lIIuxapllC;, rtOVVI")~ ---------

<DIMAOYO~, YAWOOOAOYO~KOI Aoyon':XVI")~, ono TI~

Ol")~OVTlKOTEPE~ <pUOIoyvw~iE~ TOU VEOU EAAI")VI-
O~OU, 0 rtOVVI")~4'UXOPl")~YEvv~6'lKE OTI")V001")000
TO 1854 KOI nE60VE TO 1929 OTO noplOl. 'HTOV YIO~
TOU NIKOAaK'l4'UXOP'l (1823 ~ 1824-1897), E~nopEu-
O~EVOUOTI")VnOAI")KO!OTOE~WTEpIKO.Ta nptino nO!-
OIKOTOUXPOVIOTa nEpOOE OTI")V001")000, OTI")VKwv-
OTOVTlVOUnOAI")KOI EV ~tPEI OT'l MOOOOAlo. EKEi
n~YE ~E TI")YIOYIOTOU OE I")AIKIo OEKOXPOVWV,onou
KO! n~pE TI") POOIK~ TOU ~OP<PWO'l' Ano m 1867 ~EI
OTO noplOl, onou EYKOTOOT061")KE I")OlKOYEVEIOTOU.
f\lyo OpyOTEpO TO~IOEUEIOTO nOAEp~O, onou 0 no-
TEPO~TOUylo EVOOIOOT'l~O OOKOUOEKo6~KOVTOyE-
VIKOUnpo~EvoU TI")~ToupKio~. To 1868-1870 TOVppi-
OKO~E ~061")T~ OTO Lycee Bonaparte am nopiOl.
KOTo TI")OIOPKEIOTWVEYKUKAlwv onouOwv TOU,010-
KpI61")KEOTO~06~~OTO TWVEAAI")VIKWVKOITWVAOTI-
VIKWV.APXI~EI ~OAIOTO TOTEvo oTlxoupyEi OE AOTl-
VlK~ KOl YOAAIK~yAWOOO.LnouM~El nOpOAAI")AOKOI
TOVEOEAAI")VIKO,nou npOKTlKO Ta EiXc ~06EI ~IKPO-
TEPO~ ono TOU~ unl")pETE~ TOU onlTlou TOU OT'lV
nOAI").To 1871-1872 nl")yoivEI OTI")Bovvl") TI")~rEp~O-
vio~ ylo vo onouOooEI VO~lKO, O~W~ Ta P06UTEpO
EVOlO<pEpOVTOTOU OTpt<pOVTO!npo~ TI")YEP~OVIK~
yAWOOO KOI TI")YEP~OVIK~ <pIAOAOylo.OAOKA~PWOE
TI~ <PIAOAOYIKE~ TOUonOUOE~ OTO nopiOl (1880-1881)
KOVTOOE O'l~OVTlKOU~ nOVEmOTI")~IOKOU~ OOOKO-
AOU~TI")~EnOX~~: TOV E~EVMnEvouo (Eugene Ben-
oist), TOV E~iA EyKEp (Emile Egger). TOV MIOEA
MnpEoA (Michel Breal), TOV rKOOTOVnopi~ (Gaston
Paris) KO! OAAOU~.Enl")pEOOTI")KEOTOXPOVIOTI")~Opl-
OTIKOTEPl")~OIO~OP<PWO~~mu ono mu~ ~Ey6Aou~
TI")~EnOX~~:TOVEpVEOTPEVOV(Ern est Renan) KOlTOV
YnoAUT TO!v (Hyppolyte Taine). To 1882 yvWpiOTI")KE
~E TO PEVOV KOI TOV 1010 XPOVO nOVTpEUTI")KETI")V
KOPl")TOU NOE~i (Noemiel.
o TOlv TOV En'lPEOOE nEplOOOTEpO W~ npo~ T'lV
EnIOT'l~OVIK~ TOU vooTponio, nou KUPIOPX~61")KE
ono T'lV oyonl") npo~ TO «OUOTI")~O» KOI TOV «KO-
VOVO». 0 PEVOVTOV EKO~E VO ono~oKpuv6Ei ono
TOU~ «KAOOlKOU~»YOAAlKOU~ O!WVE~ KOI VO TponEi
OTI")'~EAETI")nEpl60wv OVOVEWTlKWVKOI Ol")~lOUPYI-
o '1l1AOAOYOC; YAWereroAOyoc; KaI AOyorEXV'1C; fUXvvl/(
'I'vXapl/C;.
