisa _ mis dasaZlevad, `arafrobisa~ _ `kavali naTelis~
dasatoveblad; uSvilobis da unayofobis _ nayofis dasatoveblad, da Tun-
dac `vefxistyaosnobis~ _ saRmrTo siyvarulis mosapoveblad. vaJas mTeli
Semoqmedeba RaribTa, beCavTa, sawyalTa, obolTa, glaxakTa, uRonoTa, sust-
Ta, daWrilTa (arwivi, luxumi), gamxmarTa (xmeli wifeli) gamoqomagebaa, tanj-
vis safasurad bednierebis mopovebis imedis Cvenebaa, mxneobis gaRviZebaa. es
aris vaJasTvis RvTaebriv siyvarulTan ziareba (rusTaveli), nayofiereba (gu-
ramiSvili), sulieri oblobis daZleva da bedis sazRvris gadalaxva (bara-
TaSvili), naTeli kvalis datoveba(ilia), uflis nebis gamosaxatavad erTdro-
ulad sicilica da tirilic (akaki).
202
am eqvseuls avsebs kidev erTi geniosi (iseTive erTi, rogorc qveyana / `we-
liwadebi wavlian Zvelni~, tabiZe 1973: 106) _ galaktioni da raoden banalu-
radac ar unda JRerdes, ikvreba cisartyela. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom galak-
tioni im samyaroSi cxovrobs, romliskenac sxvebi miiswrafvian. mas sjera
Tavisi `bodvis~, Tavis mier warmosaxuli samyarosi, romelic `siyvarulis
dResaswaulia~ (`rac ufro Sors xar~ / tabiZe 1973: 11), `maRali koSkia~, ro-
melSic poetebma landebi daasaxles (`maRali koSki~ / tabiZe 1973: 128). `yrma
meocnebe da geniosi~ (`raa es grZnoba~ / tabiZe 1973: 14) TiTqos gascda bedis
sazRvars, gascda Tavisi SemoqmedebiT. es ucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos,
radgan sxvaTagan gansxvavebiT poeti `siSoris siaxloves~ aRiqvams (`siSoriT
SeniT~ / tabiZe 1973: 41). galaktionma icis, rom xalxis azrovneba, romlisTvi-
sac `gulcivobaa~ damaxasiaTebeli, verasodes Seicnobs, `Tu ra Zalaa Semoq-
medisTvis sakuTar Zlier simReris grZnoba!~ `amgvar grZnobebs qmnis mxolod
wameba!~ (`raa es grZnoba~ / tabiZe 1973: 14). wamebam SeaZlebina galaktions
`saRvTo bilikebze~ siarulica da `erTi kvalis~ datovebac (`xelovneba~ /
tabiZe 1973: 16); magram am wamebas, brboSi cxovrebas, sakuTari Tavis cxedrad
aRqmasa da yofas kuboSi (`xalxi ireva, xalxi fusfusebs~ / tabiZe 1973: 15),
suliT oblobas, miusafrobas, umiznobas (`sad~ / tabiZe 1973: 37) SeniRbva esa-
Wiroeboda, ormxrivi SeniRbva: rogorc sinamdvilis, aseve _ mxatvruli si-
namdvilis. es SeniRbva jer saidumlos saxes iRebs, romelic mxolod `TeTrma
Ramem~ icis (`me da Rame~ / tabiZe 1973: 39) da romelic mudam saidumlod dar-
Ceba; magram igi (es saidumlo) mxolod mxatvrul sinamdvileSi arsebobs,
galaktions ki realobac dasaZlevi aqvs. amis saukeTeso saSualeba ki poeti-
saTvis simTvrale aRmoCnda. galaktioni nel-nela mieZala am mdgomareobas.
poeziiT mTvrali daiareboda quCebSi _ `me poeziiT viyavi mTvrali~ (`Semod-
gomis dila~ / tabiZe 1973: 100); Semdeg ki Rvino iqca misi poeziis wyarod:
`Sen, meRvine, Rvino gvasvi,
Tvals nu mieZineba,
fiqrebi gvaqvs asjer asi,
rogorc Rrublis dineba~.
(`es mZinare mTa da veli~ / tabiZe 1973: 115).
Rvino afxizlebs galaktionis poetur samyaros, fiqrTa dinebas iwvevs,
mZinare mTa da veli ki amqveynad rCeba. poeti eZebs niRabs, radgan
SesaZlebelia xalxs daemalos, moSordes, magram Rameebs, Sinagan samyaros
sadRa daemaleba?! da RviniT ivseba Tasebi. simTvrale xdeba galaktionis
pozac da niRabic. am niRabs mxolod maSin ixdis, roca Tavis ocnebasTan rCeba:
`me vixdi niRabs, momgvareT raSi!
SenTan, nugeSTan! o, Cqara, Cqara!~.
(`mwuxareba Senze~ / tabiZe 1973: 124).
is sazogadoeba, romelsac galaktioni gaurbis, taSiT ajildoebs poets,
aniWebs saxelsa da didebas, magram igive sazogadoeba ar ibralebs mas da
emuqreba (`mwuxareba Senze~ / tabiZe 1973: 124). gamosavali erTia _ simTvra-
le, romelic aZinebs realobis SegrZnebas da afxizlebs poetur fantazias;
simTvralis poza ki sazogadoebas galaktionTan arigebs:
`sadac unda Seviaro,
Rvinos damaZaleben,
mwuxareba ver davfaro,
Rvinos daabraleben!~.
(`Rvinos daabraleben~ / tabiZe 1973: 160).
203
simTvrale xdeba poetis sulieri mdgomareoba, Rvino ki sulierebis fers
_ cisfers _ iRebs. galaktioni misken miiswrafvis, radgan is aris misi tanj-
vis poeziaSi `gadmotanis~ saSualeba, misi saxe-niRabi:
`stiroda suli cisfer Rvinoebs,
Rvino eZebda sul sxvas piriqiT
da Semdgom ucnob pianinoebs
atrialebda tanjvis lirikiT~.
(`stiroda suli cisfer Rvinoebs~ / tabiZe 1973: 182).
da kvlav Cndeba kiTxva: ratom ifareben niRabs (Tanac sxvadasxvagvars) ge-
niosi poetebi? erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi albaT ar arsebobs. vfiqrobT, niRa-
bi erTaderTi saSualebaa SemoqmedisaTvis, rom SeZlos amqveynad arseboba,
Tanac misTvis Sesabamisi formiT dro-sivrculi sazRvrebis daZleva, gada-
laxva. swored am sazRvrebis daZleva qmnis genioss, romelic win uswrebs
dros; niRabi ki TiToeul Semoqmeds Tavisi aqvs, Sesabamisi misi piradi cxov-
rebisa, im sinamdvilisa, romlis wyalobiTac is zesinamdviles qmnis.
damowmebani:
baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani 150. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1968.
guramiSvili 1992: guramiSvili d. `daviTiani~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~,
1992.
vaJa-fSavela 1961: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. I, Tb.:
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1961.
vaJa-fSavela 1961: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. V, Tb.:
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1961.
levi-strosi 1970: levi-strosi k. miTebis struqtura. Jurn. ,
1970, 153.
rusTaveli 1974: rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~,
1974.
tabiZe 1973: tabiZe g. rCeuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1973.
Cxenkeli 1971: Cxenkeli T. tragikuli niRbebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~,
1971.
wereTeli 1988: wereTeli a. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. I. Tb.: gamomcem-
loba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1988.
wereTeli 1989: wereTeli a. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. I. Tb.: gamomcemlo-
ba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1989.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. Tb.: gamomcem-
loba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1987.
204
Tamar Sharabidze
Century Masks
Summary
The paper deals with a symbol of the mask but only from a certain aspect a great
creator puts on this mask, he contemplates this world from this mask and also expresses his
truth with this mask, and this mask is a defense mechanism from the immediate reality. The
mask is essential for turning the reality into super time, for transformation of a good poet
into genius. To prove this view seven genii have been taken from Georgian literature:
Rustaveli, Guramishvili, Baratashvili, Ilia, Akaki, Vazha, Galaktion and an opinion is
expressed that each of them had ones own unique mask. Rustaveli uses the symbol of
tigers skin, Guramishvili childlessness, Baratashvili the orphaned soul, Illia
movement, Akaki laughter, Vazha poverty, Galaktion wine and drunkenness. Why do
the poets of genius put on a mask (moreover, different kinds of them)? Perhaps there is no
single answer to this question. In our view, a mask is the only means for a creator to be able
to live in this world; to overcome time-space boundary limits and in the form relevant for
him. It is the overcoming of these difficulties that makes a genius who is ahead of time; as to
the mask each creator has its own one, in accordance with his personal life, the reality
with which he creates super-reality.
205
poetikuri kvlevani
Tamar barbaqaZe
qarTuli leqsmcodneoba XXI saukunis pirveli
aTwleulis presaSi
(2000-2009 w.w.)
XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleuli qarTuli leqsmcodneobisaTvis gansa-
kuTrebuli aRmoCnda: XXI saukunis damdegi _ 2000 weli aRiniSna akaki xinTi-
biZis `versifikaciuli narkvevebis~ gamosvliT, romelmac moicva avtoris mi-
er bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi dawerili versifikaciuli gamokvlevebi, isini
an Jurnal-gazeTebSi iyo gabneuli, an gamouqveynebeli hqonda mecniers.
erovnuli leqsis kvlevis orsaukunovani tradicia ki daagvirgvina akaki
xinTibiZis fundamenturma naSromma: `qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria~
(Tsu gamomcemloba, 2009), romelic cnobili leqsmcodnis gardacvalebis
wlisTavze miiRo mkiTxvelma. 2002 wels realobad iqca galaktionis ocneba
`galaktionologiaze~ da SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis insti-
tutSi, Teimuraz doiaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, Seiqmna galaktionis kvlevis
centri, daistamba `galaktionologiis~ oTxi samecniero-literaturuli
krebuli, 2003 wels daistamba ak. xinTibiZis naSromi. `galaktioni: 15 leqsi da
erTi poema~, romelSic ganxilulia g. tabiZis 15 leqsi da poema `mSvidobis
wigni~, 2003 welsve gamovida ak. xinTibiZis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo `qarTu-
li leqsi~.
2004 wels `logos presma~ dastamba zaza SaTiriSvilis wigni ` galaktio-
nis poetika da ritorika~, romelic 1997-2002 wlebSi dawera avtorma. z. SaTi-
riSvili sruliad axleburad gaiazrebs, Tu ram ganapiroba galaktionis ga-
daqceva akakis epigonidan `Zlier poetad~ (`saxeli galak(q)tioni~). mecnieri
ikvlevs galaktionis `artistuli yvavilebis~ (1919) invariantul motivebs da
1927 wlis krebulis Seqmnis procesSi galaktionis poetur ideologias.
2007 wlis 27 maiss SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutSi
Catarda leqsmcodneobis pirveli sesia; meore sesia, 2008 wlis 28 maiss rom
gaimarTa, ana kalandaZes mieZRvna, xolo mesame _ 2009 wlis 27 maiss moewyo da
lado asaTianis leqsis mkvlevarebs daeTmoT.
`es samecniero sesiebi agrZelebs leqsmcodneobis aqtualuri sakiTxebis
kvlevis im tradiciebs, romlebsac safuZveli Caeyara ramdenime aTeuli wlis
win: qarTuli leqsis cnobili mkvlevris, akaki xinTibiZis, TaosnobiT, siste-
maturad tardeboda samecniero seminarebi, romlebSic monawileobdnen
leqsmcodneobis rogorc qarTveli, aseve rusi specialistebi~ (qronika 2009:
363).
2008 wlidan literaturis institutis gamomcemlobaSi daiwyo yovelwli-
uri krebulis `leqsmcodneobis~ gamoSveba. am krebulma gaaerTiana leqs-
mcodneobis samecniero sesiaze warmodgenili masalebi, romlebic erTi qar-
Tveli poetisadmi iyo miZRvnili. pirveli krebuli ana kalandaZes mieZRvna
(2008), meore _ lado asaTians daeTmo (2009), mesame paolo iaSvils (2010)
daeTmoba da a. S. 2008 wels daistamba Tamar barbaqaZis 500-gverdiani monog-
206
rafia `soneti saqarTveloSi~, romelsac recenziebiT gamoexmaurnen: nino
xoferia, giorgi lobJaniZe da nino sadRobelaSvili (xoferia 2008; lobJaniZe
2009; sadRobelaSvili 2008). 2000 wels literaturis institutSi daarsda
yovelwliuri literaturul-Teoriuli krebuli `sjani~ (redaqtori: Temur
doiaSvili; 2006 wlidan: irma ratiani), romelSic leqsmcodneobas sagangebo
rubrika daeTmo da 2000-2009 wlebSi masSi TiTqmis sami aTeuli werili dai-
beWda qarTuli leqsis problemebze; tradiciad iqca presaSi gamoqveyneba
qarTuli literaturis institutSi gamarTuli samecniero sxdomis dros
wakiTxuli mimoxilvebisa, romlebic qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebisad-
mi miZRvnil werilebs exeba: l. bregaZem weriliT `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba _
2000~ safuZveli Cauyara amgvari mimoxilvebis presaSi gamoqveynebis tradi-
cias (bregaZe 2001-2002), rac ganamtkica T. barbaqaZis werilebma: `qarTuli
leqsmcodneoba 2002~, `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba 2003~ da a. S. (barbaqaZe
2006). 2000-2009 wlebSi `literaturul ZiebanSi~ (kr. XXI-XXIX) gamoqveynda T.
barbaqaZis werilebis seria qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebis Taobaze XX
s. 30-40-iani, 50-60-70, 80-90-iani wlebis presaSi. erovnuli versifikaciis sa-
kiTxebis mimoxilva, periodikis mixedviT, dasruldeba winamdebare weriliT,
xolo wigni `qarTuli leqsmcodneobis istoria (XIX-XXI s.s. presis mixedviT)~
2010 wels daistambeba qarTuli literaturis institutis gamomcemlobaSi.
2000 wels T. doiaSvilma gamosca monografia `Enjambement~, romelSic mo-
nografiulad aris Seswavlili saleqso struqturis specifikuri elementi
anJambemani (enjambement) anu gadatana. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia av-
torma anJambemanis, rogorc sagangebo poeturi xerxis, polifunqciuri bu-
nebis warmoCenas. `es aris pirveli monografia, romelic erT calke aRebul
versifikaciul figuras mieZRvna~ (bregaZe 2001-2002).
2006 wels Tamar lomiZem daicva sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mec-
nierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad: `qarTvel romanti-
kosTa mxatvruli azrovneba~. mkvlevarma sagangebo adgili dauTmo nikoloz
baraTaSvilis riTmas.
2006 welsve axalgazrda mkvlevarma qeTevan enuqiZem gamosca naSromi
paolo iaSvilis mistifikaciis _ `elene darianis~ dRiurebis avtorisa da
lirikuli gmiris Taobaze.
qarTuli literaturis institutis mier gamocemul krebulebSi, romle-
bic, Sesabamisad, giorgi leoniZes (2000), grigol robaqiZes (2003), konstanti-
ne gamsaxurdias (2005) mieZRvna, saTanadod aisaxa am avtorTa poeturi Se-
moqmedeba, maTi leqswyoba. 2001 wels `saarma~ gamosca giorgi leoniZis rCe-
uli leqsebisa da poetisadmi miZRvnili werilebis krebuli `ole da olo-
lebi~ (redaqtori T. barbaqaZe), romelSic ramdenime statia daeTmo giorgi
leoniZis leqswyobas.
2007 wels qarTuli literaturis institutSi safuZveli Caeyara saerTa-
Soriso simpoziumebs: `literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebi~.
Catarda I-II simpoziumebi da daibeWda masalaTa krebulebi, romelSic saTa-
nado adgili daeTmo qarTuli leqsis problemebs. 2007 wlis 6-7 noembers ki,
ilias 170-e wlisTavis saiubileod, Catarda saerTaSoriso samecniero konfe-
rencia: `ilia WavWavaZe da misi epoqa~, gamoica masalaTa krebuli, romelSic
Setanilia: ap. silagaZis, T. doiaSvilisa da T. barbaqaZis werilebi ilias
strofikis Taobaze.; `bednieri eris struqturasa da sazrisze da ilias
dramatuli poemebis poetikis Sesaxeb.
XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleulis monagars qarTuli leqsmcodneobis
sakiTxebze, Cveulebisamebr, Tematurad davajgufebT da qveTavebad
warmovadgenT:
207
a) qarTuli leqsis bunebisa da terminologiis sakiTxebi;
b) ZvelqarTuli leqsi da `vefxistyaosnis~ leqswyoba;
g) galaktionis leqsi;
d) XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTveli poetebis leqswyoba.
a) qarTuli leqsis bunebisa da terminologiis sakiTxebi
qarTuli leqsis bunebis sakiTxi, misi mikuTvneba silaburi Tu silabur-
tonuri sistemisaTvis erovnuli versifikaciis orsaukunovan istoriaSi,
kardinaluria. mis gadaWras ramdenime mwvave diskusia mieZRvna da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, igi XXI saukuneSic rCeba qarTuli leqsis Teoriis sadavo problemad.
apolon silagaZis gamokvleva `qarTuli leqsis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi~ am
sirTulis daZlevas isaxavs miznad. mecnieri ar gamoricxavs Teoriul SesaZ-
leblobas, rom leqswyobis romelime konkretuli sistema (silaburi, sila-
bur-tonuri, metrikuli, tonuri) `ar Tavsdeba arcerT tipologiur jgufSi,
an Tavsdeba imdenad pirobiTad, rom am jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi
apriorulad mas ar SeiZleba mieyenos~ (silagaZe 2008: 90). avtors miaCnia, rom
qarTuli leqsis bunebis gansazRvris tradiciuli gza, negatiuri argumen-
tebiT mocemuli leqswyobis sistemisaTvis mikuTvnebis uaryofisa, meTodo-
logiurad ar aris swori. ap. silagaZis azriT, `qarTuli leqsi SeiZleba ori-
ginaluri bunebisa iyos da emyarebodes enis fonologiuri sistemis iseT
zesegmentur elements, romelsac ar emyareba oTxi sistemidan arcerTi~
(silagaZe 2008: 91).
apolon silagaZe, rogorc cnobilia, sagangebod ikvlevs saleqso ritmis
Semqmnel faqtorTagan erT-erT mniSvnelovans _ gamijvnas, anu pauzas _ saz-
Rvris, gasayaris movlenas sityvebsa da, aseve, Sesityvebebs Soris. sityvaTa
gasayari, reprezentirebuli saleqso sistemaSi, aqtualizebulia iseTi
ZaliT, rogorc maxvili aqcentur leqsSi da aqvs regulirebis, Seqmnis Tvi-
seba. e. i. warmoadgens mudmiv ritmul gasayars saleqso-ritmuli funqciiT.
mkvlevari eyrdnoba Tavis adrindel Tvalsazriss, rom qarTuli leqsis
kvalificireba silabur leqsad mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba: saleqso erTe-
ulSi (striqoni da sxv.) mudmivi saleqso gasayaris arsebobis, metris agebisas
orwevredTa (5+2 da 4+3) ganlagebis gansakuTrebulobis, orwevredTa (5+2 da
4+3) mezoblobisa da SeTavsebadobis kanonzomierebis gamo.
ap. silagaZe eyrdnoba leqswyobis sistemaTa SedarebiT axal klasifikaci-
as (loTsi 1966: 140-141) da gamoricxavs qarTuli leqsis metris gansazRvras
marcvalTa raodenobis mixedviT, mag.: 10-marcvliani leqsi, 16-marcvliani
Sairi, 8-marcvliani leqsi da a. S. mecniers miaCnia, `qarTulSi Cven gvaqvs ara
8-marcvliani striqoni da, Sesabamisad, 8-marcvliani metri (8-marcvliani
leqsi), aramed Semdegi sxvadasxva, sruliad avtonomiuri, striqonebi da
metrebi: 5+3, 4+4 (3+0) + (3+2)...~ (silagaZe 2008: 98).
ganviTarebis wina safexurze amosavlad silaburi stadia aris nagulisx-
mevi mecnieris mier, romelic SesaZleblad miiCnevs rekonstruirebas CvenT-
vis cnobili safexurebis wina, pirveli safuxurebisas, rodesac qarTuli
leqsis ritmul erTeulebSi moqmedebda ritmuli gasayariT or tol Semad-
genlad (n=k) gayofis principi.
rogorc cnobilia, a. meies cnobili naSromis Semdeg (meie 1923) silaburi
sistema postulirebulia saerTo indoevropuli leqsisaTvis, xolo m. gaspa-
rovis mier Camoyalibebulia Teoria hipoTeturi indoevropuli leqsisa (gas-
parovi 2003: 12-15). ap. silagaZe eTanxmeba azrs, rom `miviRoT Semdegi zogadi
debuleba: silaburi mdgomareobidan SeiZleba miRebul iqnas yvelanairi
208
mdgomareoba... leqsis silaburi tipi (an principulad misi msgavsi) aris er-
TaderTi tipi, romelic SeiZleba warmovidginoT yvelanairi SemTxvevisaTvis
rogorc amosavali hipoTeturi sistema, romlidanac, rogorc derivati, mii-
Reba dRes cnobili nebismieri sistema~ (silagaZe 2008: 99-100).
apolon silagaZes qarTuli leqswyobis silaburobis Teoriis damcvelad
miiCnevs akaki xinTibiZe Tavis fundamentur naSromSi `qarTuli leqsis isto-
ria da Teoria~: `avtori qarTuli leqswyobis silaburobis poziciaze dgas,
radgan saleqso muxlebs cifrebiT gamoxatavs, arsad ar axsenebs terfebs da
qarTuli maxvilis uZraobas uWers mxars~ (xinTibiZe 2009: 370).
ak. xinTibiZe zemoxsenebuli wignis VI TavSi `qarTuli leqswyobis silabu-
robisa da silaburtonurobis Teoriebi~ dawvrilebiT gvacnobs am Teoriebis
damcvelTa Sexedulebebs qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT. silaburobis Teo-
rias emxrobodnen: mamuka baraTaSvili, ioane batoniSvili, anonimi avtori,
Teimuraz bagrationi, platon ioseliani, daviT CubinaSvili, daviT reqtori,
luka isarliSvili, grigol yifSiZe, iona meunargia, mose janaSvili, niko
mari, silovan xundaZe, grigol robaqiZe, pavle ingoroyva, andrei fedorovi,
givi gaCeCilaZe, daviT werediani, giorgi wereTeli, togo gudava, mixeil
gasparovi, apolon silagaZe, qeTrin viviani. mecnieri aqve warmogvidgens
qarTuli leqsis silaburtonurobis Teoriis damcvelebs: evgeni bolxoviti-
novi, lavrenti ardaziani, nikoloz gulaki, kote dodaSvili, meliton kelen-
jeriZe, Sio daviTaSvili, ioseb yifSiZe, sergi gorgaZe, akaki gawerelia, pan-
teleimon beraZe, roland beriZe; aqve CamoTvlilia: mari broses, aleqsandre
xaxanaSvilis, galaktion tabiZis, ipolite varTagavas, konstantine WiWinaZis,
sargis kakabaZis, vukol beriZis, Salva dolaqiZis, daviT kobiZis, hans fog-
tis, viktor nozaZis, givi miqaZis, akaki uruSaZis, nodar naTaZis, guram Tev-
zaZis calkeuli dakvirvebani qarTuli leqsis bunebis Taobaze.
TviTon ak. xinTibiZis daskvna ki qarTuli leqsis bunebaze, misi ukanask-
neli monografiis mixedviT, amgvaria: `marTebuli ar iqneba gancxadeba, rom
yvela droisa da epoqis qarTul leqsSi, mis yvela monakveTSi, silaburoba
sufTa saxiT iyos SenarCunebuli. danamdvilebiT mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba,
rom qarTuli leqswyoba silabur-tonuri ar aris da leqswyobis sistemebs
Soris yvelaze met siaxloves silabur sistemasTan amJRavnebs~ (xinTibiZe
2009: 418).
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom 2003 wels `saskolo biblioTekis~ seriiT gamoq-
veynda akaki xinTibiZis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo `qarTuli leqsi~, romelsac
sagangebo recenziac mieZRvna (barbaqaZe 2003: 12). es wigni mxolod mas Semdeg
Seiqmna, rac dros, TiTqmis 30-wlian gamocdas, gauZlo akaki xinTibiZis mier
studentebisaTvis dawerilma saxelmZRvanelom `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba
(leqciebis Semoklebuli kursi)~.
qarTuli leqsis Teoriis umniSvnelovanesi problema qarTuli leqsis
buneba _ TiTqos, unda moeridebina avtors norCi mkiTxvelisaTvis, magram
akaki xinTibiZe marTebulad iqceva, rodesac qarTuli leqsis istoriis gac-
nobamde am dilemis gadasaWrelad yvela arguments keTilsindisierad acnobs
moswavleebs, rogorc qarTuli leqsis silaburobis, aseve silaburtonuro-
bis damcvelTa Teoriebidan da daaskvnis. `...aqcenturi enebis moZaleba (ru-
suli, germanuli, inglisuri) gavlenas axdens enis maxvilze, aZlierebs mis
dinamikurobasa da, amis Sesabamisad, leqsSic tonurobis elementebs zrdis.
magram am Zaladobas enisa da leqsis bunebaze jerjerobiT kargad umklavdeba
qarTuli enaca da leqsic, romelic ZiriTadad silaburi sistemis farglebSi
rCeba~ (xinTibiZe 2003: 87).
rogorc ak. xinTibiZis monografiidan Cans, qarTuli leqsis bunebaze
msjelobdnen aramarto qarTveli, aramed ucxoeli mkvlevarebic. axalgazr-
209
da mecnieris TamTa Cadunelis werilis Temac es gamxdara, rodesac mas ga-
nuzraxavs mkiTxvelisaTvis gaecno pirveli ucxoeli avtoris evgeni bolxo-
vitinovis mosazrebani qarTuli leqsis bunebaze. evg. bolxovitinovis wigni
` ,
(1802)~ germanulad gamosca 1804 wels frederik Smidtma. bolxovitinovis
wigns exeba malt-brenis mimoxilva. xolo am mimoxilvas eyrdnoba mari brose
qarTuli leqsis bunebaze saubrisas. qarTuli leqsis bunebas silabur-tonu-
rad miiCnevs ucxoeli n. gulaki, silaburad Tvlian: hans fogti, mixeil gaspa-
rovi da dimitri slivniaki, qeTrien viviani; TamTa Caduneli imowmebs donald
reifildis azrs qarTuli leqsis Taobaze, kerZod, dabali da maRali Sairis
Taobaze (reifildi 1997). d. reifildi qarTuli leqsis sisusted miiCnevs
`bgerebiTa da sityvebiT hiperbolizebas~, rasac qarTuli enis musikaluro-
ba, sonorTa simdidre da polisilaburi nakadi warmoSobs (reifildi 1997).
TamTa Caduneli gamoTqvams savsebiT marTebul azrs qarTuli leqsis bunebiT
ucxoeli avtorebis dainteresebis Taobaze: `ucxoeli avtorebi arcTu iSvia-
Tad interesdebian qarTuli leqsiT; rac ufro intensiuri iqneboda, ucxour
enebze meti informacia rom arsebobdes qarTuli leqsmcodneobis Sesaxeb~
(Caduneli 2004: 143).
g. wereTlis `metri da riTma vefxistyaosanSi~ (1972), vidre wignad dais-
tambeboda, moxsenebad waikiTxa avtorma, romlis mosazrebam qarTuli leqsis
silaburi bunebis gamo mwvave polemika gamoiwvia. am ambavs gadmogvcems dawv-
rilebiT kaxa daviTuris werili `mweralTa sasaxleSi gamarTuli erTi disku-
siis Sesaxeb~ (daviTuri 2006: 104-112). avtori daaskvnis: `Cven SeZlebisda-
gvarad srulad gadmoveciT 1972 wels mweralTa sasaxleSi gamarTuli metad
saintereso da epoqaluri mniSvnelobis diskusiis masalebi, romlis mixedviT
gaformda da dakanonda qarTuli leqsis silaburobis Teoria, sapirispirod,
manamde, ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze, gabatonebuli silabur-tonuri
Teoriisa~ (daviTuri 2006: 110).
