Leader

paradigm
Transforming Leader Heroic/Charismatic Leader
Definition
Burns's theorizing:
leader and follower reciprocal
process of empowerment (Burns,
1978; Dvira & Shamir, 2003
acknowledge this definition in their
recent research)
Conger & Kanungo's theorizing:
follower empowers leader via
acquiescence to leader's vision (Conger &
Kanungo, 1998; Dumas & Sankowsky,
1998; Jacobsen, 2001; Shamir & Howell,
2000 cited in Dvira & Shamir, 2003)
Orientation
possibly servant; change agent
(Bass & Steindlmeier, 1998; Alimo-
Metcalfe & Alban-Metcalfe, 2001)
hero imaging; change agent
(Conger & Kanungo, 1998; Dumas &
Sankowsky, 1998; Dorian et al., 2000)
Self-schema
allows mutuality (Burns, 1978; Alimo-
Metcalfe & Alban-Metcalfe, 2001;
2001b)
need for control (view mutuality as
inappropriate) (Shamir et al., 1998) actors
(Gardner & Avolio, 1998)
Power
Orientation
shares power; power basis potentially
Boulding's definition of love as
integrating power (Miller, 2005)
Consequences: succession not as
problematic
personal power: SEA power, S symbolic is
paternal symbol, E as expertise is skills
and abilities and A as advocacy is personal
appeal and skills of persuasion (Dumas &
Sankowsky, 1998)
Consequences: succession is problematic
(Conger, 1999)
Perceptions
of Success
mutual elevation and stimulation;
followers become leaders; vision
fulfilment inclusive of follower and
leader vision (Burns, 1978; Alimo-
Metcalfe & Alban-Metcalfe, 2003)
vision fulfilment by envisioning and
stimulating followers to follow leader's
vision (Shamir et al., 1998; Conger &
Kanungo, 1998)
Fit across
Cultures
transforming leader seen in all
cultures (Den Hartog et al, 1999)
charismatic leader seen in all cultures (Den
Hartog et al., 1999)
Leader
Proximity
comfortable with nearby in orientation
whatever level in organization even if
top leader (Miller, 2005)
comfortable with distant -- usually
described as top leaders (Shamir et al.,
1998)