KWV.EmlPEao~Evoc; wc; EVa ~oB~o KOI ano TOV Kwv
OTaVTivo LoBa, KOTEUBuVETOInpoc; TI) ~EMTI) iWV
EI-I-I)VIKWVnpaWOTWV ora ~ETaKl-aolKo XPOVIOKW
OHl OUVEXEIOOTI)V EpEUVOTOU ~U(OVTlVOU KOI TOU
VEOEAI-I)VIKOUKOO~OU.'O~WC; KOI I) ~op<pJ'j TOU NTO
VTE(Dante) EnI)PEOOETOV4'uxoPI) KOI OTl<;OPXE<;KClI
OE ol-ou<; TOU<;oraB~ou<; TOU ~iou TOU.LTI) OIO~OP
<pwol) TI)<;OAI)<;TOUnpOOWnlKoTl)ra<; KOI OTI)V EI1>1
KOTEPI) KaTEu6uvol) nou Bo nopEI 0 4'uXOPI)<; ~EI-t
Twvra<; TO VEOEAI-I)VIKOyl-WOOlKO (J'jTI)~a KOI ana
~Mnovra<; OTI)V 0PIOTlKJ'j Mal) TOU Enl)pEOOTI)KI
KOI ana TI) ~EYOAI) <puOIoyvw~{o TI)<;En0XJ'j<;,TOV BI
KTwpa OUyKW (Victor Hugo), TI)V nVEU~OTlKJ'j-nOII)
TIKJ'jmu anooTol-J'j KOI ono TO 1010TO yEyOVOTOTOU
BaVOTOU KOITI)<;KI)OElo<;TOUrOAl-ou nOII)TJ'j (1885).
BoBuTaTa OpBOAOyIOTJ'j<;,OlanOTlO~tvo<; ano TO
Bau~ao~o TI)<; En0XJ'j<;Yla TI)V EnlOTJ'j~I), yl-wooo
Myo<; OUYKPOTI)~EVO<;,OTpElpETal 0 4'uXOPI)<; ano
TO 1882-1888 npo<; TI) ~EMTI) TWV ~u(avTlvwv Kal
TWVVEOEAAI)VIKWVYPO~~OTWV. 'Hol) OTa 1885-1886
OI)~OOlEUEI Ta Essais de grammaire historique neo-
grecque, onou yla npwTI) <popo avamUOOEI TI<;
anoljJEI<; TOU Yla ~10 1-0yOTEXVIKJ'jOVaVEWOI) OTI)V
EAMoa. IlIOTunwvovTo<; TE<;npoavaYYEAAEI KOTO
Konolo Tpono TO Ta~{cl/, nou TunWVETal TO 1888· TO
~1~Alo TOU OI)A. EKElVO ~E TO onolo Bo aywvloTEI
Yla TI)V Kal-l-lEpyEla TI)<;nEpllppOVI)~EVI)<; ~I)TPIKJ'j<;
yl-wooa<; TWV EI-AJ'jVWVoTI) AoyoTExvla Kal YEVIKO-
TEpa OTO VEOEAAI)VIKOypamo Myo. To EpyO aUTo
-oloaxJ'j KOI AOYOTEXVI)~a- ElvOI Kapno<; TO~IOIOU
nou npowaTonOIEI 0 4'UXOPI)<; OTI)V EAMoa Kal
TI)V AVOTOI-J'j(30.7 - 29.10) ora 1886 ~E TI)V EUKOI-
pia nou TOU olvETal va M~EI ~EPO<; OE OUVEOplO
OTI)V nOAI) (TEI-IKO OEV npaWOTonolJ'jBI)KE) nou
opyovwvETal Yla va EOpTaOTOUV Ta nEvJ'jVTa XPO-
via (wJ'j<; Kal OpaOTl)pIOTI)Ta<; TOU CDll-OAOylKOU
LUAAoyou KwvoTavTlvounoI-Ew<;». LTI)V avaKoi-
vwol) nou Ba EKavE EKE! 0 4'uXOPI)<; KOI nou TI) 01)-
~OoIEUOE apyoTEpa OUVIOTOUoE ~EBoOIKJ'j ~EMTI)
 1t.IV pVllIl Iwv 11<;(WVTOV~<; vEOeMIlVIK~<; yAWO-
''''' •• KClOW<;KOI TIl oUYKpoTIlOIl fPOIJIJOTIK~e; Kal
fit I,IKOV /lOU VO IJTTOPOUVVO OVTOnOKplSOUV OTIe;
"V,"yKI<; TIl<;enlOT~IJIle;. Kapnoe; TOU Ta~I<SIOU au-
111\1 .lvol KOI TO lJeAETlllJa Que/ques observations
1/1 /n phonetique des patois et /eur influence sur /es
/rill/lues communes (1888) Kal Kupiwe; To TQ~(OIpou.