XXI s. pirvel aTwleulSi saTanadod Sefasda apolon silagaZis dakvirve-
bani qarTuli leqsis TeoriaSi. Teimuraz doiaSvilis werilSi `sistema-pro-
cesi-norma~ ganxilulia ap. silagaZis wigni: `qarTuli literaturis istoria,
rogorc sistema da literaturuli normebis sakiTxi~ (silagaZe 2000), xolo
amave mecnieris meore recenzia `hipoTezidan Teoriamde~ eZRvneba ap. silaga-
Zis wigns: `Zveli qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris
problema~. Teimuraz doiaSvilis es recenziebi saTanadod aris ganxiluli
Cvens naSromebSi: `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba 2002~ da `qarTuli leqsmcod-
neoba 2003~ (barbaqaZe 2006: 215-226; 226-235), amitom amjerad sityvas aRar
gavagrZelebT.
2000-ian wlebSi sagangebo adgili daeTmo leqsmcodneobis zogierTi
terminis definicia-dazustebas.
pirvelad versifikaciis axaldadgenili cnebebis Taobaze visaubrebT:
Tanamedrove riTmis mimarT, sadac arazusti riTmis xvedriTi wili Zalian
didia, zusti riTma ki, Sesabamisad, mcire, ak. xinTibiZes Seufereblad miaCnia
Zveli, Semfasebluri elferis mqone cnebebis gamoyeneba (swori riTma, aras-
wori riTma, nakluli riTma). evropul poetikaSi zusti riTmis sanacvlod ix-
mareba termini: `identuri riTma~. giorgi wereTelmac gamoricxa Semfaseb-
luri pozicia `vefxistyaosnis~ riTmis mimarT da gamoiyena terminebi: `iden-
turi riTma~, `araidenturi riTma~. ak. xinTibiZis daskvna: `...uari unda
vTqvaT SemfaseblobiT terminebze: zusti da arazusti, swori da araswori,
unaklo da nakluli, da maT nacvlad SemoviRoT: identuri riTma, araiden-
turi riTma, romlebic riTmis xarisxze ar migvaniSneben~ (xinTibiZe 2002: 104).
210
ak. xinTibiZes aseve mouxerxeblad miaCnia rusulidan meqanikurad gadmo-
Rebuli terminebi: vaJuri riTma, qaluri riTma, daqtiluri riTma, zedaqti-
luri riTma, radgan qarTuli leqsi terfovani ar aris. terminebi: daqtilu-
ri da zedaqtiluri meqanikurad gauqmda. cnobili qarTveli leqsmcodnis
pozicia misaRebia, rodesac igi ambobs, rom qarTuli riTmis terminologia
erovnul niadagze unda idges; amitomac, vaJuri da qaluri riTmebis nacvlad,
unda damkvidrdes: erTmarcvliani da ormarcvliani, xolo daqtilurisa da
zedaqtiluris nacvlad, _ sammarcvliani da mravalmarcvliani.
levan bregaZem 2006 wels gamoaqveyna Tavisi dakvirvebani riTmis Taobaze,
sadac saubaria omomorful riTmaze, TanxmovangacvliT riTmaze (germanuli
Schttelreim-is qarTul analogze) da Tanamedrove versifikaciis paradoqsze,
rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom klasikuri versifikaciisagan gansxvavebiT, Tana-
medrove versifikaciaSi SesaZloa a eriTmebodes b-s, b eriTmebodes c-s,
magram ar aris savaldebulo a-c eriTmebodes c-s.
amgvar paralelzea agebuli javaxaZis `mxiaruli eqsperimenti: `beRura _
aqlemi~. ocstriqoniani leqsis yoveli taepi gariTmulia momdevno taepTan,
magram pirveli da bolo sariTmo sityvebi _ beRura da aqlemi _ erTmaneTis
riTmebi ar arian (bregaZe 2006: 45).
l. bregaZis werilSi `udetrebi riTmad~ gaanalizebulia XX s. II naxevri-
dan qarTul poeziaSi TavCenili tendencia _ udetrebis (Sorisdebulebis,
nawilakebis, kavSiris formebisa da misT.) gaxSirebuli gamoyeneba sariTmo
sityvebad. am movlenis asaxsnelad riTmis ganaxlebisaken, saamisod gamouye-
nebli leqsikuri rezervis amoqmedebis cnobieri motivis gverdiT, SesaZlo
aracnobieri motivic aris dasaxelebuli: Cveni epoqis damaxasiaTebeli sayo-
velTao demokratizaciis procesisaTvis fexis awyobis idumali survili
(bregaZe 2004: 444-447).
`sjanis~ me-3 krebulSi Teimuraz doiaSvili saeWvod miiCnevs anJambemanis
(enjambement) tradiciul ganmartebas, romelic damkvidrebulia qarTul, ru-
sul da dasavlur leqsmcodneobaSi da, romlis mixedviTac, anJambemani gaiaz-
reba, rogorc mimarTeba ritmulsa da sintaqsur sidideebs Soris. amgvari de-
finiciebiT daamkvidres gadatana erovnul versifikaciaSi akaki gawereliam
da akaki xinTibiZem.
am versifikaciuli movlenis meqanizmis dasadgenad T. doiaSvili auci-
leblad miiCnevs dakvirvebas taepis sazRvarze, sadac uSualod xorcieldeba
gadatana. aqve avtori droulad svams sakiTxs e. w. mikrosintaqsis problemis
Seswavlis aqtualobis Taobaze: sintagmebSi sintaqsuri kavSirebis siZlie-
res... mniSvneloba aqvs anJambemanis aRqmisaTvis: Zlieri kavSiri sintagmis wev-
rebs Soris maTi gaTiSvisas mkveTrad SesamCnevi xdeba. Tanamimdevruli, lo-
gikuri msjelobiT mkvlevari damajereblad uaryofs tradiciul Tvalsaz-
riss: gadatanis ganmsazRvrel struqturul niSnad taepis bolo gramatiku-
li pauzis arqonis aRiarebas; iziarebs v. Jirmunskis mosazrebas anJambemanis
warmoTqmisas aucilebeli Sidapauzis faqtoris Taobaze, Tumca misi absolu-
tizacia saWirod ar miaCnia.
werili mTavrdeba anJambemanis cnebis axleburi ganmartebiT: `anJambemani
anu gadatana ewodeba iseT ritmul-sintaqsur figuras, romelic warmoiqmne-
ba metruli rigisa da sintaqsuri dayofis SeuTavseblobisas. misi realiza-
ciisaTvis, rogorc wesi, aucilebelia gramatikuli pauzis arqona taepebs So-
ris da Sidapauzis arseboba taepis SigniT~ (doiaSvili 2002: 114).
`hiatusi, rogorc lingvisturi da poetikuri termini, Setanili unda iq-
nas literaturaTmcodneobis qarTul leqsikonSi~, _ aseTia daskvna akaki
xinTibiZis werilisa `hiatusi qarTul enasa da leqsSi~ (xinTibiZe 2006), rome-
lic qarTuli leqsmcodneobisa da lingvistikisaTvis aqamde ucnobi termi-
211
nis CvenSi damkvidrebasa da misi ganmartebisas qarTuli leqsis Tavisebure-
bis gaTvaliswinebas iTxovs.
`hiatusi lingvisturi terminia, gavrcelebuli ganmartebiT xmovnebis
Tavmoyra sityvaTa gasayarze, wina sityvis bolo xmovnisa da momdevno sity-
vis sawyisi xmovnis Sexvedra, rac warmoTqmas aZnelebs, magram radgan igi gan-
sakuTrebiT TvalsaCino leqsSia, poetikur terminadaa miCneuli~ (xinTibiZe
2006: 81).
hiatusi ar aris xSiri da Cveulebrivi movlena. literaturaTmcodneobis
terminTa zogierT leqsikonSi igi saerTod ar gvxvdeba. mas ver vipoviT
qarTul leqsikonebSic.
mecnieri sagangebod ikvlevs hiatusis movlenas qarTul prozasa da poe-
ziaSi da askvnis: `prozis sapirispirod, poeziaSi xmovanTa Sexvedrisa da
TanxmovanTa Sexvedras~ Soris sxvaoba didia. xmovanTa Sexvedra aSkarad War-
bobs TanxmovanTa Sexvedras (54:16-ze).
amis mizezi isaa, rom leqsSi sityvidan sityvaze gadasvla harmoniulia,
striqoni musikalurad JRers, rasac xmovanTa Sexvedra uwyobs xels~
(xinTibiZe 2006: 82).
qarTul leqsze dakvirveba mkvlevars aTqmevinebs, rom Tu saerTod
hiatusi sityvaTa gasayarze xmovanTa Tavmoyris simZimes da zogjer erTi
xmovnis amovardnas niSnavs, qarTulSi igi TanxmovanTa Tavmoyris simZimed da
zogjer mis amovardnad unda miviCnioT. es aris, mecnieris azriT, hiatusis
qarTuli saxesxvaoba, Tumca galaktionis poezia ar adasturebs am dakvirve-
bas; igi, rogorc gamonaklisi, hiatusis ganmartebisas nimuSad ar SeiZleba
miviCnioT: `imdenad didia galaktioni, imdenad zebunebrivia misi leqsi, rom
ver Tavsdeba mozomil CarCoebSi... amitom hiatusis ganmartebisas galaktio-
nis poeziis gverdis avliT da qarTuli leqsis Cveulebrivi gagebiT unda
vixelmZRvaneloT~ (xinTibiZe 2006: 85).
Cveulebrivad ki asea: qarTul enasa da leqsSi sityvaTa gasayarze xSiria
bolo Tanxmovnisa da momdevno sityvis sawyisi Tanxmovnis Sexvedra (mkvle-
vars mxedvelobaSi aqvs erTi da igive Tanxmovani) zogjer bolo Tanxmovnis
amovardnas iwvevs, rasac hiatusi unda ewodos.
mecnieri sifrTxiliT ekideba am axali ganmartebis absolutirebas, rad-
gan kvleva-Ziebam mcire masala moicva, Tumca, ar eeWveba, rom salaparako qar-
Tulidan Tu poeziidan vrceli masalis gaanalizeba daadasturebs ak. xinTi-
biZiseul ganmartebas.
damowmebani:
barbaqaZe 2004: barbaqaZe T. `leqss aqvs Tavis kanonebi da Tavisi saidumlo~. gaz.
`wigni~, 1, Tb.: 2004.
barbaqaZe 2006: barbaqaZe T. qarTuli leqsmcodneoba da sxva... Tb.:
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2006.
bregaZe 2001-2002: bregaZe l. leqsmcodneoba 2000. gaz. `Cveni mwerloba~, Tb.:
28.XII.2001-4.I.2002.
bregaZe 2004: bregaZe l. udetrebi riTmad. `literaturuli Ziebani~, XXV, 2004.
bregaZe 2006: bregaZe l. ubis wignakidan (1. zmna aris Tu arsebiTi saxeli; 2.
TanxmovangacvliTi riTma; 3. Tanamedrove versifikaciis paradoqsi). Jurn. `Cveni
mwerloba~, 16.
gasparovi 2003: . . . . .:
2003.
daviTuri 2006: daviTuri k. mweralTa sasaxleSi gamarTuli erTi diskusiis
Sesaxeb. sjani, VII, Tb.: 2006.
212
doiaSvili 2002: doiaSvili T. anJambemanis cnebisaTvis. sjani, III, Tb.: 2002.
loTsi 1966: Lotz J. Metric Typoligy. In. Style in Language. 1966.
lobJaniZe 2009: lobJaniZe g. `eg ukeTesni yvavilni poeziisani~. Jurn. `cxeli
Sokoladi. literatura~. 22, marti, Tb.: 2009.
meie 1923: Meillet A. Les origines indo-europennes des mtres grecs. Paris: 1923.
reifildi 1997: Rayfield D. Strenghts and Weaknesses of Georgian Literature. Georgica
(Amsterdam), 2, 1997.
silagaZe 2008: silagaZe ap. qarTuli leqsis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi. kr.:
leqsmcodneoba. I, Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.
qronika 2009: qronika: leqsmcodneobis II samecniero sesia. waxnagi. filolo-
giur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli. I, Tb.: `memkvidreoba~, 2009.
Caduneli 2004: Caduneli T. ucxoeli avtorebi qarTuli leqsis bunebaze. J.
`kriteriumi~, 10, 2004.
xinTibiZe 2002: xinTibiZe ak. terminebisaTvis. zusti da arazusti, vaJuri da
qaluri riTmebi. sjani, III, Tb.: 2002.
xinTibiZe 2003: xinTibiZe ak. qarTuli leqsi. saskolo saxelmZRvanelo. Tb.:
`logos presi~, 2003.
xinTibiZe 2006: xinTibiZe ak. hiatusi qarTul enasa da leqsSi. sjani, VII, Tb.: 2006.
xinTibiZe 2009: xinTibiZe ak. qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria. Tb.: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 2009.
xoferia 2008: xoferia n. sonetis Tema XXI saukuneSi. gaz. `saqarTvelos
respublika~, 129, 12 ivlisi, 2008.
Tamar Barbakadze
Georgian Versification in the Press of the First Decade
of the 21
st
Century (2000-2009)
Summary
The work will be presented in two parts because of the multiplicity of analytical
material. Currently the first part is being printed which contains: general survey concerning
the state of Georgian versification in the last decade and the first chapter of investigation: a)
Problems of the nature and terminology of Georgian verse. The rest sub-chapters are: b)
Old Georgian verse and versification of the Vepkhistqaosani, c) Galaktions verse; d)
Versification of Georgian poets of the 19th-20th centuries which will be presented in the
second part of the work.
The author surveys as to what accomplishments have been done in Georgian
versification for the first decade of the 21
st
century. They are: the foundation of Galaktions
research center at the Sh.Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature and four scholarly-
literary collections of Galaktionology published during 2002-2008; in the years of 2007-
2009 the sessions of Georgian versification (I, II, III) were held at the mentioned Institute
and, correspondingly, materials of the scientific session were printed in a new, annual
scholarly collection Versification (I, II); I collection was dedicated to the memory of
Anna Kalandadze and II collection to the memory of Lado Asatiani. At the same time, in
2000 the literary and theoretical journal Sjani was founded at the Institute of Georgian
Literature (editor: Teimuraz Doiashvili, and since 2006: Irma Ratiani), with special column
highlighting the versification and during the years 2000-2009 around 30 letters devoted to
the issues of Georgian verse were published.
213
To the one year anniversary of the death of professor Akaki Khintibidze, a well-known
scholar of Georgian verse there was published his fundamental monograph History and
Theory of Georgian Verse (TSU publishing-house, 2009); and in 2003 A.Khintibidzes
school book Georgian Verse appeared.
In 2004, Zaza Shatirishvilis book Galaktions Poetry and Rhetoric was printed. The
scholar investigates the invariant motifs of Galaktions Art Flowers (1919) and
Galaktions poetic ideology in the process of creating a collection of 1927. In 2000
Teimuraz Doiashvili published a monograph Enjambment in which specific element of
verse structure enjambment or run-on-line was studied monographically. In 2008 there
was printed Tamar Barbakadzes 500-page monograph The Sonnet in Georgia.
Georgian versification is widely presented in the materials of I-II-III International
symposium (2007-2009) dedicated to Contemporary Issues of the Theory of Literature.
The first subchapter of the work: a) The nature of Georgian verse and problems of
terminology familiarizes us with the newest principles of the known advocates of the
theory of syllabicity of Georgian verse, Akaki Khintibidze and Apolon Silagadze. It is said
for sure that Georgian versification is not syllabo-tonic and among the systems of
versification it reveals greatest closeness with syllabic system.
In the first decade of the 21
st
century, Apolon Silagadzes observations made in the
theory of Georgian verse were properly evaluated by Teimuraz Doiashvili.
In the 2000s special attention was paid to the more precise definition of some terms of
versification.
A.Khintibidze holds the view that we should get rid of using the evaluation terms:
accurate and inaccurate, correct and incorrect rhythm and, instead of them introduce:
identical, nonidentical rhythms, which do not indicate the quality of the rhythm. In place of
vazhuri (one-syllable) qaluri (two-syllable), dactylic, super-dactylic rhythms there should be
established: one-syllable, two-syllable, three-syllable, polysyllabic rhythms.
The work deals with Levan Bregadzes views on omoformed or consonant change
rhythm and also the scholars letter: Udetrs in rhythm.
T.Barbakadze considers Akaki Khintibidzes letter Hiatus in Georgian language and
verse which as a result of the analysis of an extended material of Georgian poetry and
prose, and spoken language aims to establish the Georgian variety of hiatus.
214
Tengiz kikaCeiSvili
sityvisa da feris harmoniuloba
konstantine gamsaxurdias poetikaSi
xelovnebas, rogorc Semecnebis specifikur formas, sinamdvilis esTe-
tikuri aTvisebis xerxs, erTi uCveulo, gindac ucnauri xifaTi emuqreba po-
tenciurad ararealuri, aramyari obieqtebis gamoxatva. am viTarebas erTg-
varad is uwyobs xels, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis Seqmnisas warmodgena-
warmosaxvebs gadamwyveti roli ekisrebaT, yovelTvis daiSveba saTanado oc-
neba, rac ama Tu im Secdomisa Tu gadacdenis sababad SeiZleba iqces, anu
SesaZloa, asaxva gaxdes usagno, uSinaarso.
xelovneba erTgvari Sepyrobilobaa da am grZnobis mowesrigebisaTvis,
kalapotSi CayenebisaTvis igi unda daiZlios maSin xelovneba Sedgeba.
sainteresod askvnida frangi mwerali andre morua: mSvenieri unda gaemij-
nos siSmage-SfoTvas, Tumca aucilebelia, gamoiyenos Sinagani siWarbe da
amis saSualebiT Seuqmnas formas realizebis garkveuli saSualeba, anu, unda
moawesrigos igi (morua 1970: 247-248).
marTlac, Sinagani energiis umisamarTod xarjva usagnoa,mniSvnelobasaa
moklebuli, mxolod realurad arsebuli moiTxovs Zalisxmevis moxmarebas,
maSin produqcia gamorCeul daniSnulebas SeiZens.
xelovneba, arsebiTad, adamianuri samyaros wesrigSi moyvanaa aristo-
teleseuli saazrovno sistemiT vnebaTa ganwmendaa da es grZnoba-gancdebi
qaoss unda avaridoT. es sxvadasxva xerxebiT, sinamdvlis gamosaxvis mraval-
gvari formiTaa SesaZlebeli.
* * *
xelovnebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi dargi sityvis xelovnebaa. sityva, mety-
veleba, ena informaciis Senaxvisa da gadacemis gansakuTrebuli socialuri
saSualebiTaa aRWurvili. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom flobs ra sinamdvilis gamo-
saxvis ufarToes sazRvrebs da rCeba ra xelovnebis TviTmyofad dargad, igi
itevs sxva xelovnebaTagan momdinare specifikur niSnebs, damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebs, maTac aCnevs sakuTari formaluri maragisa da azrobrivi siste-
mis kvals.
amJamad, zogadad vinteresdebiT literaturisa da ferweris urTierT-
damokidebulebiT, ufro konkretulad, sityvisa da feris harmoniulobiT k.
gamsaxurdias poetikaSi. poeziisa (farTo mniSvnelobiT) da ferweris ur-
TierTdamokidebulebaze xSirad warmoebula dava (kamaTi 2000 wels iTvlis).
problemis naTelsayofad erTgvari wiaRsvla gvmarTebs, rac saTanadod
Seuwyobs xels ZiriTadi amocanis saTanado sisruliT gaSuqebas.
jer kidev Zv.w. V saukunis poeti simonide brZanebda poezia molaparake
ferweraao, Semdeg leonardo da vinCic TiTqmis igive SinaarsiT aformebs
saTqmels.
leonardo da vinCis mowafem da anderZis aRmsrulebelma mxatvarma fran-
Cesko melcim Sekriba da gamoaqveyna moZRvris naSromi saxelwodebiT
`traqtati ferweris Sesaxeb~. masSi gatarebuli azris mixedviT xelovnebis
umaRles dargs ferwera warmoadgens, radgan igi yvelaze srulyofilad ba-
Zavs bunebas, emyareba ra am dros adamianis ara mxolod maRal grZnobas
mxedvelobas, aramed gonebis did WvretiT SesaZleblobasac. swored Tvali,
miuTiTebs leonardo, rogorc grZnobaTa mbrZanebeli, aRasrulebs Tavis
movaleobas, roca uqmnis dabrkolebas cru da uTavbolo msjelobebs. zogi
215
Tavisi wignierebiT yoyoCobs, sxvaTa sityvebiT gansjis, gabRenZili bolTasa
scems da sxvaTa SromebiT sargeblobs, me ki Cemiv codnaze meubneba uars,
Tavad saZulvels, me vZulvar..
leonardos filosofiaSi sulieri sawyisi ar upirispirdeba sxeuleb-
rivs, bunebrivi RvTaebrivs. leonardos fiqriT, Semecneba ar unda Semoiz-
Rudos SegrZnebebiTa da eqsperimentiT, praqtikiT, mTliani mecnieruli
Teoriis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinareobs is faqti, rom leonardos naxatebi,
marTalia, nayofia eqsperimentuli Semecnebisa, Tumca es eqsperimentuli
meTodi ar warmoadgens ufxo, SiSvel empirizms, igi Sesamecnebeli obieqtis
SemoqmedebiT aTvisebas, Rrma ganmsjelobas isaxavs miznad.
am ganmsjelobam aiZula leonardo da vinCi eRiarebina, rom erTaderTi
upiratesoba, romliTac poezia metoqeobas uwevs mxatvrobas, adamianis
grZnobaTa ufro Zlierad gadmocemaa. aq leonardos mier xazgasmul `sas-
waul aucileblobaze~ SeiZleba miTiTeba da miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvebi
`bunebriv aucileblobaze~ Tvalis, mxedvelobis Sesaxeb msjelobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, igi epoqis mecnieruli da filosofiuri azris ganviTarebis
ZiriTad tendenciebs exmaureba: `o, saswaulo aucileblobav, Sen udidesi
gonebiT aiZuleb yovelgvar moqmedebas, iyos sakuTar mizezTa Tanamonawile
da diadi da aucilebeli kanonis ZaliT gemorCilebodes Sen~ (gorfunkeli
1980: 109-110).
bunebis mSveniereba, romelsac swvdeba adamianis mzera, warmoadgens
leonardos ara mxolod rogorc mxatvrisa Tu xelovnebis Teoretikosis
samyaros, aramed leonardos, rogorc mecnierisa da filosofosis samyaro-
sac. leonardo da vinCis filosofiaSi samyaro Seicnoba ara ganyenebul sqo-
lastikur kategoriebSi, aramed cocxal da naTel mxatvrul saxeebSi mTeli
Tavisi Tvisobrivi konkretulobiTa da mravalferovnebiT (gorfunkeli
1980: 110-113 ).
didrosTan erTad axal realistur esTetikas qmnida lesingi, romlis
Sromebidan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia `laokoons~, romelic
axali drois idealebs warmoaCenda savsebiT Tamamad, originaluri azrov-
nebis safuZvelze da miuxedavad imisa, rom erTgvarad ganxeTqilebis vaSlis
roli iTamaSa zogadad esTetikis istoriaSi, darCa Tanamedrove da momavali
Taobebis ukvdav Zeglad.
`laokooni~ literaturasa da saxviT xelovnebas Soris msgavsebisa da
gansxvavebis gamomxatveli wignia. lesingi axleburad xsnis horaciusis de-
bulebas poezia mxatvrobas hgavso: mxatvroba mSvenierebis CarCoSi rCeba,
poeti ki sinamdvilis farTo asparezs moxazavs, mis saCveneblad saTanado
SemoqmedebiTi TavisuflebiT aRwers movlenebs, warmogvidgens viTarebas da
amis mixedviT cvlis, anu gviregulirebs STabeWdilebas.
lesingiseuli `esTetikuri azrovnebis siaxleebs~ erTgvari kanoni gan-
sazRvravda: tradiciebis idea, sazogadod, ar efuZneba istoriul analogi-
ebsa da paralelebs (aseTi midgoma umTavresad, masalis ubralo aqtualuro-
bisTvisaa gamosadegi), misi wyaroa `dauRalavi moZraoba win da ufro Sors~.
amgvari gagebisas sinamdvileSi arsebuli paralelebi xels uwyoben winamZRv-
rebis aRmoCenas, romelTa arsebobisas Tanamedrove procesebma SesaZloa
gamoiwvios kulturuli memkvidreobis ganaxleba. amisTvis unda gamovlin-
des ara mxolod axali Sinaarsi kulturisa, aramed misi mopovebis meTodebic
(anu kulturuli memkvidreobis aTvisebis principebi). ganmanaTleblobis
epoqis literaturis Teoria Seicavs mraval impulss, romelic SeiZleba ga-
moiyenebodes da viTardebodes miTiTebuli mimarTulebiT. am TvalsazrisiT
ukve aristoteleseuli esTetikis ZiriTadi cnebis mimesisis irgvliv SeiZ-
leba laparaki. mimesisi, rogorc namdvilisa da SesaZleblis gamomxatveli
216
cneba, imTaviTve gaxldaT tradiciuli realisturi mxatvruli azris ganvi-
Tarebis elementi. msgavs Tvalsazriss misdevda lesingi: `poezia da ferwera,
orive mibaZviTi xelovnebaa.
yovelive zemoTqmuli tradiciulisa da misi ganviTarebis magaliTad
moviSvelieT.
lesingi mignebad Tvlis `berZenTa volteris~ _ simonides antiTezas,
rom mxatvroba munji poeziaa, poezia ki metyveli mxatvroba. mkvlevarTa na-
wili miiCnevs, rom gamonaTqvamis marTali nawili imdenad naTelia,rom lamis
yuradRebas ar vaqcevT mcdarsa da bundovanso, anu raRac nawilSi srul-
yofili msgavsebis miuxedavad, mainc gaesmis xazi, cxadia, imas, rom xelov-
nebis ori dargi gansxvavebulni arian rogorc sagnis, aseve mibaZvis saxeobis
TvalsazrisiTac..
zogierT did mwerals gamaxvilebuli hqonda samyaros mxedvelobiTi
aRqma, maT Soris gamorCeulad goeTes, amitom igi uCveulod interesdeboda
saganTa formebiT da maTi ferebiT, sazogadod bunebis mxatvrul-feradova-
ni movlenebiT.eyrdnoboda ra am sakiTxSi mravalsaukunovan tradiciebs,
goeTem Seqmna sakuTari swavleba feris Sesaxeb, romelsac igi uwodebda qro-
matikas. ferTa mecnierulad Seswavlis survili masSi uceb ar gaCenila, ga-
nuviTarda mxatvrobiT dainteresebis gamo. am gatacebasTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSnavda, rom sagnebsa da nivTebs erTianad aRiqvamda.. bunebam aRmwer
poetad ar maqcia, aseve uari miTxra detalur mxatvrul niWzeo..
mxatvrebTan urTierTobam goeTe miiyvana daskvnamde, rom yvelaze sus-
tad isini erkveodnen koloritis Teoriul sakiTxebSi. `rogorc ki saqme exe-
boda ferebs werda goeTe yvelaferi eqvemdebareboda SemTxveviTobas,
amasTan igi ganisazRvreboda garkveuli gemovnebiT, gemovneba CveviT, Cveva
crurwmeniT, crurwmena mxatvris, moyvarulis Taviseburebebis mixed-
viT~ (kanaevi1970: 281). SemdegSi goeTe cdilobs safuZvliani codna SeiZinos
aRniSnul dargSi krebs cnobebs ferTa kontrastebis, elferTa Sesaxeb,
cdilobs daadginos bunebis yovelgvar movlenebSi arsebul ferTa `polari-
zacia~, vTqvaT: yviTeli cisferi, Suqi Crdili, naTeli bneli da a.S.
goeTe yofs ferebs or (dadebiT da uaryofiT, igiv Tbil da civ) jgufad da
a.S da msgavsi..
