Princess Sumaya Univ.

Computer Engineering Dept.

Chapter 6:
Princess Sumaya University 22540 Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.
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I/O Connection
Main
Memory
Interrupts
Memory I/O Interconnect
Cache
Processor
I/O
Controller
I/O
Controller
I/O
Controller
Disk Disk
Network
I/O
Devices
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Magnetic Disk
Nonvolatile
Tracks & Sectors
Recorded Information
Sector Number, Gap, Data, ECC, Gap, Next Sector Num.
Rotational Latency
5400 RPM ( rotation / 5400) = 5.6 ms
Transfer Time
Sector: 100 MB/s
Cache: 375 MB/s = 3 Gbps SATA-2
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Disk Interface
Advanced Technology Attachment
SATA (Serial)
Small Computer Systems Interface
SCSI (Parallel)
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)
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Flash Storage
Semiconductor
Non Volatile (EEPROM)
Faster, Smaller and Lower Power
Higher Cost
Block R/W
Wearout (10,000 ~ 100,000 Writes per Cell)
Wear Leveling (Remap Blocks)
Solid State Disk (SSD)
Hybrid Hard Disk
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Busses
Processor-Memory Bus
Short, High Speed and Matched Width
I/O Bus
Can be Lengthy and Connect Many Types
Often Have a Wide Range Bandwidth
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I/O Transaction
Two Parts
Sending Memory Address
Sending or Receiving Data
Synchronous
All Devices on the Bus Run on the Same Clock Rate
Clock Skew Limits Length
Asynchronous
External: Firewire, USB, etc.
Internal: PCI Express, SATA, etc.
Handshaking
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Parallelism & I/O
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
RAID 0 Striping
BLK 0
BLK 2
BLK 4
BLK 6
BLK 1
BLK 3
BLK 5
BLK 7
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Parallelism & I/O
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
RAID 0 Striping
RAID 1 Mirroring
BLK 0
BLK 1
BLK 2
BLK 3
BLK 0
BLK 1
BLK 2
BLK 3
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Parallelism & I/O
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
RAID 0 Striping
RAID 1 Mirroring
RAID 2 Error Detection
& Correction Code
Bit 0
Bit 2
Bit 4
Bit 6
Bit 1
Bit 3
Bit 5
Bit 7
Parity
Parity
Parity
Parity
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Parallelism & I/O
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
RAID 0 Striping
RAID 1 Mirroring
RAID 2 Error Detection
& Correction Code
RAID 3 Bit-Interleaved
Parity
Byte 0
Byte 2
Byte 4
Byte 6
Byte 1
Byte 3
Byte 5
Byte 7
Parity
Parity
Parity
Parity
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Parallelism & I/O
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
RAID 0 Striping
RAID 1 Mirroring
RAID 2 Error Detection
& Correction Code
RAID 3 Bit-Interleaved
Parity
RAID 4 Block-Interleaved
Parity
BLK 0
BLK 2
BLK 4
BLK 6
BLK 1
BLK 3
BLK 5
BLK 7
Parity
Parity
Parity
Parity
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Parallelism & I/O
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
RAID 0 Striping
RAID 1 Mirroring
RAID 2 Error Detection
& Correction Code
RAID 3 Bit-Interleaved
Parity
RAID 4 Block-Interleaved
Parity
RAID 5 Distributed Block-
Interleaved Parity
BLK 0
BLK 2
Parity
BLK 6
BLK 1
Parity
BLK 4
BLK 7
Parity
BLK 3
BLK 5
Parity
Princess Sumaya University 22540 Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.
Chapter 6