11I1.lb ljIe TOTe 0 4'uxaPIle; KQI OTIl Xio. onou (OTO
I hlpyl) eVolaljlEpSIlKe va OUyKevTpWOe' YAWOOlKO
IIAIKo XP~OIIJO OTle; o,aAeKTOAoyIKEe; Ka, aMee; IJE-
AliI <;TOU. To Ta~(ol elVQI TO npWTO lJaKpOTePIle;
/IV()~<; KOI OUvalJa OAOKAllpWIJEVO ne(O EPYO nou
ypOljlllKe Oe OuvEII51lTa OIJOIOIJOPljlll Kal KaVOVI-
"11(VIl OIlIJOTlK~ yAwOOa. fAwoooMyoe; OTOV TO-
p(n Tile; lJeTayeVEOTePIle;, IJWUIWVIK~e; Kal VeOTe-
pqe; eAAIlVIK~e;, 0 4'uxaplle; (IlTEi lJe TO Ta(;{OI OXI
,600 lJe TIl Sewpia 000 lJe TIlV npa~1l vo opyovwoEl
1\1 (0 Myo OTIl VEOEAAIlVIKrjAOyOTeXvia. <DavEpo ei-
VIlI IJEOa OTO EpyO Kal KanOIO IJUSIKO OTOIXElo nou
10 OlonAaOOel IlljlavTaoia TOU AOyOTEXVIl KOI TO
XPIlOIIJOnOIEi OTOUe; aVTIKellJeV'KOUe; OKOnOUe; TOU
KqpVYlJaTOe; TOU. 01 napeKl3aOele; nou yiVOVTOI Ei-
VUI XP~OIlJee; KOI eUOToxa TonOSETIlIJEVEe; WOTE 0
uuyypaljlEae; va lJuaoloEl OTOV ovayvWOTIl O,TI 8a
IjOeAe ana TOV O'KO TOU 10EOAOYIKOKOOIJO. Evw Oe
I'fTOyeVEOTepa Epya TOU 11onOla avaAuoll nou 80
I TTlXelpei 0 ouyypaljlEae; Sa ylvuQI lJe Aiyo-noM
/IAOTelOOTIKO Tpono, eOW 0 4'uxaplle; XPIlOllJOnOIEi
oUlJnuKVWIJEVIl olaTunwoll. LUXVEe;EivQI 01 Kpioele;
IOU Yla Ta ouYXpovo eAAllvlKa npaYlJaTa. ea EAeye
Kovele; OTl TO Ta~{ol eiVQI TO lJaVlljlEOTO eVOe; ano-
OTOAOU8PEIJIJEVOU lJe lJaSIlOIl, IJE SEPIJ~ nloTIl, lJe
OEAIlOIl. To Ta~{OI EiVQI TO 13'I3Alo nou EOWOE EK-
ljlPOOIl Oe EVa KrjpUYlJa nou OAOl TO nepllJevav.
MEoa a' aUTO KaBpeljlTloTIlKav OTOV UljIllAOTEpO
l3oSlJo 11nloTIl IJIOe; yeVlae; nou aVEl3ulvE, TO ljlAO-
yepo euOyyEAIO nou l3a(E1 TEpIJa OTOUe; oloTay-
1J0Ve;. fl' aUTO KQI I3p~Ke alJwll aVTanOKplOIl Oe
Alyo, olJwe; EKAEKTa nVEUlJaTa Tile; Wox~e;.
