The application of solar technology has been a long time coming for the

automotive industry. Questions of the feasibility of solar powered vehicles have been
posed and discussed in recent years. Furthermore, growing environmental awareness
has changed consumer opinions about the utility and applications of solar technology.
This report aims to establish the mechanical and market efficacy of the Horus Mach-
!MH", our newly-designed solar panel attachment for consumer vehicles. To this end,
this report gives a brief and non-technical e#planation of the MH. $ossible benefits of
using automotive solar technology, the MH in particular, are also e#plored. %n
overview of the environmental dangers, changing public attitudes, and concomitant
political concerns regarding gas consumption is developed. Finally, research in current
statistics and demographics for electric and hybrid vehicle markets was conducted in
order to better understand profitability and marketing approaches. &ur findings
demonstrate that the MH provides consumers with meaningful monetary savings and
that the photoswitching technology behind the MH boosts consumer vehicle energy
efficiency while being environmentally friendly. %dditional findings show that electric and
hybrid vehicle markets are growing at a relentless pace, but suffer from consumer
complaints on battery technology. The MH was found to be an economically feasible
and marketable technology that addresses and remedies the largest barriers to the
electric and hybrid vehicle market. 'e recommend that an interest be taken into funding
and developing alternative energy vehicles and accessories. Furthermore, we advise, in
order to ma#imi(e profits without sacrificing mechanical efficiency or consumer and
environmental concerns, the adoption of an ecologically friendly marketing approach
focused on average to moderately high-income families in urban or suburban areas.
Justice League
)ustice*eague++,-.gmail.com
Maribel /have(
Thomas Hughes
0elinda Macias
Martin Moncada
1onny 'hitaker
pg. -
Table of Contents
Executive Summary pg.3
Introduction pg. 4
Solar o!er pg. "
#as pg. $
%ybrids pg. &'
(ar)eting pg. &4
*eferences pg. &+
pg. 2
Executive Summary
Justice League Solar Panels would like to present our solar panels for an answer for the
electricity needs. The panels we have designed and modeled are an accessory for the
already clean and environment friendly electric plug-in hybrid. The panels obtain free
and renewable energy as long as the sun that we orbit it in sight3
The price of gasoline rises every spring as refineries switch to more e#pensive summer
blends. This year the price bump is larger than usual even though oil supply is
abundant. The 4niversity of Michigan speculates a boosting demand for gasoline, along
with a strengthened economy, will make gas prices higher. The inde# of consumer
confidence showed a 56 rise in the economic e#pectations this month and when an
economy is thriving, prices for nearly everything go up. 7n the last ten years the price of
gas has nearly tripled. 7n 2889, the price started off at about :-.,8. Ten years later the
price is about :+.,8.
&ur sun provides a potential -888 watts of power per s;uare meter of the planets
surface. 4sing advanced monocrystalline silicon materials structured using the most
efficient <unction system available in solar engineering, our solar panels absorb the
unlimited power of the sun to produce clean and efficient energy. &ur panels employ the
cutting-edge in photoswitching technology allowing out solar cells to store energy
indefinitely, augmenting the car battery. Thanks to our solar cells tightly fitted structure
and malleable materials= our panels can be shaped to fit any vehicle.
Hybrid cars make up >6 of %merica?s alternative-powered vehicles. The sale of pure
electric cars is up +886 in 28-+ compared to 28-2. %lthough electric car sales still
make up for less than -6 of car sales in the 4nited 1tates, the rapid growth curve
suggests it is certain to surpass the -6 in 28-9= meaning electric cars will dominate the
market by 2828.
'ith respect to the hybrid and electric vehicle market, there is a real need for efficiency
enhancing technologies. @ot only does our product enhance fuel efficiency on hybrid
and electric vehicles, but it can also help to send power to the battery as well. This
implies that our product has ma<or application and appeal in the current hybrid and
electric vehicle market. Furthermore, current research by 4/ Aavis 7nstitute of
Transportation on the electric and hybrid vehicle market shows that 926 of electric
vehicle owners already own solar panels for domestic use. 1uch a strong correlation
between electric vehicle purchases and solar panel purchases further suggests that
even owners of energy efficient technologies embrace and benefit from complementary
solar technologies.