aq gadaxvevis saxiT, goeTes mecnieruli Ziebebis, msoflmxedvelobis,
misi SemoqmedebiTi SemZleblobis,bunebis, rogorc erTiani cocxali mTe-
lis, miseuli Wvretis Tavisebur daxasiaTebad qarTveli klasikosis k. gamsa-
xurdias dakvirvebis warmoCenas movisurvebdiT, radgan masSi maqsimalurad
tevadad aris goeTes mTliani portreti daxatuli:
`bunebaSi goete mxolod polarulobasa da gradacias xedavda, sistoles
da diasetols, aqtiursa da pasiur feradebs, SesunTqvasa da amosunTqvas, na-
Telsa da Crdils, qalursa da vaJurs, simZimes da gavrcelebas. TviTon Ta-
visi buneba mas warmoedgina, rogorc polarulobidan Semdgari arsoba, ro-
melic am erTimeoris mowinaaRmdege stiqiaTa Seguebisa, Sexamebis, harmoniu-
li SeduRebisken miiswrafvis.. goete cdilobs harmoniuli Sexameba daina-
xos, adamiansa da kosmoss Soris harmoniuloba daamyaros.. xarbi iyo goetes
Tvali, mowyurebuli marad bunebis didi da sakvirveli misteriebisaTvis em-
zira. roca misi poeturi afra ukanasknel akordebs iZleoda, goete ganagr-
Zobda bunebis kvlevasa da Wvretas... (gamsaxurdia1985: 344-345).
goeTe Tvlida (da amas danaxva undoda !), rom movlenebSi ixsneba, aSka-
ravdeba movlinebulis arsi. aseTi xedvis gamo, konkretulad ferebTan da-
kavSirebiT, misTvi pirvel adgilze idga ferTa ara abstraqtuli sqema, ara-
med Tavad movlena da masTan erTad adamiani, romelic xedavda fers. es ar
iyo fizikuri aRqmis gza, aramed iyo gza feriTi fenomenis kvlevisaken, anu
217
fsiqofiziologiuri kvlevis gza. ai, swored am mimarTulebis ganmtkiceba-
Sia goeTes didi damsaxureba da igi principulad axleburia (kanaevi 1970: 289
290).
am monakveTSi calkeuli mxatvris (fermweris) imgvar SegrZnebebze gveq-
neba saubari, romlebic scildebian xelovnebis erTi konkretuli dargisT-
vis damaxasiaTebel niSandobliobas. es, arsebiTad, xelovnebis sxvadasxva
dargTa Soris specifikur SemsWvalvas niSnavs, rac mravalferovani varia-
ciebiT warmodgenila xelovnebis wiaRSi. magaliTad, garkveuli dakvirveba
warmoebula zogierT iseT terminze, rac, erTi SexedviT, literaturaT-
mcodneobiT cnebas warmoadgens konkretulad mxatvrul saxes. da miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom bevri cdilobda, axleburad aexsna mxatvruli saxis, ase
vTqvaT sityvieri buneba (humbolti, Steintali, heize, potebnia, Speti), ma-
inc iqiTken ixreboda fiqri, rom cneba imTaviTve gvibiZgebda saTanado
TvalsaCinoebiT warmogvedgina raRac xedviT-gansazRvrebiTi sagani.
naTqvamis sailustraciod sainteresoa, magaliTad, van gogis werili
ZmasTan: `Cems namuSevrebSi vamCnev imis anarekls, nakvalevs, ramac ganmac-
vifra.. me vxedavdi, rom buneba melaparakeboda, miTxra raRac, da me TiTqos
davastenografe misi ena.. Cems stenografiul CanawerSi SeiZleba iyos sity-
vebi, romelTa gaSifvra me ar ZalmiZs, SesaZloa iyos Secdomebi an raime ga-
motovebuli, magram miuxedavad amisa, masSi darCeba raRaca imisgan, rac
miTxra tyem, an zRvis napirma, an adamianis figuram.. da es sulac ar aris ufe-
ruli pirobiTi ena daswavlili manerisa an winaswarakviatebuli sistemisa,
aramed aris xma Tavad bunebisa~ (murina 1978: 68).
brwyinvale interpretaciaa xelovnebis dargTaSorisi urTierTobisa,
ase vTqvaT, xelovnebiseuli magnetizmisa. van gogi Zalze specifikurad
grZnobda xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis erTobas. amis dasturad mxatvris
saintereso citirebas axdens o. petroCuki: `zogierTi mxatavi flobs mu-
Saobis nervul xerxebs, da amas saqme mihyavs iqamde, rom maTi teqnika TiT-
qosda iZens violinos Tavisebur JReradobas, aseTebia magaliTad, lemiudi,
domie, lansoni, sxvebisa, magaliTad gavarnisa da bodmerisa ufro mogvago-
nebs roials, xolo millesi, SesaZloa sazeimo organs~ (petroCuki 1974: 11).
van gogi did pativs scemda kompozitorebs. Tavis swrafvas musikisadmi
igi srulad gamoxatavda sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi. es iyo nawili misi warmod-
genisa samyaros mravalferovnebaze da samyaroSi arsebul urTierT-
kavSirebze.
van gogis Semoqmedebis zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom vinsentis TiTq-
mis yoveli saxe Seesabameba romelime musikalur laitmotivs, rom mxatvari,
marTalia, cotas laparakobs amis Sesaxeb, magram es igulisxmeba yovelTvis.
van gogi, ase vTqvaT, axorcielebs Tavis SemoqmedebaSi ucxos ise,TiTqos
igi yofiliyos pirveladi. amitom musikaluris msgavsi orkestrireba war-
moadgens misi ritmuli bunebis nawils. amgvari SemsWvalvis xasiaTis warmo-
saCenad mohyavs amJamad o. petroCuks van gogis citireba: `Cvengan, ferm-
werebisagan yovelTvis moiTxoven, rom Tavad viyoT Semdgenlebi da kom-
pozitorebi. kargi! magram musikaSi ase ar xdeba. roca viRaca ukravs beT-
hovens, dakvraSi igi xom sakuTar gaazrebas warmoaCens.. gadaRebis arsi ara
originalis monur miyolaSia, aramed dedaazris damoukidebel interpreta-
ciaSi, maSasadame esec SemoqmedebiTi procesia~ (petroCuki 1974: 25).
amrigad, van gogTan goneba mudmivad aqtiurad aris CarTuli Semoqme-
debiT procesSi.
van gogTan fermweris SemoqmedobiToba saTanadod etoleba sityvas, met-
yvelebas. marTalia, igi xazs usvams metyvelebis erTgvar avtomatizms, wi-
nadadebaSi sityvebis uSualo funqciazec yovndeba misTvis uCveulo gans-
218
jiTi azrovnebis gamo TiTqos moulodnelad, magram sinamdvileSi msgavsi
pozicia sworedac rom xelovnebis dargTa Soris arsebuli analogiis siRr-
miseuli ZiebiTaa gamowveuli.
van gogis SemoqmedebaSi `stenografia~, `sityva~, `ena~ cxadia, sulac ar
aris SemTxveviTi gansazRvrebani. isini aaSkaraveben ferweris, rogorc gamo-
xatvis, gamovlenis mxatvriseul gagebas. es gageba scildeba tradiciuli ti-
pis mxatvarTa Tvalsazriss. van gogTan igi axal amocanas isaxavs xelov-
nebis erTi dargidan sxva dargze specifikur `Targmnas~, risi mcdelobani,
cxadia, mraval xelovans axasiaTebs, magram van gogTan igi gansakuTrebuli
miznobriobiT xorcieldeboda, Tumca, arsebiTad, gadaulaxav dabrkolebas
mainc awydeboda: poeziaSi, magaliTad, gamoxatvis saSualeba sityvaa, da is,
razecaa laparaki erTi da igives warmoadgens. van gogma ki amocanad daisaxa
cxovrebis formebSi Seeqmna uCinari, ucnauri dramatuli `landSafti~
adamianuri sulisa. lionelo venturi SeniSnavda: sulis gamomJRavneba fe-
ris saSualebiT _ ai, van gogis ocneba~ ; van gogis antipods sezans ki miaCnda,
rom `suls ar xataven, xataven sxeuls, da roca sxeuli kargadaa daxatuli,
eSmakma dalaxvros, suli, Tu is aris, gamovlindeba, akiafdeba yvelaferSi~.
magram van gogisaTvis aucilebeli iyo `sulis xatva~,uromlisodac misTvis
xelovneba ar arsebobda.. igi van gogi adamianis, van gogi mxatvris, sulis
mqone van gogis arsebobisaken iswrafoda (murina 1978 : 64-65).
vfiqrobT,Sesaferisi sisruliT SevexeT poeziisa da ferweris (xelovne-
bis sxva dargebisac) urTierTdamokidebulebis problemebs, anu Sromis
dasawyisSi miTiTebul specifikur wiaRsvlas garkveuli funqcia mivaniWeT.
axla qarTveli klasikosis k.gamsaxurdias poetikaSi sityvisa da feris
harmoniulobas gvinda mivapyroT, konkretulad, yuradReba.
* * *
k. gamsaxurdia yvelasagan gansxvavebul gzebs saxavda qarTuli lite-
raturis aRorZinebisaTvis. mwerals romanisa da novelis Janrma misca sa-
Sualeba poeturi niWierebis maqsimalurad gamoaSkaravebisa. XX saukunis 50
ian wlebSi, ganvlili hqonda ra Janrobrivi Ziebis, mxatvrul formaTa nor-
mebis dadgenis rTuli gza, k. gamsaxurdia Seuvalad acxadebda: `romanisa da
novelis Janri, romelic mxolod X1X saukuneSi aRwevs Tavisi ganviTarebis
zenits, universaluri Janria. romanma Semoimtkica lirikis uSualo SemarTe-
ba, dramisagan dialogebis lapidaroba isesxa, xolo istoriografiisagan
aiRo retrospeqtuli meTodi Wvretisa; manve aiTvisa bunebismetyvelebis
miRwevani~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 249).
cxadia, romanis Janrs miRmac (leqsebi, novelebi, drama, igavebi, Teori-
ul-kritikuli, eseisturi werilebi.) Cans k. gamsaxurdias mwerluri Tavise-
burebani enobrivi masalis specifikuri gamoyeneba, xatvis mimarT gamorCe-
uli yuradReba, lirizmi, situaciaTa, ambavTa dramatizeba, bunebis saxisa da
xasiaTis adamianTan mimarTebaSi warmoCena da a.S..
aq mwerlis mier ferTa gancdaze gvinda gavamaxviloT yuradReba, rome-
lic k. gamsaxurdiam jer kidev 1918 wels berlinSi ganswavlis wlebSi Seqmnil
leqsSi `feradi, feradi~ gamoavlina. leqsSi gatarebuli esTetikuri Se-
xedulebani principul poziciaTa donemde maRldeba mwerlis mTel Semoqme-
debaSi. Janridan JanrSi gadadis ferTa mimarT k. gamsaxurdias uCveulo da-
mokidebuleba. ferad cnebebSi, xatebSi, sagnebSi amoikiTxeba mwerlis su-
lis, gonebis moZraoba. zogjer sityvieri ferebiT SeTxzuli simbolur-me-
taforuli suraTebis, xan ki cnebebis zusti Sinaarsis aRqma Zalze saZnelo
xdeba. aq grZnobebs Tu mivendobiT, emociaTa mravalsaxeobis gamo erTiani
daskvnis gamotana, vimeorebT, Wirs.
219
leqsis taepSi `feradi, feradi, poeto feradi Sens sisxlSi livlivebs,
Sens gulSi budobs~ gamouyofia zRvrebi poeturi, ferweruli Tu musika-
luri feradianobisa (aqve SevniSnavT, rom xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi arsebuli
realobiT zogierTi specialisti ferweras `aSinebs~ literaturiT uar-
yofs ara mxolod aRweriT siuJets, aramed eWvqveS ayenebs Tanamedrove su-
raTis Tematikur gansazRvrulobas, Tavad saxes masSi, magram, amave dros,
aRiarebs ferweraze musikisa da arqiteqturis zegavlenas). leqsSi feri ada-
mianuri raobis uSualo elementadaa Seracxuli, misi sulier-xorcieli ga-
nuyoflobis garduval niSnadaa warmoCenili, igi pirovnuli gancda-emoci-
ebis gamosxivebaa, Sinagani samyaros gansazRvruli Tvisebis gamovlenaa,
`qsovaa xaliCisa.. grZnobaTa feradiT~. feradia zafxulis loyebi~, `zRvis
Ria Tvalebi~, `zamTris cremlebi~. naocnebari xilvebi `msurs Sua zamTarSi
hyvaodes venaxi~, anda: `msurs TovliT davtvirTo xe nayofSesxmuli~ scil-
debian Cveulebrivi warmodgenis samanebs da droTa alogikurad aRqmis (rac
poeturi STagonebis, samyaros mxatvrul-filosofiuri warmosaxva-warmod-
genis erT-erTi saSualebaa) magaliTebs warmoadgenen. droTa es alogikuri
aRqma ki, ar uaryofs ferTa simbolur-metaforuli sistemis gamoyenebas.
weliwadis sxvadasxva dro poetiseuli fantaziis erT momentSia moqceuli
(cnobilia T. eliotis gamoTqma yvela dro erT wamSia moqceuli), rac ma-
radiulobisa da usazRvroebis erTiani gagebis damkvidrebis tendencias
amJRavnebs da rac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisad gansazRvravs poeziis maradiu-
lobas da ukvdavebas.
leqsis axlaxan moyvanil taepebSi SesaZlebeli xdeba feris gansazRvru-
lad warmodgena: Taviseburad ferad (nayofis Sesabamisi feris gamo)
msxmoiare xes TeTri Tovlis qaTqaTa toni axali elferiT tvirTavs da piri-
qiT, zamTarSi venaxis ayvavebac uCveulo ferad asociaciebs warmoSobs. mi-
TiTebul magaliTebSi moxsnilia zamTrisTvis niSandoblivi upiratesoba
mxolod TeTri ferisa, an ayvavebuli venaxiT gamowveuli Cveuli tonis Ziri-
Tadoba. aq ferTa Serwyma-Sexameba ramdenadme abstraqtulad, magram emo-
ciurad warmoidgineba. erTi sityviT, moxsnilia erTferovneba.
mosawyen erTferovnebas uaryofda ilia. misi SexedulebiT, erTnairoba
xaliss ukargavda Tvals.
cnobili ar gaxlavT faqti, rom ilias raime Rirssaxsovari naSromi
mieZRvna ferTa Seswavlis sakiTxisadmi (artur laisti SeniSnavs: ilia mxatv-
robas naklebad icnobda, Tumca xalisianad kiTxulobda didi mxatvrebis
biografiebs. uyvarda lamazi istoriuli suraTebi~), magram is ki aRsaniSna-
via, rom mwerali lamis fermweris niSandobliobiT warmogviCens STabeWdi-
lebas, romelsac axdens Tvalze sagnis mier anarekli sinaTle da miuxedavad
imisa, rom ilias mxatvrul TxzulebebSi feri, sazogadod, sakmaod TavSeka-
vebiTaa gamoyenebuli, roca ki fiqsirdeba, Zalze efeqturad da mizanmimar-
Tulad ufro zustad, magaliTad `gandegilSi~, bunebis ferwerul su-
raTebSi ostaturadaa Sexamebuli mravalferovani saRebavebi, sxvadasxva
elferi, Suqi da Crdili, dominirebs mzis sinaTle, wiTel-yviTeli da lurji
tonebi, erTi sityviT, vimeorebT, ilias mowonebas ar imsaxurebda erTfe-
rovneba, mosawyeni, uxaliso mdgomareoba.
k. gamsaxurdia TiTqos sagangebod iziarebs am azrs da sagangebodve
usvams xazs erTferovnebis sapirispiro viTarebas: `feradiT Rims mohgvri
Tvals namtiralebs~. erTnairoba aqac moxsnilia, feradianoba sagangebo
efeqtebis miRwevaTa saSualebadaa Seracxuli.
leqsSi feri SeWrilia yvelgan da yvelaferSi (vaSlis xeSi `sisxlisfer
yvavilTa qulebad~, gulSi `ferad yvavilebad~), xandaxan ki sxvadasxva sa-
gan-materiaTagan gamokiafdeba (`feradi ifrqveva mzis cecxlis Tvalidan~).
220
amgvarad, leqsSi feri poeturi sityvis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebul
rols asrulebs. poeturi sityva aRvsilia asociaciuri nakadiT, cincxali
STabeWdilebis momxdenia da gansazRvrulad gadaxrilia cnebis logikuri
Sinaarsidan gaformebulia axal warmodgenad, uCveulo Sinaarsis Semcvel
kombinaciad.
zemoTqmuli adasturebs im rols, rasac feri TamaSobs k. gamsaxurdias
adreul SemoqmedebaSi, kerZod lirikaSi.
k. gamsaxurdias leqsebSi, romlis umetesi nawili konservatoruli kul-
turebis atmosferoSi,germanuli idealizmisa da italiur-germanuli misti-
kis zegavleniT iwereboda, saTanado individualuri saxemosilebiT vlinde-
boda epoqiseuli subieqturi SemoqmedebiTi konkretuloba. miunxenSi, ber-
linSi, lozanaSi, romSi, parizSi, mogvianebiT ki TbilisSic Seqmnil poetur
qmnilebebSi avtori upirispirdeba publicistikas, `TergdaleulTa~ socia-
lur paToss da problematikas, uars ambobs ideologiur TavSekavebaze, Se-
uzRudavad gadmoscems piradul gancdebs _ ar cdilobs melanqoliisa da
eqstazis ramenair Serbilebasa da swored am uSualobiT iwvevs Sesaferis
interess. rogorc poeti, igi grZnobs, rom adamians zedmetad aRizianebs xaz-
gasmuli diTirambebi fizikuri da sulieri sijansaRis Sesaxeb, amitom cxov-
rebisagan gamowveul nervul aRgznebaTa motivebis warmoCena normalura-
dac ki miaCnia, miT umetes, rom tkivilis miuxedavad cxovrebisaTvis, si-
cocxlisaTvis brZolis dvritas saTanado mniSvnelobas unarCunebs.
SfoTvis, dacema-amaRlebis, uimedobisa da amasTan imedis motivebia ga-
moxatuli leqsSi `emil verharnisadmi~ (xazgasmuli tendenciebi sworedac
realurad arsebuli maxasiaTeblebia cxovrebisa). rTul metamorfozaTa
momswre da monawile verharni `eleqtrobisa da cepelinis maxarobelia~, mis
`Cangs morCilobs kapitalis da industriis samflobelo~, igi cecxlis sti-
qiisgan gadmonadeni usazRvro aRgznebulobiTaa Sepyrobili `cecxlSi
naSobi salamandra cecxlad enTebi~.. da es borgva sasicocxlo potenciis
specifikur stimulatorad gardaiqmneba gawvalebuli yofis sapirwoned
`sicocxles umRer sikvdilisgan ganawvalebi~.
fantaziuri warmodgenebi ZiriTadad ferTa ori gamiT aris `gawyobili~
`sxivmosili siqaTqaTiT~ mas SejufTebuli `cecxlad naTebiT~ da `Savi
fakeliTa~ da `Savi xelebiT~ `apolos xeliT anTebuli Savi fakeli, codvil
qalaqebs sxivmosili dahqaTqaTebdi~.
dafiqsirebuli ferebi azrobrivad Seusabamo konteqsts ayalibebs TiT-
qos, anu lamis gaugebaria `Savi fakelis~ `sxivmosil qaTqaTTan~ Sewyvileba,
magram aq niuanss unda SemCneva: `Savi fakeli~ `codvil qalaqebs~ unda Seuwy-
vildes oden..
amdenad, leqsSi logikuri da formaluri kontaminaciebi rTul, magram
saintereso suraTs warmogvisaxavs.
k. gamsaxurdia gamorCeul mniSvnelobas aniWebs literaturaSi, kultu-
raSi erTianad, musikis, sityvis plastikisa da feradis gamoxatvas. TqmaSi da
feradSi Sejibri misi Semoqmedebis organuli Tanamdevia. amgvari miswrafeba
saTanado biZgs zogadad dekadansidan Rebulobda, rac k. gamsaxurdias mo-
dernizms ayalibebda da aviTarebda: `aRsasruls saukunisas da dekadanss
wers mwerali grZnobs yoveli avadmyofi Taoba, magram avadmyofoba xSirad
cxovrebis sitkboebas moawyurvebs adamians. avadmyofobis Semdeg xSirad
adamiani meore ukiduresobas xvdeba, radganac rogorc pirovnebas, ise mTel
Taobas ar SeuZlia erT gansazRvrul sulier pozaSi, erT gansakuTrebul
mdgomareobaSi darCena. aseTia adamianis sulisa da msoflio dinamikis
kanoni~ (gamsaxurdia 1983 : 420).
221
amgvari mdgomareobis dinamikis safuZvlad mwerali simbolizms,
impresionizmsa da eqspresionizms miiCnevs.
Tavad k. gamsaxurdias modernizmic aRsaqmelia, rogorc impresionistul
-simbolistur da eqspresionistul stilTa da msoflSegrZnobis sinTezi.
bevri niSani k.gamsaxurdias poetikisa, zemowarmoCenil kulturul mi-
marTulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiTaa saCvenebeli, konkretuli azric amis mixed-
viT unda mieniWos.
leqsi `tfilisuri saRamo~ Tavidan msubuqi sevdiani ganwyobiT iqcevs
yuradRebas Rrubeli cas farul fiqrad ekvris, Semdeg, wamier, SavnaRvli-
anoba isadgurebs `fiqri mova saRamos, fiqri SavnaRvliani~. mdgomareobas
Suqisa da Crdilis efeqti axlavs `nislis ruxi zolebi mZinar saxuravidan
miiweven cisaken gawewili kaviTa~. TandaTan uaresdeba lega feriT mosili,
siTbos moklebuli guneba `suli ise iswrafvis, cisken mzegadasuli, ro-
gorc kvamli saRamos, sakmevelad asuli, moibura mTawminda, nislis samose-
liTa~. axlovdeba wami, roca Rirebulebas kargavs azrianad yofna `bnel
quCebSi umiznod, daval davexetebi~. da aq, paradoqsulad, unda iTqvas mou-
lodnelad, sulier mdgomareobas TiTqos unda amsubuqebdes nislovanebi-
dan, moburulobidan, bnelidan gadaxrili elferi `safironis cioni~, mag-
ram igi mainc civi tonia, SeiZleba davarqvaT grili da amdenad veranairad
ver iwvevs daTbobas, miT ufro, rom realurad civ-grilis Sesabamisi mdgo-
mareoba sufevs: `daexata mtkvars mkerdze safironis cioni. mokvda bagra-
tioni, mokvda bagrationi~, _ agugundnen zarebi, aqviTinda sioni~.
warmodgenil situaciaSi Tu raimes SeiZleba daerqvas pozitiuri, mxo-
lod sulis wuxils, romelic ara zogadkacobriuli tkivilis gaziarebisas
gamoxatuli zedmeti poziTaa aqcentirebuli, aramed samSoblos bedisweri-
Taa damZimebuli, nacionalur-politikur orientaciaze gawamebuli fiqre-
biTaa ganpirobebuli..
k. gamsaxurdia xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom aTwliani evropuli ganswavlu-
lobisa da mogzaurobis wlebma aqcia igi mwerlad da moazrovned.igi adri-
danve literaturis modernizebis aqtiuri monawile gaxldaT. procesi for-
mis, stilis rafinirebiT aRiniSneba. mwerali dauokebel swrafvas avlens
gancdilisa da Secnobilis mimarT, misi poeturi Tvali da smena uCveulos
miRebas moiTxovda. msgavsi situacia iwvevda ideologiur-msoflmxedve-
lobriv konfliqtebs, romlis miuxedavad warmatebuli aRmoCnda formalu-
ri Ziebis periodi mravali TvalsazrisiT.
amrigad, k. gamsaxurdias gauCnda samyaros axleburi esTetikuri aRqmis
SesaZlebloba da igic uSualobiT gadmoscemda Sinagan impulsebs, rac, ar-
sebiTad, epoqis niSnebis arsebobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. mis leqsebSi simbo-
listur pasiurobas, egocenrizms axali Taobis aqtivistebis, anu eqspresio-
nistebis kosmocentriuloba upirispirdeboda. gamsaxurdia werda: `simbo-
listebisaTvis `meoba~ iyo sazomi samyaroisa. eqspresionistebisaTvis piru-
ku, kosmosia sazomi `meobisa~. am axalma pandinamisturma xelovnebam unda ga-
dos xidi kosmiursa da individualurs, `me~-sa da ara `me~-s, pirovnebasa da
samyaros Soris, unda moZebnos axali saSualeba pirovnebasa da kosmiurobas
Soris harmoniuli damokidebulebis aRsadgenad~ (gamsaxurdia 1983 : 421).
zogadad, miTiTebul idealTa gamomxatvel azrobriv da formalur ni-
SanTa Widili, an sxvagvar urTierTobaTa mcdelobaa dafiqsirebuli k.
gamsaxursias leqsebis umetesobaSi, rac sxvadasxva simboluri maxasiaTeble-
biT, an ferTa saTanado gamiT aris niuansirebuli. ferTa ZiriTadi palitra
amgvaria: Savi, bneli, Rame, niRabi Savi, landebi bneli, koJriani Savi xelebi,
Savi Wotebi; sinaTle mkrTali, eleqtroni, cecxlis ciskari, mkrTali mTva-
re, yviTeli fardebi, TeTri tkbili savane, oqro, vercxli, narinji..
