CH 1

 :

. Channel

:
2Channel


. .

GSM

frequency division multiplexing FDM

carrier user carrier

. capacity

 time division multiplexing TDM

channel time slots

user time slot .
capacity
carrier time slots
time .
mhz 900 mhz 1000
mhz 100 frequency
. .
mhz 100
100 10
10 ). 2
(
100 100

. ....
2
..
GSM carrier 200 ..



.TDM
. 8 20
.....

..

.......

frequency division multiple access FDMA
FDM user carrier
carriers


time division multiple access TDMA
channel frames
frame time slots
user time slot
users radio frequency
.

time division multiple access/frequency division multiple
access
TDMA / FDMA
band channels
channel frames frame time slots user time
slot
user carriers
time slots frame
TDMA TDMA / FDMA

power

 First Generation

analog system analog
analog system digital system



analog systems

FDMA
Frequency Modulation

 Second Generation

. digital system
data SMS
GPRS

 TDMA capacity ) TDMA

( TDMA/FDMA

..
2G
Third Generation

WCDMA

smart anttena ...........


digital system
analog digital
analog digital

 : capacity

bits
B.w
analog system
:
GSM
ISDN
:
hardware

:

analog noise

 digital 0 1
noise . noise
0 1
bit 0 1

error ditection and correction
:
analog

digital .

 GSM

Base Tran
sceiver Station Base Station
BTS cell
cell . cell
interference .

interference

dead zone
.... cell cell
cell
cell
... cells
...... cell



GSM cells

cell cell


carriers carriers
channels system
capacity
cells cell
...
... cell cell

 cell
.. capacity
cell
....
... cells 7

cells ...... cluster cluster

cells 7

cell
cell
cells cell
cell co-channels cell
reuse distance

cell sectorization
co-channels
GSM cell
...

M
) cells ( cells 6
.. M
cell ) sector
( ..
cell

 cell 6
6
.
cell ,

 ..
cells ... cell channels

cluster
channels cluster ..
cluster ..cell cell 7 channels
cell channels cell
channels ...
cell
.. channels
cell ...

cell
power
cells
channels power
power cells
.. splitting cell

 cell splitting capacity .....

cell cluster
cells

 macrocell :
20
microcell :
3
picocell :

200.

picocells

 highway cell :

cluster
cells cluster ....
cells

 cluster cells 3 9
cells ....
Fixed Channel Assignment Teq :
cells
cell
cell cells .

Dynamic Channel Assignment Teq :
cell


Hybrid Channel Assignment Teq :
cells

 BTS MS
Mobile Station
Adaptive Power Control

MS BTS
power BTS MS ...
BTS MS
power MS
...

MS power
cell
MS
power BTS power MS
power BTS MS power
power
...... ...
BTS
MS


Multipath Fading

..
BTS MS
.
phase ..
.. 0
.. paths
.....
Multipath Fading
Rician fading :

MS BTS Line Of Side

MS BTS
power

 Rayleigh Fading :

MS BTS No Line Of Side

..
. 0
Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Fading .
fading

 Microscopic Diversity Techniques

...

 Time Diversity Technique :

T ......

0 t
....

... ...
Frequency Diversity Technique :

.. ...
.... Rayleigh

.
)
( fading..

... .

..
Space Diversity Technique :
.. cell .
. 2
... ...

.... ..
BTS ..
fading ...
....

:
Selective Technique

Maximal Ratio :

.

The Equal Gain :

...

 Frequency Hopping :

fading
. Frequency Hopping
fading . .. hop/sec 217
Interleaving Technique :
.
.. Interleaver
Adaptive Power Control :
Power fading

Multipath Fading rician rayleigh

Shadow Fading


.. BTS ..
... MS BTSs
BTS
.. Handover .. MS BTS
BTS
BTS ... BSC
....

Doppler Shift

 ..

..
...
. .
..
..

..

 ....
user
...
MS BTS
. MS
MS MS
Band Pase Filter ... MS

Synchronization BTS MS
MS

Co-Channel Interference

cells
cell cell sectorization
power BTS MS

Adjacent Channel Interference


cluster
.... cells cell
....

band pase filter Ms
Idle
.. cell
...
..
....

 cell
cell Channel Management


Delay Spread OR Time Dispersion

..
bit
bit
Delay Equalizer bits
bits Training Sequance

Distance Between MS and BTS

 BTS Power
Control Power Power
Power MS BTS
Power ...

A B BTS
Time Slote T2 A
Time Slote T3 B
Frame
B
A BTS
TS msec 0.577
TS TS
A BTS A
B

MS BTS BTS
BTS BTS MS

BTS

Path Loss

Power ..



Power BTS
.. .
...
BTSs Power
Power Power ...
Noise


CH 1