&ur product will be able to save %mericans money and be friendly to our environment.
The panels would be a great investment that we recommend. They can and will pay
themselves off from the gas and electricity the average %merican is spending <ust from
going to work and back. % gas station will soon be only a place to buy lottery tickets and
snacks.
pg. +
pg. 9
Introduction
There are multiple ways to get to work in the mornings. &ne can use the bus or can
even car pool. However, the average person uses his or her own road vehicle. The
advancement in technology over time has allowed vehicles to transfer from gasoline to
electricity to power on. 'ith the growth of electric cars, the use of electricity will soon
become a need the cars need.
T,e roduct
Justice League Solar Panels would like to present our solar panels for an answer for the
electricity needs. The panels we have designed and modeled are an accessory for the
already clean and environment friendly electric plug-in hybrid. The panels obtain free
and renewable energy as long as the sun that we orbit it in sight3
T,e -eed
Hybrids being released today are aiming to release their own electric car. The ;uestion
of how someone can charge that car where they park is asked. 'e would like to present
our special solar panels you can attach for your electric car. &ur panels are not
restricted to only the top of your car. They may be applied to wherever
%ttaching the panels to the car itself would
be recommended. The car will not only be
able to charge while parked in the sun, but
while the car is in motion. %s long as sun
is hitting the panels, the car is being
charged. The panels harness energy from
the sun, converting it into electricity. @ot
only is the converted energy renewable,
but it produced (ero carbon emissions.
Ford has come up with a concept of
having their /-Ma# model car with
attached panels that can be seen on the
right.
Ford C-MAX Solar Energi Concept Car
@ot only will the panels be able to be attached to the vehicles, but to any flat surfaces. 7f
you park your car in a garage at home, panels can be purchased for the roof of
your garage. The panels will come with a charging station that can be plugged to
your vehicle like any charging station. )ust as the vehicle is able to charge
whenever the sun is out, so will the roof panels. %t the end of your workday, you
can go home and plug in your car and use some energy that the roof has saved
for you.
pg. ,
%s a business you can offer these panels
to your customers as well. Bour
work office may have its own
parking garage or any parking area.
7f these parking lots have any shade
areas with flat roofs, you can install
the panels there too to provide
energy for your car and your work
cars. The picture on the left shows a
charging station with panels on the
top that allow cars to plug in and
use the panels energy first, then the
electric energy.

Teslas SolarCity Superchargers
.dvantages
Cegular panels would not be enough to power the cars battery. The car would take too
long to charge and lose energy when moving electrons. &ur panels are e;uipped
with a special lens. The lens works like a magnifying glass and concentrates the
biggest sunrays to be absorbed by the panels. The lens increases the solar intake
to about eight times the normal amount. The lens allows the vehicle electric
battery to charge in about seven hours. &n average, the battery would the vehicle
to run for 28-29 miles.
The average electric car takes about 5- hours to charge with a household plug in. The
panels will charge the car for the same amount of time and not be forced to take
electricity from your house.
&n an average workday, %mericans employed between the ages of 2, and ,9 work
about . hours. That %merican has about a 2D minute, or -D mile, commute to
their place of employment. 7f that %merican charged their car over night, they can
get their car to their work on no gas. 7f they have our solar panels while parked in
the sun or using panels on a garage, they will be able to fully charge their car while
at work. That %merican will be able to get to work and home without having to use
any gas or secondary option to power their car.
That same average %merican uses about +2 miles, average round trip to travel to their
work. 7n a week the %merican travels -D8 miles <ust for work. The average car
uses about 29 M$E= that means about D.D gallons of gas is used a week. 7n the
year 28-9, the average price of gas is +.99. To wrap up my main point, an average
%merican uses :22.58 a week to travel to work alone. That?s about :-,-8 a year3

pg. D
'e have collected data on some main issues and ;uestions that may come up.
1olar panels
1olar panels have specific methods they use to harness the energy from the sun
to batteries.
Eas
Eas is not recommended and prices have increased steadily the past -8 years
and will continue to increase in the future.
Hybrid electric vehicles
Hybrid electric vehicles have steadily increased the past 5 years and are
pro<ected to increase faster the ne#t 5 years.
Marketing
Marketing on how the panels would be desirable.