222
feri, rig SemTxvevaSi saTanado ganwyobilebas Seesabameba, Tumca sulie-
ri mdgomareoba imdenad cvalebadia da impulsuri, xolo yofa, viTareba
imdenad paradoqsuli, rom esa Tu is feri zogjer `icilebs~ Cveulebriv sim-
bolur funqcias da gansxvavebul datvirTvas Tavobs, anu `badaxSis Rawvi~
`CrdiliT aris Semosili~, `yviTeli fardebi~, `landebis bnel TamaSs~ ewyvi-
leba, `TeTri qvebiT~ `Savni darbaznia agebulni~, anda `yviTel liTons Seuc-
vlia macxovris xati~ da msgavsi..
calkea aRsaniSnavi SemTxveva, rodesac k. gamsaxurdia pirdapir negatiu-
ri azriT gvamaxvilebinebs yuradRebas sisxlis ferze. es erT leqsSi xdeba
mxolod `parizi 1999 wels~, romelSic `pirsisxliani miwis aCrdili zecis
ekranze gadaistambeba~, `miwa ocnebis sisxls svams~ da `RmerTi Zlieri xe-
liT miwis sxeulze mware iaras gadaxsnis~, rodesac `Subls aiazma atyvia
sisxlis da garujuli Wriloba gulze~. yovelive urTulesi kataklizmebis
gamo areuli babilonis godolis saxe-xatebas warmoaCens da adasturebs
kriziss adamianis modgmisas, rac araerTxel gameorebula dedamiwaze..
mogvianebiT daweril leqsebSi, roca garkveulwilad gasuli iyo Semoq-
medebis adreuli periodi, mweralSi mZafrdeba warsuli literaturis tra-
diciebis mimarT mgrZnobeloba. Cndeba Tematikurad xalxurs miaxlebuli
yofis, qcevis, Cveulebis gamomxatveli, ritualuri wesis Semcveli leqsebi.
aq formaluri mxarec axleburia ufro xalisiani, sicocxlis damamkvidre-
beli, ferTa gamac gansxvavebulad elvarea. vgulisxmobT leqss `saqorwi-
no~ sazeimo ganwyomis, sixarulis damamkvidrebel nawarmoebs, `ayvavebuli
fSatiT, `naCdiliTa da naSuqariT~, `oqroTi, vercxliT~, `mooWvili la-
liT~, `Sindisferi yabaCebiT~ gamSvenierebuls. es ukve sxva sinamdvilidanaa
istoriuli koloritis gamomxatveli samezoblodanaa gadmosuli, anu
wmindad qarTuli sulierebis gacocxlebaa.
sanam specialurad vimsjelebT k. gamsaxurdias originalur mxatvrul
TxzulebebSi mwerlis mier Zalze Taviseburad gaformebuli ferebis, maTi
funqciuri daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, aRvniSnavT, rom qarTveli klasikosi yo-
velTvis jerovan pativiscemas amJRavnebda msoflio literaturis klasi-
kosTa ideur-esTetikuri naazrevis mimarT. rusTavelis, sulxan-sabas, d.
guramiSvilis, ilias, akakis, vaJas, galaktionis, goeTes, baironis, balzakis,
T. manis, uitmenis, edgar pos, rilkes, st. georges, lev tolstois, gogolis,
dostoevskis da sxvaTa Semoqmedebis ganxilvis procesSi k. gamsaxurdia
Sexebia da Zalze mniSvnelovani mosazrebebi gamouTqvams mxatvruli meTo-
dis, Janris, kompoziciis, Txrobis struqturis da sxva Teoriul sakiTxebze.
amJamad, konkretulad, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT l. tolstoisa da go-
golis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mimarT k. gamsaxurdias damokidebulebaze,
radgan qarTveli Semoqmed-mkvlevaris azriT maT nawarmoebebSi CvenTvis Ri-
rebuli problemis rigi sakiTxia dasmuli da jerovani sisavsiTacaa gaanali-
zebuli igi.
k. gamsaxurdia rus mweralTa mraval mxatvrul Rirsebas aRniSnavs, gan-
sakuTrebiT uwonebs maT brwyinvale landSaftebis Seqmnis ostatobas, izi-
davs maTgan daxatuli bunebis mravalferadianoba, masSi damkvidrebuli
dinamika.
araerT mkvlevars aRuniSnavs gogolis uCveulo damokidebuleba sinaT-
lisadmi, mzisadmi. k. pigarevi, magaliTad, xazs usvams, rom gogolis peizaJe-
bi warmoadgenen sikaSkaSis zRvas, masve mohyavs gogolis nawarmoebis
`portretis~ gmiris gamonaTqvami avtorze rogori didebulic ar unda
iyos gogoli, erTTavad aklia raRac, Tu caze ar aris mze (pigarevi 1972: 56).
k. gamsaxurdiac umetesad swored zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebis dama-
dasturebel magaliTebs warmogvidgens gogolis Semoqmedebidan, gvaziarebs
223
im sixaruls, gancdaTa uCveulo paTetikas, rasac gogols hgvrida mzis
`Tavbrudamsxmeli varvara sxivebi~, an caSi aWrili torolebis `vercxlis
simRerebi~, gindac `Rrublebisaken mimqrolavi gareuli batebis gniasi eTe-
ris TvalSeuvleb zRvaSi~.
k. gamsaxurdia yuradRebas gvaqcevinebs agreTve gogolis peizaJebis
araCveulebriv moculobiT-plastikur mxareze, riTac efeqturad SevigrZ-
nobT bunebaSi damkvidrebuli sicocxlis mZlavr feTqvas:
`haerSi aTasgvari frinvelis Cqami gaismoda. orbebi dinjad akeTebdnen
iraos caSi, frTebiT eyrdnobodnen haeris talRebs da momnusxvelad uT-
valTvalebdnen balaxebs.. balaxebidan adgeboda xolme meTolia, frTebis
gamozomili rxeviT netarebiT aRvsili banaobda haeris molibro talRebSi..
aha, igi dainTqa eTerSi da Savi wertilis rialiRa daetyo cas, uceb Setrial-
da igi da mzis Tvalze gaielva anazdad~.
mxolod `SuadRis mdumarebisa da xvatis wiaRSi brwyinvis~ da sxva amis
msgavs `SuqTa frqvevis~ gamoxatvis unars ar uwonebs k. gamsaxurdia gogols.
ukrainis velebis bindisa da Ramis gamosaxvisas gamovlenili gogoliseuli
emocia da azrobrivi siRrmec siamovnebas hgvris. igi gamokveTs mwerlis
unars,Segviqmnas amaRlebuli ganwyobileba ara mxolod moZraobis, mZlavri
feTqvis gamoxatvisas, aramed garindebis, udrtvinvelobis xatvis drosac.
bevr mwerals aqvs Tavisi rCeuli feri, toni, motivi, romliTac igi xazs
usvams garkveul Sexedulebas cxovrebaze, gvacnobs sakuTar asociaciebs..
lev tolstois da gogolis Semoqmedebasac Sexebian am TvalsazrisiT. adam-
sis dakvirvebiT, magaliTad, gogoli umetesad oqroTi da vercxliT qsovs
Tavis peizaJebs (adamsi 1962: 94), xolo l. tolstoisTan l. miSkovskaias dask-
vniT sWarbobs mwvane, oqro da vercxli naklebia masTan, Tumca, rodesac xma-
robs oqrosfers gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebiT. magaliTad, borodinos
brZolis aRwerisas, mindvrebisa da tyeebis oqrosa da vercxlis ferebi
farul siTbod efinebaT mebrZolebs mZime brZolis win ( miSkovskaia 1958: 99).
k. gamsaxurdiac exeba specialurad ferTa gancdis sakiTxs l. tolstoisa
da gogolis SemoqmedebaSi. misi azriT, roca `kavkasiuri moTxrobebis~
avtors mouwia samxreTis bunebasTan Sexvedra, misma ferweramac icvala nawi-
lobriv saxe: `kavkasiaSi Camosulni puSkini, lermontovi da TviT sadad we-
ris didostati lev tolstoi, kavkasiis bunebis grandiozulobisa da fera-
dianobis zegavleniT gacilebiT ufro xatovani stiliT werdnen, vidre ma-
Sin, roca CrdiloeTis landSaftebs gvixatavdnen~ (gamsaxurdia 1985: 268).
k. gamsaxurdias xiblavs peizaJis eqspresiiT aRsavse aRwera `haji mura-
tidan~, `kavkasieli tyvidan~, gogolis mier gamoyenebuli zurmuxtebi, la-
lebi da aqatebi, mtredisferi da vercxlisferi, Ramis sibnele da dRis
sivarvare..
`SesaZloa aq vinmes moelandos raime paTetiuroba an `lamazi weris~ Jini,
magram zogierTebs ar esmiT, rom samxreTuli bunebis aRweraSi TviT masala
eZaleba avtors~ (gamsaxurdia, 1985: 268).
ferTa mimarT k. gamsaxurdias principuli damokidebuleba gansazRvravs
imas, rom igi sxva mwerlebis Semoqmedebis analizis drosac sagangebo yu-
radRebas aqcevs ferweris problemebs.
axali da gansxavebuli Tvisebrivi niuansebiT iyenebs fers k. gamsaxurdia
epikaSi, kerZod, novelebsa da romanebSi. mweralma originalurad warmoaCina
prozaSi sakuTari `feradi Sexedulebani~ movlenebze, sagnebsa Tu situa-
ciebze, cxovrebaze saerTod. epikaSi ufro mravalferovnad gaifanta feri,
ganawilda igi bunebasa da adamianze. prozaSi ferma miagno sakuTari bunebis
ufro masStaburad gamovlenis saasparezos.
224
k. gamsaxurdias ZiriTadi ideur-esTetikuri amocana gaxlavT sinamdvi-
lis mimzidveli mxatvruli ferebiT Secnoba. cxovrebis gamoxatvisas igi
yovelTvis aRwevs gancdaTa sicxoveles, rasac Zlier uwyobs xels mwerlis
uCveulad feradovani azrovneba. bunebaSi gabneul-gafantul uamrav fers k.
gamsaxurdia gansakuTrebuli grZnobiT aRiqvams, xSirad ki uCveulo, raRac
abstraqtul ferebs ( m g l i s f e r i , q e d n i s f e r i , k a r a q i s
f e r i , x o x b i s y e l i s f e r i da sxv.) warmogvadgeninebs da amiT
axdens moulodnel emociur zegavlenas. mwerals izidavs S u q i s a da
C r d i l i s moulodneli Sexameba.
ganixilavs ra ferweraSi feris mniSvnelobis sakiTxs, hegeli wers: `fer-
mwerTan Cven vxedavT kolorits, romelsac saerTod ver aRviqvamT bunebaSi
imis gamo, rom ar vaqcevT yuradRebas, roca igi arsebobs, magram ama Tu im
mxatvars TvalSi xvdeba igi, iTvisebs mas da eCveva yvela sagnis am koloritSi
danaxvas da gadmocemas~ (hegeli1968:198).
k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedeba saTanadod adasturebs hegelis sityvebs.
mwerali bunebaSi amCnevs ara mxolod ZiriTad (tradiciul) ferebs, aramed
grZnobs mis uamrav elfers, tons. ferebisa da misi tonebis Sewyvileba-Se-
xamebiT, anda maTi gansazRvruli kontrastirebiT mwerali Sesaferisad gad-
mogvcems pirad Tu personaJis ganwyobilebas.
k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi hegelis erTi poziciac poulobs gamoxa-
tulebas: hegeli Tvlis, rom xelovnebam unda Camoicilos aramarto Sinaar-
sis, aramed garegnuli formis SiSveli SemTxvevTobac, mxatvarma Tavi unda
daaRwios kerZo subieqtur Taviseburebebs am aspeqtebTan mimarTebaSi
(hegeli 1968: 302-303).
k. gamsaxurdia sworedac funqciurad anawilebs sagnebs, maT mdgomareo-
bas, moZraobasac ki, SeiZleba sxvanairadac vTqvaT ferisa da ganaTebis Ta-
viseburebebiTac SegvamCnevinebs xolme kolorits (vTqvaT,mTvaris Suqis,
mzis sxivis specifikurad gaazrebisas, anda, vTqvaT, Ramis, borcvebis, sxva-
dasxva landSaftis gamoxatvisas da a.S. ).
CvenTvis Znelia saubari imaze, iqonia Tu ara pirdapiri gavlena romeli-
me konkretuli mxatvris Semoqmedebam k. gamsaxurdiaze , magram Sinagani
kavSiri mwerlis Semoqmedebasa da sazogadod mxatvrobas Soris arsebobs. k.
gamsaxurdias mier gamoxatuli samyaros garkveuli filosofiuri mimarTu-
leba, misi poetizacia, bunebis ayvavebis, aRvsili sicocxlisunarianobis
elegiuri dapirispireba adamianis arsebobis mtkivneul da swraf warmavalo-
basTan, anda bunebis sicocxlis kontrastuli Sedareba-Sepirispireba taZ-
rebisa da sasaxleebis namusrevebTan (es ori ukanaskneli gamorCeulad SeimC-
neva novelaSi `mSveniereba~) _ yovelive Taviseburad aerTianebs k. gamsaxur-
dias Semoqmedebas Tavis Tanadroul da adreul evropul, aRmosavlur, ag-
reTve qarTul, gansakuTrebiT freskul mxatvrobasTan.
Tavis romanebsa da novelebSi mwerali axsenebs rafaelis, leonardo da
vinCis, miqelanjelos, botiCelis, diureris, kranaxis, ufro axlebis pika-
sos, hodleris, brakis saxelebs (sami ukanaskneli mxatvris dafiqsireba
mwerlis epoqisdroindeli xelovnebis, sxvadasxva mxatvruli skolebisa da
mimarTulebisadmi erTgvar dainteresebas uRvivebs mkiTxvels: ferdinand
hodleri Sveicareli fermweri, mistikur-simbolisturi tilos `Rame~,
freskis `ukan daxeva marinianodan~ avtori, gamoirCeoda gamZafrebuli
eqspresiulobiT da modernistuli stilizaciiT; JorJ braki frangi ferm-
weri, kubizmis erT-erTi damaarsebeli `qali gitariT~).
k. gamsaxurdia erTgan garkveul maRal normad warmoaCens kvatroCentos
X1V saukunis italiis mxatvrobas. magram imis Tqma, qmnis Tu ara raimes
225
mwerali romelime mxatvris uSualo zegavleniT, rogorc aRvniSneT, amJamad
ar SegviZlia.
k. gamsaxurdias Sinagan damokidebulebas ferwerasTan, mis midrekilebas,
gulgrili ar darCes feris, uamravi tonisa da elferis mimarT, davadastu-
rebT vrceli amonaweriT `dionisos Rimilidan~:
`Cven SeuCereblad Tvali gadavavleT suraTebis serias. y v i T e l i
y v a v i l e b i s pavilionebSi iaponeli da Cineli maraoebiani qalebi, ram-
denime gaazielebuli evropeli mxatvris aqvarelebi, monRoliis y v i -
T e l q v i S i a n i s t e p e b i , Cinuri landSaftebi, tokios, kalkutas,
madrasis, kiaCaus, nagasakis buxtebSi Sesuli evropeli drednoutebis
m w v a n e , y v i T e l i da w i T e l i S u q i s c i a l i R a m e -
u l w y l e b z e . maunt everestis, tianSanis gleSterebis T v a l i s -
m o m w y v e t i e l v a r e b a , y i n u l o v a n i p i r a m i d e b i s
q a l w u l e b r i v i s i s p e t a k e . udabnoebSi moxetiale qaravnebis
T a l x i l a n d e b i , h i r a n i s w i T e l i m i w i s gasaocari fan-
tasmagoria. g v i m r e b S i , l e l S i d a i s l S i m w v a n e j o -
j o e b i , w i T e l r q i a n i g v e l e b i , y v i T e l i a s p i t e b i ,
l i T o n i s f e r i x v l i k e b i ..
goTe werda: `ferebi adamianSi saerTd iwvevs did sixaruls, Tvali saWi-
roebs mas iseve, rogorc sinaTles~ (goeTe 1957: 311).
k. gamsaxurdias mxatvruli sityviT Seqmnili mravalferovani peizaJi
vizualurad eZleva mkiTxvels. am suraTebSi sixaruls gvaniWebs ferebi,
daxvewili plastika, moculoba, xazebis silbo-simkveTre da zogadi harmo-
niuloba. feri k. gamsaxurdias poetikaSi atarebs ara mxolod esTetikur-
emociur xasiaTs, aramed azrobriv-SemecnebiTsac.
k. gamsaxurdiasTan yvelaze metad T e T r i da y v i T e l i ferebi
gvxvdeba. mwerlis mier naxmari es ferebi mravalnair tonad da elferad
(r Z i s f e r i , T o v l i s f e r i , v e r c x l i s f e r i , k a l a s f e -
r i , b a m b i s f e r i , c a r c i s f e r i ; m z i s f e r i , o q r o s -
f e r i , l i m o n i s f e r i , q a r v i s f e r i , l o m i s f e r i da sxv.)
iRvreba mis nawarmoebebSi.
guluxvad iyenebs mwerali agreTve l u r j ( c i s f e r ) , w i T e l da
m w v a n e ferebs (maTac mravalnairi elferiT l i l i s f e r i , l a i -
n i s f e r i , z e T i s x i l i s f e r i , S a b i a m n i s f e r i , l a p i s -
l a z u r i s f e r i , a q a t i s f e r i ; l a l i s f e r i . s i s x l i s -
f e r i , Z o w i s f e r i , a l i s f e r i , i a s p i s f e r i , e n d r o -
s f e r i , s i n g u r i s f e r i ; g v i m r i s f e r i , m a l a q i t i s -
f e r i , v a s a k i s f e r i da sxv.).
SedarebiT naklebia mweralTan S a v i feri. arc Cveulebrivi n a c -
r i s f e r i a xSiri. am ukanasknelis sxvadasxva tons mwerali umetesad
gamoxatavs g n o l i s f e r i T , k a k b i s f e r i T , m w y r i s f e -
r i T , k u r d R l i s f e r i T , q v i S i s f e r i T da sxv.
k. gamsaxurdia ver kmayofildeba bunebaSi arsebuli tradiciuli Zi-
riTadi ferebiT. mis emociebs ver aRavsebs feris mTlad Cveulebrivi gageba
da mSvenieris ZiebaSi yalibdeba originaluri da moulodneli efeqti:
`mze gadaixara dasavleTisaken da n a r i n j i s f r a d a e n T o t e -
r a k o t i s f e r i k a l T a z e c i s a . i m a t a s i R a m e m , mTebis
wamaxuli muzaradebi Seamko w i T e l - y v i T e l i f e r e b i s v a s -
v a s m a . m g l i s f e r i g a d a e k r a R r u b l e b s . erTbaSad k a -
l a g a d a e k r a c a s , mcire xans gaognebuli idgnen R a m e n a s v a m i
m w v e r v a l e b i , S a b i a m n i s f e r s nel-nela moeria s i R a m e ~ .
226
`kavkasionze daxergil q e d n i s f e r R r u b l e b s nel-nela u T e -
T r d e b o d a T k i d e e b i . maT qvemod gawkapul S a b i a m n i s f e r
m T e b z e b n e l s moexaza n a Z v e b i s w v e r o k i n e b i . tiniani
qarafebidan zantad dgebodnen orbebi, aRma miiwevdnen S e J r u n e b u l i
c i s k e n . gazafxuli zeimiT SeWriliyo a m Z e r a s f e r i k l d e -
e b i s karibWeebSi. TvalSeudgam qarafebze aRmarTuli m t u t i s f e r i
l o d e b i Sesxdomodnen erTmaneTs.
`sagangebo niSans iZleodnen k u r d R l i s f e r i R r u b l e b i .
ukanasknelad g a m o a S u q a S e w i T l e b u l i R r u b l e b i s m o -
r e v i d a n c e c x l e b r a R g z n e b u l m a m z i s e t l m a , s p i -
l e n Z i s f e r i s x i v e b i g a d a a T o v a a t m i s a da a l u b -
l i s y v a v i l e b s . afxorili l e g a R r u b l e b i zedaxorad Sesx-
domodnen kavkasions qedze. a q l e m i s f e r n i , sxvani, winkldeebTan mie-
xerga qars~.
k. gamsaxurdia ZiriTadad, garkveuli feris sayovelTaod miRebul ele-
mentarul simbolur gagebas aRiarebs: T e T r i (sinaTlis, Suqis,janRis ga-
daclis, ayvaveba-aRorZinebis), S a v i (sevdis, glovis, SiSis, mrisxanebis),
w i T e l i (momxibvlelis, mZlavris, keTilis), l u r j i , c i s f e r i
(idealis, siamis, sasiamovno ocnebis), m w v a n e (ganaxleba-aRdgenis, imedis)
zemoCamoTvlil tradiciul asociaciebs aRZravs umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tumca
k. gamsaxurdias TxzulebebSi, arcTu iSviaTad, dasaxelebul ferTa (igu-
lisxmeba elferica da tonic) simbolikis elementaruli sqema irRveva da
maT gansxvavebuli funqcia ekisrebaT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT mokled SevexoT ferTa simbolikuri mniSvnelobis
sakiTxs. cnobilia, rom ferTa simbolika Tavdapirvelad Caisaxa yofa-cxov-
rebaSi, iqidan ki yovel religiaSi pova gamovlenis saSualeba. rogorc r.
arnxeimi miuTiTebs Tavis naSromSi xelovneba da vizualuri aRqma, mecnie-
rebis istoriaSi arsebobda cdebi, aReweraT sxvadasxva ferisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli specifikuri ganwyobileba da gamoetanaT zogierTi daskvna maTi sim-
boluri xmareba-gamoyenebis Sesaxeb... magram Teoriebi, romlebic warmoiSo-
bodnen erTimeoris miyolebiT ganagrZobs mkvlevari ver xsnidnen am
movlenaTa warmoqmna-warmoSobis mizezebs. arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli
Sexeduleba, rom feris gamomsaxveloba efuZneba asociaciebs. ferTa Seswav-
lis saqmeSi asociaciuri Teoria.. Zalian cotas iZleva daaskvnis arnxeimi
(arnxeimi 1974: 315-316).
gvinda SevniSnoT, rom arnxeimisve azriT absoluturad efeqturi saSua-
leba jerac gamounaxavia.
marTlac, xSiria SemTxveva, roca asociaciiT Camoyalibebuli ferTa sim-
bolika kargavs stabilurobas da iZens axal mniSvnelobas, Tvisebas an niu-
anss. amis gamomwvevi faqtorebi mravali ram SeiZleba iyos (politikur-
ekonomikuri, fsiqologiuri, esTetikuri da sxva realobani).
k. gamsaxurdias peizaJebSi c i s f e r i , T e T r i , y v i T e l i fe-
rebis meSveobiT metwilad gamoxatulia pozitiuri emociebi. magram imave
ferebiT mwerali Taviseburad uaryofiTi emociebisa da sevda-mowyenilo-
bis, naRvliani idumalebis Semcvel ganwyobilebebsac aRZravs. rigi magali-
TebiT dasturdeba T e T r da v e r c x l i s f e r motivs Sefarebuli
msubuqi sevda idumalebas mkerdze miyrdnobili mZinare bunebisa~, is, rom
`m T v a r e s i k v d i l i s T e T r i n i R a b i a ~, anda SeigrZnoba
`m y i n v a r e b i s z r q e l i s i T e T r e , s i T e T r e c i v i . da
T e T r i , s u l T e T r i da s i k v d i l s a v i T c i v i R r u b l e b i ~ .
sainteresoa, rom maSin, roca uimedod myof TaraS emxvars T e T r i f e
r i s R r u b l e b i T uaryofiTi emociebi aReZvris, imav T e T r f e r s
227
lukaia labaxua sikeTis niSnad miiCnevs da mas Tavis sizmarSi nanax TaraS
emxvars ukavSirebs isev:
`sizmarSi vnaxe TaraSi. T e T r i ecva. T e T r i sikeTis niSania, yoveli-
ve kargad warimarTeba~.
erTi da igive feri sxvadasxva simbolur mniSvnelobas atarebs. es gan-
pirobebulia moqmed pirTa gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri ganwyobiT.
k. gamsaxurdias nawarmoebebSi, Cveulebriv, xalisiani da keTilSobili
o q r o an y v i T e l i aqa-iq gvalvis saSinelebiT itvirTeba, xan ki saSe-
modgomo feriscvalebasa da Wknobas gamoxatavs:
`agvisto Sehparvia pirvel furclebs simindebisas! orlesuli sateva-
riviT basri, m u q l u r j i f r T e b i kenweroSive g a u y v i T l e b i a
_ Semodgomasa Tu gvalvas. Z e w n e b i s m o v e r c x l i l m w v a n e S i
y v i T e l i w a m a l i saegeb iod gadaugdia maradJamobis mxatvars~.
SfoTavs mindia, roca xedavs, rom l o m i s f e r i g a m x d a r a q e -
d e b i , s i y v i T l e Sehparvoda furclovans. qari aforiaqebda mWknar
foTlebs xevebis ubeSi. stirodnen qarafebis kideebze gadmomdgari wiflebi
da Telebi.
k. gamsaxurdiasTan l u r j i , c i s f e r i da maTi sxvadasxva tonebi
SedarebiT iSviaTad gamoxatavs sevda-mowyenas (aqve aRvniSnavT, rom tra-
diciuli SexedulebiT cisferi, lurji ferebi mxatvrebTan uaryofiT fe-
rad aris miCneuli. poetebisa da mwerlebisaTvis ki igi metwilad idealis
ferad warmoCndeba, Tumca rusTavelTan, magaliTad, igi sulieri da fiziku-
ri tkivilis gamomxatvelia), magram xandaxan isini mainc iwveven aqtivobisa
da aweuli ganwyobilebis garkveul modunebas:
`mwuxri daSvebuliyo l i l i s f e r b u r u s S i g a x v e u l z R v a -
z e , gahyroda qveyanas m z e da Soreuli s x i v i s q a T q a T i Rrubel-
Ta naoWebSi k i a n T o b d a , rogorc R a m e u l u d a b n o S i darCenili
c e c x l i s k e r a ~.
aq ferTa ori ZiriTadi jgufis dadebiTis (m z e , s x i v i ) da uar-
yofiTis (m w u x r i , l i l i s f e r i ) ferebia warmodgenili. warmmarT-
vel ganwyobilebas msubuq sevdas, mousvenrobas qmnis qveyanasTan m z i s
gayris xazgasma da amis Sedegad l i l i s f e r i s , mwuxris gabatoneba,
rogorc ufro aqtiuri, ase vTqvaT, `adgilobrivi~ ferisa. g a r d a s u l i
m z i s S o r e u l i s x i v i xalisiT da imediT ver gamsWvalavs mkvidr
movlenas l i l i s f e r b u r u s S i g a x v e u l z R v a z e daSvebul
mwuxrs..
rogorc vxedavT, ferebiT aRZrul asociaciebs da STabeWdilebebs gark-
veuli azris gadmocema-CamoyalibebaSi saTanado funqcia ekisrebaT.
k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi sxva magaliTebiTac dasturdeba l u r -
j i feriT uaryofiTi emociebis gamixatva: fizikur da sulier pasiurobas
ganvicdiT seqtembris miwurulSi l a i n i s f e r i q e d e b i s Semyureni,
T o v l i s c i s f e r i da T e T r i l i l o W r e l o s ` C a m o T o v -
l i l m T i s ubeebSi mxilvelni .
yvelaze iSviaTad k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi S a v i feris simbolikis
elementaruli sqema irRveva. igi TiTqmis absoluturad negatiur ferad
gvevlineba, magram gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi mainc iZebneba. `mTvaris mota-
cebis~ erT-erT pasaJSi warmodgenili S a v i feris miuxedavad, movlenis
pozitiuri arsi SenarCunebulia da ` g a S a v e b u l i m u x n a r i aRsav-
sea i d u m a l i o c n e b i T ~ .
aRniSnuli feris Cveulebrivi negatiuri arsi gafermkrTalebulia Sem-
deg pasaJSic:
228
`Zilnasvami da C r d i l n a s v a m i xeebi nazad hqindraven wverokinebs.
totebi totebs ealersebian, yvavilebis mtveri yvavilis mtvers daeZebs
b n e l S i , baRSi R a m e a da mTvare. siyvaruls da b n e l s Caukravs
gulSi es mTvarec, es xeebic, es cac.
am magaliTSi S a v fers Camoclili aqvs uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis momx-
deni niSani, amJRavnebs `farTo Jests~, Tumca moulodnelsa da uCveulos!..
k. gamsaxurdiasTan yvelaze metad T e T r i , y v i T e l i da c i s -
f e r i ferebis simbolikis elementaruli sqema icvlis saxes da itvirTeba
gansxvavebuli gagebiT. sxva ferebi naklebad scildeba sayovelTaod miRe-
buli simbolikis wres.
cnobilia, rom esTetikur grZnobaze bunebis zemoqmedebis erT-erT
mTavar pirobas warmoadgens s i n a T l e , S u q i . igi did rols asrulebs
k. gamsaxurdias nawarmoebebSic, aq didi mniSvneloba eniWeba m z i s s i -
n a T l i s ( S u q i s ) gamosaxvas.
k. gamsaxurdiasaTvis buneba (peizaJi) ara mxolod esTetikuri katego-
riaa, aramed eTikuric. mwerali gvixatavs bunebaSi arsebul winaaRmdego-
bebs, masSi mimdinare rTul procesebs. sabolood misTvis erTiani buneba
harmoniuli da keTilia. am sikeTis gamomJRavnebis erTi mniSvnelovani sa-
fuZveli aris m z e , misi S u q - s i n a T l e , romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis
dadebiTis zogadi funqciiT aris gamoxatuli k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi.
m z e keTili da mSvvenieri substanciaa, romelic adre, Zlier adre gad-
modgema Txemze.. da daiwyeba ` p u r p u r i s T o v a a m n a Z v n a r e b -
z e , ReleebSi, xramebs gadaRma, romlisac sjeraT da romelsac ase mi-
marTaven: me samjer xmamaRla vaxseneb Sens ukvdav saxels da vgrZnob, me
uZleveli vxdebi da nel-nela vikurnebi; damcxune, gamaTbe, damwvi, damruje
da SemiTvise. amoaSre Cems saxsrebSi ucxoeTSi SesunTquli nisli da
sineste~.
k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi Ramis peizJs sakmaod xSirad axlavs
m T v a r i s a da v a r s k v l a v e b i s , maTi S u q i s gamoxatva. mwerali
yovelTvis poulobs gamosaxatavi obieqtisTvis s i n a T l i s wyaros, qmnis
axal elfers, rasac xSirad sinamdvile awvdis da karnaxobs. igi TiTqmis
vizualurad gvaxilvinebs:
` d a T o v l i l i v i T idgnen garinduli n a Z v e b i v e r c x l i s
g a v a l a k i T damSvenebulni, S u q i s b r e eyreboda Tavze am mSvenier
qveyanas, am naZvebs, am cacxvebs da am mTebs da albaT im qalwulsac T e T r
s v e t e b s Soris uZravad mdgars~.
s i n a T l e k. gamsaxurdias mier gamoxatuli samyaros erTi yvelaze
cxovelmyofeli sawyisia. mwerali ostaturad iyenebs S u q - C r d i l i s
efeqtebs, ise aRwers `n a T l i s a da b n e l i s gayras~, m z i s gaparvasa
da C r d i l i s zrdas, v a r s k v l a v i s s x i v s , TiTqos uSualod
veswrebodeT msgavs procesebs, anda mZafrad SevigrZnobdeT dros da viTa-
rebas, `roca arc d R e a , arc s a R a m o , roca nel-nela f i T r d e b a
c a , xeebisa da mTebis konturebic n a x S i r i s gavlebul xazebsaviT ga-
moixatebian cis fonze, roca C r d i l i da S u q i erTimeores mZafrad
gaeTiSebian, roca arc C r d i l S i a mkvrivi s i T a l x e , xolo s i n a T -
l e g a m W v i r v a l e b a s hkargavs neli-nel~.
k. gamsaxurdia s i n a T l i s mimarT gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT
uCveulod sainteresod anawilebs ferebs, riTac masaTa harmoniis damk-
vidrebas axerxebs Zalze ostaturad:
` m z e pirs ibanda, m y i n v a r s Tavze wamodgomoda uflis mklaviviT
wagrZelebuli Rrubeli. mis gaRma s T o v d a , a x l a d a m o R e b u l i
a b r e S u m i v i T x a s x a s a s x i v e b i gars evlebodnen m y i n -
229
v a r s . am R r u b l i s C r d i l s q v e S moCanda samebis eklesia da
gergeTi, axla es wagrZelebuli Rrubeli gauCinarda anazdad, wamovidnen
balRis ocnebasaviT T e T r i f r T i l e b i da gars Semoevlnen m y i n -
v a r s . m z e gadaixara dasavleTisaken da n a r i n j i s f r a d a e n -
T o t e r a k o t i s f e r i k a l T a z e c i s a . imata s i R a m e m , mTe-
bis wamaxuli muzaradebi S e a m k o w i T e l y v i T e l i f e r e b i s
v a s v a s m a . i e l v a y i n u l i a n m w v e r v a l e b s gadaRma, atyda
quxili mTebs gadaRma da e l v i s m a x v i l e b m a g a i e l v e s Tval-
sawierze~.
mwerali miiswrafvis gamoxatos amindi, daiWiros peizaJis S u q - s i -
n a T l i s a da ZiriTadi ferebis gama.