Me TO Ta~{OI unooTllpl(uQloTl napaAAIlAa lJe Ta
KOTa TonoUe; "S,WlJaTO unapXEI Kal lJ,a yAwooa
KOIV~. nou ljlUOIKa EXEI Kal TOUe; ypalJlJaTlKOue; Tile;
KOVOVEe;.'EXel TIl ouvolo81l01l 0 4'uxaplle; nwe; KaVel
EpyO YAWOOIKOUavaveWT~ OTIlV EAMoa. Oe; npoe;
TIlIJOPljl~ TOU TO Ta~(ol elVQI EVa elooe; npWTOTUnOU
OOOln0PIKOU nou OIVel TIlV OljlOPlJrj OTOV nep11l-
YIlT~ va IJIArjOEI IJE ayanll y,a yAwooa, AOyOTeXvla,
nOTploa, noillOIl, y,a EAAIlVIOIJO, KIVWVTae; KanOla
AIIJVUOIJEVUVepa Oe EVUV TOnO nou TOV l3apulvuv
OVUOTOATlKa nOAM OTOIXelU lJ'Ue; ~WEPUOIJEVIle;
nopMoOIl<;. To UljlOe; TOU 13'I3Alou e1VQI eVTeAWe;
npWTOTUno lJe l3aolKEe; UPXEe; TIl (wvTavla KU' TIlV
OIKeIOTIlTU. npOKelTQI YIU AOyOTeXVIKO OIlIJIOVp-
YlllJa nou we; EVU l3uSlJo EivUI AOylKO KUTUOKEUU-
OIJU' nUpaAAIlAU YIU EpyO YPUIJIJEVO OE 0IJOIO-
1J0Pljlll KUI KUVOVlOIJEVIlyAWOOU.
To 1895 0 4'uxaPIle; ypaljlel TO I3113AloTOU Autour
de /a Grece, onou oUyKEVTpWVEI IJEAETEe;TOU yupw
uno eAAllvlKa nveulJUTIKa BEIJUTa. LlllJUVTlKa yeyo-
VOTO OTIl (wrj TOU oTaSIlKuv Il OUlJl3iwoll, uAM KQI
o XWpIOIJOe; TOU uno TIlV npwTIl TOU yUVUIKU. XWpl-
OUVTO 1913. ME UljlOPIJ~ TO Olu(uylo TOU KUI TO VEO
TOU yalJO lJe TIlV IPEV MnwlJ (Irene Baume) OIlIJOOt-
eUel TOV TOIJO TOU Le crIme du poete, onou nOAAa
nOIl'llJaTa TOU UljllEpwv.ovTal OTllv npwTIl KOI TIl
OEUTEPIl yUVUIKU TOU.
o 4'uxaplle; eiXe ~eKIVrjOellJe TllljllAOOo~lu vu ylvel
0Xl IJOVO Kopuljloioe; enlOT~IJOVUe;, oAM KOI 0lllJo-
VTIKoe;AOyOTEXVIle;Kat OuvalJo KQlVOTOIJOe;OTOVOAO
nveulJOT'KO VEOEAAllvIK0I310. KOAAIEPYIlOE TIl AOyO-
Texvlo KQI EypOIjlE OOKIIJIO KQI lJeMTee; KOI Oe eAAIl-
VIKrj KQI Oe YOMIKrj yAWOOO. EVOIOljlEp81lKe KQI ylo
Ta KOIVWV'Ka 8EIJUTa Tile; woxrje; WllpeaOIJEvoe; l3u-
SUTUTa uno TIe; OUYXPOvee; pl(oanUOTIKEe; nOAlTIKEe;
KUI KOIVWVIKEe;100ee;. Tov XOPUKT~pl(E OUvelOIlTrj
UVTlKAIlPIKOljlpoOuvll, 'ETOI EVKOAUn~pE SEOIl ava-
IJwu OTOUe; OTPUTEUIJEVOUe; Tile; YnoSWIle; NTpEU-
ljloue; (1897 KUI E~rje;) nou OywvlOTIlKUV KQI nETuxov
Tllv uVUSEWPIlOIl Tile; olKIle; KQI KUTUoiKIle; TOU
El3polou AOXUyOU. Yn~p~E UKOIJIl 0 4'uxaPIle; ono
TOUe;10pUTEe; Tile; Ligue des Droits de I'Homme, Tile;
onolue; XPlllJaTlOE UVTlnpOeOpOe; EWe;TO 1907.