Conclusion
'e believe that our panels can and will be a product used in the future. &ur product will
be able to save %mericans money and be friendly to our environment. The panels
would be a great investment that we recommend. They can and will pay
themselves off from the gas and electricity the average %merican is spending <ust
from going to work and back. % gas station will soon be only a place to buy lottery
tickets and snacks.
pg. 5
Solar o!er
&n a beautiful day, the sun?s rays give off appro#imately -+D8 watts of energy per
s;uare meter on the earth?s surface. 7magine that you draw a s;uare around a full-si(e
adult Eerman 1hepard. That Eerman 1hepard is absorbing -.+D kilowatt of potential
power. % dog cannot do anything with that power, but we can. Mimicking the
photoelectric effect acted upon by natural metals, our solar power technology can
produce the clean and free energy bestowed by our local star to power our everyday
needs. 1olar power is the conversion of light into electricity and there are two ways to
achieve this= photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar power. /oncentrated solar power
re;uires large-scale plants utili(ing massive mirrors to concentrate sunlight through a
system of parabolic troughs. The kinds of solar power we are concerned with are
portable photovoltaic cells. $hotovoltaic cell, or solar cell, is a device that produces
solar power via the photovoltaic
effectF
-" 1unlight hits the silicon
surface of a cell which acts as a
semiconductor.
2" The energy of the absorbed
light is transferred to the
semiconductor.
+" The energy knocks loose
electrons, allowing them to flow
freely.
9" %n electrical field in the cells
directs the flow of free electrons,
creating an electrical current.
7t is important to note that heat alone can also
cataly(e the photovoltaic effect. 'ho is not
immediately struck by the obvious disadvantage
of solar power where sunlight is lackingG
Fortunately, it is no longer a disadvantage. &ur
solar cells implement a new, cutting edge
technology that employs a process known as
photoswitching. %(oben(ene molecules are lined
into our solar panels and can capture and store
energy, indefinitely, and release that energy on
demand. This alleviates the load of car battery
consumption.
pg.
7n effect, our solar panels work two fold= absorbing sunlight for immediate conversion
and use of energy and storing solar energy within the cells themselves for use in the
absence of sunlight. Further contributing to the energy system is the vehicles own heat,
which cataly(e the photovoltaic effect in our solar cells.
Thanks to their small si(e and malleable silicon material, solar cells can be shaped to fit
any vehicle. Two modules !pack of solar cells" are molded and installed over the top of
the vehicle to take advantage of the angle of inclination of sunlight and beneath the
hood to absorb heat given off by the engine. The module e#posed to sunlight absorbs,
on a good day, 5 hours of direct radiation.
'hile gasoline engine cars direct around -, percent of the energy from burning fuel to
actually moving the car, solar power achieves beyond >8 percent efficiency
!FuelHconomy.gov". However, given that the materials and technology involved with
solar panels are sub<ect to the laws of thermodynamics, their efficiency typically runs in
the realm of -,-286, making it slightly better than gasoline !and a cleaner alternative".
However, our advance monocrystalline silicon materials are arranged in three-<unction
system and yield 99.56 efficiency as seen in figure -.
/igure &
pg. >
#as
Eas is a limited natural resource.
The conventional method for
drilling gas has been through
vertical wells, which are drilled into
gas reservoirs. The image on the
right illustrates a conventional gas
reservoir and well.
Arilling this natural gas is no easy
task. There are many shale
formations, or sedimentary rocks,
which trap petroleum and natural
gas underneath its surface.
Cecently, some countries,
especially the 4nited 1tates, have
been using a mi#ed method to yield
large amounts of gas from the rock formations. These large rock formations are called
shale IplaysJ and they contain significant accumulations of gas, called shale gas.
Hori(ontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, have been used together to let
gas flow more freely into wells from these rocks.
7n hori(ontal drilling, the well is first
drilled vertically and then curved at
the bottom in an * shape into the
rock formation. The image on the
left shows the *-shaped well.
Hydraulic fracturing is then used to
break apart the shale plays in
order to reach the trapped gas.
'ater, chemicals, and sand are
pumped into the well until it creates
enough pressure to crack the rock
formations. The cracks allow the
trapped gas to flow freely into the
well.