Rrublebs, anda samyaros bevr sxva materias ar gaaCnia ucvleli, sta-
biluri buneba, romelic ganisazRvreba mxolod maTive formiT. amitom xSi-
rad garegnuli saxe warmoadgens Tavisive formaze s i n a T l i s zemoq-
medebiT miRebul produqts.
zemoaRweril pasaJSi gansazRvruli S u q - s i n a T l e , g a n a T e b a
aZlierebs gamoxatuli movlenis uecari, swrafmavali cvalebadobis xasiaTs.
efeqti mniSvnelovania.
k. gamsaxurdias mier gamoxatuli samyaro, buneba-peizaJi gamoirCeva xed-
viTi, vizualuri zemoqmedebis raRac uCveulo, erTgvarad ucnauri speci-
fikis matareblobiT. mwerlisTvis, cxadia, Tvisebadaa qceuli danaxvis SemZ-
lebloba /eWvis Setana amaSi gaZneldeba/, magram isaa saintereso, rom Se-
moqmedis kvaldakval mkiTxvelsac umuSavdeba xedvisa da cqeris saTanado
unari.
daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom yvelaferi, rac zemoT warmoCnda, miuTi-
Tebs ferwerisa da literaturis zogjer cxad, xan ki mouxelTebel, ase
vTqvaT, mimikriul siaxloveze, magram ranairic ar unda iyos es urTierToba,
igi amsubuqebs suls, badebs mSvenier azrebs da rac mTavaria, gadis litera-
turisa da ferweris Sedarebis sazRvar-CarCoebidan da cxovrebaSi yovelg-
vari movlenis konkretuli ideur-esTetikuri gagebiT gamoxatvas Tavobs
saTanadod niSandebuli, anu `Tavisi~ eniT.
damowmebani:
adamsi 1962: . . 119.
: 1962.
arnxeimi 1974: . . .: 1974.
gamsaxurdia 1980: gamsaxurdia k. TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli. t. VI, Tb.: 1980.
gamsaxurdia 1983: gamsaxurdia k. TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli. t.VII, Tb.: 1983.
gamsaxurdia 1985: gamsaxurdia k. TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli. t. IX, Tb.: 1985.
goeTe 1957: . . . .: 1957.
gorfunkeli 1980: gorfunkeli a. aRorZinebis xanis filosofia . m.: 1980 .
veimani 1975: . . .: 1975.
kanaevi 1970: . . .: 1970 .
lesingi 1986: lesingi. laokooni. Tb.:1986.
miSkovskaia 1958: . . .: 1958.
morua 1970: . . .: 1970.
murina 1978: . . .: 1978.
petroCuki 1974: . . .: 1974.
pigarevi 1972: . . .: 1972.
hegeli 1968: . . . I, .: 1968.
230
Tengiz Kikacheishvili
The Harmony of Word and Colour in Konstantine Gamsakhurdias Poetics
Summary
The work deals with Konstantine Gamsakhurdias artistic world, the scenery of which
is distinguished by quite unusual, uncanny visual affect. It is evident that the ability to see is
an unavoidable part of the writer, but it is worth mentioning, that gradually the reader works
out the particular skill of seeing and perceiving the things.
The above mentioned facts enable us to speak about mimicrial closeness, though no
matter what kind of relationship there exist, it lightens the soul, gives birth to wonderful
ideas and what is the most important abandons the comparative boundaries of literature and
painting and initiates the ideal-aesthetical expression of every event by means of his
private language.
231
literaturuli meridianebi
zaza xinTibiZe
scenaTa modelireba homerosis epossa
da vefxistyaosanSi
rogorc calkeul scenaTa, ise mTliani epizodebis modelireba anu para-
digmuloba da tipuroba epikuri tradiciis farglebSi zepiri Tu werilobi-
Ti gziT Seqmnili naratiuli teqstis (vgulisxmob zRapars, sagmiro epossa da
saraindo romans) maorganizebeli erT_erTi ZiriTadi mxatvruli principia.
kompoziciuri organizaciis danarCeni principebis umravlesobis msgavsad
isic teqstis garkveuli sigrZis mqone monakveTis Semadgeneli segmentebis
ucvleli TanmimdevrobiT mTlian an nawilobriv ganmeorebazea damyarebuli.
homerosis eposis scenaTa da epizodTa modelirebis TvalsazrisiT Ses-
wavlis procesi gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebidan daiwyo. vgulisxmob ger-
maneli mecnieris v. arendis 1933 wels gamoqveynebul naSroms tipuri scenebi
homerosTan (arendi 1933), aseve ramdenime wliT adre e.w. zepiri poeziis (Oral
poetry) Teoriis fuZemdeblis amerikeli folkloristis m. peris mier gamoq-
veynebul or naSroms homerosiseuli heqsametruli striqonebis formuluri
struqturis Sesaxeb (peri 1928a; peri 1928b).
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT II msoflio omis mizeziT Sewyvetili kvleva
axali intensivobiT mxolod 60-iani wlebidan gagrZelda. ase magaliTad, m.
peris mowafe a.b. lordi Tavis gaxmaurebul monografiaSi Seecada daemtkice-
bina, rom homerosis eposSi heqsametruli striqonis msgavsad calkeuli mo-
tivebic SeiZleba ganxilul iqnan maTi Semadgeneli nawilebis jamad (lordi
1960).
problemis kvlevas axali impulsi SesZines b. fenikisa da T. kriSeris naS-
romebma. kerZod ki, Tavis wignSi _ iliadis tipuri sabrZolo scenebi: sabr-
Zolo moqmedebaTa aRweris homerosiseuli naratiuli teqnikis Seswavla b.
feniki mivida im daskvnamde, rom mis mier gaanalizebuli sabrZolo scenebis
udidesi umravlesoba agebulia erTi da imave elementebis anu scenis nawile-
bis yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi erTi da imave TanamimdevrobiT gadmocemis
gziT. Sesabamisad, brZolis amsaxveli scena_epizodebis konstruirebis teq-
nika tradiciuli, folkloruli warmoSobisaa da calkeuli heqsametruli
striqonis msgavsad paradigmulia (feniki 1968: 229).
analogiur daskvnamde mivida T. kriSeric homerosiseuli e.w. vrceli
Sedarebebisa da agreTve aristiebis amsaxveli epizodebis Seswavlis Sedegad.
ase magaliTad, aristiebis anu calkeul gmirTa mier brZolis velze gamo-
Cenili gansakuTrebuli mamacobis amsaxveli epizodebis analizi, T. kriSeris
azriT, cxadyofs, rom homerosi Tavdapirvelad yovelTvis aRwers:
(1) konkretuli gmiris mier saWurvlisa da iaraRis asxmas da (2) vrceli
Sedarebis saSualebiT gadmocemul iaraRis elvarebas, Semdeg gadmoscems
amave gmiris monawileobiT gamarTul batalur brZolebs, romlis drosac (3)
is utevs mowinaaRmdegeebs da aiZulebs ukuiqcnen, Semdeg ki (4) misdevs gaqce-
ul mters, rasac mohyveba (5) gmiris daWra, ris Semdegac romelime olimpieli
RmerTi mas saswrafod ubrunebs Zalas, (6) ZalaaRdgenili gmiri orTabrZo-
232
las umarTavs mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris vaJkacobiT gamorCeul romelime mebr-
Zols da mas sicocxles asalmebs da bolos, (7) monawileobs mokluli mowi-
naaRmdegis cxedrisa da iaraRis xelSi Casagdebad gamarTul brZolebSi
(kriSeri 1971: 13).
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ratom miaCniaT mkvlevarebs, rom maT mier gamov-
lenili kompoziciuri teqnika mTlianad folkloruli warmoSobisaa da amde-
nad, homerosis tradiciulobaze mianiSnebs? saqme isaa, rom XX saukunis pir-
vel naxevarSi folkloruli masalis struqturalisturi meTodiT Seswavlam
cxadyo, rom folkloruli naratiuli Janrebis struqtura mTlianad para-
digmuli xasiaTisaa. ase magaliTad, v. propis mier ganxorcielebulma jados-
nuri zRapris struqturulma analizma (propi 1984) gamoavlina, rom jados-
nuri zRapris nebismieri siuJeti Sedgeba 31 nawilisagan, romlebsac mecnieri
funqciebs uwodebs. magram TiToeuli zRapari ar Seicavs yvela anu ocdaTer-
Tmetsave funqcias. Tumca ramden funqciasac ar unda Seicavdes, funqciaTa
rigi, Tanamimdevroba yovelTvis ucvleli rCeba.
rogorc b. fenikis, ise a.b. lordis, T. kriSerisa da e.w. zepiri homerosis
koncefciis momxre sxva homerologTa Tanaxmad, homerosis eposSic analogi-
uri viTarebaa. kerZod ki, iliadisa da odiseisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipuri
scena-epizodebi poetis mier gadmocemulia erTi da imave elementebis ucv-
leli TanmimdevrobiTi rigebis saxiT. esa Tu is elementi SeiZleba ganivrcos,
Semokldes an saerTod ar dadasturdes, magram poetis mier maTi gadmocemis
mimdevroba, rigi yovelTvis ucvlelia. amdenad, zemonaxseneb mkvlevarTa az-
riT, aRniSnuli kanonzomiereba kidev erTi argumentia imis samtkiceblad,
rom homerosis eposi zepirisityvierebis nimuSad unda miviCnioT, romlis
werilobiTi fiqsirebac mogvianebiT, misi Seqmnidan ramdenime saukunis Sem-
deg unda momxdariyo.
homerologTa meore nawili, kerZod ki, e.w. werilobiTi homerosis kon-
cefciis mxardamWeri mkvlevarebi ki iliadisa da odiseis scenebis udavo pa-
radigmulobis Seswavlisas yuradRebas Semdeg or garemoebaze amaxvileben:
1. homerosiseuli kompoziciuri teqnika Tavisi arsiT marTlac tradici-
ulia, magram, rogorc wesi, sakuTari, individualuri SemoqmedebiTi koncef-
ciis realizebis mizniT poeti mas sruliad axali funqciiT da amdenad, nova-
torulad iyenebs. ase magaliTad, epikur, tradiciul formulebs anu mTel
heqsametrul striqonTa an striqonis calkeuli nawilebis ucvlelad gan-
meorebis tradiciul xerxs poeti iyenebs Tvisebrivad axali funqciiT: maTi
ganmeorebis saSualebiT yuradRebas amaxvilebs poemis erTmaneTisagan didad
daSorebuli simRerebis (magaliTad, I da IX simReris, an I da XXIV simReris)
Semadgeneli sxvadasxva scenebis urTierTmsgavsebaze, rac ufro naTlad war-
moaCens amgvari simRerebis urTierTsimetriulobas da imavdroulad, msme-
nelze did mxatvrul efeqtsac axdens (gordeziani 2002: 123).
2. homerosis eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli scena-epizodebis paradigmu-
loba ar aris sakmarisi argumenti misi zepiri gziT formirebulobis dasamt-
kiceblad, radganac udavod werilobiTi gziT Seqmnili rogorc antikuri da
Suasaukuneebis, ise Tanamedrove literaturuli nawarmoebebis analizi
cxadyofs, rom maTTvisac damaxasiaTebelia scenaTa modelireba. amdenad,
msoflio literaturis Sedevrebi erTmaneTisagan modelirebis meti Tu nak-
lebi xvedriTi wiliT ki ar gansxvavdebian, aramed tipuri, tradiciuli, para-
digmuli elementebis saSualebiT modelirebis procesSi Seqmnili scena-epi-
zodebis didi mravalferovnebiT, rac xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi individua-
lurobis warmomCeni erT-erTi arsebiTi faqtoria (gordeziani 1986: 12).
233
homerosis poemebisa da rusTvelis vefxistyaosnis scena-epizodebze ma-
Ti SesaZlo paradigmulobis TvalsazrisiT dakvirvebis Sedegad Cem mier ga-
keTebuli daskvnebic werilobiTi homerosis koncefcias ganamtkiceben.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSne, homerologTa erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, home-
rosiseuli kompoziciuri teqnika Tavisi arsiT marTlac tradiciulia, mag-
ram, rogorc wesi, poeti mas novatorulad, axali funqciiT iyenebs, kerZod
ki, gardaqmnis sakuTari, individualuri SemoqmedebiTi koncefciis Sesabami-
sad. odiseis siuJetis kompoziciuri organizaciis Seswavlam zemoaRniSnuli
mosazrebis marTebuloba Semdegi TvalsazrisiT gamoavlina: homerologTa
Soris arsebobs sruli konsensusi, rom iliadisagan gansxvavebiT odiseis fa-
bula mTlianad tradiciulia. da marTlac, am poemis siuJeturi qargis
Sedarebis gziT propis mier gamovlenil jadosnuri zRapris struqturasTan
odisevsis ambavSi davafiqsire zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime Ziri-
Tadi funqcia. esenia: Txovna, rom gmiri Sinidan saZebnelad wavides, gmiris
mier gadawyvetilebis miReba da saZebnelad wasvla, saxifaTo mogzaurobis
Semdeg ucxo mxareSi an Sin Secvlili garegnobiT dabruneba, e.w. cru gmiris
anu mowinaaRmdegis dasja-damarcxeba, gmiris cnoba maspinZlebis an axlob-
lebis mier da bolos, qorwili an gamefeba. Cemi yuradReba miipyro im garemo-
ebam, rom odiseaSi zemoCamoTvlili epizodebi anu funqciebi, erTi funqciis
garda, jadosnuri zRapris analogiuri TanamimdevrobiT misdevdnen erTma-
neTs. amdenad, aSkaraa, rom Tavisi poemis konstruirebisas homerosi iyenebs
teqstis modelirebis kompoziciur princips, romelic folklorisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli da amdenad, Tavisi arsiT tradiciulia. magram homerosiseu-
lad unda Sefasdes is garemoeba, rom erTi funqciis, kerZod ki, gmiris cno-
bis SemTxvevaSi poeti mizanmimarTulad cvlis funqciaTa anu movlenaTa Ta-
namimdevrobis tradiciul rigs. vgulisxmob im garemoebas, rom odisevss misi
meuRle penelope cnobs gmiris mier sasiZoebis anu, faqtobrivad, zRapriseu-
li cru gmiris dasjis, maTi daxocvis Semdeg da ara manamde. swored am, erTi
SexedviT, umniSvnelo homerosiseuli inovaciis Sedegia, rom odiseis siuJe-
ti dramatuli da ara zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli principiT viTardeba da
mTavrdeba: poemis gadamwyveti, finaluri scenis funqcia cru gmiris anu mo-
winaaRmdegeTa dasjas ki ar eniWeba, aramed trois damangreveli da samSoblo-
Si maTxovris ier-saxiT dabrunebuli oci wlis unaxavi qmris cnobas misi
erTgulad momlodine meuRlis mier.
rac Seexeba scenaTa SesaZlo paradigmulobis TvalsazrisiT vefxistya-
osnis calkeuli epizodebis gaanalizebas, am SemTxvevaSi Cemi mizani iyo, Sua-
saukuneebis evropuli epikuri Tu Tanamedrove literaturuli Sedevrebis
msgavsad rusTvelis poemis magaliTzec warmoCeniliyo, rom scenaTa modeli-
rebis teqnika warmatebiT SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli udavod werilobiTi
gziT Seqmnil nawarmoebebSic da amdenad, is ar aris mxolod zepirsityvieri
poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kompoziciuri principi.
naratiul epikur qmnilebaSi tipur scenaTa gamosavlenad, bunebrivia,
erTmaneTs unda Sedardes erTi gmiris ambis an ramdenime gmiris ambebis farg-
lebSi arsebuli Tematurad erTgvarovani scenebi. naTelia, rom vefxistyao-
sanSi ramdenime amgvari SemTxvevaa, romelTagan sagangebo ganxilvisaTvis
yuradRebas amjerad mxolod gmirebis urTierTgacnobis, maTi erTmaneTTan
pirvelad Sexvedris anu e.w. ucxo moymis naxvis amsaxvel scenebze SevaCereb.
pirveli amgvari scenaa avTandilisa da tarielis anu ucxo moymis urTi-
erTgacnoba; meorea tarielisa da fridonis anu ucxo moymis urTierTgac-
noba; mesame ki _ fridonisa da avTandilis anu ucxo moymis urTierTgacnoba.
gansaxilveli scenebis tipurobas ganapirobebs maTi Semadgeneli Semdegi rva
234
erTi da imave nawilis poetis mier samivejer erTi da imave TanamimdevrobiT
gadmocema:
1. gmirebis urTierTgacnoba xdeba nadirobis dros (Tumca tarielisa da
fridonis Sexvedris amsaxvel scenaSi fridonis nadiroba ar aris uSualod
gadmocemuli da mis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT Tavad gmiris naambobidan vigebT);
2. ucxo moymis araordinaruli garegnoba da qceva;
3. ucxo moymis ambis Sesatyobad masTan monis gagzavna;
4. ucxo moymis qceva monis masTan miaxloebisas;
5. raindebis erTmaneTTan pirispir Sexvedra;
6. erTi SexedvisTanave urTierTmowoneba da damegobreba;
7. ucxo moymis mier axalSeZenili megobrisaTvis Tavisi Tavgadasavlis
moyola;
8. axalSeZenili megobris mier gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili raindis gamxneveba
da daxmarebis survilis gamoTqma.
miuxedavad struqturis paradigmulobisa TiToeuli scena mTlianobaSi
mainc sruliad ganumeorebelia da tipurobis SegrZnebas odnavadac ar iwvevs,
rac kompoziciurad Semdegnairadaa miRweuli:
1. pirveli da umTavresi am TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrob, mainc isaa, rom ucxo
moyme erT SemTxvevaSi tarielia, meoreSi _ fridoni, xolo mesameSi ki _
avTandili;
2. avTandilisa da tarielis Sexvedris scena danarCeni ori analogiuri
scenisagan gansxvavebiT SuaSia gawyvetili da misi dasasruli (asmaTis mier
mowyobili gmirebis Sexvedra) poemis sxva nawilSia gadmocemuli. am, Tu ase
SeiZleba iTqvas, ornawiliani scenisagan gansxvavebiT tarielisa da fridonis
da fridonisa da avTandilis Sexvedris scenebi, miuxedavad maTi SedarebiTi
kompaqturobisa, dublirebulia anu jer mokledaa gadmocemuli, Semdeg ki
dauyovnebliv _ ufro vrclad;
3. avTandilisa da tarielis gacnobis scenas rusTveli gadmoscems, xolo
fridonTan tarielis gacnobis scenas Tavad indoT amirbari ixsenebs, Tumca
aqac movlenebi ucxo moymis uecrad damnaxavi gmiris, am SemTxvevaSi
tarielis TvaliTaa danaxuli. avTandilisa da fridonis gacnobis scenaSi ki
mTxrobelad kvlavindeburad poeti gvevlineba, magram amjerad Secvlilia
optikuri kuTxe da movlenebi ucxo moymis, anu am SemTxvevaSi avTandilis
mieraa aRqmuli;
4. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, ganmasxvavebel efeqts qmnis ucxo moymis sxva-
dasxvagvari damokidebuleba masTan ambis Sesatyobad gagzavnili monisadmi:
tarieli da fridoni maT ver amCneven, avTandili ki fridonis monasTan sau-
bars Tavadve iwyebs;
5. Tuki tarieli da fridoni srulad uyvebian maT Tavs gadamxdar Tavga-
dasavlebs, Sesabamisad, avTandilsa da tariels, avTandili Tavis ambavs
fridons arasrulad uambobs: daufaravs misi da TinaTinis mijnurobas;
6. danarCeni ori scenisagan gansxvavebiT avTandili anu am scenis ucxo
moyme Tavad sTxovs axalgacnobil megobars, fridons, daxmarebas, kerZod,
miaswavlos, Tu ra mimarTulebiT daiwyos nestanis Zebna;
7. da bolos, Tuki avTandilisa da fridonis nadirobebi ucxo moymis naxvis
gamo CaiSleba, tarielis mier fridonis gacnobis scenas Tavad ucxo moymis
anu fridonis misi biZaSvilebis mizeziT CaSlili nadiroba uswrebs win, ris
gamoc Tavis samSobloSi myofi mulRazanzaris mefe mcire xniT ucxo moymed
anu mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenil raindad gadaiqceva, romelsac daxmareba
esaWiroeba da swored amgvari saxiT wardgeba tarielis winaSe maTi gacnobis
dros.
235
scenaTa tipurobis anu modelirebis principze dayrdnobiTaa agebuli
vefxistyaosanSi gmirTa orTabrZolebis amsaxveli epizodebic (tarielis omi
xataelebTan, avTandilis brZola mekobreebTan da fridonis konfliqti mis
biZaSvilebTan), aseve avTandilisa da tarielis mier satrfosTan pirvelad
pirispir Sexvedrisa da WaSnagirisa da sasiZos mkvlelobis amsaxveli epizo-
debi da sxva kompoziciurad naklebmniSvnelovani scenebic.
amgvarad, rogorc homerosis eposSi, ise vefxistyaosanSi dasturdeba
scenaTa modelirebis epikuri teqnika, romelic aSkaraa, rom Tavisi warmomav-
lobiT tradiciulia. kerZod ki, zepirsityvierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
ganmeorebadobis kvantitatiur principzea damyarebuli, magram homerosi da
kidev ufro xSirad rusTveli mas kvalitatiuri funqciiT iyeneben da
amgvarad aRweven TiToeuli maTganis winaSe mdgar specifikur kompoziciur
miznebs.
damowmebani:
arendi 1933: Arend W. Die typischen Szenen bei Homer, Berlin (Problemata, 7): Weidmann,
1933.
gordeziani 1986: Gordesiani R. Kriterien der Schriftlichkeit und Mndlichkeit in homerischen
Epos, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, New York (SzkPh, 19): Peter Lang, 1986.
gordeziani 2002: gordeziani r. berZnuli literatura. t. I: elinuri epoqis
eposi, lirika, drama. Tb.: `logosi~, 2002.
kriSeri 1971: Krischer T. Formale Konventionen der homerischen Epik, Mnchen (Zetemata,
56): Beck, 1971.
lordi 1960: Lord A.B. The Singer of Tales, Cambridge Mass. (HSCL, 24): Harvard University
Press, 1960.
peri 1928
a
: Parry M. L' pithte traditionelle dans Homre: Essai sur un problme de style
homrique, Paris: Socit des Belles Lettres, 1928.
peri 1928
b
: Parry M. Les formules et La metrique d' Homere, Paris: Socit des Belles Lettres,
1928.
propi 1984: propi v. zRapris morfologia. Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo
m. karbelaSvilma. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1984.
feniki 1968: Fenik B. Typical Battle Scenes in the Iliad. Studies in the Narrative Techniques of
Homeric Battle Description, Wiesbaden (HermesEinzelschrift, 21): Franz Steiner, 1968.
Zaza Khintibidze
Modelling of Scenes in Homeric Epic and The Man in the Panthers Skin
Summary
The paper commences with a brief history of the research into the modelling of
Homeric scenes and episodes since the 1920s to the present. In particular it is noted that the
numerous cases of modelling, i.e, paradigmaticity and typicalness of scenes, brought to light
in The Iliad and The Odyssey is considered by supporters of the conception of the so-called
oral Homer as arguments of Homers traditionality and the oral way of the creation of his
poems. Unlike them, supporters of the conception of written Homer, while studying the
unquestionable paradigmaticity of Homeric scenes, focus attention on two circumstances:
236
1. Homers compositional technique is indeed traditional, yet in order to implement his
own individual literary conception, the poet uses it with an entirely new function and, hence
in an innovative way.
2. The typicalness of scenes and episodes, characteristic of Homeric epic is not a
sufficient argument to prove its having been created orally. For analysis of Classical and
Medieval as well as modern literary works, doubtless created in written form, demonstrates
that they too are characterized by modelling of scenes.
The author of the paper presents the results of his research carried out in the direction
just cited, which, in his view, tend to support the conception of written Homer. In particular,
a study of the compositional organization of the plot of the Odyssey shows that in
constructing his poem, Homer uses the same compositional principle on which, according to
V. Propp, the structure of a fairy tale is based, hence, in its essence, it is traditional. But in
the case of one function, namely the recognition of a hero, the poet purposefully changes the
traditional sequence of functions, i.e. of events which should be assessed as Homers
innovation. Odysseus wife Penelope recognizes him not prior to but after he has
slaughtered the Suitors. It is the result of this, at first sight insignificant, Homeric innovation
that the subject of the Odyssey develops and ends by the dramatic principle rather than
characteristic of a fairy tale: the function of a decisive scene in the poem is assigned not to
the punishment of the antagonist but to the recognition of the husband returning under the
guise of a beggar after twenty years of wandering by his faithful wife awaiting his return.
In the text of The Man in the Panthers Skin, an epic poem by Shota Rustaveli, written
at the turn of the 12
th
-13th centuries, in the view of the author of the paper, cases of the
modelling of scenes are also evidenced, of which only one is discussed in the paper: three
analogous scenes of becoming acquainted and establishing friendship by the three
protagonist knights of the poem. The same eight constituent parts of these scenes are
conveyed by the poet three times and in the same sequence. The author of the paper lists the
compositional techniques as well, through the use of which diversification of these typical
scenes is achieved.