EVTWIJETa~U 11oUyypUljllKrj opaoTIlPloTIlTU TOU
4'uxapll EXEITovw8Ei. nUpUKOAOu8EI uno KOVTa TU
vEOEAAllvlKa nveulJaTlKa npaYIJUTa KQI 0IlIJOOleUEI
oElpa TOIJWV IJETOVTiTAo P60a Kal p!jJ..a, onou 8lyo-
VTQInOIKIAo SEIJOTa, l3aOlKa ~ AEnTOIJEpElaKoTEpa,
nou oAa OUVOEOVTaI IJE TIlV KaAAIEpYEla Tile; OIlIJO-
TIKrje; yAwooae; OTIl AOYOTeXvio KOI TIlV oPyavwoll
VEOEAAIlVIKOUnveulJaTIKOU I310u.
H ouolooTIKOTEPIl opaoTIlPloTIlTa TOU 4'uxapll
TonoSueiTol OTO TEAOe; TOU 190u Qlwva Kal OTllv
npwTIl Kupiwe; OEKaeTlo TOU 200u EWe; Ta XPovla
TOU noMlJou TOU 1914.01 enlOTIlIJOvIKEe; TOU 100Ee;,
Ka8we; KQI 01 yEVIKOTepEe;, OlalJOpljlWVOVTOl lJe TqV
aKpaoavTIl nloTr] OTa EnlTEUYIJOTa Tile; WIOT~IJIle;.
H 10Ea TOU lpUOIKOU VOIJOU KaTa KonOIO Tpono ap-
Xl(el va owno(E1 TOTE Kat OTOUe;TOIJEie;TWVSEWPr]-
TIKWV EnlOTIlIJWv. ME T1l130~8Ela TWV 10EWV aUTwv
KallJE aljlETllpio TIe;yeVIKOTepee; IOEEe;TOU Yla TIl AO-
yOTEXVIKrj (wrj TOU Tonou lJae; KIlPUOOEI TIlV ava-
XPOVIOTlKOTIlTa Tile; KaSapEuouoae; KQI TIlV avaYKIl
va EnlKpaT~OEI 11(WVTavrj yAwooa TOU EAAIlVlKOU
AaOU. EVOlaljlEpETal tOlQ[Tepa 0 4'uxoPIle; YlQ TIl
ljlWVIlTIK~ Tile;, Yla Tie; OlaAEKTOUe; Tile;, YlQ TIlV KOIVrj
yAwooa Kal TO Ae~IMYIO Tile;. n'OTEUEI OTIlV OUOTIl-
POTr]TO TWV ljlWVIlTIKWV VOIJWV. EljlaPlJo(E1 Tie; ap-
XEe;TOU lJe aOlaAAa~ia, OIJWe;TO EPYO TOU OEV XOVel
TIl YOVllJOTIlTa TOU.
EIOIKOTEpa 0 4'uxaplle; npOKEllJEVOU Yla TO AE~I-
Mylo OEV 6£XUQI TIl XPIlOllJonolllOIl OlaAeKTIKWV
M~EWV, aKpll3we; ylaTI Euxual TIlV OPIOTlKrj EnI-
KpaTIlOIl Tile; KOlvrje;. TIe; ~EVIle; OlJwe; npoEAeuolle;
M~Ele; Tie; OExual, av EXOUV nOAIToypaljlll8Ei Kal
aljlOIJ0lw8EI TunoAoylKa OTIl yAwooa lJae;.f:1Ev ano-
KAEIEITOV OaVElOIJO M~EWV ano Tllv apxaia - ljlTa-
VEl va yivual Kal aUTWV 11TunoAoylKrl npooaplJoy~
OTIl YEa lJae; yAwooa. KalJloljlopa OEV anOl<AEIEI Kal
TIl OlllJlOupyla VEWVAE~EWV.LTOV TOIJEa Tile; 01'80-
ypaljliae; 0 4'uxaplle; OToSIlKE OUVTIlPIlTIKOe;. Eljlap-
IJOOE TO IJOVOTOVIKO OUOTlllJa Yla lJ,a neplooo
(yupw OTa 1924-1925), ~avayuplOE OIJWe;OTO nOAU-
TOVIKOapy6TEpa.
o 4'uxaplle; EKT6e; ano Tie; EnlIJEpOUe; EnlOTIlIJOVI-
KEe;TOU olaTpll3Ee; nou EXOUVnepAllljlBEI OTOV TOIJO
Que/ques travaux de Iingu{stique, de phi/%gie et de

IUIllIIII,lIIl1 '1I1l11 l,J~llIol ~ ItlXdo U IO~ ~13D1eodu
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