These two methods have allowed
gas producers to e#tract shale gas
for reasonable costs. 'ithout
these techni;ues, gas does not flow into wells rapidly enough to make handsome
profits. 7n the 4nited 1tates, shale gas accounted for +>6 of all natural gas produced
last year, making it the leading country in shale gas production.
pg. -8
0angers of
/rac)ing
There are more
than ,88,888
active natural gas
wells in the 4nited
1tates and each
well re;uires about
988 tanker trucks
filled with water for
the fracking
process. 7t takes --
million gallons of
water for each
fracturing <ob. The fracking fluid is mi#ed with sand and over 98,888 gallons of harmful
chemicals. There are over D88 different kinds of chemicals used= some are harmful and
they include mercury, lead, uranium, ethylene glycol, radium, methanol, hydrochloric
acid, and formaldehyde. These are well-known carcinogens and to#ins.
The fracking fluid is pressure in<ected into the ground through the pipeline. This can
trigger small earth;uakes. 0ut the main reason environmentalists oppose fracking is
because it pollutes groundwater. Methane concentrations are -5 times higher in
drinking-water wells near fracturing sites. The contaminated water is used for nearby
cities and towns. There have been over a
thousand cases of water contamination
causing sensory, respiratory, and
neurological damage.
0esides the contamination of
groundwater, drilling causes significant
water supply issues. The drilling of large
amounts of water affects already parched
environments and can affect a;uatic
habitats. 'astewater not only affects
human beings but also surrounding
wildlife. 'astewater treatment and
disposal is a challenging issue.
&nly +8-,86 of the fracking fluid is recovered after drilling. 1ome of it is left in open-air
pits to evaporate, creating contaminated air, acid rain, and ground level o(one. The rest
of it is left in the ground and it is not biodegradable. The wells produce +88,888 barrels
of natural gas per day and it diverts attention from renewable energy sources, such as
solar and wind. The price of this InaturalJ gas is various environmental, safety, and
health ha(ards as well as thousands of dollars annually to operate a motor vehicle.
rice
pg. --
The price of gasoline rises every spring as refineries switch to more e#pensive summer
blends. This year the price bump is larger than usual even though oil supply is
abundant. The increase is largely due to %merica?s high e#portation of gas to oil thirsty
countries. $etroleum e#ports are 2,6 higher than last year.
&ther factors might affect gas prices in the coming months as well. The 4niversity of
Michigan speculates a boosting demand for gasoline, along with a strengthened
economy, will make gas prices higher. The inde# of consumer confidence showed a 56
rise in the economic e#pectations this month and when an economy is thriving, prices
for nearly everything go up.
/igure '
Figure 2 has many ups and downs, but in the last ten years the price of gas has nearly
tripled. 7n 2889, the price started off at about :-.,8. Ten years later the price is about
:+.,8.
%ybrids
pg. -2
%lthough hybrid cars currently make up >6 of %merica?s alternative-powered vehicles,
the future of solar powered cars is brighter than ever. 'ith the unveiling of Ford?s solar
hybrid concept car at the 7nternational /H1 Eadget 1how, solar powered cars are
becoming a reality.
Ford
already reports selling ,,888 hybrid or electric vehicles in 28-+, including D,+88 units of
its /-Ma# Hnergi plug-in hybrid. Ford?s /-Ma# Hnergi runs for about :+2,>,8 and drives
up to 28 miles on electric-only driving. The Hnergi can be charged fully in two and a half
hours using a 298-volt charger, or in seven hours using a standard -28-volt household
outlet. &ther options include the @issan *eaf for :2,88, which runs 5, miles on a
charge and takes hours to charge its lithium-ion battery, or the Toyota $rius $lug-7n,
which runs about :2>,>>8. The Toyota $rius was the first plug-in hybrid to be certified
road worthy.