Thus, both Homeric epic and The Man in the Panthers Skin, the latter doubtless created
in written form, evidences an epic technique of modelling scenes, which therefore cannot be
taken for an argument necessarily proving the oral path of creating the epic poem.
237
lia gugunava
Semoqmedi RmerTi `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~
araerTgzis gvaqvs aRniSnuli, rom hamleti qristianuli gagebiT ixse-
niebs RmerTs. marto is faqti, rom hamlets swams gangeba da darwmunebulia
mis SemweobaSi, qristianuli RmerTisaTvisaa niSandoblivi. horaciosTan
dialogSi hamleti amtkicebs, rom man Tavi daaRwia `megobrebis~ mier dage-
bul maxes da amaSi gangebas unda umadlodes. werilis ostaturad SecvlaSi
da im xelisSemwyob pirobaSi rom samefo beWedi Tan aRmoaCnda, yvelaferi
gangebis keTili ganzraxviT iyo mowyobili (`Semewia TiTon gangeba~, (V, 2)
(Seqspiri 1954: 231).
yvelas ar ZaluZs RmerTis ganWvreta. es mxolod im pirTaTvisaa damaxa-
siaTebeli, romlebic sulier faseulobas afaseben adamianSi da saRmrTo
rjuliT cxovroben. `netar ars kaci, romeli ara mivida zraxvasa uRmrTo-
Tasa~ (fsal. 1,1).
hamleti `ucnaursa da uTqmel~ RmerTs intuiciiT grZnobs. igi Tavis me-
gobars horacios gaandobs saidumlos da Tavis dakvirvebasac gauziarebs:
`es unda giTxra, horacio, _ xSirad ganzraxva
mofiqrebuli yovelis mxriT uqmad Cagivlis
da gvSvelis mxolod aCqarebiT saqmis daWera.
es moaswavebs, rom gangeba TviT awyobs saqmes,
ra gzasac unda avirCevdeT~ (V,2) gv. 229.
hamleti pirdapir Tu alegoriulad ixseniebs qristes.
pirvel monologSi borotebis aRmoCeniT gulacruebuli, RmerTs SesCiv-
lebs qveynis amaoebas:
`an Semoqmedi Tavis mokvlas neta rad gviSlis
o, RmerTo, RmerTo! yvela saqme am wuTis soflis
rogor fuWia, unayofo, daobebuli~ (1,2, gv. 27).
amave monologSi hamleti mamas, rogorc amaRlebul pirovnebas, adarebs
hiperions, mzis alegoriaa. mze, rogorc RmerTis xati, gulisxmobs qristes.
maSasadame, yofili mefe RmerTTan aris miaxlovebuli, xolo biZa mdabal
satirs uTanabrdeba.
Seqspiri renesansuli xedviT zecasa da dedamiwas erTianobaSi iazrebs.
aCrdilTan scenaSi, borotmoqmedebis aRmoCenis Semdeg warmoTqvams:
"O all you host of heaven. O earth. What else" (I,5, p.83) (Seqspiri 1978).
maCablis TargmaniT:
`oh, zecis Zalno, dedamiwav, raRa vTqva kidev?~ (gv. 54).
biZaze dedis gaTxovebiT ukmayofilo hamleti, sayvedurebiT avsebs mas
da bolos SeniSnavs, rom misi saqcieliT zeca da dedamiwa sircxviliT iwveba.
"Heaven's face doth glow;
Yea this solidity and compound mass
With heated visage, as against the doom,
Is thought sick at the act" (III,4) p.189.
maCabels SesaniSnavad gadmoaqvs azri:
238
`oh, magvar saqmiT zecis saxe risxviT elvarebs;
da ese myari deda-miwac SeWmuxvnilia
da naRvliani, TiTqo iyos dRe gankiTxvisa~ (gv. 154).
rusTvelologiaSi miCneulia, rom samyaro mTlianobaSi moiazreba: `samya-
ros modeli mTlianad harmoniulad isaxeba, sofeli da zesTasofeli urTi-
erTdapirispirebulad, gaTiSulad, mtrulad verafriT veRar moiazreba...
adamianisaTvis amaRlebuli, wminda siyvaruli amave dros xorciel swrafva-
sac niSnavs... es gageba... areopagitul gaazrebis ilustracias warmoadgens da
savsebiT Seesatyviseba `vefxistyaosnis~ umTavres azrs _ soflisa da zesTa-
soflis harmonias. soflisa da zesTasoflis mimarTebis amgvari gageba rus-
Tavelis msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelTa safuZvelia~ (TvaraZe 1971).
hamletis RmerTisadmi mimarTvebSi gamosWvivis uzenaesisadmi rwmena:
RmerTi aqvs saficrad.
"For God's Love Let me hear" (I,2) p. 57.
maCabelTan:
`sTqvi Tu RmerTi grwams, sTqvi, sTqvi, Cqara!~ (gv. 31).
"ministers of grace" _ RmerTis wyalobis msaxurebi, e. i. angelozebi.
qarTulSia:
`keTilno sulno, angelozno, Tqven gvfarvelobdeT~ (gv. 45).
"By heaven, I'll make a ghost of that Lets me!" (I,5. p. 77).
qarTul TargmanSi:
`Semoqmeds vficav,
vinc ki damiWers, myis imasac aCrdilad vaqcev~ (gv. 48).
sainteresoa, hamleti Tavis mokeTeebs RvTiuri Zalebis mfarvelobas rom
usurvebs:
"So help you mercy" (I.5; p.89).
qarTul TargmanSi: `egremc zecis Zalni gfarvideT~ (gv. 60).
"So grace and mercy at your most need help you" (I.5) p.89.
maCabelTan aris:
`egremc RvTis madli gasaWirSi Tqven mogfenodeT~ (gv. 61).
metad mniSvnelovania, hamleti mfarvelobas rom sTxovs zecis Zalebs:
"Save me and hover o'er me with your wings.
You heavenly guards" (III, 4) p. 191.
maCabelTan aris:
`cis angelozno, Tqvenis frTebis qveS mimiReT
d a mfarvelad meqmeniT me!~ (gv. 157).
qristianul terminebs iyenebs laerti: dalocva, madli, miteveba:
"A double blessing is a double grace" (I,3) p.65.
qarTul TargmanSi:
239
`orjer dalocvas Tan mohyveba orkeci madli~ (gv. 39).
momakvdavi laerti ase mimarTavs hamlets:
"Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet.
Mine and my father's death come not upon thee,
Nor thine on me" (V,2) p. 291.
maCabels metad moxdenilad gadmoaqvs qarTulad:
`hamlet, me da Sen
erTmaneTs unda mivutevoT, nu mogekiTxos
nurc mamiCemis sikvdili Sen da nurca Cemi
da Senc Semindev Seni sisxli~ (gv. 252).
Zalian mniSvnelovani qristianuli gamoTqmebia ofelias saubarSi:
"God dild you! (IV,5) p.219.
qarTul TargmanSi:
`RmerTma mSvidoba mogceT~ (gv. 182).
"God be at your table!" (IV,5) p.219.
maCabelTan aris:
`RmerTma es sufra gikurTxoT~ (gv. 183).
"God-a-mercy on his soul.
And of all Christian souls, I pray God, God buy you" (IV,5) p.231.
qarTul TargmanSia:
`dailocos imis suli!
da yvela qristianis suli! Cemi locva es aris.
RmerTi iyos Tqveni mwyalobeli~ (gv. 192).
qristianuli terminia `salvation~ `cxoneba~, rac qarTul TargmanSi
dakargulia.
mesaflave ofelias sikvdilis gamo aRniSnavs:
`Is she to be buried Christian burial when
She wilfully seeks her own salvation?~ (V,1) p. 251.
qarTulSi Targmnilia:
`maS am qals qristianulad damarxven? TiTonve
rom mouklavs Tavi?!~ (gv. 207).
aCrdili sTxovs iseTi araferi Caidinos, rac mas suls SeubRalavs.
`But, howsomever thou pursuest this act,
Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive
Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven,
And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge
To prick and sting her~ (I,5) p. 83.
maCablis TargmanSi asea:
`magram ra gzasac airCevde gadaxdisaTvis,
nuras gabedav dediSenis winaaRmdegsa
da nu SebRalav imiT Sens suls, Sensa gonebas.
240
igi TviT zecas mianebe da mis sinidiss;
dee maT stanjon, maT mohkiTxon~ (gv. 54).
horacio hamlets ase eTxoveba:
`Now cracks a noble heart. Good night, sweet prince,
And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest~ (V,2) p. 293
maCabelTan:
`Caqra lampari didebuli! mSvidobiT, princo;
angelozT gundTa gangasvenon tkbilis galobiT~ (gv. 252).
`vefxistyaosanSi~ RmerTi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. rusTvelolo-
giaSi am sakiTxs mravali mecnieri Seexo. Salva nucubiZe aRniSnavda, rom
`centraluri adgili rusTavelis koncefciaSi uWiravs RmerTs. am warmodge-
naSi Tavs iyris yvela sxva cneba: samyaro, adamiani, mijnuroba da sxva. masSivea
mocemuli `erTisa~ da mravlis urTierToba~ (nucubiZe 1935).
masve ekuTvnis mosazreba, rom RmerTi samyarosTan, adamianTan mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli: `rusTaveli mTliani qveynis poetia. misTvis pirvel ad-
gilze es mTlianobaa mocemuli. adamians masSi garkveuli adgili uWiravs.
`mzisa SuqTa ver mWvreteli, ia xmebis, vardi Wnebis~.
rusTavels xazi aqvs gasmuli, rom Tu RmerTi ar iqna msurveli, araferi
iqneba... mzisa da RmerTis cnebis daaxloebas rusTavelTan qveyanas da RmerTs
Sua ganuyreli kavSiris mniSvneloba aqvs~ (nucubiZe 1965).
zviad gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT, Teisturi Tvalsazrisis RmerTi aris
cocxali, pirovnuli Semoqmedi. `qristianuli Teisturi TvalsazrisisaTvis
RmerTi ... aris pirovnuli Semoqmedi, misgan momdinareobs gangeba. ...mas aqvs
cocxali da qmediTi damokidebuleba cocxal da qmediT samyarosTan da ada-
mianTan. igi Tavad cocxalia (`cxovel ars ufali~, rogorc gveubneba saRvTo
werili) Teizmi, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs RvTis absolutur transcendenturo-
bas, zeyofier arsebobas anu zearsebobas, mis miuwvdomlobas da Seucnob-
lobas, rogorc es areopagitikaSicaa mocemuli), xolo, meore mxriv, aRiarebs
mis imanenturobas samyarosadmi, mis moqmedebas samyaroSi... imanuel kanti
Semdegnairad asxvavebs Teistur gagebas RmerTisas deisturi gagebisagan:
deists swams erTi RmerTi, xolo Teists erTi `cocxali~ RmerTi. `cocxali~
gulisxmobs pirovnul iniciativis mqone, Tavisufali nebis gamasxvavebel
RvTaebas~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 46-47).
renesansis mkvlevari losevi epoqis TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare RmerTs
Tvlis xelovanad.
`... , ...
,
"" ""... -
, , ... ,
,
~ (losevi 1978). revaz TvaraZe dionise areopagelis moZRv-
rebaze dayrdnobiT, metad saintereso axsnas gvTavazobs RmerTis gagebis
Taobaze: `RmerTis gamovlena, samyaros Seqmna sxva araferia, Tu ar sikeTis
gadmoRvra da ganfena. zesTa sikeTe (RmerTi) adamianis gonebisaTvis miuwv-
domeli gziT ganifineba sikeTed (samyarod). amas SeiZleba ewodos sasrulis,
naTelis, mSvenieris, siyvarulis ganfena... rac ki arsebulia, yovelive
RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili. arseboba TavisTavad ukve aris sikeTe, goniereba,
241
sinaTle, mSveniereba, siyvaruli, _ arseboba usrulesi harmoniisken mimsw-
rafi harmoniaa~ (TvaraZe 1971).
ramdenad Seesabameba RmerTis amgvari gageba rusTavelis poemas, mkvleva-
ri amas `vefxistyaosnis~ pirveli strofis magaliTze gvarwmunebs. `CvenTvis
amJamad saintereso sakiTxis arseba poemis pirvelsave strofSia... aq aris zes-
Tasofelic, sofelic da maTi sruli harmoniac... `romelman Seqmna samyaro~
poemis pirvelive sityva RmerTs aRniSnavs... mesame striqoni gamoxatulebaa
soflis da zesTasoflis harmoniisa. `Cven kacTa mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTva-
lavi feriTa~ _ es aris renesansuli mzeriT danaxuli sofeli RvTaebrivi
naTeliT gaSuqebuli, sadac adamianic im naTelis matarebelia da misi miu-
cilebeli monawile~ (TvaraZe 1971).
korneli kekeliZe RmerTs misive atributebiT axasiaTebs. rusTaveli
`qveynisa da adamianis principad aRiarebs transcendent arsebas _ RmerTs,
im RmerTs, romelic aris ara marto ucnauri da uTqmeli~, ~yurTagan mous-
meneli~, `Zali uxilavi~... aramed agreTve `erTi~, `cxoveli~, `ufali ufleba-
Ta~... mkvlevari gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs qristianizmis specifi-
kis mqone atributebs. `RmerTi aris `yovlisaTvis tkbilad mxedi~, `tkbilad
mwyalobeli~, keTili da siyvaruliT aRsavse iqamde, rom mudam mzadaa mis wi-
naSe damnaSavesa da Secodebulsac Seundos... es idea aris kuTvnileba qristi-
anobisa~ (kekeliZe 1979).
qristianuli specifikis mqone atributTagan SegviZlia erT-erTi maTgani
nimuSad moviyvanoT:
`he mefeo! rad emdurvi anu RmerTsa, anu bedsa?
rad daswameb simwaresa yovelTaTvis tkbilad mxedsa?
borotimca rad Seeqmna keTilisa Semoqmedsa?~ (113).
RmerTis qristianulad gaazrebaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda im faqts, rom
`vefxistyaosnis~ pirvelsave strofSi sameba iqna amocnobili. `dRemde arc
erT rusTvelologs ar miuqcevia yuradReba, rom vefxistyaosnis pirveli
strofi axsenebs samebas, rac gamoricxavs Sesaqmis rusTveliseuli gagebis
araqristianobas.
`romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa,
zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa
Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa
misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa~ (1).
...eWvs ar iwvevs, rom saRvTo werilSi, qristianul himnografiaSi moxseni-
ebuli RmerTi... mama RmerTia. sityva `Zali~ ki aq niSnavs Ze RmerTs... Semdeg
naxsenebia suli anu suli wminda~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 25-30). zviad gamsaxurdia
samebas Wvrets agreTve anderZis 792-e strofSi. moviyvanoT es strofi:
`vin dambada, SeZlebaca manve momca Zlevad mterTad,
vin ars Zali uxilavi, Semwe yovlTa miwierTad,
vin sazRvarsa dausazRvrebs, zis ukvdavi RmerTi RmerTad~.
`mocemul strofSic Sesaqmis TvalsazrisiT gvixasiaTebs RmerTs, ramde-
nadac saubaria dambadebelze... saubaria pirovnul RmerTze (vin)... rusTveli-
seuli sazRvris dasazRvreba qristianuli RmerTis mier xorcieldeba, vinai-
dan es aris pirovnuli RmerTi `vin~... `sazRvris damsazverebeli~ aris samebis
mesame hipostasi anu suli wminda... amasve adasturebs 792-e strofis bolo
striqoni, sadac suliwmindis Sesaxeb naTqvamia. `igi gaxdis wamis yofiT erTsa
asad, assa erTad~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 49-55).
242
miuxedavad imisa, rom RmerTis irgvliv Rrma da saintereso gamokvlevebi
Seiqmna rusTavelTan mimarTebaSi, rusTvelologia miRweulze mainc ar SeCe-
rebula. dResdReobiT Cveni mecnierebi winamorbed rusTvelologTa gaka-
ful gzas mihyvebian da RmerTis qristianulad asaxsnelad axal-axali mig-
nebebiT sakuTar Tvalsazriss ayalibeben. am mxriv yuradRebas ipyrobs nestan
sulavas narkvevi `locva avTandilisa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom mklvevari naSromSi
aseT problemas ayenebs: `rogoria RmerTi avTandilis locvis mixedviT?~
magram vidre naSroms SevexebodeT, TviTon locvis sami strofi moviyvanoT,
raTa ufro TvalnaTliv gamoCndes mkvlevaris mier Catarebuli analizi.
`ilocavs, ityvis: `maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao,
zogjer momcemo patiJTa, zogjer keTilTa mzaTao,
ucnauro da uTqmelo, ufalo uflebaTao,
momec daTmoba survilTa. mflobelo gulis-TqmaTao!~ (809).
`RmerTo, RmerTo, geajebi, romeli hflod qvenaT zesa,
Sen dahbade mijnuroba, Sen aweseb missa wessa,
me sofelman momaSorva ukeTessa Cemsa mzesa,
nu aRmohfxvri siyvarulsa, misgan CemTvis danaTessa!~ (810).
`RmerTo, RmerTo mowyaleo, arvin mivis Sengan kide,
Sengan viTxov Sewevnasa, razomsaca gzasa vvlide:
mterTa Zleva, zRvaTa Relva, RamiT mavne ganmaride!
TuRa davrCe, gmsaxurebde, Senda msxverplsa Sevswirvide~ (811).
rogorc vxedavT, es strofebi savsea RmerTis atributebiT. mkvlevari
TviTeul saRvTo saxels xsnis, asabuTebs wmida weriliT da Sesatyviss
uZebnis.
`avTandilis mimarTvebSi: `maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao~, `romeli
hflob qvenaT zessa~ _ yovlismpyrobeli RmerTi igulisxmeba... ioanes `gamo-
cxadeba~ yovlismpyrobelad warmosaxavs RmerTs `me var ani da ho~ ityvis
ufali RmerTi, romeli ars da romeli iyo da romeli momaval ars, yovlisa
mpyrobeli~ (gamoc. 1,8); pantokrators uwodebs pavle mociquli ieso
qristes, Ze RmerTs: `romeli-igi ars brwyinvaleba didebisa da xati Zlie-
rebisa misisa, utrTan yovelnive sityTa miT Zlierebisa misisaTa, Tavisa
mier Tsisa ganwmenda codvaTa CuenTa yo; da dajda igi marjueniT sim-
didresa missa maRalTa Sina~ (ebr. 1,3). (sulava 1999: 207-208).
avTandilis RmerTisadmi mimarTvas `ucnauro da uTqmelo~ ase ganmar-
tavs: `qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs Zveli da axali aRTqmis monacemebs saRvTo saxelTa gadmocemisas. miTi-
Tebulia, rom adamians RmerTis Secnoba ar ZaluZs, igi adamianisaTvis aris
`ucnauri~, anu Seucnobeli, ucnobi. pavle mociqulma aTenelebs areopagSi
Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `mimo-ra-viqceode da movixilev samsaxurebelTa
TquenTa, vpoe bomonica, romelsa zeda weril iyo: ucnaursa RmerTsa. aw ukue
romlisa igi umecar xarT da hmsaxurebT mas, me gaxareb Tquen, RmerTsa,
romelman Seqmna sofeli da yoveli, ra ars mis Sina. ese cisa da queyanisa ars
ufali~ (saqme, 17,23-24). aq naTqvamia, rom pavlem aTenelebs axara qriste
RmerTi, romelic Seucnobelia, romlis saidumlo adamianis gonebisaTvis
ucnobadia, xolo es RmerTi aris yovlismpyrobeli, pantokratori~ (sulava
1999: 208,209).
mkvlevaris mtkicebiT, adamianis gonebisaTvis RmerTis Seucnobloba
imiT aixsneba, rom adamianis goneba Semofarglulia RmerTis dausruleblo-
basTan SedarebiT. aseve sainteresoa rogor ganmartavs mkvlevari `ufali
uflebaTas~. `Zveli aRTqmidan meore Sjulis wigni gvamcnobs: `rameTu ufali
RmerTi igi Tavad aris RmerTi RmerTTa, da ufali uflebaTa, da RmerTi didi
243
da Zlieri~ (10,17). `ufali uflebaTa~ aris Ze RmerTi axal aRTqmaSi: `romel
igi JamTa TsTa aCuenos netarman man da mxoloman Zlierman meufeman meu-
feTaman da ufalman uflebaTaman~ (1 tim. 6,15). Rrma simbolurobiTaa gamsW-
valuli `gamocxadebis~ Semdegi sityvebi: `eseni kravsa mas ebrZodnen da krav-
man sZlos maT, rameTu ufali uflebaTa ars da meufe meufeTa da mis Tana
wodebulni igi da rCeulni da morwmuneni~ (17,14).
da bolos mkvlevari ajamebs Tavis mtkicebas. `amgvarad, ucnauri, uTq-
meli~, `ufali uflebaTa~ qristianuli RmerTia. igi samebaa arsobrivi termi-
nologiis TvalsazrisiT da Ze RmerTia hipostasuri terminologiis Tval-
sazrisiT. qriste ufali uflebaTa, ucnauri, uTqmeli, xmelTa da caTa
RmerTi, `romeli hflobs qvenaT zessa~ _ iSva qalwulisagan, raTa `acxovnos
kaci~, romelic RmerTma Tavis xatad da msgavsad Seqmna. igi aris `mflobeli
caTa; Semoqmedi zRuaTa da mpyrobeli queyanisa~, e. i. yovlismpyrobelia,
pantokratoria~ (sulava 1999: 208-209).
sainteresoa rogor xsnis mkvlevari borotebis RmerTTan mimarTebis
sakiTxs, rac xSirad arasworad aris gagebuli. `sikeTis da borotebis ur-
TierTmimarTebisa da arsis garkvevas vefxistyaosanSi udidesi adgili uWi-
ravs. rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobas faqtobrivad igi warmarTavs. avTandi-
lis locvisas warmoTqmuli sityvebi _ `zogjer momcemo patiJTa, zogjer
keTilTa mzaTao~ _ borotebis kategorias ki ar exeba, aramed im patiJT, im
vnebebs, romlebic RmerTis nebis winaaRmdeg qcevisas evlineba adamians,
romelsac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa sakuTari nebis winaaRmdegac uxdeba wasvla.
es imas niSnavs, rom adamiani Tavad iaxlovebs, Tavad mieltvis patiJs, is
imsaxurebs RmerTisagan patiJs. aq uTuod daismis kiTxva, rogoria patiJTa
qronotopi, ra droidan aris RmerTi adamianisaTvis `momcemi patiJTa?~ es
codviT dacemis Semdeg da mis Sedegad moxda, romelsac zRvari daudo ieso
qristem sakuTari vnebiT kacobriobis codvaTa gamosasyidad... adamianma sa-
kuTari RvTaebrivi saxis, pirvelsaxis, codviTdacemamdeli arqetipis mosa-
poveblad unda warmarTos mTeli Tavisi Zalisxmeva, sulieri da gonismieri
cxovreba, RmerTis keTili nebis SemobrunebiT miaRwios sulier sisrules...
avTandili RmerTs swored sulieri srulyofis mizniT mimarTavs~ (sulava
1999: 210).
zogjer RmerTi patiJs gangeb miuvlens maTsave sasikeTod. gavixsenoT
erTi epizodi bibliidan, rodesac iesom Tavisi mowafeebi naviT gaistumra,
TviTon ki mogvianebiT mivida maTTan. moviSvelioT maTes saxarebis Sesaxeb
egzegetikuri naSromi.
`24-33. igi Tavis mowafeebs agdebs saSiSroebaSi, raTa maT iswavlon gaWir-
vebis mamacurad gadatana da Seicnon qristes Zala... igi yaraulTa meoTxe
cvlisas movida... igi wylis zedapirze rogorc RmerTi moabijebda, mowafeebs
ki uCveulo da ucxo sanaxaobis gamo moCveneba egonaT... ufali maT amxnevebs:
`es me var~, visac yovelive ZaluZs, `nu geSiniaT~... petres sjera, rom qristes
ara marto TviTon SeuZlia wyalze siaruli, aramed imasve SeaZlebinebs
masac... sTxovs `mibrZane me misvlad Sendao~... ufalma petres zRva ferxTiT
daufina... petrem did stiqiaze ki gaimarjva, magram qarisa SeeSinda... SekrTa
da myisve CaZirva daiwyo... petres CaZirvis mizezia ara qari, aramed sulmok-
leoba.. rac petres daemarTa, winaswar migvaniSnebs mis mier iesos uaryofaze,
moqcevasa da monaniebaze... rogorc ki dauSva ufalma uaryofa petresagan,
aqac dauSva misi CaZirva... am dros misca mas xeli da daxrCobisagan gadaarCina.
moananebina da uaryofis ufskrulidanac amoiyvana~ (Teofilaqte 2003: 126-
128). aqve `zRvaTa Relva~ axsnilia bibliuri mniSvnelobiT. Relva ufro
farTod aris gaazrebuli. `Relva _ boroti sulebis wyalobiT safrTxiT
aRsavse cxovrebaa~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 127).
244
avTandili rodesac RmerTsa sTxovs xifaTi aaridos, xifaTebs Soris
zRvis Relvasac axsenebs. Tu masSi nagulisxmev simbolos gaviTvaliswinebT,
avTandils boroti sulebi hyavs mxedvelobaSi.
rogorc avTandilis locvidan Cans, igi rwmeniT aris gamsWvaluli Rmer-
Tisadmi. sjera misi sikeTe da Semweobis imedi aqvs. mkvlevari am imeds TviT
gmiris keTilganzraxul saqmianobiT xsnis. radganac, `RmerTis Semweobis
imedi maSin unda hqondes adamians, rodesac mis qmedebas sikeTe udevs safuZv-
lad: `ukueTu goneba, romeli igi mTavari ars kacTa Soris, maradis maRalTa
maT saqmeTa da xedvaTa Sina iqceodis, Semwe eyofis mas da sZlevs mtersa... aw
ukue, romeli sofelsa amas Sina vidodes ucTomelad, man warvlos keTili ese
saTnoebisa gza sameufod da ara midrkebodis amier gina imier gzisa misgan
saTnoebisa~ (wm. klimenti romaeli, korinTelTa mimarT pirveli epistole-
Jurnal `gza saufos~ danarTi, 3, Tb., 1997)... amitom avTandilis locvaSi
gamoxatuli vedreba savali gzis RvTis SewevniT ganvlis Sesaxeb sikeTis
gamarjvebis rwmenas emyareba~ (sulava 1999: 212).
Rirsi mama amona aRniSnavs, rom Tu kaci aris ampartavani, rac unda kargi
saqme akeTos, RmerTi mis locvas ar Seiwynarebs. `ampartavneba. odes moigo-
nos kacman da Tquas, viTarmed keTilad cxovrobs da viTarmed gangeba misi
saTno ars winaSe RmrTisa... ara Seiwiravs RmerTi locvasa missa~ (amona 2002:
398).
RmerTi mxolod im kacis locvas Seiwiravs, romelic Tavmdabalia,
RmerTis mcnebebs misdevs da eSmaks win aRudgeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi aqvs Zala
saxarebis sityvebs: `rameTu yoveli, romeli iTxovdes, miiRos; da romeli
eZiebdes, povos, da romeli irekdes, ganeRos~ (maTe, 7,9).
bibliaSi aRniSnulia, rom vidre kaci saqmes xels mohkidebdes, winaswar
unda ilocoso. avTandili swored ase iqceva. `avTandili locvas udidesi
mniSvnelobis mqone saqmis aRsrulebis win warmosTqvams, im saqmisa, RvTis
gangebiT xvda da romelic moapovebinebs sulier sisrules, miaaxlovebs uze-
naess. vidre avTandili Tavisi mizandasaxulobis praqtikulad aRsrulebas,
Tavisi misiis aRsrulebas Seudgeba, RmerTTan amyarebs sulier kontaqts~
(sulava 1999: 205).
mkvlevari avTandilis locvaSi Wvrets mis zneobriv srulyofas, ganwmen-
das, RmerTTan miaxlovebas. `avTandilis locva, mimarTuli qristianuli
RmerTisadmi, aRiqmeba rogorc udidesi miznis winaSe mdgomi adamianis suli-
eri aRsareba, romelic mTeli misi cxovrebisa da arsebobis, misi moRvaweo-
bisa da sulieri momavlis ganmsazRvrelia, igi misi samoqmedo gegmaa. es
locva avTandilis sulieri amaRlebis, zneobrivi sisrulis, saTnoebis, ganw-
mendisa da momavali ganRmrTobis logosuri gamoxatvaa. avTandilis locva
sawindaria misi momavali xifaTiani gzisa RmerTis uzenaesi nebis aRsasru-
leblad~ (sulava 1999: 206).
avTandilis locvaSi RmerTi saRmrTo saxelebiTaa warmodgenili. avTan-
dilis mimarTvebi `maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao~, `ucnauro da uTqme-
lo~, `mflobelo gulisTqmaTao~ da sxva, amave dros RmerTis daxasiaTebaa
rogorc keTili da mwyalobeli, romelic xels umarTavs Rirseul adamianebs
saqmeSi da exmareba gaW.irvebaSi. mlocvelic TavisTavad xasiaTdeba rogorc
RmerTisadmi mindobili, wrfeli da didi miznebis mqone pirovneba.
SromaSi es yovelive miniSnebulia da isic amocnobilia, rom RvTaebrivi
Zala CarTulia avTandilis misiis dasaxvasa da SesrulebaSi. `mTavari isaa,
rom igi gamoxatulebaa pirovnebis swrafvisa RmerTisaken, RvTaebrivi siwmin-
disaken, RmerTis wvdomis mcdelobaa... poemis dasasruli imas adasturebs,
rom avTandilis locva Sedegiani, warmatebuli aRmoCnda. RmerTma Seiwynara
igi... vefxistyaosnis erT-erTi mTavari gmiris locva is sityvaa, romelic
245
TviT RmerTis saxes warmoaCens katafatikur-apofatikuri saxelebiT. avTan-
dilma icis, ra aris misi amqveynad mosvlis mizani, ra misia akisria amqveyniur
cxovrebaSi. SoTa rusTavelma avTandilis srulyofileba jer misi sityviT _
anderZiTa da locviT gamoxata, Semdeg ki am sityvaTa saqmed qceva, war-
matebiT dagvirgvineba gvamcno~ (sulava 1999: 206).
rusTvelologiaSi RmerTis Sesaxeb aseTi azri SemuSavda: `vefxistyao-
sanSi~ RmerTs centraluri adgili uWiravs. Teisturi TvalsazrisiT RmerTi
aris cocxali, pirovnuli Semoqmedi, romelsac cocxali damokidebuleba
aqvs qmediT samyarosTan. renesansuli TvalTaxedviT RmerTica da adamianic
xelovanebi arian. RmerTs saRvTo saxelebi warmoaCenen rogorc uzenaess,
keTilsa da mwyalobels. RmerTis gamovlena aris sikeTis gadmoRvra. zesTa-
sikeTe (RmerTi) adamianis gonebisaTvis miuwvdomelia. sisrulis, mSvenieris,
sikeTis, siyvarulis mimReobis unari yvelas ara aqvs. RmerTi aris pantok-
ratori, yovlismpyrobeli, ufali uflebaTa, ucnauri da uTqmeli. adamiani
RvTaebrivi saxis, pirvelsaxis, codvaddacemamdeli arqetipis dasabruneb-
lad unda ibrZodes da mxolod RmerTis SewevniT miaRwevs RvTaebriv srul-
yofilebas.
teqstobrivi analizisa da mecnierTa gamokvlevebis safuZvelze SegviZ-
lia davaskvnaT, rom `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~ RmerTis gageba qristia-
nuli RviTsmetyvelebisa da wmida werilis naazrevs eTanxmeba da renesansuli
ideebis mxatvruli gamoxatulebaa, raSic SegviZlia ufro metad davrwmun-
deT Cveni mtkicebebis konkretul magaliTebze.
RmerTis qristianuli gageba, pirvel rigSi, mtkicdeba gangebisadmi
midgomiT.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ naTqvamia:
`uRmrTod veras ver mivaRwev, cremli cudad medinebis~ (190).
`raca RmerTsa ara swaddes, ara saqme ar iqmnebis~ (793).
`hamletSi~ gangebaze aseTi azria gamoTqmuli:
`me winaTgrZnobis ar meSinian, xom ici, Citic ki ugangebod ar mokvdeba~.
(V,2) gv. 242-243.
Citis magaliTi bibliis moSveliebas niSnavs: `gana ori beRura erT asarad
ar iyideba~, magram erTi maTganic ar davardeba miwaze, Tu ar iqneba mamis
Tqvenis neba!~ (maTe, 10-29).
`vefxistyaosanSi~ soflisa da zesTasoflis erTianobis aSkara gamoxatu-
lebaa I strofi.
`romelman Seqmna samyaro, ZaliTa mis ZlieriTa,
zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa,
Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa,
misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa~ (1).
pirvelive sityva `romelman~ RmerTs aRniSnavs. RvTismetyvelebaSi miRe-
bulia nacvalsaxeliT RmerTis moxsenieba. amave strofSi amocnobilia sameba,
romelic miwier qveyanasTan kavSirSia.
809 strofi gveubneba: `maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao~.
`hamletSi~ `ca da dedamiwa erTad ixsenieba.
`oh, cav da miwav! viTom kidev Rirs mogonebad!~ (I,2. gv.27).
`cam da miwam piri misca dRes erTmaneTsa
rom gvauwyos Cven, rac moelis xalxs da qveyanas~ (I,1. gv. 17).
`bevri ram xdeba, horacio, zecad da qveynad,
rac filosofosT sizmrad arc ki molandebiaT~ (III,4. gv. 154).
246
RmerTi nacvalsaxeliT `he~ aris warmosaxuli:
"Sure he that made us with such large dis cource" (IV,4. gv. 213).
maCabelTan aseve nacvalsaxeliT aris RmerTi xsenebuli.
`vinc mogvaniWa Wkva-gonebis Sors mxedveloba...~ (IV, 4. gv. 178).
`vefxistyaosanSi~ RmerTis qristianuli gageba imiTac mtkicdeba, rom
poemis gmirebi RmerTs Tvlian mwyalobelad da WirSi masze amyareben imeds.
`guliTa RmerTsa adidebs avTandil crmelTa mdeneli,
Tqva `RmerTo, gmadlob, romeli xar WirTa momalxeneli...
wyaloba Tqveni iCqiTad ars Cveni gar-momfeneli~ (1250).
`vin ars Zali uxilavi Semwed yovlTa miwierTad~ (792).
`hamletSi~ mfarvelobas sTxoven ciur Zalebs.
`keTilno sulno, angelozno, Tqven mfarvelobdeT~ (I,4. gv. 45).
`RmerTma keTili bolo misces~ (I,4. gv. 49).
`vefxistyaosanSi~ didi adgili uWiravs mzes, rogorc RmerTis xats.
`vis xatad RmrTisad gityvian filosofosni winani~ (897).
radganac qristes mzesTan kavSiri saidumloebad iTvleboda, am azris
gamoxatva xdeboda SeniRbulad, igavurad. amaze aSkarad metyvelebs 831 da
832 strofebi.
`wam-wam mobrundis, iajdis misTvis mzisave mzobasa,
uWvretdis, Tvalni ver mohxsnis, Tu mohxsnis, mihxdis cnobasa~ (831).
`zogjer dabrundis, iWvretdis Roned patiJTa Tmenasad,
ra gaemarTis, ar icis, mas Tu arbevdis cxeni sad~ (832).
rusTvelologiaSi amocnobilia, rom am strofebSi moxseniebuli mze su-
lieri mzea, mzis suli anu qriste. es damtkicebulia Semdegi argumentebiT:
avTandili rom iajda anu Suamdgomlobas sTxovda mzes, es ar SeiZleboda mze-
mnaTobi yofiliyo, radganac Suamdgomloba uzenaes RmerTTan mxolod qris-
tes _ sulier mzes SeeZlo. RvTismetyvelebaSi cnobilia, rom es misi Tviseba
iyo. bedis Secvlas, Tu WirTan gamklavebaSi daxmarebas mze-mnaTobs ver
sTxovda da verc misi WvretiT igrZnobda Svebas. moajeoba qristes epiTetia.
`hamletSi~ Seqspirs mzis simbolod gamoyenebuli aqvs hiperioni,
romelic apolonis erT-erTi saxelwodebaa.
originalSi vkiTxulobT:
`So excellent a king that was to this Hyperion to a satyr~ (I,2. p. 53).
maCabelTan Targmnilia:
mere ra mefe!
is imas hgavda, viT satirsa hiperioni~ (gv. 27).
aleqsanderi gvamcnobs: `The name is frequently used, as a title for the sun~ (p.52).
(es saxelwodeba Seqspirs xSirad aqvs gamoyenebuli mzis aRsaniSnavad).
meored Seqspiri hiperions axsenebs hamletis mier mamis daxasiaTebis
dros. teqstSi `Huperion's curls~ (III,4. p. 189) sityva-sityviT niSnavs `hiperionis
kululebi~. maCabelis TargmanSi ufro naTlad aris axsnili azri: `hiperionis
xuWuWs Tmasa hgavs amisi Tma~ (gv. 155). aleqsanderi aRniSnavs, rom hiperionis
247
Tmebi mzis STabeWdilebas qmnian (`hair like the sun's~) mzeze miniSneba Seqspirs
imisTvis dasWirda, rom alegoriulad mzeSi egulisxma swored is sulieri
mze, romelzedac Cven zeviT gvqonda saubari. mzesTan rom sdomoda Sedareba,
mas simbolo ar dasWirdeboda da pirdapir daasaxelebda. amas isic mowmobs,
rom hamleti mamis portrets RmerTebis saxeebiT xatavs da misi didebulebis
gamosaxatad qristes adarebs. hiperioni rom paraboluria, esec imas mowmobs,
rom mze-mnaTobi ver iqneboda. yvela am mizezis gamo yofili mefe, romelic
yvela niSniT ganRmrTobili adamiania, enigmurad sulier mzesTan aris
daaxloebuli.
`hamletis~ sworad gasaazreblad didi mniSvneloba aqvs Targmans. trage-
diaSi gamoTqmul filosofiur-religiuri azrebisa da terminebis adeqvatu-
ri Sesatyvisebis moZebnas. maCabeli maRalmxatvruli eniT TargmnasTan er-
Tad, zustad icavs teqstis Sinarsobriv mxares. maCabels religiuri termi-
nebi zustad gadmoaqvs qarTulad. offence-codva, repentance-sinanuli, mercy-
madli, forgive-miteveba, guilt-danaSuli da sxva.
aCrdili hamlets SesCivis, rom misma Zmam sicocxlec waarTva da imqveynad
gaistumra uaRsarebod, uziareblad, zeT ukurTxad. unnouseled _ niSnavs
eklesiis bolo saidumloebis gareSe, qarTulSia uziareblad. disappointed _
sikvdilisaTvis moumzadebeli qarTulad Targmnilia uaRsarebod. unaneled
_ mironis cxebis gareSe, qarTulad Targmnilia zeT-ukurTxad.
ramdenime magaliTiT SegviZlia davrwmundeT, maCabels azri ra zustad
gadmoaqvs.
ofelia:
oh, ra didebuls Wkva-gonebas ewia bneli!
sasaxlis Tvalsa, ena mWevrsa, vaJkacobiT sruls,
imedsa da vards am mSvenier saxelmwifosas,
samagaliTos zneobis da yofa-qcevisTvis!
daemxo igi... (111,1) gv. 116.
am pasaJis qarTuli da rusuli Targmanebi SevadaroT originals.
, ; ,
_ , , ;
,
, ,
, ! (Seqspiri 1960).
originalSia
O, what a noble mind is here o' erthrown
The courtier's, souldier's, scholar's, eye, tongue, sword;
The glass of fashion and the mould of form,
Th' observed of all observers quite, quite down (p. 149).
originalis meore striqoni
The courtier's, souldier's, scholar's, eye, tongue, sword;
sityva-sityviT: samefo kariskacis, meomris, swavlulis Tvali, ena, xmali.
lozinskis TargmanSi , , , .
maCabelTan: `sasaxlis Tvalsa, ena-mWevrsa, vaJkacobiT sruls.
lozinskis Targmani kalkia, sityva-sityviT gadmoaqvs rusul enaze ing-
lisuri teqsti.
248
maCabeli mxatvrul Sesatyvisebs uZebnis. amave dros renesansuli adamia-
nis srulyofilebas gamoxatavs. ofelias mier daxasiaTebuli hamleti zusti
aslia hamletis mamisa, romelzedac naTqvamia, rom is aris nimuSi yvelasaTvis
yvelaferSi.
frazas: `glass of fashion and the mould of form~
lozinski Targmnis: , , .
maCabelTan aris: `samagaliTos zneobis da yofa-qcevisTvis!~.
lozinskis yuradReba gadaaqvs mis garegnul mxareze. `daxvewil silama-
zesa da gemovnebaze~.
morozovis bwkaredul TargmanSi igive fraza Targmnilia: ,
xolo `courtier's~ Targmnis . aqac gareg-
nul moxdenilobazea laparaki, dramaturgi ki yuradRebas amaxvilebs gmiris
sulier srulyofilebaze. am mxriv, maCablis Targmani ufro uaxlovdeba
originalis konteqsts, exmianeba renesansuli TvaliT danaxuli adamianis
avtoriseul humanistur TvalTaxedvas.
Cvens mier moyvanili maCablis adeqvaturi Targmanis nimuSebi adasture-
ben, rom mTargmnelisaTvis. ucxo ar aris religiuri azrovneba. amaSi sakvir-
veli araferia. `hamletSi~ gamoTqmuli qristianuli azrebi mas mSobliuri
literaturidan aqvs aTvisebuli. ori qveynis religiuri naTesaoba aixsneba
imiT, rom qristes moZRvrebam, rac qristes mociqulebma da wmida mamebma
Camoayalibes, maT Soris dionise areopagelma, saerTaSoriso aRiareba moi-
pova qristianul qveynebSi. `mTavari mniSvneloba CvenTvis aqvs dionises
areopagitas _ dionis areopagels... neoplatonianTa swavlam wamoisxa qris-
tianuli samoseli da dionisios areopagitas moZRvrebiT gaqristianda. misma
nawerebma daipyro rogorc aRmosavleTis, agreTve dasavleTis qristianoba.
dionise areopagelis wignSi: `saeklesiosa mRvdelmTavrobisaTvis~ ganxilu-
lia eklesiaSi axali wevris monaTvla, saidumlo ziareba, wirvis svla, miro-
nis cxeba da sxva~ (nozaZe 1963).
maCablis adeqvaturma Targmnilma `hamletma~ saSualeba mogvca swori in-
terpretaciiT gagvego tragediis sakacobrio azrebi da qarTul renesanss
danaTesaveboda.
damowmebani:
amona 2002: Rirsi mama amona. amonais sityuani. wmida mamaTa swavlani. moskovis
wmida giorgis qarTuli eklesia, 2002.
gamsaxurdia 1984: gamsaxurdia z. `vefxistyaosani~ inglisur enaze. Tb.:
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, 1984.
Teofilaqte 2003: netari Teofilaqte bulgareli. maTes saxarebis ganmarteba.
Tb.: 2003.
TvaraZe 1971: TvaraZe r. areopageli da rusTaveli. `ciskari~, 1971.
kekeliZe 1941: kekeliZe k. `vefxistyaosani~. qarTuli literaturis istoria. I,
Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1941.
kekeliZe 1979: kekeliZe k. SoTa rusTaveli da misi vefxistyaosani. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1979.
losevi 1978: . . . .: . "", 1978.
morozovi 1954: . . . .:
, 1954.
nozaZe 1963: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosanis RmrTismetyveleba. parizi: 1963.
nucubiZe 1935: nucubiZe S. rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. saxelmwifo
universitetis Sromebi, I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1935.
nucubiZe 1965: nucubiZe S. kritikuli narkvevebi. Tb.: 1965.
249
rusTaveli 1951: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. al. baramiZis, k. kekeliZis, a.
SaniZis redaqciiT. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1951.
sulava 1999: sulava n. locva avTandilisa. literaturuli Ziebani, XX, Tb.: 1999.
Seqspiri 1954: Seqspiri u. tragediebi. II, inglisuridan Targmnili ivane
maCabelis mier. redaqtori givi gaCeCilaZe. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1954.
Seqspiri 1960: , . . . . .
. . . 6, "", .: 1960.
Seqspiri 1978: Shakespeare. Hamlet. Edited by Nigel Alexander Senior Lecturer in English.
University of Nottingham. Macmillan Education, 1978.
Lia Gugunava
Creator God in "Hamlet" and "Vepkhistkaosani"
Summary
In "Hamlet" and "Vepkhistkaosani" God is understood from the Christian viewpoint.
The opinion that Humlet believes providence and his help, is characteristic for christian
God.
Hamlet, who is gifted with divine capability, is the generous person, respects christian
faith and fights against the evil, because of these he can forsee the God. Avtandil also can
forsee the God because he is divine wisdon. For him the God is only one, who can save the
man. Avtandil intuitively feels the help from God.
The God takes central place in "Vepkhistkaosani". By the opinion of theism the God is
alive personal architect. With Renaissance view the God and the man are both artists. God's
divine names shows him as supreme, kind and gracious, favourable to cognire the God
means to appear the kindness. The God is omnipotent, Lord of Lordships, Unknowable and
Unspeakable. The man must fight for the return of human archetype. The man can reach the
perfection only with the help of God.
250
venera kavTiaSvili
qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobis erTi
saintereso furceli
vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi moxvedrisa Tu
`msoflio genialur SemoqmedTa usaTuTesi da umkacresi ideis SemoqmedebiT
Tanamoazred~ wardgenis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad bunebis arsis
(RmerTis) gagebis, panTeizmis sakiTxi unda CaiTvalos. amitomacaa, rom am sa-
kiTxs didixania utrialeben Cveni literaturisa da filosofiis specialis-
tebi. ramdenadac l. TeTruaSvilis monografiuli Sroma `vaJa-fSavelasa da
goeTes ideur-msoflmxedvelobrivi urTierTobisaTvis~ am sakiTxis damuSa-
vebasTan erTad mis irgvliv arsebuli gamokvlevebis erTgvar reziumedac me-
saxeba, gadavwyvite, yuradReba SemeCerebina da erTgvari daskvna gamomatana
am Sromidan.
monografiis avtori vaJa-fSavelasa da goeTes ideur-msoflmxedvelob-
rivi urTierTobidan or plans gamoyofs. e.w. `eretikul panTeizmsa~ da
`mimeziss~. orive maTgani am SemoqmedTa poeturi msoflaRqmis WrilSia gan-
xiluli. aqedan pirvel sakiTxs Tavis mxriv sam nawilad yofs.esenia: `bunebis
arsis gagebis sakiTxi vaJa-fSavelasa da axalgazrda goeTes filosofiur
lirikaSi;~ igive sakiTxi vaJas poemebsa da goeTes `faustSi~ da, bolis, -
~faustsa~ da vaJas prozaSi.
vidre uSualod Sromis ganxilvaze gadavidode, saWirod vcani,oriode
sityviT yuradReba gamemaxvilebina SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobaSi
arsebul damafiqrebel tendenciaze e.w. `periodizaciis~ Sesaxeb. cnobilia,
rom Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi ukve daisva kiTxva: rogor moviqceT,
roca epoqa, saukune, literaturuli mimdinareobani sakvlev mweralTa qvey-
nebisa ar emTxveva erTmaneTs da uaryofiTi pasuxic mohyva mas. ra Tqma unda,
epoqa, saukune, socialur-politikuri garemo is wanamZRvrebia, romlebic
utyuar baziss qmnian tipologiuri kvlevisaTvis, magram isic cxadia, rom
did SemoqmedTa naRvawi epoqaluric aris da zedroulic, Tamamad arRvevs
yvela sazRvars, maradiul mniSvnelobas iZens da qronologiuri mniSvneloba
aq minimumamde dadis. amis magaliTebad sworedac rom gamodgebian goeTe da
vaJa-fSavela. erTis Semoqmedeba XIX saukunis pirvel sam aTeul wlebSic
grZeldeboda, meorisa ki igive saukunis bolo or aTeulSi daiwyo da XX
saukuneSi gagrZelda, magram aq qronologia ar aris mTavari. am ori mwerlis
tipologiuri kvlevis safuZveli is aris, rom goeTes Semdeg, rogorc mixeil
kveselava ityoda, `fausturi ideebis sruli dezintegraciis pirobebSi, vaJa-
fSavela msoflio masStabis mweralia, romelic Tavisi SemoqmedebiT am
ideebis reintegracias, aRmavlobas, aRorZinebas gvTavazobs~. ise, rom am ori
Semoqmedis naRvawis tipologiurma kvlevam gaurkvevloba ar unda
gamoiwvios.
pirvel qveTavSi l. TeTruaSvili exeba goeTe-vaJa-fSavelas panTeizmTan
mimarTebis sakiTxs. igi aRniSnavs, rom goeTes msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi
_ `erTia yoveli~ _ mas spinozas da, Tu ufro Sors wavalT, Suasaukunoeb-
rivi eresisa da warmarTuli xanis msoflaRqmis SemoqmedebiT mimdevrad
gvivlens. xolo spinozas panTeisturi debuleba `buneba anu RmerTi~ -goeTes
SemoqmedebaSi ori aspeqtiT iCens Tavs: buneba _ RvTaebis tol-sworobisa da
RvTaeba-adamianis sworfrobis tendenciebad. magram spinozas panTeizmTan
igive goeTes aSorebs is, rom spinozasaTvis RvTaebasTan wilnayari bunebis
nebismieri modusis arsi gaufasurebulia da individualurobas moklebuli,
251
anu mTelSi gaTqvefilia yoveli nawili, xolo misi arsi daclilia emociebi-
sagan da usulgulo ramedaa warmodgenili maSin, roca goeTes eresi ufro
Sors midis da mis SemoqmedebaSi garda buneba-RvTaebis sworfrobisa, aRiare-
bulia RvTaeba-adamianis sworfrobac. amasTan, misi arsi-substancia- gaqvave-
buli ram ki ar aris, aramed `goniericaa~ da `mgrZnobelic~ (anu nakvebia laib-
nicis monadis sulieri atomebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `Zalis principiT~).
avtoris es mosazreba sakamaTo ar aris, radgan goeTes panTeistoba erT-erT
aRiarebul ambadaa miCneuli, xolo gamokveTili spinozizmi goeTologiaSi
argumentirebul tendenciad iTvleba.
sul sxvagvaradaa saqme vaJa fSavelasTan mimarTebiT. aq dominirebs ori
urTierTsapirispiro mosazreba: erTni amtkiceben, rom vaJa panTeistia (s.
danelia), meoreni ki kategoriulad uaryofen mas (gr. kiknaZe, j. WumburiZe).
arsebobs mesame _ prof. m kveselavas mosazrebac, romelic `goeTeseburi
panTeizmis~ SemoqmedebiT mimdevrad warmogvidgens vaJas da kidev meoTxe
azri, romlis mixedviTac, buneba vaJas SemoqmedebaSi aris mxatvruli anTro-
pomorfizmi, mxatvruli azrovnebis xerxi.
l. TeTruaSvili, marTalia, iziarebs m. kveselavas aRniSnul mosazrebas
da rogorc TviTon wers, `kveselavas debuleba... vaJas Semoqmedebis kvlevis
mTel manZilzea gaTvaliswinebuli~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 46), magram ukriti-
kod arc mas iRebs da xSirad sayuradRebo mosazrebebiT upirispirdeba kidec
mas, magram amis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
Sromis umTavres mizans warmoadgens, kritikulad ganixilos panTeizmTan
vaJas mimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT dRemde gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da mis
nacvlad SemogvTavazos eretikuli da fiziomonisturi panTeizmis gageba,
rogorc `Rrma, mravalsaxovani da vaJasaTvis Sesabamisic~ (TeTruaSvili 1982:
8). me-18 saukuneSi igi gamovlinda `goeTesebur panTeizmad~,romelic momzad-
da warmarTul-berZnuli msoflgagebis, Sua saukuneebis eretikos mistikos-
Ta Sexedulebebisa da spinoza-laibnicis naazrevTa SemoqmedebiTi gardaTq-
ma-gardasaxviT. marTalia, vaJas msoflmxedvelobas arc spinoza amzadebda
da arc laibnici, magram, rogorc Sromis avtori aRniSnavs, `Tu samyaros
obieqturi kanonzomiereba `sayovelTaoa~, `erTia~, xolo genialur Semoqmed-
Ta wvdomis unari erTdroulad msgavsicaa da gansxvavebulic, sacilo ar
unda iyos is, rom vaJas aRniSnul filosofosTa da TviT goeTes gareSec SeeZ-
lo yofiliyo `goeTeseburi~ da `eretikuli panTeizmis~ Tanamoazre iseve,
rogorc goeTes SemoqmedebaSi orive filosofosma, SesaZloa, mxolod daaC-
qara an ufro gamokveTa is, rac vaJasTan ase sxva saxelTagan damoukideblad
iSva~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 18). Sromis avtori acxadebs, rom, roca mas vaJas
panTeistobisa sjera, uSualod da imdenad spinozas an sxva panTeisti filo-
sofosis moZRvrebidan ki ar gamodis, aramed adamianisa da buneba-RvTaebis
sworfrobis eretikuli gagebidan, romelic organulia rogorc goeTesaT-
vis, ise vaJa-fSavelasaTvis.
rodesac l. TeTruaSvili ganixilavs prof. s. danelias mtkicebas vaJas
panTeistobis Sesaxeb (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi wigni `vaJa fSavela da qarT-
veli eri~), Tavisi poziciidan gamomdinare, arasworad miaCnia is, rom s. dane-
liam vaJas SemoqmedebiT-msoflmxedvelobrivi samyaro absoluturad daamT-
xvia spinozas panTeistur moZRvrebas, xolo, raki spinozistur panTeizmSi
individualurobis grZnoba, pirovnebis, adamianis roli gaufasurebulia da
sulac uaryofili, vaJas samyaroc aseTadve warmoadgina. swored aq iwyeba,
Sromis avtoris azriT, `gvelismWamlis~ avtoris panTeizmis arsis sadavo
formulireba, ramac gamoiwvia kidec mkvlevarTa mZafri amxedreba mwerlis
panTeistad miCnevis winaaRmdeg. prof. s. danelia wers: `arabi filosofosis
ibn ruSdisa da holandieli ebraelis barux spinozas msgavsad, vaJa fiqrobs,
252
rom pirovnuli sicocxle ubralo modusia bunebis upirovno sicocxlisa.
pirovneba ar aris substancia, romelic arasdros ar kvdeba. pirovneba mxo-
lod buStia msoflios uZiro okeanis fskerze. okeane duRs, mis zedapirze
amoxtebian buStebi, cota xans iTamaSeben, Semdeg erTmaneTTan dajaxebiT
daskdebian da samudamod ukvalod, unaSTod CainTqmebian okeaneSi, raTa
kvlav sxva buStebi amoxtnen, imaTac cota waiTamaSon da Semdeg gaskdnen da
ase dausruleblad...vaJas poemebSi arc erT individualists ar rCeba gamarj-
veba. damarcxda aluda qeTelauri, damarcxdnen joyola da aRaza, damarcxda
mindiac. daskvna cxadia, _ wers danelia, _ vaJas adamianis individualobis
gamarjveba ar swams. buneba vaJasTvis imdenad didia, rom adamianis xelovneba
masTan SedarebiT fuWi ocnebaa, landia, siyalbea, sicruea~ (danelia 1927: 60-
61).
swored vaJas panTeistobis aseTma gagebam gamoiwvia gr. kiknaZis, j. Wumbu-
riZisa da sxvaTa kategoriuli da samarTliani moTxovna, rom, vinc vaJas
panTeistobas aRiarebs, man jer unda daamtkicos: 1. pirovnuli RmerTis arse-
boba vaJasTan; 2. mwerlis mier eTikuri problemebis uaryofa, radgan panTe-
izmisaTvis moraluri kategoriebi ucnobia da 3. individualuri saxis ar ar-
seboba vaJasTan, radganac panTeizmi gulisxmobs, rom `yoveli calkeuli da-
kargulia erT mTlianSi~.