The hybrid car market is one that is mostly dominated by %sian auto companies. 28-+Ks
top-sellers of hybrids were the Toyota $rius, Toyota /amry, Honda /ivic, and Toyota
Highlander. The electric car market is more diverse= 28-+Ks top-sellers were the @issan
*eaf, Tesla Model 1, Ford Focus, F7%T ,88e, and Mitsubishi i-MiHL.
pg. -+
/igure 3
The sale of pure electric cars is up +886 in 28-+ compared to 28-2. The sale of hybrid
cars is relatively new= giving us limited solid data. Bet already The Hlectric Arive
Transportation %ssociation reports an impressive growth curve for the sale of hybrid
cars from Aecember 28-8 to 28-9 !1ee Figure 3. %lthough electric car sales still make
up for less than -6 of car
sales in the 4nited 1tates, the
rapid growth curve suggests it
is certain to surpass the -6 in
28-9= meaning electric cars will
dominate the market by 2828.
%fter ad<usting for population
differences, after + years on
the market, plug-in cars have
had about + times as many
sales as automobiles had seen
after their first three years on
the market in ->D !see Figure
!."

(ar)eting
/urrent market research suggests that there is a largely untapped public demand
for consumer automotive solar technology. The largest barriers to the proliferation of
pg. -9
/igure 4
this market have been an outdated public perspective with regard to the prices of the
respective technology, and efficiency shortcomings with regard to hybrid vehicle?s
battery technology. %ffordable consumer automotive technology, our product in
particular, is precisely the remedy to these two barriers. 7t will be demonstrated that
current market research of complementary and analogous markets suggests that our
product will fall into a price bracket that satisfies the average consumer?s e#pectations,
while offering a means of ameliorating the technological shortcomings of e#isting
products
Figure , shows that solar panel technology has e#perienced a dramatic drop in
price. Aespite the decreases in
price, solar technology is also
rapidly becoming more efficient.
The combined influence of these
two developments has finally
established a practicable market
for consumer automotive solar
technology. This is to say that,
with increased efficiency and
lower cost, the common notion
that meaningful benefits of
consumer solar technology
re;uiring a disproportionately high
price tag is utterly outdated.
/onsumer solar technology, at an
affordable price, is now efficient
enough to satisfy many consumer
needs. This has applications to
the lagging pace of battery
technology development.
Cesearch conducted by
ATT* Elobal Manufacturing
asked what the longest
acceptable time to fully recharge
a battery would be for an electric
vehicle. The results are
presented in the following table.
.cceptable *ec,arge 0uration ercentage
pg. -,
/igure 12 rices of Solar Tec,nology
+8 minutes 296
- hour ->6
2 hours -56
9 hours -6
hours !current average recharge
duration"
2+6
This demonstrates that, with respect to the hybrid and electric vehicle market,
there is a real need for efficiency enhancing technologies. @ot only does our product
enhance fuel efficiency on hybrid and electric vehicles, but it can also help to send
power to the battery as well. This implies that our product has ma<or application and
appeal in the current hybrid and electric vehicle market. Furthermore, current research
by 4/ Aavis 7nstitute of Transportation on the electric and hybrid vehicle market shows
that 926 of electric vehicle owners already own solar panels for domestic use. 1uch a
strong correlation between electric vehicle purchases and solar panel purchases further
suggests that even owners of energy efficient technologies embrace and benefit from
complementary solar technologies, such as our product.
Finally, current research conducted by The 7nternational /ouncil for /lean
Transportation on market demographics of environmentally friendly automotive
technology showed that >86 of hybrid or electric vehicle purchases were motivated by
gas mileage considerations. 7t also showed that 586 of hybrid or electric vehicle
purchases were motivated by the consumer?s awareness of environmental impacts. The
same research showed that the early ma<ority of consumers !population of
appro#imately -.+ million" en<oyed an average annual income of :--9k. %s our product
boasts a modest environmental footprint and easily satisfies budgetary restrictions of
the aforementioned price bracket, there is a strong suggestion that hybrid, electric, and
gas powered vehicles all sustain benefits from our product, as well as represent
markets for our product.
7n sum, earnings will benefit most from focusing our marketing efforts on average
to moderately high-income families living in urban or suburban areas. Though most, if
not all vehicles will be compatible to some e#tent with our product, we will specifically
encourage use on electric or hybrid vehicles. Hnvironmental friendliness will be
associated with our image and product. Finally, it is of paramount importance that we
emphasi(e the affordability of solar technology in order to dispel any misinformation or
ill-informed notions that the ma<ority currently maintains.
*eferences
pg. -D
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pg. -