leila TeTruaSvilis mizans warmoadgens swored is, rom erTi mxriv
daamtkicos: `panTeizmis iseTi gageba, rogoric vaJa fSavelasTan dakavSire-
biT gamoiTqva Cvens literaturul kritikaSi, meamituria da vaJasaTvis Seu-
sabamoc (TeTruaSvili 1982: 8), xolo meore mxriv is, rom vaJas panTeistobis
saerTod uaryofa `momdinareobs panTeizmis im SezRuduli, dune gagebidan,
romelic ara mxolod Cvens qarTul literaturul kritikas axasiaTebs,
aramed ufro farTo masStabisaa, popularuli xasiaTisa ufroa, vidre Semoq-
medebiT-akademiuri~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 8). am ori mimarTulebiT warmarTu-
li kvlevis Sedegad ki midis im daskvnamde, rom vaJa panTeisti kia, magram ara
wminda spinozisturi, aramed iseTi, romelsac eretikuli Tu fiziomonistu-
ri panTeizmi iTvaliswinebs. amisaTvis igi jer ganixilavs, Tu rogor esmis
vaJas RmerTi, pirovnulia Tu Tavad bunebaa igi Tavisi av-kargis, keTilisa da
borotis, `Savisa da TeTri~ saqmeebis dapirispirebiT, anu polarul ZalTa
WidiliT, anu bunebis zneSi, mis `umsgavs _ ubralebel~ kanonSi xom ar aris
gaigivebuli RmerTis Sinaarsi. amisaTvis Sromis avtori ganixilavs didi
moculobis masalas vaJasa da goeTes Semoqmedebidan, paralels avlebs
goeTes naazrevTan da midis im daskvnamde, rom `vaJas mTel SemoqmedebaSi,
goeTes ... memkvidreobis darad, marTalia, sityva RmerTi (uzenaesi, gangeba,
qveynis damdgeni) mravalgzis iCens Tavs, magram mis Sinaarsad gvevlineba
buneba _ samyaro, misi `wesi da rigi~, mkacrad obieqturi kanonzomiereba,
xolo pirovnuli RmerTisaTvis vaJasTan adgili aRar rCeba~ (TeTruaSvili
1982: 12). xolo iq, sadac vaJa gveubneba, rom igi `laparakobda RmerTTana~,
igi, rogorc goeTe ityoda, qristesadmi `mowiwebul Tayvanebas~ iCens an `su-
lis unarisadmi~, misi ukvdavebisadmi rwmeniTaa gamsWvaluli da samebasac
keTilganwyobiT axsenebs. qarTveli poetis TiTqosda religiuri Sexedule-
bani mogvagoneben g.e. lesingis filosofiur memkvidreobas, romelSic p.
rilas marTebuli TqmiT, `WeSmariti qristianobisaTvis zrunva mxolod sa-
babs warmoadgens, romlis ukan WeSmariti filosofiisaTvis zrunva imaleba~.
vaJa, lesingisa da goeTes msgavsad, Tavs sdebs qristianobisa Tu misi
RmerTis saxeliT zneobriv idealebze; misTvis RmerTi `religiur xatad~ ki
araa aRsaqmeli, aramed moralur ideadaa qceuli (TeTruaSvili 1982: 13).
aludas rom orTodoqsul _ qristianul religiur yaidaze swamdes RmerTi,
maSin `usjulo~ ar unda `ecxovnebina~. Tanac igi mxolod subieqturad ki ar
253
aris am `usjulos~, viTarca `kai ymis~ mxareze, aramed obieqturi, sayovel-
Taoc surs gaxados amgvari pirovnebis aRiareba. amas adasturebs is, rom
aludam swored `Temisa~ da xevisberis mxridanac moiwadina qistis `cxoneba~.
cnobilia, rom eretikosebi `qristianobisave saburvelSi moqmedeben mis
sawinaaRmdegod~. msgavsad, arc aluda gamodis religiuri CarCoebidan. `cxo-
neba~ ki aris qristianul _ religiuri aqti, magram vaJas gmiri imdenadaa ere-
tikosi, ramdenadac religiis formaSive arRvevs mis dogmats, ebrZvis mas
imiT, rom `urjulos~ cxoneba mouwadinebia.
meore Tezisi vaJas panTeistobis uaryofisa aris is, rom panTeizmSi zne-
obrivi principebia uaryofili da keTilisa da borotis cnebebi ar arseboben.
amasTan dakavSirebiT l. TeTruaSvili mouxmobs spinozas panTeistur Txzu-
leba `eTikas~ da aRniSnavs, rom saTaurive mianiSnebs avtoris damokidebule-
bas eTikis cnebisadmi. `Tuki ram moswonda goeTes spinozas `eTikidan~ _ wers
igi _ es, pirvel rigSi, e.w. `uangarobis~ mkacrad zneobrivi principi iyo~
(gv.13), xolo lesingisa da goeTes panTeisturad ganwyobili gmirebi uaRre-
sad eTikurni arian (naTan brZeni, reha, fausti, patemi). aseve, eWvis Setanac
ar SeiZleba vaJas gmirTa maRal zneobriobaSi, magram es garemoeba ki ar
gamoricxavs, piriqiT, aZlierebs vaJas panTeistobas. rac Seexeba keTilisa da
borotis cnebebs, vaJas, goeTes darad, samyarosa da bunebis mamoZravebel or
polusad miaCnia isini da warmoudgenlad esaxeba sicocxlisa da sikvdilis,
sikeTisa da borotebis, `avisa da kargis~, `avsulisa~ da `kai ymis~ uerTmane-
Tod arseboba. swored am dapirispirebulobaSi xedavs vaJa `bunebis znes~, mis
kanonzomierebas.
raki Sromis avtori vaJas `goeTeseburi panTeizmis~ anu eretikuli da
fiziomonisturi panTeizmis mimdevrad saxavs, aseTi panTeizmisaTvis, ukve
aRvniSneT, substancia ar aris ugrZnob-ugulo. es ki imas niSnavs, rom zne-
obrivi principebis arseboba vaJas SemoqmedebaSi iseve, rogorc keTilisa da
borotis cnebebisa, ki ar gamoricxavs, piriqiT, mwerals marTlac warmogvid-
gens eretikuli panTeizmis mimdevrad.
mesame debuleba, romelsac vaJas panTeistobis uarmyoflebi asaxeleben,
individualuri saxis arsebobaa vaJas SemoqmedebaSi. panTeizmi ki gulisxmobs,
rom `yoveli calkeuli dakargulia erT mTlianSi~. vaJasTan dakavSirebiT
imaze ki ar kamaToben, rom masTan `individualoba~, `calkeuli~ mkveTradaa
gamoxatuli, aramed sadavod isaa qceuli, panTeizms ranairad eTviseba es
`calkeuli~ maSin, rodesac `goeTesebur panTeizmSi~ moxsnilia es problema.
goeTe Tavis adrindel etiudebSi aRniSnavs, rom buneba (yovladoba) scnobs
individualobebs, arc arsebobs umaTod, oRond misi `uzurpaciaa~ gzamoWri-
li, radgan romelime `erTis~ sruli `gabatoneba~ samyaros harmonias amaxin-
jebs bunebis qmna-gardaqmnis process damabrkoleblad moudis da mas buneba
`avi tiraniviT~ sjis. amasTan dakavSirebiT TeTruaSvili aRniSnavs: `goeTes
eTosis mixedviT, isjeba ara mkveTrad gamoxatuli individualoba, ara iseTi
`calkeuli~, romelic sxvaTagan gamorCeulia da `umaRless hgavs~, aramed
iseTi, `pretenziuli~, individuumi, romelsac ar ZaluZs, `mTels SeeTvisos,
viTarca misi margi nawili~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 48). rogorc Sromis avtori
marTebulad SeniSnavs, `goeTes msgavsad, aqac (vaJas SemoqmedebaSi v.k.) moq-
medebs erTi principi _ individualobaTa Tanaarsebobisa, magram arcerT
SemTxvevaSi _ erTi romelime individuumis uzurpaciis principi~ (TeTruaS-
vili 1982: 48). amis sailustraciod igi ganixilavs poema `mTaTa erTobas~,
romelic saukeTesod adasturebs aRniSnuls. `...batonobasa, erTi meoris
Cagvrasa, ver moviwonebT verasdros, aSkarad vambobT amasa~.
aqve l. TeTruaSvili svams kiTxvas: `Tu vaJasTan arc erT individualists
gamarjveba ar rCeba da maSasadame, arc vaJas swams adamianis `individualiz-
254
mis~ gamarjvebisa, rogorc amas s. danelia gveubneba, maSin isaa gasarkvevi, ra
saxis `damarcxebaa~, vaJas rom swams~. am sakiTxis garkvevisas igi kritikulad
uyurebs m. kveselavas mosazrebas, romelic mindiasebur damarcxebas `damar-
cxebiT gamarjvebas~ uwodebs da aRniSnavs, rom misi (mindias v.k.) sikvdili
aris sazareli, `mkvdari sikvdili~, misi yofa _ Sesazari~. igi maSin iqneboda
`damarcxebiT gamarjvebuli~, Tu bolomde itvirTavda samyaro _ bunebis
`TeTr da Sav saqmes~, `Wirian cxovrebasTan~ medgrad morkinals WirTaTmenis
didi Rone da Zala bolomde SerCeboda, raTa TviTonve ar daeRupa `lamazi
arsi misi kacobisa~, _ es uZiriTadesi da uzogadesi atributi misi e.w. `kai
ymobisa~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 46). l. TeTruaSvili kritikulad uyurebs s. da-
nelias Semdeg mosazrebasac: sibrZne rom ar ganSoreboda, mindia mainc Sim-
SiliT mokvdebodao da ganagrZobs: `simarTle rom iTqvas, aseTi sikvdili
logikurad ufro Sesaferisia poemis dedaazrisaTvis, vidre sikvdili
mindiasi xevsurTa omSi.~ amis sapirispirod TeTruaSvili aRniSnavs: `piriqiT,
aseTi sikvdili ufro Sesaferisia mindiasaTvis. saerTod, praqtikul-yofiT
garemosTan dapirispirebaSi e.w. zrunvis _ cxovrebis am uzogadesi simbolos
_ winaaRmdeg omSi~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 47) da bolos daaskvnis: `damarcxebiT
gamarjvebuli~ Tu vinmes eTqmis vaJas SemoqmedebaSi, es, vfiqrobT, joyolaa,
zviadauria, mucalia, aluda qeTelauria, qiCiri da gogoTuria, anu yvela is
gmiri, vinc bolomdea tragikul-amaRlebuli arsis, sakuTar individualur
srulyofilebaTa Tanaxmad moqmedi, vinc fizikur aRsasrulamde inarCunebs
ganwyobilebas: `rwmenas ver Semacvlevineb mozRvavebulis aviTa~
(TeTruaSvili 1982: 47).
dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom l. TeTruaSvilis mtkicebebi yovelTvis
aris Rrmad logikuri, amasTanave yvela aspeqtSi Cans, rom sakvlev masalas,
uwvrilmanesi niuansebis CaTvliT, saukeTesod flobs da SesaniSnavadac iye-
nebs. erTia, sakamaToa Tu ara misi mtkicebulebebi, meorea is maRalmecnieru-
li profesionalizmi da msjelobis teqnika, romliTac ama Tu im mosazrebas
asabuTebs an uaryofs igi.
rodesac l. TeTruaSvili mimezisis problemas exeba, jer arkvevs sakiTxis
arss, romelic aristotelesagan iRebs saTaves da romelic saukuneebis
manZilze gayalbebuli iyo, vidre girnusma dasavleTSi, xolo oTar jinoriam
girnusze ori wliT adre CvenSi ar moaxdines am problemis klasikur-realis-
turi axsna. saqme isaa, rom `SesaZleblobisa~da `sinamdvilis~ kategoria `al-
baTobis~ kategoriad iqna gaazrebuli, xolo `albaToba~ moCvenebiTobas uf-
ro gulisxmobs, vidre SesaZlebels. Tu aristotele ityoda: `poets evaleba,
Tqvas SesaZlebelze albaTobis an aucileblobis mixedviT~, gamyalbeblebma
daweres: `poets evaleba, Tqvas albaTobazeo~. amis wyalobiT, _ SeniSnavs
girnusi, _ `moispo obieqtur-realisturi esTetikis SesaZlebloba, rasac
aristotele gvTavazobda da gza gaexsna subieqtivistur esTetikas~. es ki,
Tavis mxriv, imis mizezad iqca, rom aristoteleseuli mimezisis gagebas kla-
sikur-realisturi arsi gamoecala da `mibaZvad~ iTargmna (e.i. sinamdvilis
moCvenebiTobis mibaZvad). maSasadame, mimezisi mibaZvas ki ar niSnavs, aramed
`xelovanis mier SesaZleblis warmosaxvas xatovnad~; yofieris, bunebis
grZnobad gasagnebas.Sromis avtori Tavis mxriv aRniSnavs, rom mimezisis arss
rusTveliseuli sityva `gardaTqmac~ Seesatyvisebao (TeTruaSvili 1982: 97).
girnuss aristoteleanelad miaCnia lesingi, romelmac `hamburgis dramatur-
giaSi~ Tqva: `TeatrSi is ki ar unda davinaxoT, Tu ra moimoqmeda ama Tu im
calkeulma adamianma, aramed is, Tu ras moimoqmedebda garkveuli xasiaTis
mqone adamiani garkveul situaciaSi~. TeTruaSvilis azriT, `goeTe am sakiTx-
Sic SemoqmedebiTi memkvidre aRmoCnda Tavisi didi winamorbedis _ lesin-
gisa~. goeTe RvTaebis sworfrad miiCnevs WeSmarit Semoqmeds, romelsac Za-
255
luZs SemoqmedebiTi unari SeiTvisos bunebisagan da amiT kidec gaejibros
mas. magram, goeTes azriT, xelovans bunebis zusti mibaZva ki ar marTebs, ara-
med sakuTar subieqtur-pirobiT aRqmis prizmaSi misi gardasaxva _ gardaTq-
ma anu axali mxatvruli sinamdvilis warmoqmna, meore, potenciuri bunebis
konstruireba. xolo visac surs raRac didi gaakeTos, kidevac unda miaRwios
TviTganviTarebis iseT zRvars, rom realurad knini buneba Tavis sulier
simaRlemde zeaswios da WeSmarithyos,rac bunebis movlenebSi Sinagani siZa-
bunisa Tu garegan dabrkolebaTa gamo martooden SesaZleblad STenila~
(TeTruaSvili 1982: 98).
goeTes msgavsad vaJac ambobs: `zemoqmedeba mweralze aucileblad saWi-
roa, uamisod mwerali carieli, uSinaarso arseba iqneboda, Tu amasTanave igi
cocxlad gamomsaxavi ar iyos STabeWdilebaTa ... an bunebis movlenaTa mouy-
rua yuri. ai, es garegani faqtorebia, xolo Sinagani guli gaxlavT, romelic
amaT iTvisebs, yalibSi asxams~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 100). oRond `bunebis same-
foSi sakuTari samefos~ SeqmnaSi goeTes daostateba esaxeba aucileblad.
xelovanis kadnieri sulis Semonaqmedis TvalsazrisiT l. TeTruaSvili gani-
xilavs evforionis, mSvenieri elenasa da doqtor faustis romantikuli
SeuRlebis udReuri nayofisa da mindias `gamecnierebis~ ambavs da vaJasTan
dakavSirebiT dasZens, rac erTnairad esadageba goeTesac: `aq vaJa (igulisx-
meba mindias saxis Zerwva) iZleva bunebaze xelovanis zeaRmatebis kadnier
ganwyobilebas. aq vaJa bunebis monacaa da batonic. erTguladac misdevs mas,
magram sakuTar, xelovaniseul kanonTa Sesabamisi samyaros Sesaqmnelad mas
ise iyenebs, rom Seqspirisa da rubensis msgavsad, arad dagidevT, SeiZleba Tu
ara amgvari movlena marTla arsebobdes samyaroSi. vaJas miaCnia, rom `masala
gareSe cxovrebisa da bunebis, sruli araraobaa, magram am masalas unda misce
poeturi saxe, sakuTar quraSi gadaaduRo~. mere ki ki goeTes mimarT ambobs:
`zogi poeturs imaSi eZebs, rom warmosaxuls `anamdvilebs~, rac sisulelea
da sxva araferi (TeTruaSvili 1982: 117) da goeTes gamijnavs amgvar Semoq-
medTagan. aseTi ram arc vaJasTvisaa misaRebi. igi ambobs: saRi fantazia iseTs
arafers Seqmnis, rac sinamdviles ar Seeferebodes~( TeTruaSvili 1982: 117).
bolos ki Sromis avtori daaskvnis: `goeTes da vaJa fSavelas, rogorc
meamiti poetebis (Sileriseuli gagebiT) amocana aristoteles realistur _
obieqturi esTetikis kvalze yalibdeba; es amocana isevea dialeqtikuri da
usazRvrod zeaRmavali, rogorc Tavad buneba anu RmerTi, romlis sworfra-
dac xelovani gvevlineba. `faustisa~ da `gvelismWamelis~ avtorTaTvis mime-
zisi dausruleblad ganviTarebadi adamianis ganwyobilebaTa poetur gar-
daTqmasac gulisxmobs, rameTu `marad zeaRmavali bunebis~ `ukanasknel Sede-
gad~, `gvirgvinad~ goeTes `mSvenieri~, xolo vaJa fSavelas `didebuli~ adami-
ani anu `kai yma~ esaxeba, romelTa msgavsi `amaod saZebaria bunebaSi~, xolo
adamianis `arqetipSi~ martooden potenciaRa STenila~.
l. TeTruaSvilis Sromis analizma Semdeg daskvnebamde migviyvana:
1. avtori safuZvlianad aanalizebs da uaryofs vaJa fSavelas panTeisto-
bis iseT gagebas, rogorc Cvens literaturul kritikaSia warmodgenili da
rac gamoixateba vaJas Semoqmedebis spinozistur panTeizmze srul
`morgebaSi~.
2. vaJas panTeistobis uarmyofelTa mier wamoyenebuli debulebis ganxil-
va-gaanalizebisas avtori samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom maTi mosazrebebi
momdinareobs panTeizmis arsis SezRuduli gagebidan, romelic marto qar-
Tul literaturul kritikas ar axasiaTebs da popularuli xasiaTisa ufroa,
vidre SemoqmedebiT-akademiuri.
3. rac mTavaria da siaxles warmoadgens qarTul literaturul kritikaSi
isaa, rom l. TeTruaSvili monografiulad Seiswavlis sakiTxs eretikul da
256
fiziomonistur panTeizmTan dakavSirebiT, romelic momzadda warmarTul-
berZnuli msoflgagebis,Sua saukuneebis eretikos-mistikosTa Sexedulebebi-
sa da spinoza-laibnicis naazrevTa SemoqmedebiTi gardaTqma-gardasaxviT da
me-18 saukuneSi gamovlinda `goeTesebur panTeizmad~, xolo vaJas igi, goeTe-
sagan sruliad damoukideblad, miiCnevs swored aseTi panTeizmis mesveurad.
4. `qveynis damdgenis~, `RvTiuri wesisa~ da `bunebis znis~, misi av-kargis
cnebebis ganxilvisas TeTruaSvils ar aviwydeba zogadad qarTuli mwerlobi-
saTvis, kerZod ki vaJas gmirebisaTvis niSandoblivi erovnul-patriotuli
grZnoba, rogorc Cveni istoriuli avbedobis tkiviliani gamovlena litera-
turaSi, romelic amaRlebulia zogadkacobriul idealebamde, borotebasTan
sikeTis, avTan kargis, avsulTan `kai ymis~ da sulac samyaros or polusTagan
naTelis mxares mebrZolebad. am brZolis dros ki isini qarTuli bunebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli maqsimalizmiTa da ukiduresi idealizmiT warmoCndebian,
oRond ara wminda filosofiurad gagebuli idealizmiT, aramed ufro ise-
TiT, rogorzec guram asaTiani ityoda: `sityva `idealizmi~ vaJasTan wminda
filosofiuri mniSvnelobiT rodia naxmari, aq is romantikulis, amaRlebu-
lis sinonimia~ (WumburiZe 1991: 325).
5. ramdenadac eretikuli panTeizmis kadnieri ideis arsi adamianisa da
RvTaebis erTdaigiveobis principSi mdgomareobs, xolo am arsis movlenad
`mimezisi~ iCens Tavs, l. TeTruaSvili goeTesa da vaJas SemoqmedebaSi mimezi-
sis problemis mimarTulebiTac warmarTavs kvlevas da midis im daskvnamde
(rac aseve axali sityvaa qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi), rom goeTes
msgavsad, vaJas msoflaRqmac aristoteles realistur-obieqturi esTetikis
kvalze yalibdeba.
damowmebani:
girnusi 1970: girnusi d. oriaTasi weli aristoteles gayalbebidan. mnaTobi,
Tb.: 1970.
danelia 1927: danelia s. vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri. Tb.: `poligrafistis me-
2 stamba~. Tb.: 1927.
doborjginiZe 1962: doborjginiZe b. buneba da adamiani vaJa-fSavelas Semoqme-
debaSi. Tb.: 1962.
kveselava 1961: kveselava m. fausturi paradigmebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1961.
kiknaZe 1957: kiknaZe g. vaJa fSavelas Semoqmedeba. Tb.: 1957.
WumburiZe 1970: vaJa revoluciamdel qarTul kritikaSi. vaJas krebuli. Tb.
1970.
257
Venera Kavtiashvili
An Interesting Page from the Georgian Study of Literature
Summary
The present paper deals with the problem of Vazha-Pshavelas relation to pantheism.
Particularly, there has been analyzed the discussion arisen in the study of Georgian literature
concerning the fact whether Vazha was pantheist by his world-outlook or not. For this, on
the one hand, there is considered S.Danelias statement that Vazha is a pantheist, and on the
other hand, there is categorical denial of this opinion by G.Kiknadze and J.Chumburidze
who claim that those who insist on Vazhas pantheism must show: 1) the existence of a
personal God in Vazhas creations; 2) the denial of ethic problems by the writer ( because
moral categories are unknown for the pantheism), and 3) the absence of individual image in
Vazhas creation (as pantheism implies that each separate particle is lost in the whole).
There is also regarded M.Kveselavas view that is based on Vazhas Goethian pantheism
or heretic and physiomonistic understanding of pantheism. B.Doborjginidze holds the view
according to which nature in Vazhas creations is artistic anthropomorphism, artistic device
of thinking. Finally, there is L.Tetruashvilis work with critical consideration of all these
views which suggests heretic and physiomonistic understanding of Vazhas pantheism as
profound, diverse and appropriate to Vazha and its foundation was prepared by heathen-
Greek world outlook, views of middle-aged heretic-mystics and transformation-
transfiguration of Spinoza-Leibnitz thoughts and manifested as a Goethian pantheism in
the 18
th
century.
At the end corresponding conclusions have been made.
258
manana kvataia
grigol robaqiZis `portretTa~ kaleidoskopidan
am mcire moculobis krebuls dRes naklebad ixseneben: 1919 wels rusul
enaze dabeWdili gr. robaqiZis portretebi bibliografiul iSviaTobadaa
qceuli. misi erT-erTi gadarCenili egzemplari qalbatonma lali avalianma
maTxova, risTvisac mas did madlobas vuxdi. wigni misTvis gadaucia qalbaton
salome yubaneiSvils, romelsac avtoris vinaoba arc scodnia, radgan wigns
satitulo furceli aklia (albaT, konspiraciis mizniT).
`portretebi~ mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo. masSi grigol robaqiZe warmog-
vidgeba, rogorc brwyinvale eseisti-analitikosi da literatori, rusuli
mwerlobisa da filosofiis SesaniSnavi mcodne da Semfasebeli, masStaburi,
Rrma, originaluri xedvis moazrovne da mkvlevari.
epigrafis mixedviT, eseebis es krebuli avtors miuZRvnia ruseTisaTvis,
qveynisaTvis, romlis `Tvaluwvdenel stepebSi apokalifsuri cxenebis floq-
vTa TqaraTquri ismis~. diax, 1919 wels gamocemuli `portretebi~ axal ru-
seTs eZRvneboda, erTi SexedviT, gardaqmnil, progresis gzaze damdgar ru-
seTs. romanovTa samaswlovani dinastiis damxobam saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo-
ebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis imedi gaaRviva. Cvenma moRvaweebma momlo-
dine mzera kvlav CrdiloeTs miapyres.
`CrdiloeTis sfinqsi~ ki msoflios axal enigmas sTavazobda. mis gamocno-
bas mravalni lamobdnen. ruseTis fenomens grigol robaqiZec gulmodgined
swavlobda. es naTlad ikveTeba `portretebSic~, romlis oTxi ese eZRvneba
sxvadasxva drois gamoCenil rus moazrovneebs: petre Caadaevs, mixeil ler-
montovs, vasili rozanovs, andrei belis. avtors mTavari aqcenti gmirTa fe-
nomenis, Sinagani xatis, pirovnuli arsis originalur mxatvrul kvlevaze
gadaaqvs.
individebiT, personaliebiT gr. robaqiZis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba
da, Sesabamisad, misi msoflaRqmis Tu SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Taviseburebani
meoce saukunis dasawyisis evropaSi damkvidrebuli egzistencializmis, `si-
cocxlis filosofiis~, fenomenologiis, personalizmis da am rigis sxva
moZRvrebaTa anareklicaa. dasavlurma azrovnebam adamiani filosofiur-
ontologiuri problematikis centrSi daayena, axalma drom mzera obieqti-
dan subieqtze gadaitana. kvlevis procesSi upiratesoba introspeqciis (ref-
leqsiis, TviTanalizis), STagrZnobisa da interpretaciis meTodebs mieniWa
(kakabaZe 1985: 43).
gr. robaqiZem SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTara meoce saukunis dasavluri az-
rovnebis miRwevebi. werilSi, romelsac `eqspressionizmi~ hqvia, mwerali miu-
TiTebda: `me msurs avsaxo sagani ara ise, rogorc arsebobs sagani TviTon, mag-
ram arc ise, rogorc Cems STabeWdilebebSia igi asaxuli, aramed ise, rogorc
aris igi gardaqmnili Cems sulSi.. eqspressionizmisaTvis Tavi da Tavi sagnis
gardaqmnaa suliT da ara ubralo asaxva~ (robaqiZe 1996: 341). amgvarad saxecv-
lilma sagnebma Tu ideebma robaqiZis TxzulebebSi axleburi brwyinvaleba
SeiZina. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs cnobil pirovnebaTa eseistu-
ri portretebi. Tavis erT-erT adreul wignsac mweralma `portretebi~ uwo-
da. mivyveT mis verbalur galereas.
portreti pirveli: petre Caadaevi. krebulis pirveli ese cnobil rus de-
kabristsa da moazrovnes petre Caadaevs eZRvneba. mravali wyaros gamoye-
nebiT gr. robaqiZe siRrmiseulad ikvlevs gmiris fenomens. mokle, lakonuri
frazebiTaa daxasiaTebuli misi habitusi da pirovnuli Tvisebebi: `maRali.
gamxdari. tanadi. saxe gaparsuli: xmeli, fermkrTali, gamomwvari. foladi
259
monacisfro-cisferi Tvalebis mzeraSi: mkacri xazi zeda bagisa; rbili _
qvedasi: SeerTebaSi _ basri ironia. SiSveli, granitiseburi Tavis qala _
mbrZanebluri inteleqti. gulRia mzera da naRvliani Cacineba. gonebis mxneo-
ba da maradiuli naRveli. yvelaferSi aristokrati. inaxavs sakuTar cxenebs.
`inglisuri klubis~ mudmivi wevri. Seucvleli maRali wris salonebSi. dax-
vewili manerebi. sakuTar TavSia Caketili. mdumare. TavdaWerili. icis niRbis
tareba. amayi. damoukidebeli. gabeduli~.